acca audit审计 讲义

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ACCA P7必考Group Auditing集团报表审计七步走

ACCA P7必考Group Auditing集团报表审计七步走

P7必考Group Auditing集团报表审计七步走译者:集团审计是P7必考的必选题目,而且考的内容都比较重量级,比如:业务风险(BR),重大错报风险(RMM), 对一两个财务事项的审计程序,初次审计考虑事项,职业道德和专业话题等。

本文是对一篇最近的考官文章(原版英文6页)的改编翻译,并梳理成七个步骤,看起来一目了然(为了更直观表达部分简化处理)。

这是篇比较全面讲集团审计的文章,值得好好理解。

本文内容主要属于ISA600范畴,Special Considerations – Audits of Group FSs (Incl. the Work of Component Auditors。

1接单Acceptance of Engagement考虑5个问题:1)Skill; 2) Restriction; 3)Components; 4) TWO opinions; 5) No reference1)事务所是否有必需的专业能力Professional skills:Audit partner each year formally assesses whether it is appropriate to act as group auditor. 合伙人每年评估事务所是否有执行该集团审计的专业能力,否则辞职;2)客户(母公司)管理层是否有意限制提供信息Restriction placed by Parent company mgt on info:Resign or disclaim opinion if resignation is not legally possible. 如果是,就辞职或拒绝发表意见;3)子公司审计师协调Component auditor: Group auditor must form their own concurring opinion on any judgmental areas; review 3P’s files, understand work done, reason for the work & conclusions from that evidence. 集团审计师必须(和子公司审计师)在需要判断的领域形成一致意见。

ACCA考试《审计与认证业务F8》知识辅导4

ACCA考试《审计与认证业务F8》知识辅导4

ACCA考试《审计与认证业务F8》知识辅导4本文由高顿ACCA整理发布,转载请注明出处RELEVANT TO CAT QUALIFICATION PAPER 8 AND ACCA QUALIFICATIONPAPERS F8 AND P7SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF AUDITING IN ACOMPUTER-BASED ENVIRONMENTInformation technology (IT)is integral to modern accounting and management information systems. It is, therefore, imperative that auditors should be fullyaware of the impact of IT on the audit of a client’s financial statements, both in the context of how it is used by a client to gather, process and report financial information in its financial statements, and how the auditor can use IT in theprocess of auditing the financial statements.The purpose of this article is to provide guidance on following aspects ofauditing in a computer-based accounting environment:? Application controls, comprising input, processing, output and masterfile controls established by an audit client, over its computer-basedaccounting system and? Computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs)that may be employed byauditors to test and conclude on the integrity of a client’scomputer-based accounting system.Exam questions on each of the aspects identified above are often answered to an inadequate standard by a significant number of students – hence the reason for this article.Dealing with application controls and CAATs in turn:APPLICATION CONTROLSApplication controls are those controls (manual and computerised)that relate to the transaction and standing data pertaining to a computer-based accounting system. They are specific to a given application and their objectives are to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the accounting records andthe validity of entries made in those records. An effective computer-based system will ensure that there are adequate controls existing at the point of input, processing and output stages of the computer processing cycle and over standing data contained in master files. Application controls need to be ascertained, recorded and evaluated by the auditor as part of the process of determining the risk of material misstatement in the audit client’s financial statements.Input controlsControl activities designed to ensure that input is authorised, complete,accurate and timely are referred to as input controls. Dependent on the complexity of the application program in question, such controls will vary in terms of quantity and sophistication. Factors to be considered in determining these variables include cost considerations, and confidentiality requirements with regard to the data input. Input controls common to most effective application programs include on-screen prompt facilities (for example, are quest for an authorised user to ‘log-in’)and a facility to produce an audit 2SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF AUDITING IN A COMPUTER-BASED ENVIRONMENTJANUARY 2011trail allowing a user to trace a transaction from its origin to disposition in the system.Specific input validation checks may include:Format checksThese ensure that information is input in the correct form. For example, the requirement that the date of a sales invoice be input in numeric format only –not numeric and alphanumeric.Range checksThese ensure that information input is reasonable in line with expectations. For example, where an entity rarely, if ever, makes bulk-buy purchases with a value in excess of $50,000, a purchase invoice with an input value in excess of $50,000 is rejected for review and follow-up.Compatibility checksThese ensure that data input from two or more fields is compatible. For example, a sales invoice value should be compatible with the amount of sales tax charged on the invoice.Validity checksThese ensure that the data input is valid. For example, where an entity operates a job costing system – costs input to a previously completed job should be rejected as invalid.Exception checksThese ensure that an exception report is produced highlighting unusual situations that have arisen following the input of a specific item. For example, the carry forward of a negative value for inventory held.Sequence checksThese facilitate completeness of processing by ensuring that documents processed out of sequence are rejected. For example, where pre-numberedgoods received notes are issued to acknowledge the receipt of goods intophysical inventory, any input of notes out of sequence should be rejected.Control totalsThese also facilitate completeness of processing by ensure that pre-input,manually prepared control totals are compared to control totals input. For example, non-matching tota ls of a ‘batch’ of purchase invoices should result inan on-screen user prompt, or the production of an exception report forfollow-up. The use of control totals in this way are also commonly referred toas output controls (see below)。

《AUDIT中文》课件

《AUDIT中文》课件
审计证据应具备相关性、可靠性、充分性和合法性等质量要求,以确 保审计结论的准确性和可靠性。
审计工作底稿的编制
1 2 3
审计工作底稿的意义
审计工作底稿是记录审计过程、编写审计报告的 基础,也是评价审计人员工作质量的依据。
审计工作底稿的编制要求
审计工作底稿应内容完整、记录清晰、依据充分 ,能够反映审计程序的执行和审计结论的得出过 程。
范的要求。
信息技术对审计工作底稿的影响
工作底稿数字化
信息技术使得审计工作底稿得以数字化存储、传 输和管理,提高了底稿的保管和使用效率。
底稿的自动化生成
利用审计软件,可以自动化生成工作底稿,减少 了手工编制的工作量。
底稿的质量控制
数字化工作底稿需加强质量控制,防止数据丢失 、篡改或损坏,确保其真实性和完整性。
对组织的合规性进行审计,确保组织 遵守了相关的法律法规、行业标准和 道德规范。
审计的目标
提高财务报告的质量
通过审计财务报表,确保其真实、完整地反映了企业的财务状况 和经营成果,提高财务报告的质量。
确保合规性
通过审计组织的合规性,确保组织遵守了相关的法律法规、行业标 准和道德规范,避免因违规行为而导致的风险和损失。
审计工作底稿的分类
审计工作底稿可以根据不同的分类标准进行分类 ,如按项目分类、按时间分类、按责任人分类等 ,以便于管理和使用。
审计证据与工作底稿的管理
审计证据与工作底稿的保密义务
审计人员应当对所获取的审计证据和工作底稿严格保密,不得随意泄露或向他人提供。
审计证据与工作底稿的保存
审计证据和工作底稿应当妥善保存,以便于后续的审计工作和使用。同时,应当定期对审计证据和工作底稿进行整理 和归档,以确保其完整性和可追溯性。

ACCA-assurance and audit 体系下审计职业道德解读

ACCA-assurance and audit 体系下审计职业道德解读

【摘要】审计职业道德是审计师从事审计工作的基本要求,审计师遵守职业道德有助于规范实施审计程序,收集审计证据,从而得出恰当合理的审计结论。

国际注册会计师协会同样重视审计师的职业道德,其中有一科目鉴证与审计对其进行详细的解释,文章主要表述ACCA体系下对审计职业道德的理解。

【关键词】 ACCA体系;审计;职业道德【中图分类号】F239.2一、审计职业道德(一)含义审计职业道德是审计人员在审计过程中需要遵守的行为规范,这是审计人员发表合适审计意见的保障。

(二)基本准则1.正直。

审计人员在进行审计的过程中,应当秉持正直与诚实的品质处理与被审计单位的职业关系及商业关系。

2.职业胜任能力和应有的关注。

这要求审计人员应当具备相应的证书与资质或经过专业的培训,例如注册会计师或是审计师等资质。

对于存在重大错报风险的领域,审计师应保持应有的职业关注。

3.客观。

在审计过程中,被审计单位不应当对审计人员造成独立性的威胁,在未有威胁的情况下,审计人员应当公正、不带有个人偏见的发表审计意见。

4.职业行为。

审计人员应当以职业相关法律为标准进行自我约束,在审计的过程中严格遵守规定,保持应有的职业行为,坚决维护审计师本人的职业声誉。

5.保密。

保密分为自愿情形与法定情形。

自愿情形是指审计师可以自行决定是否披露被审计单位的信息,自愿情形包括:(1)审计师出于保护股东利益的目的。

(2)被审计单位的行为对公众利益造成威胁。

(3)审计师可以向法律授权的非政府机构披露。

(4)被法律授权的披露。

法定情形是指审计师必须披露的情况,其中包括:(1)被审计单位存在违法行为,例如洗钱、恐怖组织、贩毒。

(2)法院传唤。

ACCA要求,审计师不必匿名举报,审计师实名举报是可以受到保护的。

二、审计师职业道德威胁(一)内涵审计师的职业道德准则应用于特定情况,属于原则性准则并非是具体指示性,该准则属于职业倡导而不是法律要求。

ACCA准则倡导审计师在进行审计工作时,不只是考虑法律要求的因素,还要考虑职业道德要求。

审计学(ACCA)课程8

审计学(ACCA)课程8

二、具体审计计划
包括下列内容: (1)风险评估程序; (2)计划实施的进一步审计程序; (3)其他审计程序
索引号:B1 被审计单位名称:欣欣 审查项目:短期借款 所属时期:2003年
审计目标:
审计程序表
编制人员:杨立 复核人员:张明
日期:2004/02/15 日期:2004/02/16
1、确定短期借款业务发生、计息及偿还的记录是否完整; 2、确定短期借款的年末余额是否正确; 3、确定短期借款在会计报表上的披露是否恰当。
第二节 计划审计工作
计划审计工作包括针对审计 业务制定总体审计策略和具体审 计计划,以将审计风险降至可接 受的低水平。
一、总体审计策略
• 确定审计业务的范围、审计工作的时间安排和方向,并 指导制订具体审计计划
• 总体审计策略的主要内容有:
1.向具体审计领域调配的资源,包括向高风险领域分派 有适当经验的项目组成员,就复杂的问题利用专家工 作等;
李浩向华兴公司索要了华兴公司
2000-2001年各年的会计报表,及其
前任会计师的审计报告,了解到华兴
公司2000年和2001年分别实现主营 业务收入34.82亿元和70.46亿元, 同比增长152.69%和102.35%,同 时,总资产也分别增长了178.25%和 60.43%,但利润率从2000年开始出现 明显的下降,由2000年的2%下降到 2001年0.69%,远远低于商贸类上市 公司的平均水平3.77%。
2.向具体审计领域分配资源的数量,包括安排到重要存 货存放地观察存货盘点的项目组成员的数量,对其他 注册会计师工作的复核范围,对高风险领域安排的审 计时间预算等;
3.何时调配这些资源,包括是在期中审计阶段还是在关 键的截止日期调配资源等;

ACCA F8 讲义session5

ACCA F8 讲义session5

4.2 Segregation of roles Best practice and strongly recommended under corporate governance codes in many jurisdictions (e.g. the 'Combined Code' governing listed companies in the UK) is that the roles of: Chairman of the board and Chief executive officer. should be held by different individuals. 公司治理的题目中必考的知识点,主席和 CEO 不能是同一个人 The chairman's role Non executive. Ensures full information and full discussion at board meetings. Ensures satisfactory channels of communication with the external auditors. Runs the board of directors Ensures the effective operation of sub-committees of the board. The Chief executive's role Ensures the effective operational functioning of the company. It is important that there is a distinction between the chief executive and chairman as effectively one person assuming both roles is a conflict of interests. The chief executive heads up the executive directors and the chairman heads up the non executives. Not only that, but having one person in both roles means there is a lot of power vested in that one person. They would be able to sway the decisions taken by the board. Those decisions may not be made in the best interests of the shareholders but in the best interests of the directors. 4.3 Audit Committees An audit committee is a committee consisting of non-executive directors which is able to view a company's affairs in a detached and independent way and liaise effectively between the main board of directors and the external auditors. Best practice for listed companies: The company should have an audit committee of at least three non-executive directors (or, in the case of smaller companies, two). At least one member of the audit committee should have recent and relevant financial experience. The objectives of the audit committee Increasing public confidence in the credibility and objectivity of published financial 3 TEL:65648112 FAX:65648112-604

2012 最新ACCA F8 Auditing lecture notes

2012 最新ACCA F8 Auditing lecture notes

1.1 recognising the needs and limitations of the use of experts -assessing the work of the expert -the auditor should understand of the assumptions and methods used, and consider whether they are appropriate and reasonable -the audit report -no reference should be made unless the auditor decide to modify the audit report -the auditor has to take responsibility for the expert’s work when the audit is complete
4 reliance on the work of others by internal audit -the internal auditor should also liaise closely with any area providing a service that assess risk and controls and provides reports
-they might rely on -compliance departments -external auditors -other risk departments -other review bodies -when joint reviews are performed, responsibilities should be agreed to maximise effectiveness

ACCA系列知识点——审计风险(audit risk)

ACCA系列知识点——审计风险(audit risk)

ACCA系列知识点——审计风险(audit risk)本文由高顿ACCA整理发布,转载请注明出处ACCA系列知识点——审计风险(audit risk)这里对审计风险的阐述实际上包括两个方面的含义:一是注册会计师认为公允的会计报表,但实际上却是错误的,即已经证实的会计报表实际上并未按照会计准则的要求公允反映被审计单位的财务状况、经营成果和财务状况变动情况,或以被审计单位或审查范围中显示的特征表明其中存在着重要错误而未被注册会计师察觉的可能性;二是注册会计师认为的错误的会计报表,但实际上是公允的。

它包括固有风险、控制风险和检查风险。

可见,我国独立审计准则对审计风险的定义与国际审计准则中对审计风险的定义是基本相同的。

由于审计所处的环境日益复杂,审计所面临的任务日趋艰巨;审计也需支持成本效益原则。

这些原因的存在决定了审计过程中存在审计风险。

这在客观上要求注册会计师注意风险存在的可能性,并采取相应措施尽量避免风险和控制风险。

审计风险的性质总表现为某些特质或特征。

我们在探讨了审计风险的内涵之后,应继续阐述审计风险的特征,并说明在我国社会主义市场经济下的特有表现。

现分述如下:(一)审计风险的客观性现代审计的一个显著特征,就是采用抽样审计的方法,即根据总体中的一部分样本的特性来推断总体的特性,而样本的特性与总体的特性或多或少有一点误差,这种误差可以控制,但一般难以消除。

因此,不论是统计抽样还是判断抽样,若根据样本审查结果来推断总体,总会产生一定程度的误差,即审计人员要承担一定程度的作出错误审计结论的风险。

即使是详细审计,由于经济业务的复杂、管理人员道德品质等因素,仍存在审计结果与客观实际不一致的情况。

因此,风险总是存在于审计活动过程中,只是这些风险有时并未产生灾难性的后果,或对审计人员并未构成实质性的损失而已。

所以,通过审计风险的研究,人们只能认识和控制审计风险,只能在有限的空间和时间内改变风险存在和发生的条件,降低其发生的频率和减少损失的程度,而不能,也不可能完全消除风险。

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acca audit审计讲义ACCA Audit审计讲义
第一章:审计概述
1.1 审计的定义和目的
1.2 审计师的职责和义务
1.3 审计的基本原则和程序
第二章:内部控制与风险评估
2.1 内部控制的作用和要素
2.2 审计师对内部控制的评价和测试
2.3 风险评估的方法和程序
第三章:审计证据的获取和评价
3.1 审计证据的种类和获取方法
3.2 审计证据的评价和判断
3.3 审计程序的设计和执行
第四章:审计报告的编制与发表
4.1 审计报告的结构和要素
4.2 审计报告的编制和审核
4.3 审计报告的发表和披露要求
第五章:特殊审计事项
5.1 对关联方交易的审计
5.2 对重大不确定性的审计
5.3 对前期错误更正的审计
第六章:法律和职业道德要求
6.1 审计师的法律责任和义务
6.2 审计师的职业道德要求和行为准则
6.3 审计师的独立性和公正性要求
第七章:其他审计相关事项
7.1 审计工作底稿的管理和保存
7.2 审计师的继续教育和专业发展
7.3 审计工作的项目管理和质量控制
结语:
ACCA Audit审计讲义提供了全面而系统的审计知识,帮助读者理解审计的概念、程序和要求。

通过学习本讲义,读者将掌握审计的基本原则和技巧,能够进行有效的审计工作。

同时,本讲义也强调了审计师的职业道德和独立性要求,提醒读者在实践中遵循相关法律和规范,保持审计的公正性和可靠性。

无论是对于学习者还是从业者来说,这份讲义都是必备的参考资料,帮助他们在审计领域取得成功。

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