新托福阅读理解高分特训100篇【命题分析+答题攻略+强化训练】基础阅读篇 (2.1-2.3) 【圣才
托福基础阅读训练,这样做才能得高分
托福基础阅读训练,这样做才能得高分如果考生想提升自己的阅读做题速度，第一个任务是积存词汇，掌握意思，语法和使用一些高频词汇。
下面就来看看这篇〔托福〕基础阅读训练，相信你们会喜爱的。
事实上，在做阅读的过程中，主要限制我们阅读速度和理解速度的，主要有三个方面。
在这三个方面中，每一个都〔制定〕两个方向，第一个是准确性，第二个是速度。
因此，在施行过程中，首先要进行权衡，我们主要学习的应该是先学习准确性呢，还是先学习速度呢?原因很简单，因为即使我们在很短的时间内解决了所有这些问题，如果错误率很高，那么很显然，这个分数也不会高。
我们想要的是在规定的时间内完成问题，并且应该有很高的正确率，只有这样我们才干取得好成绩。
所以在备考托福阅读的过程中，首先要做的就是分别解决长难句和单词。
而长难句和单词是最先要解决的，也是正确率。
因此，在学习的过程中，学习的第一个方向应该是将单词和长难句分开进行训练。
词汇量的增加如果考生想提升自己的阅读做题速度，第一个任务是积存词汇，掌握意思，语法和使用一些高频词汇。
在托福考试中，每篇阅读大约700个单词。
而且有很多学术词汇，这在我们的日常生活中是比较少见的。
可见，托福阅读对中国同学的词汇和语法难度要求很高。
因此，考生在学习过程中，看到最容易出现在托福阅读文章中的高频词汇，一定要多做归纳和整理，然后对这些词汇要熟练运用，掌握。
长难句的分析长难句的分析依赖于同学的语法知识和对句干的提取。
通过掌握语法知识、复杂句型和〔英语〕句子结构，提升分析能力。
大家在做托福阅读的时候，就应该感觉到英语语法点的重要性。
要应对这些托福阅读，最重要的是分析文章的句子结构。
完善句子结构就是要准确把握主语、谓语和宾语的结构以及定补和定补。
灵活掌握阅读方法在托福阅读中，精读是指仔细阅读句子中的每个单词，以理解整篇文章和句子之间的逻辑关系。
在阅读理解中，理解长难句可能必须要很长时间，但是能够精准的掌握整个句子在文章中的影响，这就是精读。
托福阅读好提分的攻略大全
托福阅读好提分的攻略大全一、背单词单词是阅读的基础，要看得懂密密麻麻的英文，取得好的托福成绩，单词关一定要过。
可以使用词根词缀记忆法，已达到举一反三的效果，不熟的单词要反复识记，同时不能忽视一词多义。
五千多的词汇量是远远不够的，还要坚持背，直到词汇量达到八千以上，做起阅读题才更加顺手。
二、长难句分析托福阅读理解是有一定难度的，长难句在文章中很常见，如果不理解长难句的意思可能会影响我们后面小题的准确率，因此我们要学会长难句分析。
看见长难句，先分清主句与从句，再找出主语、谓语、宾语，从而将句子结构理清楚，理解句子意思。
长期坚持分析，各种句型句式，各种用法就会渐渐熟悉起来，量变促成质变，阅读文章就会越来越流畅，阅读部分的托福成绩自然不会太差，也有利于取得好的托福成绩，顺利出国留学。
三、记忆常见结构英语中有许多词组、句型，如：rest with取决于、jump to something过早下结论、at length详细地等等，光看其中单词的意思不能准确理解，会影响对文章句子意义的判断。
要想掌握这些词组、句型的意义，唯有尽量多地进行英语阅读，积累、记忆这些常见结构，才有利于提高托福成绩，完成出国留学的梦想。
四、掌握相关技巧要想做题又快又准，除了打牢基础，还要掌握相关技巧。
一是要将精读与泛读相结合，短时间内过滤无效信息，捕捉目标信息，把握文章主旨。
二是要细心，虽然做阅读题常常时间不够，但要稳中求胜细心做题，扫读全文但不能遗漏细节，要保证质量。
五、坚持一定要坚持!不用因为阅读理解的准确率一时提不上去就灰心丧气。
也许天资聪颖的人有，但大多数人是厚积薄发型，平时坚持多积累、多记忆，时间到了能力自然会增强。
要不断总结经验，从失败中吸取教训，这样才能一点点进步，取得好的托福成绩，顺利出国留学。
托福阅读文章：手指感应打字错误是谁都难以避免的，但是据最新研究得出的结论是，我们的手指能感应到打字正确与否。
Whether you're a hunt-and-peck typist or a Rachmaninoff of the keyboard, you will make mistakes. But it's not just your eyes catching typos when yousee them on the screen. Your hands know whenyou mess up too. That’s according to a study in the journal Science. [Gordon Logan and Matthew Crump, "Cognitive Illusions of Authorship Reveal Hierarchical Error Detection in Skilled Typists"]Researchers recruited expert typists—college students, of course—and showed them 600 five-letter words, one at a time. And they asked the studentsto type those words as quickly and accuratelyas possible. But sometimes, the researchers inserted typos in the wordas it appeared on screen, when the students hadn’t made one. Other times they automatically corrected typos the studentsdid make.And the students tended to believe the screen. So if a typo had been added, they figured they must have messed up. If a typo had been corrected they thought they typed it right. But the handsdidn't fall for it. When the fingers slipped up, they paused a split second longer than usual before typing the next letter. But they didn't pause when fake typos appeared on-screen only. So weapparently have two discrete mechanisms guarding against typing errors, one visual, the other tactile. To fox quick brown fixes. To fix quick brown foxes.托福阅读文章：文化背景决定工作理念在许多企业文化中，“团队合作”被视为非常重要的组成部分，优秀的“团队合作”精神也被视为一个好员工必须具备的。
新托福阅读题型解题攻略
新托福阅读题型解题攻略新托福阅读题型解题攻略句意解释题也有人称其为“变换措辞题”，也就是用自己的语言来改写文章中的句子或者段落，以不同的方式重新陈述另一句话，保留其内容，而不改变原来句子的意思。
在IBT阅读的三篇文章中，每篇文章可能有0-1道这样的题目，每次考试总共有2到3题。
这类型题目的'题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？ Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.解决这类题目的三种方法：第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换；第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换；第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。
下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？ Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.I t is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.解题：首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on.这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C.这道题目采用了第一种方法。
【阅读备考】新托福阅读真题训练技巧
【阅读备考】新托福阅读真题训练技巧对于托福考试来说，重点依然还是对阅读能力的考查。
按照ETS的官方说明，新托福阅读中的文章都是科普文章，结构特征和内容特征是比较明显的，所以在笔记中需要记录的内容也是可以相对明确的。
那么在真题训练中，我们还应该注意到哪些细节呢？下面我们一一来详细分析。
新托福阅读真题训练技巧：1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。
（比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题）粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。
2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。
（就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读）3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是，A的观点的问题是B的观点是......（记忆法，图像帮助理解，逻辑帮助记忆，生成图像来理解含义，对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法，每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色，这段如果讲倒推如原因，在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆，如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像，读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系，每一段都纵向罗列）4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章，鉴于有四个选项，选一个对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤，解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。
5，要检查，每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看，我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。
如果不走神的理解全文，一般15分钟是够的，还能剩下几分钟检查。
新托福阅读真题做题策略：词汇题、句子改写题——只读该句不读完整段耗时3分钟词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者（是人，是物），保持一致的最对，看这一句即可。
In the past,whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern AndesMountainsof Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了，根据意思，这道题排除BD，剩下AC很是纠结，但是看task本身，skilled task这种说法小奇怪，一般是skilled workers，所以选A。
托福阅读经典加试题机经汇总
托福阅读经典加试题机经汇总资料说明：托福阅读或听力部分，会在考试时要求考生多完成一篇阅读或者二篇听力，作为题目难以度的检测，一般而言加试阅读的数量为两篇文章，加试听力则是加三个听力段子。
随着热心考生的增多，这些试题，包括原文，题目和答案都被回忆整理出来了，叫做托福经典加试题机经。
本文档是托福阅读经典加试题部分。
扫描二维码加托福名师刘文勇老师微信，可参加免费空中课堂乐闻携尔官网托福培训咨询电话4000-182-178Necessary Evil开篇明义：我并不中意“机经”。
“机经”这个说法，最早可能源于机考GRE的年代——在那段时间内的多次考题是可能完全重复的（一般以“自然月”为周期）。
常出现的情形是：月末参加考试的同学遇到的试题，居然与月初的试题完全一致。
所以，尽管我们在参加这些标准化考试之前都需先“签字画押”（签订保密协议，同意绝不将试题内容透露给任何第三方），但仍有“热心”的同学愿意在网络上回顾、分享自己考过的试题，这也就给后来参加考试的同学们创造了提前熟悉某些将要考到的真实考题的机会。
与之类似，机经在新托福（iBT）考试出现后，也逐步流行了起来，因为自从托福将纸笔考试（PBT）改革成计算机考试之后，也出现了重复出题的现象（尽管它并不是以自然月为周期的，但总归是重复了很多次，还是有规律可寻的）。
按照陈睿老师的说法，科班出身的理工科专业人才使用STATA或SPSS等统计软件来“处理数据、总结规律”的能力还是不可小觑的。
于是同学们总能看到诸多预测机经，也总能够听到我们的机经预测命中的消息。
这看上去貌似是一件皆大欢喜的事情。
但事实上，若同学们有缘读到这篇小短文，我最想对大家说的一句话却是“机经可能并不如你想象中的那么有用”。
尽管我们制作的“机经材料”经常命中考题，但我却时常在各类讲座中宣传“机经无用论”。
因为在一个真正经过了精心设计、目的是考查学生语言能力的测试中，出题者并不是那么在意学生是否已经提前了解了部分试题。
新托福阅读之基础理解和篇章应用
新托福阅读之基础理解和篇章应用托福阅读作为托福考试中比较重要重要的一部分，如何能够通过比较通透的对托福阅读了解而拿到托福高分，下面就和大家分享突破新托福阅读之基础理解和篇章应用，来欣赏一下吧。
突破新托福阅读之基础理解和篇章应用新托福考试阅读部分约为60到100分钟，包括3到5篇*，每篇650至750个单词，每篇对应12至14道试题。
题目类型包括：图表题(schematic table)，篇章总结题(prose summary)(从给出的选项中选择能够概括*内容的句子)，词汇题(vocabulary)(在一定的上下文中)，指代关系题(reference)，简化句子题(sentence simplification)，插入文本题(insert text)，事实信息题(factual information)，推断题(inference)，修辞目的题(rhetorical purpose)以及否定排除题(negative factual information)(例如，下列各项均正确除……之外。
)在完成答题的过程中，同学们可以使用"复查"功能瞬间找出没有回答的题目，而不必每道题都检查一遍。
从两大题型入手突破新托福考试阅读部分可以概括为两种题型，包括基础理解题和篇章应用题。
基础理解题重点考查考生对基础项目的理解，特别是考生根据*的词汇、句法和语义内容理解把握重要信息的能力。
具体分析起来，新托福的基础理解题除插入文本题和修辞目的题外，主要仍是旧托福出现过的传统题型。
篇章应用题不仅仅要求根据词汇、句法和语义内容理解具体的点和大意，而且要求认定*的结构和目的。
对全篇有系统深入的理解，从而进行重构是篇章应用题的关键目标。
它要求考生能从*提取和记忆重要的信息并将其应用在新的情境中。
如果考生能在头脑中抽象出一个框架，他就必然能根据课文重构中心思想和相关重要信息。
托福阅读素材之慢艺术Slow art is art created or presented in a way that encourages unhurried viewing and deep contemplation; a work of art that unfolds over along time.“慢艺术”是为了鼓励人们从容观看和深思而创造或展示的艺术，是让你花长时间去欣赏的一件艺术品。
TOEFL阅读基础真题及答案-223页文档资料
TOEFL阅读基础目录TPO1 (3)G ROUNDWATER (3)TEST (7)T HE O RIGINS OF T HEATER (8)TEST (13)T IMBERLINE V EGETATION ON M OUNTAINS (14)TEST (18)TPO2 (19)T HE O RIGINS OF C ETACEANS (19)TEST (23)D ESERT F ORMATION (24)TEST (28)E ARLY C INEMA (29)TEST (33)TPO3 (34)A RCHITECTURE (34)TEST (39)D EPLETION OF THE O GALLALA A QUIFER (40)TEST (45)T HE L ONG-T ERM S TABILITY OF E COSYSTEMS (46)TEST (50)TPO4 (51)D EER P OPULATIONS OF THE P UGET S OUND (51)TEST (56)C AVE A RT IN E UROPE (57)TEST (62)P ETROLEUM R ESOURCES (63)TEST (67)TPO5 (68)M INERALS AND P LANTS (68)TEST (73)T HE O RIGIN OF THE P ACIFIC I SLAND P EOPLE (74)TEST (79)T HE C AMBRIAN E XPLOSION (80)TEST (85)TPO11 (86)A NCIENT E GYPTIAN S CULPTURE (86)TEST (91)TEST (97)B EGGING BY N ESTLINGS (98)TEST (103)TPO12 (104)W HICH H AND D ID T HEY U SE? (104)TEST (109)T RANSITION TO S OUND IN F ILM (111)TEST (116)W ATER IN THE D ESERT (118)TEST (123)TPO13 (124)T YPES OF S OCIAL G ROUPS (124)TEST (128)B IOLOGICAL C LOCKS (129)TEST (134)M ETHODS OF S TUDYING I NFANT P ERCEPTION (135)TEST (140)TPO14 (141)C HILDREN AND A DVERTISING (141)TEST (146)M AYA W ATER P ROBLEMS (147)TEST (151)P ASTORALISM IN A NCIENT I NNER E URASIA (152)TEST (157)TPO21 (158)G EOTHERMAL E NERGY (158)TEST (163)T HE O RIGINS OF A GRICULTURE (165)TEST (169)A UTOBIOGRAPHICAL M EMORY (170)TEST (175)TPO22 (176)S PARTINA (176)TEST (181)T HE B IRTH OF P HOTOGRAPHY (183)TEST (187)T HE A LLENDE M ETEORITE (188)TEST (193)TPO23 (195)U RBAN C LIMATES (195)S EVENTEENTH-C ENTURY D UTCH A GRICULTURE (200)TEST (206)R OCK A RT OF THE A USTRALIAN A BORIGINES (207)TEST (212)ANSWER (214)TPO1GroundwaterGroundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists ofform of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, beforespace in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.It prevents most groundwater from circulating.It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.2. Th in the passage is closest in meaning toConfusingComfortingUnbelievableInterestingParagraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sandwherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, andFar awayHiddenPartly visibleInside pieces of sand and gravelOn top of beds of rockIn fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soilIn spaces between pieces of sedimentFast riversGlaciersThe huge volumes of water created by glacial meltingThe particles carried in water from melting glaciersParagraph 3: The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPTA mountain valleyFlat landA lake floorThe seafloorthe bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.CoverChangeSeparateSurroundtoo, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among theoriginal grains are often not totally with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.That is enough aboutNow let us turn toOf greater concern areThis is related toassage is closet in meaning toWashedSoaked throughParagraph 6: Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.Paragraph 7: The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?It is unusually solid.It often has high porosity.It has a low proportion of empty space.It is highly permeable.11. What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?To explain why water can flow through rockTo emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rockTo point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeableTo distinguish between two related properties of rockParagraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist. Paragraph 8: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█ But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.█ It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.█13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.Answer choicesSediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines h ow much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.TEST1．Words(10mins)1. saturate2. meteoric3. circulate4. precipitation5. incredible6. particle7. pebble8. unconsolidated9. gravel10. coarse11. sediment 12. laden13. outwash14. deposit15. fanwise16. overlie17. sandbar18. minute19. cement20. dissolve21. percolate22. crystalline23. solidify24. lava25. basalt26. permeability 27. cavity28. crevice29. tension30.film2．Sentences（20mins）1. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.2. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.3. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.4. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.5. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.The Origins of TheaterIn seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters orsophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.Paragraph 1:In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widelyaccepted by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence food supply andwell-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it both desirable and1.DebatedCreated2.LeavesLimitsContrasts3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theaterAre mainly hypotheticalAre well supported by factual evidenceHave rarely been agreed upon by anthropologistsWere expressed in the early stages of theater’s development4. According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions? To establish a positive connection between the members of the societyTo help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supplyTo distinguish their beliefs from those of other societiesTo increase the society’s prosperityParagraph 2: Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradThe divorce of ritual performers from the rest of societyThe separation of myths from rites6.ImportantIndependentEstablished7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?Emphasizing theater as entertainmentDeveloping a new understanding of why events occurFinding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical charactersMoving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written traditionParagraph 5: In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, andwhy was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPTTheater allows people to face that they are afraid of.Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitative instinct nor for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional are needed. Oneone sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since requires serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.10．T he word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning toCompromiseInclinationTraditionRespect11．Why does the author mention ?To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfareTo help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theaterTo show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society 12．Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths wereadmired for artistic qualities.The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.Paragraph 3:█Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being.█ Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. █Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures.█ Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.13．Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.To enhance their listener’s enjoyment, storytellers continually make their stores more engaging and memorable.Where would the sentence best fit?14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Anthropologists have developed many theories to help understand why and how theater originated.Answer ChoicesThe presence of theater in almost all societies is thought to have occurred because early story tellers traveled to different groups to tell their stores.Many theorists believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to preserve social well-being.The more sophisticated societies became, the better they could influence desirable occurrences through ritualized theater.Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to group leaders govern other members of society.Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and moving rhythmically.The human capacities for imitation and fantasy are considered possible reasons why societies develop theater.TEST1．Words（10mins）1.speculation2.champion3.envision4.perceive5.ritual6.attribute7.occurrence8.supernatural9.formalize10.refine11.mythical12.causal13.divorce14.autonomous15.aesthetic 16.efficacious17.feat18.elaborate19.pantomime20.impersonation21.pantomimic22.rhythmical23.gymnastic24.virtuosity25.antecedent26.theorize27.imitative28.objectify29.penchant30.detachment2．Sentences（20mins）1. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.2. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as p art of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.3. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.4. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life.。
托福阅读高分攻略
托福阅读高分攻略托福阅读高分攻略把握这5点得高分不再难，我们一起来学习一下吧。
下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读高分攻略把握这5点得高分不再难虽然大陆考生都很擅长做英语阅读，但是托福阅读的考试难度不低，所以想要取得高分也不简单。
那么托福阅读毕竟怎么样才能拿到高分呢?国内许多考生没有长期阅读英文长文章的习惯，也不常常去读一些报纸和杂志，所以阅读的力量相对于托福要求的阅读力量还有肯定的差距。
把握下面这5点，托福阅读高分不是梦!1.语法肯定要过关基本语法学问是要了解的。
新托福阅读考试是一项比较全面的考察同学英语力量的内容，所以从词汇开头，始终到句子已经篇章都有对应的考题类型去考察。
但是要理解句子的含义，光是词汇熟悉也不肯定能完全搞清晰，有的时候需要通过语法学问去分析。
这种语法在许多题型中有所体现。
例如指代题，要分析代词所指的先行词是哪个，有时就要通过句子主谓宾成分的分析才能找到。
2.词汇基础要扎实新托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有特地考察单词的题型，也就是词汇题。
从文章中抽出一个单词，给四个选项，让考生选择与这个单词词义最接近最符合的。
这些词汇是没有一个大纲让考生去背的，只有靠考生平常自己大量的词汇积累，尤其是一些学术学科的词汇。
3. 快速阅读很重要新托福阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟，除了看长篇的文章外，还有11或13道题目的内容，所以时间是特别紧急的，因此在阅读的时候速度就很关键。
提示考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯，例如逐字阅读，出声阅读，或者指着阅读等，这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。
所以快速阅读力量在考试中是特别重要的，读的时候要以意群来看。
4. 归纳总结力量新托福阅读的最终一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为基础才能完成的，尤其是summary，考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。
因此考生在平常练习的时候肯定要留意对文章段落的归纳，能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来，然后进行总结，最终选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。
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第2章新托福（TOEFL iBT）基础阅读篇2.1生物科学类（Passage1～6）Passage1题材：Zoology字数：631The Origin of Cetacean[1]It should be obvious that cetaceans whales,porpoises,and dolphins-are mammals.They breathe through lungs,not through gills,and give birth to live young.Their streamlined bodies,the absence of hind legs,and the presence ofa fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.However,unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals,sea lions,andwalruses,whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea),it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.How was the gap between a walking mammaland a swimming whale bridged?Missing until recently were fossils clearlyintermediate,or transitional,between land mammals and cetaceans.[2]Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans.In1979,a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made.Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were52million years old.The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancientocean known as the Tethys Sea.[3]The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte,an extinct group of ancestors of modem cetaceans.Although limited to a skull,the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales.Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals.The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving.Other features,however,show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids,and cetaceans.It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean.It probably bred and gave birth on land.[4]Another major discovery was made in Egypt in1989.Several skeletons of another early whale,Basilosaurus,were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.This whale lived around40million years ago, 12million years after Pakicetus.Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included,for the first time in an archaeocyte,a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes.Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land.Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional,or vestigial,hind legs.[5]An even more exciting find was reported in1994,also from Pakistan.The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans(“the walking whale that swam”)lived inthe Tethys Sea49million years ago.It lived around3million years after Pakicetus but9million before Basilosaurus.The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs.The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped.The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea.The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke,the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans.The structure of the backbone shows,however,that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion its body up and down,even though a fluke was missing.The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water.On land, where it probably bred and gave birth,Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion.It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.1.In paragraph1,what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?A.It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.B.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.C.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.D.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.2.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph1about early sea otters?A.It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.B.There were a great number of them.C.They lived in the sea only.D.They did not leave many fossil remains.3.The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to_____.A.exactB.scarceC.valuableD.initial4.Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similar_____.A.hearing structuresB.adaptations for divingC.skull shapesD.breeding locations5.The word it in the passage refers to_____.A.PakicetusB.fishC.lifeD.ocean6.The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to_____.A.explainedB.visibleC.identifiedD.located7.The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed thatBasilosaurus_____.A.lived later than Ambulocetus natansB.lived at the same time as PakicetusC.was able to swim wellD.could not have walked on land8.It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in the following locations: _____.A.On landB.Both on land and at seaC.In shallow waterD.In a marine environment9.Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?A.Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.B.The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.C.The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of thewhale.D.Until that time,only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.10.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in theunderlined sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down,it did nothave a backbone.B.The backbone of Ambulocetus,which allowed it to swim,provides evidence ofits missing fluke.C.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke,its backbone structure shows that itswam like modem whales.D.By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down,modem whales swim ina different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.11.The word propulsion in the passage is closest in meaning to_____.A.staying afloatB.changing directionC.decreasing weightD.moving forward12.Look at the four squares,,,,and that show where the followingsentence could be inserted in the passage.Where could the sentence be best added?This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.Their streamlined bodies,the absence of hind legs,and the presence of afluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.However,unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals,sea lions,andwalruses,whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea),it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.How was the gap between a。