2003年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题
2003年考研英语真题答案及解析
2003考研英语答案及解析一、文章总体分析文章主要论述了教师们应该关注青少年在成长时期所经历的情感、心智和生理上的变化，并采取方法帮助他们适应这些变化，健康成长。
第一段第一、二句是主题句，点明文章主题。
从第三句开始介绍了青少年的各种变化，如：自我意识很强，需要从成功中获得自信等。
接下来是对老师的建议：设计有更多优胜者的活动，组织各种小型俱乐部，让成年人在幕后支持。
第二段特别强调教师在设计活动时要注意保持其多样性，以适应青少年注意力持续时间短的特点。
此外，成年人要帮助学生在活动中培养责任感。
二、试题具体解析1. [A]（give）thought (to) 想过，思考[B]（give sb. an/some）idea（of）使了解……的情况[C]（have a good/bad）opinion (of) 对……印象很好[D]（give）advice（to）提建议[答案] A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：平行句子结构+ 固定搭配。
首先，从文章结构上看，第一段的第一、二句是平行的并列句：Teachers need to be aware of（教师应该注意）和And they also need to give serious 1 to（同时他们须认真……）。
注意第二句中的两个they分别指代了第一句中的teachers和young adults，第二句中的give serious 1 to与第一句中的be aware of（知道，意识到）也应在意义上相呼应。
其次，考生需要判断四个选项中哪一个能与 give...to 构成短语。
idea这个词词义很丰富，包括“想法、意思、概念、思想、意识、打算、建议”等，但通常与介词of而不是to连用；opinion意为“意见；看法”，一般不与give搭配；advice（建议）虽然可与give及to搭配，但介词to后应接人，即建议的接受者，如果要表达“提出…方面的建议”，应该用“give advice on sth.”。
2003年全国硕士研究生考试英语试卷及答案
2003年全国硕士研究生考试英语试卷及答案Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B, and Part C.Remember, while you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to Answer Sheet I.Now look at Part At your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Question 1-5, you will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Art. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write Only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.(5 points)Boston Museum of Fine Arts Founded( year ) 1870 Opened to the public( year ) Question 1Moved to the current location ( year ) 1909 The west wing completed( year ) Question 2 Number of departments 9 The most remarkable department Question 3Exhibition Space ( m2 ) Question 4 Approximate number of visitors/year 800,000 Programs provided classes lectures Question 5 films Part BDirectionsFor Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. USe not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. ( 5 points )What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple? __________ . Question 6Writing down a list of problems in the marriage may help a troubled couple discuss them_______ . Question 7Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they can’t talk with each other? _________ . Question 8Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their _______ . Question 9According to the old notion, what will make hearts grow fonder? _______. Question 10Part CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A,B,C or D . After listening, you will have time to check your answers you will hear each piece once only. ( 10 points )Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about napping, you now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11. Children under five have abundant energy partly because they _________ .A. Sleep in three distinct parts.B. have many five-minute naps.C. sleep in one long block.D. take one or two naps daily.12. According to the speaker, the sleep pattern of a baby is determined by_______ .A. its genesB. its habitC. its mental stateD. its physical condition13. The talk suggests that, if you feel sleepy through the day, youshould______ .A. take some refreshment.B. go to bed earlyC. have a long restD. give in to sleep.Questions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie. an American Indian poet.You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16. 14. Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?A. he Could bring unfinished work home.B. He might have time to pursue his interests.C. He might do some evening teaching.D. He could invest more emotion in his family.15.What was his original goal at college?A. to teach in high school .B. to write his own books.C. to be a medical doctor.D. to be a mathematician.16. Why did he take the poetry-writing class?A. To follow his father.B. For an easy grade.C. To change his specialty.D. For knowledge of poetry.Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about publicspeaking. you know have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. What is the most important thing in public speaking ?A. Confidence.B. Preparation.C. Informativeness.D. Organization.18. What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audi ence’s attention？A. Gather abundant data.B. Organize the idea logically.C. Develop a great opening.D. Select appropriate material. 19. If you don’t start working for the presentation until the day before, you will feel _____ .A. uneasyB. uncertainC. frustratedD. depressed20. Who is this speech ,ost probably meant for?A. Those interested in the power of persuasion.B. Those trying to improve their public image.C. Those planning to take up some public work.D. Those eager to become effective speakers.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can be best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-concious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which thereare more winners than losers, 28 ,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guity and without letting the other participants 37 . this does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibity. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and byshavingsclearly stated rules.21. A. thought B.idea C. opinion D. advice22. A. strengthen B. accommodate C. stimulate D. enhance23. A. care B. nutrition C. exercise D. leisure24. A. If B. Although C. Whereas D. Because25. A. assistance B. guidance C. confidence D. tolerance26. A. claimed B. admired C. ignored D. surpassed27. A. improper B. risky C. fair D. wise28. A. in effect B. as a result C. for example D. in a sense29. A. displaying B. describing C. creating D. exchanging30. A. durable B. exessive C. surplus D. multiple31. A.sgroupsB. individual C. personnel D. corporation32. A. consent B. insurance C. admission D. security33. A. particularly B. barely C. definitely D. rarely34. A. similiar B. long C. different D. short35. A. if only B. now that C. so that D. even if36. A. everything B. anything C. nothing D. something37. A. off B. down C. out D. alone38. A. On the contrary B. On the average C. On the whole D. On the other hand39. A. making B. standing C. planning D. taking40. A. capability B. responsibility C. proficiency D. efficiency21-25 DBCC?C26-30 BDCAD31-35 B?CBCC36-40 DBACASection III Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following fore texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANAWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game “ of espionage-----spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, isreshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.The last revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the world wide web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. in 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a cr isis in Ukraine.” As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former politicalscience professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That ‘sswheresStraitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41. The emergence of the Net hasA. received support from fans like Donovan.B. remolded the intelligence services.C. restored many common pastimes.D. revived spying as a profession.42.Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text toA. introduce the topic of online spying.B. show how he fought for the U.S.C. give an episode of the information war.D. honor his unique services to the CIA.43.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(line 1,paragraph 3)most probably meansA. causing the biggest trouble.B. exerting the greatest effort.C. achieving the greatest success.D. enjoying the widest popularity.44.It can be learned from paragraph 4 thatA. Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true.B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.C. Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability.D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.45.Straitford is most proud of itsA. official status.B. nonconformist image.C. efficient staff.D. military background.BACDBText 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances inhealth knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don’s understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters tothe editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words toA. call on scientists to take some actions.B. criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.C. warn of the doom of biomedical research.D. show the triumph of the animal rights movement.47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research isA. cruel but natural.B. inhuman and unacceptable.C. inevitable but vicious.D. pointless and wasteful.48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’sA. discontent with animal research.B. ignorance about medical science.C. indifference to epidemics.D. anxiety about animal rights.49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists shouldA. communicate more with the public.B. employ hi-tech means in research.C. feel no shame for their cause.D. strive to develop new cures.50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper isA. a well-known humanist.B. a medical practitioner.C. an enthusiast in animal rights.D. a supporter of animal research.ABBADText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, mergingsintossuper systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a seriesof mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining whichcompanies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely becauseA. cost reduction is based on competition.B. services call for cross-trade coordination.C. outside competitors will continue to exist.D. shippers will have the railway by the throat.52.What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidationin the rail industry?A. Indifferent.B. Supportive.C. Indignant.D. Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 thatA. shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.B. there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.C. overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.D. a government board ensures fair play in railway business.54.The word“arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to thoseA. who work as coordinators.B. who function as judges.C. who supervise transactions.D. who determine the price.55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused byA. the continuing acquisition.B. the growing traffic.C. the cheering Wall Street.D. the shrinking market.CCDBAText 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s u seless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In1950, the U.S. spent .7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care thatsustains life beyond a certain age-----say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have a duty todie and get out of the way”,so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s,and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.56.What is implied in the first sentence?A. Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B. Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.C. Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D. Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57.The author uses the example of caner patients to show thatA. medical resources are often wasted.B. doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.C. some treatments are too aggressive.D. medical costs are becoming unaffordable.58.The author’s attitude to ward Richard Lamm’s remark is one ofA. strong disapproval.B. reserved consent.C. slight contempt.D. enthusiastic support.59.In contras to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical careA. more flexibly.B. more extravagantly.C .more cautiously.D. more reasonably.60.The text intends to express the idea thatA medicine will further prolong people’s lives.B. life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.C. death should be accepted as a fact of life.D. excessive demands increase the cost of health care.DABDCPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and the translate the underlines segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words“anthropos”:“human”and logos“the study of.”By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and theirendeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned(原文如此) manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.(64)Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight, so profound in its simplicity, ope ned up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of“culture,”like the conceptof“set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section IV Writing66.Directions:1) describe the set of drawings, Interpret its meaning, and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)参考答案：Section I Listening ComprehensionPart A1.18762.19813.textiles4.19,1375.concertsPart B (5 points)6.(the couple) themselves7.constructively8.a qualified psychologist9.good intentions10.absencePart C (10points)11.D12.A13.D14.B15.C16.B17.B18.C19.A 20.DSection II Use of English21.A22.B23.C24.D25.C26.B27.D28.C29.A30.D31.A32.D33.B34.D35.C36.D37.B38.A39.C 40.ASection III Reading ComprehensionPart A41.B42.A43.C44.D45.B46.A47.B48.B49.A50.D51.C52.D53.C54.B55.A56.C57.A58.B59.D 60.CPart B61.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
2003年考研英语—真题及答案
一段的最后一句话。在后面的几段中，作者介绍了互联网对情报工作的影响。所以答案是
理解了以上这两点就能选出正确答 案 B。其实 B 选项就是原文的另一种表述方式 。但是，此题只有 28.7％的
考 生 选出了 正 确案 ， 答对率 不 高 。 更多的考生选择的是 D。选错的原因可能在于考生对“reshap与e ”“revive的”词义差别区分不清。“revive一”词
的含义是“to come or bring back into use osrtexnice（”<使>复兴 ，<使>复活），暗含的意思是某事物已不存 在或已 丧失作用。第一段并没有提到间谍 行业曾经消失的信息， 从第二段中我们了解到互联网推动了情报行业的发 展， 也 没有找 到 任何 关于 情 报行业 曾经 中断 的内 容 ，所 以 D 选项 的说法 是不正 确的 。
reshaping Donovan's vocation as w.e”。ll 其中，“ Donovan's vocatio指n的就是”“ spyin，g 也”就是“ intelligence secrevsi ” （ 情 报 行 业 ） 。 关 键 在 于 对 “reshape一” 词 的 理 解 ， 它 的 含 义 是 “改 造 ” 。
A 选项也是错误的。选择 A 的考生对第一句话没有理解。 第一句话用“would have love虚d 拟”语气说，若 Wild
Bill Donovan还在世的话，他会爱上互联网的。可见 Donovan在世的时候并没有互联网，从后面的几句话 中我们 也能证实这一点。所以 A 选项将 Donovan说成是互联网的爱好者的说法是错误的。
world. Among the firms making the biggestassphl in thsi new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-asnafilrymsi based
2003年考研英语—真题及答案
2003年考研英语真题及答案2003 text1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World W ar Ⅱand later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the W orld Wide W eb has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open-source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual W ashington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41. The emergence of the Net has ________.[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession42. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ________.[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the US[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA43. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________.[A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45. Straitford is most proud of its ________.[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military background 试题解析：这是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了互联网技术对情报行业的影响。
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B, and Part C.Remember, while you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Question 1-5, you will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Art. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Boston Museum of Fine ArtsPart BDirections:For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple? ________. Question 6Writing down a list of problems in the marriage may help a troubled couple discuss them ________. Question 7Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they can’t talk with each other? ________. Question 8Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their ________. Question 9According to the old notion, what will make hearts grow fonder? ________. Question 10 Part CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers you will hear each piece once only. (10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about napping, you now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11.Children under five have abundant energy partly because they ________.[A] sleep in three distinct parts[B] have many five-minute naps[C] sleep in one long block[D] take one or two naps daily12.According to the speaker, the sleep pattern of a baby is determined by ________.[A] its genes[B] its habit[C] its mental state[D] its physical condition13.The talk suggests that, if you feel sleepy through the day, you should ________.[A] take some refreshment[B] go to bed early[C] have a long rest[D] give in to sleepQuestions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie, an American Indian poet. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?[A] He could bring unfinished work home.[B] He might have time to pursue his interests.[C] He might do some evening teaching.[D] He could invest more emotion in his family.15. What was his original goal at college?[A] to teach in high school[B] to write his own books[C] to be a medical doctor[D] to be a mathematician16.Why did he take the poetry-writing class?[A] To follow his father.[B] For an easy grade.[C] To change his specialty.[D] For knowledge of poetry.Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about public speaking. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17.What is the most important thing in public speaking?[A] Confidence.[B] Preparation.[C] Informativeness.[D] Organization.18.What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audience’s attention?[A] Gather abundant data.[B] Organize the idea logically.[C] Develop a great opening.[D] Select appropriate materials.19. If you don’t start working for the presentation until the day before, you will feel ________.[A] uneasy[B] uncertain[C] frustrated[D] depressed20.Who is this speech most probably meant for?[A] Those interested in the power of persuasion.[B] Those trying to improve their public images.[C] Those planning to take up some public work.[D] Those eager to become effective speakers.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21to how they can best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31dynamics.Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38, they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39for roles that are within their 40and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21.[A] thought[B] idea[C] opinion[D] advice22.[A] strengthen[B] accommodate[C] stimulate[D] enhance23.[A] care[B] nutrition[C] exercise[D] leisure24.[A] If[B] Although[C] Whereas[D] Because25.[A] assistance[B] guidance[C] confidence26.[A] claimed[B] admired[C] ignored[D] surpassed27.[A] improper[B] risky[C] fair[D] wise28.[A] in effect[B] as a result[C] for example[D] in a sense29.[A] displaying[B] describing[C] creating[D] exchanging30.[A] durable[B] excessive[C] surplus[D] multiple31.[A] group[B] individual[C] personnel[D] corporation32.[A] consent[B] insurance[C] admission[D] security33.[A] particularly[B] barely[D] rarely34.[A] similar[B] long[C] different[D] short35.[A] if only[B] now that[C] so that[D] even if36.[A] everything[B] anything[C] nothing[D] something37.[A] off[B] down[C] out[D] alone38.[A] On the contrary[B] On the average[C] On the whole[D] On the other hand39.[A] making[B] standing[C] planning[D] taking40.[A] capabilities[B] responsibilities[C] proficiency[D] efficiencySection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage -- spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41.The emergence of the Net has ________.[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession42.Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to ________.[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the U.S.[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA43.The phrase “making the biggest splash” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means________.[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity44.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that ________.[A] Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45.Straitford is most proud of its ________.[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or istested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way --in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to ________.[A] call on scientists to take some actions[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.[A] cruel but natural[B] inhuman and unacceptable[C] inevitable but vicious[D] pointless and wasteful48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s ________.[A] discontent with animal research[B] ignorance about medical science[C] indifference to epidemics[D] anxiety about animal rights49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientistsshould ________.[A] communicate more with the public[B] employ hi-tech means in research[C] feel no shame for their cause[D] strive to develop new cures50.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.[A] a well-known humanist[B] a medical practitioner[C] an enthusiast in animal rights[D] a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroadscontinue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because ________.[A] cost reduction is based on competition[B] services call for cross-trade coordination[C] outside competitors will continue to exist[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat52.What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?[A] Indifferent.[B] Supportive.[C] Indignant.[D] Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business54.The word “arbiters” (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ________.[A] who work as coordinators[B] who function as judges[C] who supervise transactions[D] who determine the price55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ________.[A] the continuing acquisition[B] the growing traffic[C] the cheering Wall Street[D] the shrinking marketText 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hipscan be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death --and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient -- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age -- say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way,” so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.56.What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ________.[A] medical resources are often wasted[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C] some treatments are too aggressive[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable58.The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of ________.[A] strong disapproval[B] reserved consent[C] slight contempt[D] enthusiastic support59.In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.[A] more flexibly[B] more extravagantly[C] more cautiously[D] more reasonably60.The text intends to express the idea that ________.[A] medicine will further prolong people’s lives[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health carePart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos: “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-studyoriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section IV Writing66.Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
2003考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English.You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them.There are three parts in this section,Part A,Part B,and Part C.Remember,while you should first put down your answers in your test booklet.At the end of the listening comprehension section,you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Question1-5,you will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Art.While you listen,fill out the table with the information you have heard.Some of the information has been given to you in the table.Write only1word or number in each numbered box.You will hear the recording twice.You now have25seconds to read the table below.(5points)Boston Museum of Fine ArtsFounded(year)1870Opened to the public(year)Question1Moved to the current location(year)1909The west wing completed(year)Question2Number of departments9The most remarkable department Question3Exhibition Space(m2)Question4Approximate number of visitors/year800,000Programs providedQuestion5classeslecturesPart BDirections:For Questions6-10,you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems.While you listen,complete the sentences or answer the e not more than3words for each answer.You will hear the recording twice.You now have25seconds to read the sentences and questions below.(5points)What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple?________.Question6Writing down a list of problems in the marriage may help a troubled couple discuss them ________.Question7Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they can’t talk with each other? ________.Question8Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their________. Question9According to the old notion,what will make hearts grow fonder?________.Question10 Part CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material.Before listening to each one,you will have time to read the questions related to it.While listening,answer each question by choosing[A],[B],[C] or[D].After listening,you will have time to check your answers you will hear each piece once only.(10points)Questions11-13are based on the following talk about napping,you now have15seconds to read questions11-13.11.Children under five have abundant energy partly because they________.[A]sleep in three distinct parts[B]have many five-minute naps[C]sleep in one long block[D]take one or two naps daily12.According to the speaker,the sleep pattern of a baby is determined by________.[A]its genes[B]its habit[C]its mental state[D]its physical condition13.The talk suggests that,if you feel sleepy through the day,you should________.[A]take some refreshment[B]go to bed early[C]have a long rest[D]give in to sleepQuestions14-16are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie,an American Indian poet.You now have15seconds to read Questions14-16.14.Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?[A]He could bring unfinished work home.[B]He might have time to pursue his interests.[C]He might do some evening teaching.[D]He could invest more emotion in his family.15.What was his original goal at college?[A]to teach in high school[B]to write his own books[C]to be a medical doctor[D]to be a mathematician16.Why did he take the poetry-writing class?[A]To follow his father.[B]For an easy grade.[C]To change his specialty.[D]For knowledge of poetry.Questions17-20are based on the following talk about public speaking.You now have20 seconds to read Questions17-20.17.What is the most important thing in public speaking?[A]Confidence.[B]Preparation.[C]Informativeness.[D]Organization.18.What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audience’s attention?[A]Gather abundant data.[B]Organize the idea logically.[C]Develop a great opening.[D]Select appropriate materials.19.If you don’t start working for the presentation until the day before,you will feel________.[A]uneasy[B]uncertain[C]frustrated[D]depressed20.Who is this speech most probably meant for?[A]Those interested in the power of persuasion.[B]Those trying to improve their public images.[C]Those planning to take up some public work.[D]Those eager to become effective speakers.You now have5minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET1.Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B], [C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changes that young adults experience.And they also need to give serious大21家to how they can best 大22家such changes.Growing bodies need movement and大23家,but not just in waysthat emphasize competition.大24家they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and needthe大25家that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are大26家by others.However,the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be大27家to plan activities in which there are more winners thanlosers,大28家,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,大29家student artwork,and sponsoring book discussion clubs.A variety of small clubs can provide 大30家opportunities for leadership,as well as for practice in successful大31家dynamics.Making friends is extremely important to teenagers,and many shy students need the 大32家of some kind of organization with a supportive adult大33家visible in the background.In these activities,it is important to remember that the young teens have大34家attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized大35家participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to大36家else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants大37家.This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.大38家,they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by大39家for roles that are within their大40家and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice22.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance23.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure24.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because25.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence26.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed27.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise28.[A]in effect[B]as a result[C]for example[D]in a sense29.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging30.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple31.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation32.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security33.[A]particularly[B]barely[D]rarely34.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short35.[A]if only[B]now that[C]so that[D]even if36.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something37.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone38.[A]On the contrary[B]On the average[C]On the whole[D]On the other hand39.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking40.[A]capabilities[B]responsibilities[C]proficiency[D]efficiencySection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(40points)Text1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game”of espionage--spying as a“profession.”These days the Net,which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail,is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.In the past three or four years,the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.The spooks call it “open-source intelligence,”and as the Net grows,it is becoming increasingly influential.In1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi.The winner,by a large margin,was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions,whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford,Inc.,a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin,Texas.Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia)to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.Many of its predictions are available online at .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,a spymaster’s st week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.“As soon as that report runs,we’ll suddenly get500new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman,a former political science professor.“And we’ll hear back from some of them.”Open-source spying does have its risks,of course,since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad.That’s where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of20in Austin.Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds.He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.Straitford,says Friedman,takes pride in its independent voice.41.The emergence of the Net has________.[A]received support from fans like Donovan[B]remolded the intelligence services[C]restored many common pastimes[D]revived spying as a profession42.Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to________.[A]introduce the topic of online spying[B]show how he fought for the U.S.[C]give an episode of the information war[D]honor his unique services to the CIA43.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(Line1,Paragraph3)most probably means________.[A]causing the biggest trouble[B]exerting the greatest effort[C]achieving the greatest success[D]enjoying the widest popularity44.It can be learned from Paragraph4that________.[A]Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B]Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C]Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability[D]Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45.Straitford is most proud of its________.[A]official status[B]nonconformist image[C]efficient staff[D]military backgroundText2To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,“Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way--in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement,a father’s bypass operation,a baby’s vaccinations,and even a pet’s shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done.Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing,there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to________.[A]call on scientists to take some actions[B]criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C]warn of the doom of biomedical research[D]show the triumph of the animal rights movement47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is________.[A]cruel but natural[B]inhuman and unacceptable[C]inevitable but vicious[D]pointless and wasteful48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s________.[A]discontent with animal research[B]ignorance about medical science[C]indifference to epidemics[D]anxiety about animal rights49.The author believes that,in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientistsshould________.[A]communicate more with the public[B]employ hi-tech means in research[C]feel no shame for their cause[D]strive to develop new cures50.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is________.[A]a well-known humanist[B]a medical practitioner[C]an enthusiast in animal rights[D]a supporter of animal researchText3In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.As recently as1995,the top four railroads accounted for under70percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.Next year,after a series of mergers is completed,just four railroads will control well over90percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly,they argue,is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers20to30percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the process is expensive,time-consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost.If railroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici,a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.Consider the$10.2billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.Conrail’s netrailway operating income in1996was just$427million,less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction.Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill?Many captive shippers fear that they will,as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According to those who support mergers,railway monopoly is unlikely because________.[A]cost reduction is based on competition[B]services call for cross-trade coordination[C]outside competitors will continue to exist[D]shippers will have the railway by the throat52.What is many captive shippers’attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that________.[A]shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad[B]there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide[C]overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief[D]a government board ensures fair play in railway business54.The word“arbiters”(Line7,Paragraph4)most probably refers to those________.[A]who work as coordinators[B]who function as judges[C]who supervise transactions[D]who determine the price55.According to the text,the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by________.[A]the continuing acquisition[B]the growing traffic[C]the cheering Wall Street[D]the shrinking marketText4It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder.Americans’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginablewhen I entered medicine50years ago.But not even a great health-care system can cure death--and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal;we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish,even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level,yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care,we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if it’s useless.The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.Physicians--frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient--too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In1950,the U.S.spent$12.7billion on health care.In2002,the cost will be$1,540billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age--say83or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way,”so that younger,healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.At78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her70s,and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician,I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden,countries that spend far less on medical care,have achieved longer,healthier lives than we have.As a nation,we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.56.What is implied in the first sentence?[A]Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B]Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C]Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D]Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that________.[A]medical resources are often wasted[B]doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C]some treatments are too aggressive[D]medical costs are becoming unaffordable58.The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of________.[A]strong disapproval[B]reserved consent[C]slight contempt[D]enthusiastic support59.In contrast to the U.S.,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care________.[A]more flexibly[B]more extravagantly[C]more cautiously[D]more reasonably60.The text intends to express the idea that________.[A]medicine will further prolong people’s lives[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C]death should be accepted as a fact of life[D]excessive demands increase the cost of health carePart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative,possessed of insatiable curiosity.61)Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore,it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner,with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words anthropos:“human”and logos“the study of.”By its very name,anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly, systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography,economics,political science,psychology,and sociology.Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity.Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to theanalysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture.Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of19th century science.64)Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief,art, morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight,so profound in its simplicity,opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life.Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned,shared,and patterned behavior.65)Thus,the anthropological concept of“culture,”like the concept of“set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section IV Writing66.Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should1)describe the set of drawings,interpret its meaning,and2)point out its implications in our life.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2003年考研英语真题答案解析Section I:Listening Comprehension(20points)Part A(5points)1.18762.19813.textiles4.19,1375.concerts Part B(5points)6.(the couple)themselves7.constructively8.a qualified psychologist9.good intentions10.absencePart C(10points)11.[D]12.[A]13.[D]14.[B]15.[C]16.[B]17.[B]18.[C]19.[A]20.[D]Section II:Use of English(10points)一、文章总体分析文章主要论述了教师们应该关注青少年在成长时期所经历的情感、心智和生理上的变化，并采取方法帮助他们适应这些变化，健康成长。
电子科技大学研究生历年学位英语考试试题及答案汇编 (12)
2003年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题讲解第二部分词汇Section A21. (C)该句意为：重视盈利使这些系统过于庞大，因此更容易遭受恐怖袭击。
render: v. 致使declare: v. 宣布verify: v. 证明indicate: v. 表明22. (B)该句意为：在逃生系统方面，8.5吨的神州3号已有大幅度改进。
substantially: adv. 相当大地；实质地technologically: adv. 技术上considerably: adv. 极大地structurally: adv. 结构上internally: adv. 内部地23. (A)该句意为：根据美国司法体系，12人组成一个陪审团。
constitute: v. 构成，组成compose: v. 组成overthrow: v. 推翻surpass: v. 超越24. (D)该句意为：要处理的琐事太多，他很难静心为考试而读书。
attend to: v. 照料，接待，处理participate in: v. 参加cater to: v. 迎合……要求indulge in: v. 沉迷于see to: v. 留心，处理25. (C)该句意为：衣着体面的儿子和看起来很寒酸的父亲形成鲜明的对比。
striking: adj. 鲜明的，明显的，引人注目的astonishing: adj. 惊人的humiliating: adj. 侮辱性的，令人难看的noticeable: adj. 明显的fleeting: adj. 瞬间的26. (B)该句意为：目前，防“非典”具有新的意义并引起广泛关注。
assume: v. 假设，假定；具有carry on: v. 继续take on: v. 呈现；具有；雇佣work on: v. 从事embark on: v. 从事，承担，开始27. (B)该句意为：在这次经济论坛中，每位贵宾的发言都要同声传译。
2003考研英语(一)真题
2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C OR D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious1to how they can best2such changes.Growing bodies need movement and3,but not just in ways that emphasize competition.4they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the5that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are6by others. However,the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be7to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,8，publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,9student artwork,and sponsoring book discussion clubs.A variety of small clubs can provide 10opportunities for leadership,as well as for practice in successful11dynamics.Making friends is extremely important to teenagers,and many shy students need the12of some kind of organization with a supportive adult13visible in the background.In these activities,it is important to remember that the young teens have14attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized15participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to16 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants17.This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.18they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by19for roles that are within their20and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.1.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice2.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance3.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure4.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because5.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance6.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed7.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise8.[A]in effect[B]as a result[C]for example[D]in a sense9.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging10.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple11.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation12.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security13.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely14.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short15.[A]if only[B]now that[C]so that[D]even if16.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something17.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone18.[A]On the contrary[B]On the average[C]On the whole[D]On the other hand19.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking20.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency[D]efficiencySection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World WarⅡand later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage—spying as a“profession.”These days the Net,which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail,is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail.That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.In the past three or four years,the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.The spooks call it“open source intelligence,”and as the Net grows,it is becoming increasingly influential.In1995the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the mostdata about Burundi.The winner,by a large margin,was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford,Inc.,a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin,Texas.Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia)to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.Many of its predictions are available online at.Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,a spymaster’s st week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.“As soon as that report runs,we’ll suddenly get500new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman,a former political science professor.“And we’ll hear back from some of them.”Open-source spying does have its risks,of course,since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad.That’s where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of20in Austin.Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds.He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success.Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.Straitford,says Friedman,takes pride in its independent voice.21.The emergence of the Net has.[A]received support from fans like Donovan[B]remolded the intelligence services[C]restored many common pastimes[D]revived spying as a profession22.Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to.[A]introduce the topic of online spying[B]show how he fought for the US[C]give an episode of the information war[D]honor his unique services to the CIA23.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(line1,paragraph3)most probably means.[A]causing the biggest trouble[B]exerting the greatest effort[C]achieving the greatest success[D]enjoying the widest popularity24.It can be learned from paragraph4that.[A]straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B]straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C]straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability[D]straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25.Straitford is most proud of its.[A]official status[B]nonconformist image[C]efficient staff[D]military backgroundText2To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way—in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement,a father’s bypass operation,a baby’s vaccinations,and even a pet’s shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done.Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing,there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.26.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to.[A]call on scientists to take some actions[B]criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C]warn of the doom of biomedical research[D]show the triumph of the animal rights movement27.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is.[A]cruel but natural[B]inhuman and unacceptable[C]inevitable but vicious[D]pointless and wasteful28.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s.[A]discontent with animal research[B]ignorance about medical science[C]indifference to epidemics[D]anxiety about animal rights29.The author believes that,in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should.[A]communicate more with the public[B]employ hi-tech means in research[C]feel no shame for their cause[D]strive to develop new cures30.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is.[A]a well-known humanist[B]a medical practitioner[C]an enthusiast in animal rights[D]a supporter of animal researchText3In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging into supersystems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly.As recently as1995,the top four railroads accounted for under70percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.Next year,after a series of mergers is completed,just four railroads will control well over90percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly,they argue,is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers20to30percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federalgovernment's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the process is expensive,time consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost.If railroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.It's theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici,a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortuning fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.Consider the$10.2billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.Conrail's net railway operating income in1996was just$427million,less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction.Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill?Many captive shippers fear that they will,as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31.According to those who support mergers,railway monopoly is unlikely because.[A]cost reduction is based on competition.[B]services call for cross-trade coordination.[C]outside competitors will continue to exist.[D]shippers will have the railway by the throat.32.What is many captive shippers'attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.33.It can be inferred from paragraph3that.[A]shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.[B]there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.[C]overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.[D]a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34.The word“arbiters”(line7,paragraph4)most probably refers to those.[A]who work as coordinators.[B]who function as judges.[C]who supervise transactions.[D]who determine the price.35.According to the text,the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by.[A]the continuing acquisition.[B]the growing traffic.[C]the cheering Wall Street.[D]the shrinking market.Text4It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder. Americans’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine50years ago.But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal;we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish,even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level,yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care,we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if it’s useless.The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In1950,the US spent$12.7billion on health care.In2002,the cost will be$1,540billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say83or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way”,so that younger,healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their60s and beyond,and remain dazzlingly productive.At78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her70s,and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician,I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden,countries that spend far less on medical care,have achieved longer,healthier lives than we have.As a nation,we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improvepeople’s lives.36.What is implied in the first sentence?[A]Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B]Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C]Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D]Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.37.The author uses the example of caner patients to show that.[A]medical resources are often wasted[B]doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C]some treatments are too aggressive[D]medical costs are becoming unaffordable38.The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of.[A]strong disapproval[B]reserved consent[C]slight contempt[D]enthusiastic support39.In contras to the US,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care.[A]more flexibly[B]more extravagantly[C]more cautiously[D]more reasonably40.The text intends to express the idea that.[A]medicine will further prolong people’s lives[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C]death should be accepted as a fact of life[D]excessive demands increase the cost of health carePart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it.Humans arethoughtful and creative,possessed of insatiable curiosity.（41）Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore,it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner,with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words anthropos“human”and logos“the study of.”By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.（42）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography,economics,political,science,psychology,and sociology.Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity.Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.（43）The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture.Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of19th century science.（44）Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight,so profound in its simplicity,opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life.Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned.shared,and patterned behavior.（45）Thus,the anthropological concept of“culture,”like the concept of“set”in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section III Writing46.Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay entitled in which you should1）describe the set of drawings,interpret its meaning,and2）point out its implications in our life.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)。
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2003年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题：Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 20 points )Section A (1 point each)1. A The man shouldn’t care what Sandra said.B The man shouldn’t listen to Sandra.C The man should talk openly with Sandra.D The man should get back home early.2. A A boss and an employee.B A lawyer and a client.C A shop assistant and a customerD A bus driver and a passenger.3. A The woman helped to do part of the experiment.B The woman proposed some good ideas in the experiment.C The woman was grateful for the success of the experiment.D The woman recommended some useful books for the experiment.3. A It is very neat. B It is a messC It is very pleasant.D It is a hell.4. A He got the camera at a very low price.B The camera is very expensive.C The camera is worth nothing.D He does not like the camera.5. A Because it provides free service.B Because it is the best store of its kind.C Because it has great variety of goods.D Because it has high quality goods there.6. A Because he is going to find a new job.B Because he has to work over time in the office.C Because he is going to move to a new town.D Because his job is too demanding for him.7. A Because he is very inspiring.B Because he is very brave.C Because he made some great achievements.D Because he is a successful ruler.8. A He is very stern with his employees.B He works very hard himself.C He is very satisfied with his employees.D He makes excessive demands on his employees.Section B (1 point each)9. A Because his mother wanted him to learn.B Because he preferred the violin to the piano.C Because he heard a friend of his play it.D Because he thought the violin was for classical music.10.A He joined the Army Orchestra.B He stopped playing the violin.C He played more than 100 concerts a year.D He played classical music for American soldiers.12. A Everyone needs music. B People are born musical.C Children love music more than adults.D Music is the product of human civilization.13. A In developed countries. B In developing countriesC In European countriesD In Asian countries.14. A They teach and convey cultural values in schools.B They work as volunteers in developing countries.C They help take care of the AIDS patients.D They take care of their own grandchildren at home.15. A They can no longer perform their jobs well.B They don’t want to work any longer.C They have to give up their jobs to youngsters.D No boss would like to hire older employees.Section C (1 point each)16. Sam Maloof is the best-known ________of hand-made furniture.17. According to Sam Maloof, a successful chair or table contains something of _____________________18. Where are the 65 pieces of Mr. Maloof’s furniture shown?19. What did People Magazine call Sam Maloof in 1968?20. How much does a piece of Malo of’s furniture cost today?Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. The focus on profitability pushes the systems unreasonably large, rendering them more vulnerable to terrorist attacks.A declaringB verifyingC makingD indicating22. The 8.5-ton Shenzhou III spaceship has been substantially improved in terms of the life-support systems.A technologicallyB considerablyC structurallyD internally23. According to the American judicial system twelve people constitute a jury.A composeB overthrowC disposeD surpass24. With so many trivial matters to attend to, he can hardly get down to reading for the test.A participate inB cater toC indulge inD see to25. The decently dressed son and the humble-looking father formed a striking contrast.A astonishingB humiliatingC noticeableD fleeting.26. Nowadays the prevention against SARS has assumed new significance and attracted much attention.A carried onB taken onC worked onD embarked on27. At the economic forum, each speech by a distinguished guest has to be translated simultaneously.A once in a whileB at the same timeC in a broad senseD as soon as possible.28. Studies of the role of positive thinking in our daily lives have yielded interesting results.A specific=definiteB activeC creativeD confident.29. This training course is intended to improve the competence of English of the staff.A proficiencyB graspC efficiencyD competition30. Students are supposed to set aside enough time for recreations and sports.A set apartB leave outC go aboutD put upSection B (0.5 point each)31. Some of the old customs has continued ____ politeness although they are no longer thought about now.A in the way ofB in the eyes ofC in the face ofD in the form of32. One of the chief functions of slang words is to consolidate one’s ___ with a group.A identificationB specificationC introductionD superstition33. Given the other constitutional grounds elaborated by the justices, the association ____ that schools should continue to test, if they so choose.A preserveB safeguards B maintains D conserves34. Finding out information about these universities has become amazingly easy for any one with the Internet ____A entranceB admissionC accessD involvement35. Lack of exercise as well as unhealthy dietary habits can increase the risk of ____A mobilityB moralityC maturityD mortality36. On this bridge many suicide attempts are ____; lives can be saved.A impulsiveB responsiveC destructiveD speculative37. Abraham Lincoln was born on a small farm where the forests were ____ by wild animals.A residedB inhabitedC segregatedD exhibited38. Some teenagers are so crazy about video games as to play them many hours________, if possible.A on purposeB on hand .C on creditD on end39. Authorities of wildlife have spent millions of dollars on the protection of nature ____A reservesB preservativesC conservativesD reservations.40. The young lady is Mr. Smith’s step-daughter, her ____ parents having died in an accident.A ecologicalB psychologicalC physiologicalD biologicalPart III. Cloze Test (10 minutes, 1 point each)No one knows for sure whether the type of tea (you drink) makes a difference in health, but experts say all kinds of teas probably have some health 41 . Each contains high levels of antioxidants (抗氧化剂), 42 affect the process by which oxygen interacts with a substance to change its chemical 43 . But, the way (tea is processed) can change antioxidant levels 44 color and taste.Green tea is made by picking the leaves and quickly heating them to stop oxidization. Green tea typically has a 45 , fresh taste. Black tea is processed to fully oxidize and ferment (发酵) the leaves and create a stronger taste. Some experts suggest that this 46 some variation in health effects between black and green teas. The more rare white tea is considered the finest of teas because it 47 the youngest buds from the plants, which are still covered with whitish hairs when they’re picked. White and green teas have 48 amount of caffeine. But even black tea contain only about half as much caffeine as coffee.Herbal teas are something 49 different. They are made from the leaves, flowers or roots of various plants. Herbal teas can vary widely 50 their health effects.41. A advantages B benefits C merits D profits42. A where it B that C which D when it43. A elements B ingredients C fragment D composition44. A as well as B as it is C as far as D as it were45. A faint B mild C tender D gentle46. A joins in B hands in C results in D gives in47. A composes of B makes out C makes up D consists of48. A less B the least C more D the most49. A entirely B inevitably C enormously D irresistibly50. A in case of B in proportion to C in exchange for D in terms ofPart IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 pint each)Passage OneSingletons, referring to those who live alone, are being comforted by well-meaning friends and family and told that not having a partner is not the end of the world. So, it would seem that they can say, yes, it is not. But no, in fact, it is the end.A gloomy study has just been released that says that the international trend towards living alone is putting an unprecedented strain on our ecosystem.For a number of reasons---- relationship breakdown, career choice, longer life spans, smaller families---- the number of individual households is growing. And this is putting intolerable pressure on natural resources, and accelerating the extinction of endangered plant and animal species. And there is worse news. Running a refrigerator, television, cooker, plumbing system just for selfish little you is a disastrous waste of resources on our over-populated planet. “The efficiency of resource consumption” is a lot higher in households of two people or more, simply because they share everything. Well imagine that . Just when you thought living alone was OK, you would find that all the time you were the enemy of mankind. Every time you put the kettle on the stove for a cup of coffee you were destroying Mother Earth. Indeed, it is not just your mother who is a bit worried by your continuing single status ---- you are letting down the entire human race by not having a boyfriend or girlfriend. The trouble is that society has a group instinct and people panic and hit out when they see other people quietly rebelling and straying away from the “standard” of family and coupledom.The suggestion is that singledom should be at best a temporary state. Unless you are assimilated into a larger unit, you can never be fully functional.Try “communal living.” There are all these illustrations of young attractive people having a “green time,” laughingly bumping into each other. It looks like an episode of the TV series Friends.And the message is clear: Togetherness is good, solitude is bad, and being single on your own is not allowed.51. Well-meaning friends and family members often tell those who live alone that _____A they should end their singledom as soon as possible.B they should live together with other singletons.C singledom is an acceptable life-style.D singledom can shorten one’s life-span.52. Which of the following may NOT be the reason for the increasing number of households as mentioned in the passage?A Many people get divorced because of unhappy marriage.B Now people can afford to support a household individually.C Some people have to sacrifice family life for their careers.D Many people live much longer than before.53. The author thinks living alone is disastrous mainly because singledom is _________A harmful to people’s life.B destructive to our ecosystem.C dangerous to plants and animals.D unworkable in our society54. It is implied in the passage that singletons are usually _______A self-reliantB self-consciousC self-sufficientD self-centered55. When seeing others living alone, some people panic because they think singledom is ____A abnormalB diversifiedC unimaginableD disgusting56. The author suggests that singletons should ___________A find boy friends or girl friends.B live with their parents and other family members.C live together and share more with their friends.D watch more episodes of the TV series Friends.Passage TwoIn 1999 when MiShel and Carl Meissner decided to have children, they tackled the next big issue; Should they try to have a girl? It was no small matter. MiShel’s brother had become blind f rom a hereditary condition in his early 20s, and the Meissners had learned that the condition is a disorder passed from mothers to sons. If they had a boy, he would have a 50 percent chance of having the condition. A girl would be unaffected. The British c ouple’s inquiries about sex selection led them to Virginia, U.S., where a new sperm-separation technique, called MicroSort, was experimental at the time. When MiShel became pregnant she gave birth to a daughter. Now they will try to have a second daughter using the same technique.The techniques separates sperm into two groups--- those that carry the X-chromosome (染色体) producing a female baby and those that carry the Y-chromosome producing a male baby.The technology was developed in 1990s, but the opening of laboratory in January 2003 in California marked the company’s first expansion. “We believe the number of people who want this technology is greater than those who have access to it.” Said Keith L. Blauer, the company’s clinical director.This is not only a seemingly effective way to select a child’s gender.It also brings a host of ethical and practical considerations ----especially for the majority of families who use the technique for nonmedical reasons.The clinic offers sex selection for two purposes: to help couples avoid passing on a sex-linked genetic disease and to allow those who already have a child to “balance” their family by having a baby of the opposite sex.Blaucer said the company has had an impressive success rate: 91 percent of the women who become pregnant after sorting for a girl are successful, while 76 percent who sort for a boy and get pregnant are successful.The technique separates sperm based on the fact that the X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome.A machine is used to distinguished the size differences and sort the sperm accordingly.57. Why did MiShel and Carl decide not to have a boy?A Because they might give birth to a blind baby.B Because Carl might pass his family’s disease to his son.C Because the boy might become blind when he grows up.D Because they wanted a daughter to balance their family.58. When MiShel gave birth to her first girl, the new sperm-separation technique ____A had already been well-developed.B had not been declared successful.C was available to those who wanted it.D had been widely accepted in the medical world.59. Which of the following is the author’s primary concern regarding the application of the new technology?A The expansion of the new technology may not bring profits to the companies.B Most people who use the technology will not have a baby as they want.C The effect of the new technology still needs to be carefully examined.D Increasing use of the technology may disturb the sex balance in the population60. According to Mr. Blauer, by using the new technology, ______A 91% of the women successfully give birth to girls.B 76% of the women get pregnant with boys.C it is more successful for those who want to have girls.D it is more successful for those who want to have boys.61. The sperm-separation te chnique is based on the fact that the chromosomes responsible for babies’ sex_____A are of different shapesB are of different sizesC can be identifiedD can be reproduced62. We can infer from this passage that the new technology_________A may not guarantee people a daughter or a son as they desire.B is used by most families for nonmedical reasons.C has brought an insoluble ethical dilemma for mankind.D will lead to a larger proportional of females in the population.Passage ThreeWithout question there are plenty of bargains to be had at sales time ----particularly at the top-quality shops whose reputation depends on having only the best and newest goods in stock each season. They tend, for obvious reasons, to be the fashion or seasonal goods which in due course become the biggest bargains.It is true that some goods are specially brought in for the sales but these too can provide exceptional value.A manufacturer may have the end of a range left in his hands and be glad to sell the lot off cheaply to shops; or he may have a surplus of a certain material which he is glad to make up and get rid of cheaply; or he may be prepared to produce a special line at low cost merely to keep his employees busy during slack period. He is like ly to have a good many “seconds” available and if their defects are trifling these may be particularly good bargains.Nevertheless, sales do offer a special opportunity for sharp practices and shoppers need to be extra critical. For example the “second” should be clearly marked as such and not sold as if they were perfect. The term “substandard,” incidentally, usually indicates a more serious defect than “seconds.” More serious is the habit of marking the price down from an alleged previous price which is in fact fictitious. Mis-description of this and all other kinds is much practiced by the men who run one-day sales of carpets in church halls and the like. As the sellers leave the district the day after the sale there is little possibility of redress. In advertising sales, shops may say “only 100 left” when in fact they have plenty more; conversely they may say “10,000 at half-price” when only a few are available at such a drastic reduction. If ever the warning “let the buyer beware” were necessary it is during sales.63. Which kind of goods can be among the best bargains?A Cheapest goodsB Newest goodsC Seasonal goodsD Goods in stock64. The second paragraph deals with all of the following types of goods EXCEPT ____A surplus goodsB low-cost goodsC the end lot goodsD exceptionally valued goods65. In order to maintain his business during a bad time, a manufacturer may ____A have his goods produced at low cost.B sell his goods at a very low price.C have his employees sell his goods.D try to produce high quality goods.66. The passage suggests that “seconds”____________A are of better quality than “substandard goods”B attract buyers as particularly good bargains.C are defective but marked as perfect.D are goods with serious defects67. The word “redress” ( the underlined word in the last paragraph) probably means ____A dressing againB change of addressC compensation for something wrong.D selling the same product at different prices.68. During sales shoppers should ____A find the best bargains at every opportunity.B beware of being cheated.C buy things that are necessary.D pay more attention to the price.Passage FourHow many of today’s ailment, or even illnesses, are purely psychological? And how far can these be alleviated by the use of drugs? For example a psychiatrist concerned mainly with the emotional problems of old people might improve their state of mind somewhat b y the use of anti-depressants but he would not remove the root cause of their depression ----- the feeling of being useless, often unwanted and handicapped by failing physical powers.One of the most important controversies in medicine today is how far doctors, and particularly psychologists, should depend on the use of drugs for “curing” their patients. It is not merely that drugs may have been insufficiently tested and may reveal harmful side effects as happened in the case of anti-sickness pills prescribed for expectant mothers but the uneasiness of doctor who feel that they are treating the symptoms of a disease without removing the disease itself. On the other hand, some psychiatrists argue that in many cases such as chronic depressive illness it is impossible to get at the root of the illness while the patient is in a depressed state. Even prolonged psychiatric care may have no noticeable effect whereas some people can be lifted out of a depression by the use of drugs within a matter of weeks. These doctors feel not only that they have no right to withhold such treatment, but that the root cause of depression can be tackled better when the patient himself feels better. This controversy is concerned, however, with the serious psychological illnesses. It does not solve the problem of those whose headaches, indigestion, backache, etc. are due to “nerves”. Commonly a busy family doctor will ascribe them to some physical cause and as a matter of routine prescribe a drug. Once again the symptoms are being cured rather than the disease itself.It may be true to say, as one doctor suggested recently, that over half of the cases that come to the ordinary doctor’s attention are not purely physical ailments. If this is so, the situation is serious indeed.69. The author thinks that drugs used for treating psychological ills ______A could be ineffective in some cases.B usually have harmful side effects.C can greatly alleviate the illnesses.D can remove the root causes.70. The controversy mentioned in the passage focuses on ___A whether psychologists should use drugs to cure their patients.B how psychologists should treat their patients.C the fact that all of the drugs have harmful side effects.D the extent to which drugs should be used to fight psychological illness.71. The passage indicates that psychologists _____A find it impossible to remove a psychological diseaseB feel dissatisfied at treating their patients with drugs.C believe that the root cause of a disease can be ignored.D can do nothing if the patient is in a depressed state .72. When treating patients with psychological problems, some doctors feel that they ____A are at a loss for treatment.B have no right to use drugs.C have to cure their patients by any means.D should use drugs to treat the symptoms.73. A family doctor would normally consider a headache or backache as a result of ____A a more serious diseaseB some emotional problem.C a physical disorderD prolonged work74. Regarding the situation of psychological problems the author feels ____A concernedB hopelessC surprisedD disappointedPassage FiveThose who make the rules for financial institution probably should take a modified oath. Their pledge would be: First, do no harm. Second, if the reforms put before me) are unclear, don’t approve them. Charles Morris may not have intend ed his new book Money, Greed, and Risk to cast such a dim light on the regulators, but it does. In fact, it may serve as a wake-up call for true believers in our current regulatory structure, most of which was erected in the 1930s and most of which Morris seems to favor, despite the stupid results it has caused.Morris, a former Chase Manhattan banking executive, outlines in great detail, again and again, how regulators, lawmakers, firms and many of the customers marched straight into mortgage, currency, thrift (互相储蓄) and other investment disasters. His discussion of Regulation Q, an attempt by Congress in the 1960s to rescue ailing savings and loans by regulating interest rates, reveals not only Congressional economic illiteracy, but also the deep harm such foolish thinking can do to the real economy.After some 260 pages listing the foolish things of Wall Street, regulators and lawmakers, Morris draws some pessimistic conclusions: “One constant in all the crises is that the regulatory responses come only after a crisis hits its peak.” For example, it “took the S&L crisis of the 1980s to bring honest accounting to thrifts, and it wasn’t until the banking sector suffered huge losses in real estate and foreign loans that regulators began to enforce strict capital standards.”So, what is the point of regulation? Morris, who is excellent at recounting tales of regulation gone bad, asserts that regulation is absolutely necessary, that it is the essential plumbing in our economic house. Nevertheless, Mr. Morris should have noticed that plumbing requires plumbers, and while a good one can keep a house functional, a rotten plumber can turn a minor drip into a ruinous flood.75. The passage is primarily concerned with ___A recommending Morris’s new book.B criti cizing Morris’ attitude to regulations.C describing current economic situations.D commenting on financial regulators.76. Which of the following is true of Money, Greed and Risk?A It discusses the importance of plumbing in keeping a house functional.B It describes a great number of financial disasters in detail .C It analyses the reasons for regulating the banking industry.D It emphasizes the flaws in the financial system of the 1930s.77. Regulation Q is quoted in the passage mainly to ____A demonstrate what kind of examples Morris has cited in his book.B illustrate that misguided policies can be very harmful to economy.C support Morris’s statement about the incompetence of Congressmen and bankers.D refute Morris’s conclusion a bout the foolishness of the government regulations.78. The government regulations often fail to bring the desired result partly because ____A the regulators do not understand economy well.B the regulations are enforced before a crisis hits its peak.C banking executives do not believe in the current regulatory structure.D the standards for financial institutions are not consistent.79. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Morris?A He needn’t have recounted so many financial disasters.B He has little faith in the present-day regulatory system.C He has failed to point out that regulators are more to blame than unwise regulations.D His book will undermine the readers’ faith in the current regulatory structure.80. The author’s attitude towards Morris’s new book can best be described as ____A scornfulB appreciativeC satiricalD criticalPart V Translation (30 minutes, 20 points)What’s strange a bout man is that he has yet to learn to settle disputes by some means other than war. Not only does war take a heavy toll of lives, but leads to increased tension. The use of sophisticated weapons is apt to bring about disasters to human health, although the reluctance to eliminate weapons of mass destruction on the part of the big powers will not necessarily end up with conflicts. The chances are that man will have his own civilization destroyed if the notion of the survival of the fittest still applies to the international community. We can’t help wondering how many years it will take for the world to eliminate war once for all.运用世界领先的技术将使中国有可能摆脱贫穷。