African-American History美国黑人历史 美国黑人运动(英语)
美国黑人历史 英文
In 1926, Woodson changed the name to Negro History Week. He selected the month of February for the celebration as a way to honor of the birth of two men whose actions drastically altered the future of black Americans. Abraham Lincoln, the U.S. President who issued the Emancipation Proclamation was born on February 12th and Frederick Douglass, one of the nation’s leading abolitionists was born on February 14th. Dr. Carter G. Woodson died in 1950, but his legacy continued on as the celebration of Negro History Week was adopted by cities and organizations across the country. This observance proved especially important during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, a time when the inhumane and unequal treatment of black people in America was being challenged and overturned. The Black Power Movement of the 1970s emphasized racial pride and the significance of collective cultural values. This prompted the ASNLH, now called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History, to change Negro History Week to Black History Week. In 1976, they extended the week to a month-long observance. Black History Month is now recognized and widely celebrated by the entire nation on both a scholarly and commercial level. The Association for the Study of African American Life and History continues to promote, preserve and research black history and culture year-round.
美国黑人歧视运动的历史与现状
美国黑人歧视运动的历史与现状自从400多年前欧洲殖民者开始从非洲大陆带回大量奴隶到美洲大陆以来，美国黑人就一直面临着种族歧视和压迫。
虽然，在美国的历史上，黑人有过一些重要的进步，如1865年奴隶制度的废除、1964年民权法案的颁布等等，但这些进展只是黑人争取平等权利和地位长期斗争的一个起点，而不是一个终点。
直到今天，美国黑人仍然受到了各种形式的歧视和攻击，不平等对待的问题仍然存在于各个方面，包括教育、就业、法律、医疗等等领域。
历史上黑人运动的起点黑人的平权运动解放运动，开始于1896年，当时美国最高法院通过“弗格森（Ferguson）诉皮阿特斯（Plessy）案”裁决，认为由于美国黑人种族和白人种族天生不同，因此两种人必须分开，要求黑人使用自己的餐厅、厕所、公共场地等设施。
这个裁决被称为“隔离但平等”的原则。
以民权领袖马丁路德金为代表的平等权利运动，试图打破这种隔离的原则，赢得黑人在美国社会中的平等权利，最终引领了美国从20世纪50年代始，一场广阔而深刻的黑人权利运动，成为了美国历史上最有影响力的争取权利和平等的运动之一。
民权领袖马丁路德金和统一非洲国家组织（NAACP）等社会团体，采用了种种手段，为黑人平等权利争取了很大的进展。
包括：在学校和大学中，黑人有权接受良好的教育；在住房市场，黑人可以和白人一样选择住房；在就业市场，黑人可以获得公正待遇。
这些进展证明了在平等权利方面，美国社会的进展和改变是真实而有意义的。
然而，直到今天，仍然有大量的黑人生活在恶劣的环境中，在低收入、高失业、低受教育程度、健康差等方面面临着很大的不公平待遇。
例如，在美国有10%的黑人年均工资低于1500美元，而白人这个数字是3%。
美国黑人贫困率是美国人口中最高的群体之一，比例高达25%以上。
由于贫困的原因和其他因素，权利的平等还没有在美国的实际生活中得到实现。
居住分化的问题在整个平权运动过程中，造成黑人贫困的原因之一是住房隔离。
美国黑人民权运动的历史及其成就
美国黑人民权运动的历史及其成就美国历史上的黑人民权运动是一场旷世大戏，它不仅改变了美国社会结构，也深刻地影响着全球的社会进程。
它的历史可以追溯到18世纪后期，但直到20世纪60年代，通过一系列著名的事件和行动，终于促成了激进的、具有广泛社会影响力的改革和民主化进程。
1. 种族隔离的产生美国黑人民权运动的起源可以追溯到数百年前，当时欧洲的殖民者带着大量的黑奴来到新大陆。
这些黑人从非洲被运到美洲，被当作仆人和奴隶，被迫进行苦力劳动。
在扩张性的国家发展中，黑人一直是被忽视的阶层，他们没有与白人一样的权利和机会。
随后，从奴隶制度逐渐演变为种族隔离政策，黑人被剥夺了投票权、平等教育、自由选择住所和工作等基本权利。
2. 黑人民权运动起步20世纪初，黑人社区开始积极地反抗种族隔离政策，从而启动了美国黑人民权运动。
其中最著名的一件事是蒙哥马利公共汽车事件。
1955年12月1日，一位叫罗莎·帕克斯的黑人女性，拒绝让位给一位白人乘客，导致了她被捕。
这个事件触发了著名的蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动，黑人社区联合抵制公共汽车，不再购买该公司的车票。
终于在13个月后，情况迫使公共汽车公司取消了种族隔离的政策。
3. 黑人民权领袖早期的黑人民权运动领袖大多数是运动员，例如杰西·欧文斯和约翰·卡洛斯。
但更重要的是，马丁·路德·金、马尔科姆·X和夏普顿·珀斯等被称为“三巨头”的领袖成为了黑人民权的标志性人物。
马丁·路德·金通过代表黑人社会，呼吁平等权利和机会。
马尔科姆·X则主张更激进的手段，通过“科技革命”手段建立黑人民族国家。
夏普顿·珀斯则调动了全民的抗议运动，声称需要通过造成经济困境，来迫使政府推进平权和公民权利。
4. 黑人民权运动的成就美国黑人民权运动的诸多成就堪称卓越。
它通过一系列的非暴力行动，打破了种族隔离的壁垒，实现了被剥夺的民权、选举权、教育权和住所选择权。
美国黑人文化历史ppt课件
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Cause of the movement
On December 1,1955,in Montgomery,Rosa Parks refused to obey bus driver's order that she gave up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger after the white section was filled.
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literature 19th century: Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin)
20th century: Toni Morrison (Song of Solomon)
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Politics
Barack Obama
◎Was elected the 44th President in 2008 ◎Won Nobel Peace Prize in 2009
Group 6
African-American
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Contents
Brief introduce about the African-American African-American Civil Rights Movement
Causes of the movement The key event of the movement Results and influence of the movement
It changes America from a country which was against the Black into a community which admits every citizen has equal rights.
美国黑人民权运动
美国黑人民权运动（African-American Civil Rights Movement，又译为“非裔美国人民权运动”），美国民权运动的一部分，于1950年代兴起，直至1970年代，乃是经由非暴力的抗议行动，争取非裔美国人民权的群众斗争。
20世纪50年代中期至60年代中期美国黑人反对种族歧视和种族压迫，争取政治经济和社会平等权利，1954年美国联邦最高法院判定教育委员会种族隔离的学校违法，1955年阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利市，黑人公民以全面罢乘来反对公车上的黑白隔离措施，1963年华盛顿的林肯纪念馆广场聚集二十五万名群众反种族隔离，美国民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金博士发表著名的演说《我有一个梦》为民权运动的高峰，其他参与的著名人物还有麦尔坎·X （Malcolm X）等人。
百年前林肯虽解放了黑奴，但黑人平等的公民权在南方却从未获落实，直到金博士领导民权运动才获得成功，1960年代美国民权运动兴起，对其社会及留学生有很大影响，当时对少数民族及妇女的权力均受到重视，开拓了新的视野，金博士也因此获颁1964年诺贝尔和平奖。
战后头10年，美国黑人争取平等自由的运动只限于由美国全国有色人种协进会在法院进行的斗争。
1954 年5月17日，美国最高法院为改变美国在国际上的形象，就布朗控诉托布卡教育委员会一案作出判决：公立学校所实行的种族隔离教育是不平等的，违反《美利坚合众国宪法第14条修正案》。
1955 年12月1日，亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城黑人罗莎·帕克斯夫人在公共汽车上拒绝让座给白人，被捕入狱。
因为她的被捕还引发了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动（MontgomeryBus Boycott )。
在黑人牧师马丁·路德·金的领导下，全城5万黑人团结一致，罢乘公共汽车达一年之久，终于迫使汽车公司取消种族隔离制。
1957年，金牧师及其支持者组成南方基督教领袖会议，将运动深入到南部生活的各个领域。
美国黑人进程(英文版)
Separ ate drinking fountains for whites and blacks. "Colored balconies" in movie theater s. Seats in the back of the bus. Soldiers called out to protect little c hildr en who were trying to go to school.It may be diffic ult to believe these wer e examples of conditions in Americ a less than 40 years ago. The struggle to c hange these c onditions, and to win equal pr otection under the law for citizens of all r ac es, for med the bac kdr op of Martin Luther King's short life.1954 Brown vs. Board of E ducation: U.S. Supr eme Court bans segregation in public schools.1955 Bus boyc ott launched in Montgomery, Ala., after an Afric an-Americ an woman, Rosa Par ks, is arrested Dec ember 1 for r efusing to give up her seat to a white per son .1956 Dec ember 21. After mor e than a year of boyc otting the buses and a legal fight, the Montgomery buses desegr egate.1957 Garfield High Sc hool becomes fir st Seattle high sc hool with mor e than 50 perc ent nonwhite student body. At pr eviously all-white Central High in Little Roc k, Ar k., 1,000 par a trooper s ar e c alled by Pr esident Eisenhower to r estor e or der and escort nine blac k students.1960 The sit-in protest movement begins in February at a Woolworth's lunc h c ounter in Gr eensboro, N.C. and spreads acr oss the nation.1961 Freedom rides begin from Washington, D.C: Gr oups of blac k and white people ride buses through the South to c hallenge segr egation. King makes his only visit to Seattle. He visits numer ous places, including two mor ning assemblies at Garfield High School.1962 Blac ks bec ome the maj ority at Garfield High, 51 perc ent of the student population - a first for Seattle. The school district aver age is 5.3 percent. Two killed, many inj ured in riots as James Mer edith is enrolled as the fir st blac k at the University of Mississippi.1963 Polic e arrest King and other m inister s demonstr ating in Bir m ingham, Ala., then tur n fire hoses and polic e dogs on the marc hers.Medgar Ever s, NAACP leader, is murder ed June 12 as he enter s his home in Jac kson, Miss. About 1,300 people march fr om the Centr al Ar ea to downtown Seattle, demanding gr eater j ob opportunities for blac ks in department stores.The Bon Marc he pr om ises 30 new jobs for blac ks.About 400 people rally at Seattle City Hall to protest delays in passing an open-housing law. In r esponse, the city for m s a 12-member Human Rights Commission but only two blac ks ar e included, pr ompting a sit-in at City Hall and Seattle's first civil-rights arr ests. 250,000 people attend the March on Washington, D.C. urging support for pending civil-rights legislation. The event was highlighted by King's "I have a dr eam" speec h.The Seattle Sc hool District implements a voluntary r acial tr ansfer progr am, mainly aimed at busing black students to mostly white schools.Four girls killed Sept. 15 in bombing of the Sixteenth Str eet Baptist Church in Bir m ingham, Ala.1964 Seattle City Council agr ees to put together an open-housing or dinanc e but insists on putting it on the ballot. Voter s defeat it by a 2-to-1 r atio. It will be four mor e year s before an open-housing ordinanc e bec omes law.Three civil-rights worker s ar e mur der ed in Mississippi.July 2 - Pr esident Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Out of 955 people employed by the Seattle Fire Department, just two were Afric an Amer ican, and only one was Asian --- 0.2 and 0.1 percent of the forc e, r espectively. By the end of 1993, the department was 12.2 percent African Americ an and 5.6 percent Asian1965 Malc olm X is murder ed Feb. 21, 1965. Thr ee men ar e c onvicted of his mur der.August 6. President Johnson signs the Vo ting Rights Act of 1965. The act, which King sought, authorized feder al examiner s to r egister qualified voters and suspended devices suc h as liter acy tests that aimed to prevent African Americ ans fr om voting.August 11-16: Watts riots leave 34 dead in Los Angeles.1967 Sam Smith elected Seattle's fir st blac k city c ouncilman.1968 Aar on Dixon bec omes first leader of Blac k Panther Party br anch in Seattle.The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn., unleashing violence in mor e than 100 cities.In r esponse to King's death, Seattle r esidents hurled firebombs, br oke windows, and pelted motorists with roc ks. Ten thousand people also marched to Seattle Center for a r ally in his memory.Rally at Garfield High in support of Dixon, Larry Gossett, and Carl Miller, sentenc ed to six months in the King County Jail for unlawful assembly in an earlier demonstr ation. Befor e the speakers were finished, fir ebombs and roc ks were flying toward car s c oming down 23rd Avenue. Spor adic riots in Seattle's Ce ntr al Ar ea during the summer.1969 Edwin Pratt, exec utive dir ector of the Seattle Urban League and a moder ate and r espected Afric an Americ an leader, is shot to death while standing in the doorway of his home. The m ur der has never been solved.1977 Seattle Sc hool Boar d adopts a plan designed to eliminate r acial imblanc e in sc hools by fall 1979.1978 Seattle bec omes the largest city in the United States to desegr egate its schools without a c ourt order; nearly one-quarter of the school district's students a r e bused as part of the "Seattle Plan." Two months later, voter s pass an anti-busing initiative. It is later ruled unc onstitutionalIn a blow to efforts to diversify univer sity enr ollment, the U.S. Supr eme Court outlaws racial quotas in a suit brought by Allan Bakke, a white man who had been turned down by the medic al school at Univer sity of Califor nia, Davis.1989 Douglas Wilder of Vir ginia bec omes the nation's first Afric an Amer ican to be elected state governor.1992 The fir st r acially based riots in years erupt in Los Angeles and other cities after a j ury ac quits L.A. polic e offic ers in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, an Afric an Americ an.。
美国黑人民权运动的历史演变
美国黑人民权运动的历史演变美国黑人民权运动是美国历史上一段深刻而重要的历史时期。
这场运动涵盖了从19世纪末到20世纪末的五十年，涉及了平等权利、特权、经济契约和选举等问题。
这场运动的标志性事件，如布朗诉托皮卡案、蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动和1963年8月的华盛顿纪念集会，不仅改变了美国的面貌，而且极大地促进了社会进步和平等。
历史背景美国黑人民权运动起源于19世纪末，當時美國南方的黑人仍然沉淪於嚴重的政治、經濟、社會和種族歧視之中。
从奴隶自由行动到重建时期，从维护土地权益到1880年代和1890年代合法化了种族隔离政策，黑人争取平等的残酷道路充满了曲折和挑战。
1909年，在弗吉尼亚州的一处神学院，诞生了黑人民权组织——全国有色人种协进会(NAACP)。
直到布朗诉托皮卡这个重要的里程碑事件在1954年宣告多个州的种族隔离制度违反宪法，黑人民权的行动才真正开始获得力量和政治权力。
蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动1955年，蒙哥马利市桑迪斯·霍华德酒店的工作人员拒绝一名黑人妇女罢工。
这个事件促成了年轻的牧师马丁·路德·金恩在维护美国黑人人权的事务中崛起。
马丁·路德·金恩利用口才和领导力，组织了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动。
主张在公共汽车上失去坐位的黑人，发誓要坚持蒙哥马利美国黑人民权抵制运动，直到他们获得平等，这个行动持续了382天。
运动的成功给NAACP(全国彩色人类进步协会)和其他运动组织带来了信心，同时也展示了传统这个周期性的运动策略，如抵制行动的效力。
上诉到最高法院1960年代早期，美国黑人民权运动已经发展成为一个强大的力量，涵盖了广泛的领域。
学生非暴力协调委员会(SNCC)、自由民权联盟(CORE)和广泛的教会、组织和工作人员已经推动了所谓的“进步”力量的发展。
在这个时期，美国最高法院97年前制定的“肯塔基州法律有败坏感”为基础，决定了1968年10月15日早晨，搭便车的黑人，不需要在宾夕法尼亚州和其他46个州里面受到宾夕法尼亚州恶性歧视法的限制，立即去寻找自己想要去的地方。
美国黑人民权运动的历史背景及其影响
美国黑人民权运动的历史背景及其影响美国黑人民权运动是美国历史上最重要的社会运动之一，影响深远，它产生于20世纪50年代，至今仍在继续着。
这场运动的发起是黑人民众对于种族歧视和不平等待遇的反抗，它让美国政府和全国人民认识到了美国人权和平等的重要性，促进了黑人民族身份和平等权益的认可和保护。
一、黑人民权运动的起源20世纪50年代，美国黑人民族的权益受到了系统性的压制，面临着诸如种族隔离政策、失业、低收入、严格的选举制度等各种不公正待遇，而这所有的不公正待遇都是建立在种族鄙视和民族歧视的基础上的。
这导致了黑人民族权益的争取和维护成为了刻不容缓的问题。
1955年，在美国南部的蒙哥马利地区，公共汽车公司规定黑人必须在公交车上的座位上让给白人，并且只能坐在公共汽车的后部，这引发了一个名叫罗莎·帕克斯的黑人妇女的反抗。
她坚持不肯让座位给白人，被捕受审后，引发了一系列反抗行动。
这次事件成为美国黑人民权运动的发起，各个地方的黑人民众也开始在各自的场合发起和加入抗议行动，不断推动着这场运动的发展和壮大。
二、马丁·路德·金及其弟子们马丁·路德·金是美国黑人民权运动的重要代表人物之一，他对于美国平权法案的制定及通过发挥了重要作用。
在1955年公共汽车事件之后，金牧师成为了一位非常活跃的公众人物，他的抗议活动也不断加强。
他创立的南方基督教领袖大会，更是吸引了无数黑人及白人的加入，在运动中起到重要的指引和鼓舞作用。
1963年，金牧师领导了华盛顿特区著名的“大游行”，在统计数字低调的情况下，参加游行的人数达到二十万之多，成为美国历史上规模最大、权利要求最为鲜明的抗议行动。
在游行的终点，金牧师发表了著名的演讲——《我有一个梦想》。
该演讲站在了美国宪法和二十世纪民族歧视的伦理沟壑之间，它用强有力的语言和威仪表达了对真正平等的祈求。
九十天后，约翰·肯尼迪总统在美国国会发表演说，宣布美国将拥有一项新的历史遗产，即立法废止种族隔离的政策。
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From Slave To the Summit of White House
• Great contribution to American Revolution， Anti-fascist war and American economic culture.
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• Agriculture The iron and steel industry • Automobile industry • Athlete
Western Africa
Virginia 1619
Southern United States
Congo Angola
More and more slaves
Hard word
Sickness or death
Arrival the port
American Revolution
1775—1783 The independent war broke out in 1776.
Middle of 19th century
The armed struggle between western farmers and free state immigration and southern slave owners broke out in Kansas.
Civil War(1861-1865)
1865（Lincoln died）—now
Another story…
The first Klan was founded in 1865, as a terrorist organization by veterans of the Army. As a secret group, the Klan targeted freedmen (free black man) by threats and violence, including murder.
Barrack Hussein Obama II the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office.
Friends
White and Black
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Rosa Parks with Dr. Martin Luther King
“I’m not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.”
Colin Powell
the 65th United States Secretary of State the first African American in that position.
Condoleezza Rice
the 66th United States Secretary of State the second woman
As the leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. King has become a national icon in the history of American.
16th century— 1865（Lincoln died）
The Atlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries.
The first batch of black slaves
• The 16th president of American (1861) • The symbol of black liberation
In Sep, 1982, he enacted the “Emancipation Proclamation” to abolish the slavery completely in the system. What’s more, Lincoln also ordered to free slaves formally in 1863.
Black people were put to death illegally.
At the same time, the 14th case of the American Constitution was approved. From then on, black people could enjoy the equal right just as the white did. In 1870,the 15th case came to the public, black people achieved the voting right.
In Mississipi, Hilemu liphils as the first black man came on the political stage. He worked as the senator for an entire year. It was almost a miracle at that time.
However, there stillБайду номын сангаасexisted the slavery.
American Constitution (1787)
“All people are equal” (exclude the black) No right to vote No freedom, property and dignity
The Bus Boycott was led by King and it lasted for 385 days. King's role in the bus boycott transformed him into a national figure and the best-known spokesman of the civil rights movement.
Martin Luther King
The 1992 Los Angeles Riots were a race riot and the subsequent lootings, arsons and civil disturbance. In total, 53 people were killed during the riots and over 2,000 people were injured, 10000 people were arrested.
Hilemu liphils
Rosa Parks(Born 1913) , her refusal to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Alabama, resulted in a city-wide boycott of the bus company and stirred the civil rights movement across the nation.
Since then, black people began to free from the chains of slave. In the same year, the Thirteenth Amendment was enacted.
Slavery was formally treated as illegal.