文体学课程考查论文(仅供格式参考)
文学学术论文模板(10篇)
文学学术论文模板(10篇)二、平等对话，实现课堂生成（1）詹天佑在修筑京张铁路时遇到了哪些困难？但各自的缺点也显而易见,第一个案例偏重于“实用主义”,只重视基本知识的掌握,让鲜活的历史成了表格方框中一个个机械的符号,后两个案例注重活动和情感,但从知识掌握的角度来看则有点“虚无缥缈”。
“案例一”中,整个课堂教学活动环环相扣,学生参与度较高,知识点的掌握也基本到位。
但遗憾的是,教师将诗情画意的作品抽象于一张僵化的表格之中,鲜活的历史被人为地变成机械枯燥的应试能力训练,学生在历史课堂上学到了一些零散的无体系的历史知识。
这样的教学,不要说熏陶和陶冶情操,就是其试图追求的培养学生的思维能力,也难以达成。
从教学方式上,学生填写表格并讨论订正,似乎体现了以学生为本的理念,但其实学生所做的只是在教师和教材的束缚下“戴着镣铐跳舞”,历史思维能力没有得到真正的培养。
“案例二”中,教师重视了学生的参与活动,营造了民主宽松的学习环境、平等愉悦的学习气氛,但是学生参与的深度、广度有所欠缺,上台展示的总是那几个“老面孔”,多数学生处于一种“事不关己,高高挂起”的状态。
从参与的深度看,大多数学生学得并不深,只能简单介绍课本上的相关知识,因为学生要深入理解作品课前必须进行充分准备,而且需要教师的协助和指导。
比如,学生课前没有充分了解屈原的生平,仅凭朗诵屈原的“路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索”,是体会不出诗人探求真理的不屈精神的。
“案例三”中,教师注重学生的文学鉴赏能力和美感的熏陶,增强学生的情感体验。
但是文学鉴赏毕竟不是历史课的主题,我们不能让文学史多了“文学味儿”而少了“历史味儿”,而是应该选择合适的作品,让文学鉴赏与社会背景相结合,从中感悟出作品背后的社会状况。
对于古代诗歌的解读,我们可以“以诗入史”,进而认识各朝代的政治、经济、文化的变迁。
二、寻求对策:“虚实结合”实现文学艺术与历史的交融通过对以上三种课例的利弊分析,我们可以得出这样的认识:文学艺术史教学要兼顾历史教学和文学艺术的特点,不妨采用“虚实结合”的教学方式。
文体学-参考文献
文体学-参考文献文体学参考文献Epstein:, E. L. Language and Style. London: Methuen & Co ltd, 1978.Freeborn, Dennis. Style: Text Analysis and Linguistic Criticism. London: Macmillan, 1996.(1.What is style?2. Words2.1 Choice of words –?rules of good writing‘2.2 Choice of words in speaking and writing –formal and informal2.3 A claim for Latin2.4 Thomas Hardy‘s –The Woodlanders– formal words3. New words for old3.1 Riddley Walker by Russell Hoban3.2 A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess3.3 Fennegan’s Wake by James Joyce4 Words and grammar in Prose Texts I4.1 George Orwell on good writing4.2 Orwell‘s vocabulary and the Fowlers‘ rules4.3 Academic writing and nominalization4.4 More on NPs and PrepPs.5 Words and grammar in prose texts II5.1 Style and grammar in William Faulkner‘s The Bear5.2 Style and grammar in James Joyce‘s Eveline6 Traditional rhetoric6.1 The medieval Art of Rhetoric6.2 Tropes and figures6.3 Rhetoric and style7 Rhetorical style7.1 Structure and rhetoric in Dr. Johnson‘s prose8 Writing without style8.1 Roland Barthes‘s Writing Degree Zero and Albert Camus‘s The Outsider8.2 V ikram Seth‘s A Suitable Boy8.3 Gorge Orwell‘s Animal Farm9. Words and grammar in prose texts III – Two nineteenth-century classics9.1 Fenimore Cooper –The Last of the Mohicans (i)9.2 The Last of the Mohicans (ii)9.3 Sir Walter Scott The Bride of Lammermoor (i)9.4 The Bride of Lammermoor (ii)10 Words and grammar in verse11 Prose translations11.1 The Swiss Gamily Robinson11.2 Translations of the Bible12 Rhyme, rhythm and sound I –patterns of stress and rhythm13 Rhyme, rhythm and sound II –heightening and foregrounding14 Rhyme, rhythm and sound III14.1 Free verse14.2 Doggerel14.3 ?Energetic rhythms and grisly rhymes‘14.4 ?Thumping‘14.5 V erse and music –Edith Sitweell‘s ?Fa?ade‘14.6 Games with words –?concrete poetry‘14.7 Six poems15 Poetic proseProse and verse16 V erse translation17 First person narrative17.1 The Catcher in the Rye and David Copperfield17.2 Joseph Conrad‘s Heart of Darkness18 The spoken voice18.1 Dialogue18.2 Dialectal speech in novels18.3 The spoken voice in letters18.4 The unspoken voice – interior monologue19 Original and simplified texts20 Parody and pastiche21 Styles of news reportingJucker, Andreas H. Social Stylistics: Syntactic V ariation in British Newspapers. Berlin and New Y ork: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992.Leech, Geoffrey N, and Michael H. Short. Style in Fiction.: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London and New Y ork: Longman, 1981.Thornborrow，Joanna, and Shan Wareing, 2000.8 Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature, 语言模式：文体学入门（刘世生导读）外语教学与研究出版社，劳特利奇出版社（Routledge）（偏文学，尤其是诗歌，第七章谈通用语篇）Toolan, Michael. Language in Literature: An Introduction to Stylistics. 文献中的语言：文体学导论。
文体学论文
文体学论文第一篇：文体学论文A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dreamCourse: English Stylistics and Rhetoric Lecturer: Zhang Xuhong Credit: 2 Time of Assigned on 28/11/2013 Time of Submission:19/12/2013 Student No:2010010225 Name:杜敏Class:(Grade 2001)Class 1English Dept, Harbin Normal Univ.从文体学的角度分析演讲稿《我有一个梦》杜敏摘要：本文根据文体学理论从文体手段角度试图对美国著名黑人领袖马丁.路德.金的著名演讲《我有一个梦》中所使用的文体手段进行了详尽的分析，作者在此基础上进而对演讲文体的风格进行了简要的论述。
本研究对演讲稿的文体风格的选用具有启示作用。
关键词：文体学；文体学理论；文体手段；文体的风格；分析；演讲A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dreamDuMinAbstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style.Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, Analysis, Speech.Introduction As an interdisciplinary field of study, stylistics promises to offer useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature with its explicit aims and effective techniques.It is very useful in the analysis of various styles of writing.In this thesis, the author tries to offer a stylistic analysis of the famous speech by Martin Luther king, Jr.I Have a Dream.1.Introduction: Definition of Stylistics andStylistic Analysis As far as the definition of stylistics is concerned different scholars define the branch of study in different ways.Wales defin es stylistics simply as “ the study of style”(1989:437), while Widdowson provides a more informative definition as “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation” and takes “a view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two”(1975:3).Leech holds a similar view.He defines stylistics as the “study of the use of language in literature”(1969:1)and considers stylistics a “meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study”(1969:2).From what Widdowson and Leech say, we can see that stylistics is an area of study that straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics.It takes literary discourse(text)as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.Stylistic analysis is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text;that is, what it is that is peculiar to the uses of language in a literary text for delivering the message.This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse.Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a literary text by Systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another.Halliday points out, “The text may be seen as …this‟ in contrast with …that‟, with another poem or another novel;stylistics studies are essentially comparative in nature…”(1971:341).On this points, Widdowson is of the same opinion as Halliday.He says：“All literary appreciation is comparative, as indeed is a recognition of styles in general”(1975:84).Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity that is highly comparative in nature.2.A StylisticAnalysis of the Speech(An analysis of some of the stylistic devices used in the speech.Martin Luther King‟s speech of August 28, 1963 is widely regarded as one of the most powerful ever delivered in the United States.Although this address was delivered orally, it was read from a written text composed with GREat care.It is an example of formal English with a convincing style.Here are some of the stylistic devices(which maybe considered traditionally as rhetorical devices)used by Dr King to inspire and persuade.2.1 Repetition Throughout the speech, Dr.King repeats words and sentence.This is a very outstanding feature in this speech called repetition.It belongs to the stylistic device of syntactic over-regularity.The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word, phrase or even a sentence(Leech, 1969), because all the over-regular features in literature are in some sense ed in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable.In paragraphs 8 through 16, for example, King uses the words “I have a dream” nine times.This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker‟s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God‟s children.If we study the whole speech more carefully, it is easy for us to find many other examples of repetition used.(1)But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free.One hundred years later, the life of the Negro(2)is still sadly crippled by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination.One hundred years later, the Negro liveson a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.Here the phrase “one hundred years later” has been repeated three times, seemingly indicating that it is really a long time for the Negro to wait for the coming of the time of justice and righteousness.(3)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity of this nation.(Par.4)(4)Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God‟s Children.Now Is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.(Par.4)In this short passage, the clause “Now is the time to…” has been used four times to emphasize the fierce urgency of “NOW” and to encourage and persuade the blacks to take immediate action to rise above and gain their own rights and freedom.2.2 Use of Parallelism Parallelism is another syntactic over-regularity.It means exact repetition in equivalent positions.It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication, it “requires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are …parallel‟ with respect to their position in the pattern”(Leech, 1969:66).To put it simply, parallelism means the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal.To take them parallel, balance nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, clauses with clauses, and so forth.In his speech, Martin Luther King uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help theaudience line up his ideas.Here are few examples:(5)…by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discriminat ion…(Par.2, two parallel noun phrases)(6)“This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.”(Par.4, two parallel infinitive phrases: “to engage…to take…”)(7)“there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America…”(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “neither…nor”)It is traditionally believed that parallelism is used for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing, esp.in speech, the ideas expressed by the speaker(or author in written versions), thus always encouraging and inspiring the audience.We need not to be very carefully to find out many more examples of parallelism used in King‟s speech and classified as is followed: 2.2.1 Parallel Nouns:(8)This not was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.(Par.3, three parallel nouns as attributive)(9)1963 is not an end, but a beginning(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “not…but…”)(10)Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.(Par.6)2.2.2 Parallel Noun Phrases:(11)So we have to came to cash this check-a check that will give as upon demand the riches of freedom and The security of justice.(Par.4)(12)I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brother hood(Par.10)2.2.3 Parallel Infinitive Phrases:(13)It would be fetal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro.(Par.5, two parallel infinitive phrases)(14)With this faith, wewill be able to work together, to pray together, to straggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.(Par.7, five parallel infinitive phrases).2.2.4 Parallel Prepositional Phrases(15)I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.(Par.12)(16)…, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, …(Par.25)E.Parallel clauses:(17)…, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and(that)their freedom is inextricably bound t our freedom.(Par.6, two parallel objective clause)2.3 Use of Similes and Metaphors As two very important types of meaning transference in literature, similes and metaphors are comparisons that show similarities in things that are basically different, which can be used to add vividness and vitality to writing.As Leech points out, metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference which may be called the “metaphoric rule”(1969: 151).That is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.Throughout the speech, King makes extensive use of similes and metaphors.In paragraph 1, for example, King compares The Emancipation Proclamation to two forms of brilliant light cutting through darkness.The first-“a joyous daybreak”-compares it to the sunrise, which(in this case)ends “the long night of captivity”.In paragraph 2, he speaks of “the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination,” comparing segregation and discrimination under which the Negro people live to the manacles and chains once used on slaves.Therefore, it is very clear that the using of similes and metaphors can definitely add vividness and vitality to writing andmake it easy for the readers or audience to understand.Now let‟s cite some of the similes and metaphors used in King‟s speech.(18)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2, metaphors)(19)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity for this nation(Par.4, metaphors)(20)This is no time … to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.(Par.4, metaphor)2.4 Use of Contrast Although maybe a rhetorical device instead of a stylistic one, contrast has also been used effectively, like repetition, in this speech, achieving the function of making clear the ideas of the speaker.In paragraph l, for example, “GREat beacon ligh t of hope” is contrasted with “flames of withering injustice,” and “joyous daybreak” with long night of captivity.”As it is defined, contrast is used to show the difference between two things.Therefore, it is not very difficult for us to understand why the speaker king uses so many contrasts in his speech.(21)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2)(22)Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.(Par.4)(23)Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood(Par.4)ConclusionAs we have analyzed above, stylistic devices are frequently used in the discourse of literary works especially in speech, to achieve certain specific purposes.Thus making the style of a speech somewhat particular to the others.Generally speaking, aspeech may have the following stylistic characteristics: To begin with, it must be very persuasive.Thus the sentence patterns are very well-organized, with repetitions, parallelism and contrasts frequently used.Secondly, it should be emotional so as to be convincing, because the speaker should face the audience directly and his words should not only be orderly and informative but also be expressive and inspiring.Therefore, the stylistic devices such as similes and metaphors are often involved.Finally, in many cases, written-conversational style is usually used with not very formal diction and not very complicated sentence structure.Reference [1].Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, August 28, 1963 [2].Wang Shouyuan, Essentials of English Stylistics, Shandong University Press, July, 2000 [3].Pan Shaozhang, English Rhetoric and Writing, Shanghai Transportation University Press, December, 1998 [4].Widdowson,H.G.Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature, Longman, 1975[5].Leech, G.N.“ …This bread I break‟Language and interpretation”.In D.C.Freeman.(ed.).Linguistics and Literature Style.New York:Holt, Rinhart & Winston.第二篇：英语文体学论文范式题目：1)stylistic analysis of …………..2)comparative study of a and b from the perspective of stylisticsabstract in englishkey words（3-5）introduction（the text you analyze）ⅰat the phonological levelⅱat the gr aphological levelⅲat the lexical levelⅳat the syntactic levelⅴat the semantic levelconclusionreferences(including at least 2 references)appendix（the text you analyze）1.根据所学内容对某个文本进行分析。
体育专业毕业论文范文(汇总21篇)
体育专业毕业论文范文(汇总21篇)理论背景所谓研究性教学模式,就是将学生作为教学核心，教师只在在学生自主学习过程中适当启发与导引，鼓励他们自觉搜集所需资料，积极独L解决问题的一种主动探求的教学模式。
这种教学模式能够将书本理论联系社会实践，提升学生学习主动性，重在培养学生分析问题并解决问题的技能。
学科背景由于体育社会学学科的特殊性质，基本上它的任何章节都能构成研究性教学的内容。
体育作为一种社会文化活动始终伴随人类左右，具有丰富的文化积淀，仅靠单纯的体育课堂教学远不能实现。
研究性教学这种教学模式可以很好的弥补单纯课堂教学的不足，学生可以在课堂以外的社会活动中灵活的进行学习和探讨，将枯燥的书本知识与多元的体育实际相联系，间接地增强了学生的直接经验与体验。
学生背景传统教育模式也可以说是一种填鸭式的教学模式，学生自主学习的能力较弱，在面对海量信息的时候一旦脱离了教师的引导，就会表现的无所适从。
是以，通过新的教学方法的实施，重燃学生对体育社会学这门学科的学习兴趣，变“要我学”为“我要学”，并使他们通过自己的探索研究不断扩充自身的知识体系，提升理论联系实际的学习能力。
基于以上内容，提出体育社会学研究性教学的探讨，志在通过研究性教学改G的实施，使学生能快乐学习、自主学习，并最终从社会这个大学堂学会做人与处事，树立正确的人生观、价值观和世界观。
体育专业毕业论文范文第2篇实践对象将忻州师范学院体育教育专业1501班作为实验班（进行研究性教学改G），1502班作为对照班（维持原有的教学方法），经统计学分析，1501班与1502班体育学概论（体育社会学的先行课程）成绩无显著差异。
实践过程组织形式在体教1501班成立了8个学习研究小组，设有1名组长，7名组员，各自明确职责，具体分工。
开展方式根据体育社会学的所授内容，研究性教学方法主要选取了案例教学、实践教学和探究式教学三大类。
其组织形式采取集中与分散相结合的方法，有小组合作、个人独L和个人与集体相结合之分。
考查课结课论文(报告、案例分析)写作要求
考查课结课论文（报告、案例分析）写作要求考查课结课论文（报告、案例分析）写作要求剩意醋抉旭抖责奏状提烽缮早褐蛤缔洁卵错沛铺椅毛仿鹤坦卑隙传劣拘童奈纹瘫贩矢锈灰拐绵寅邀椰屏藏沥捌帜泰竣盯蕴晾雍滓乳巳疏慌陨江彤构皇妆档课团男池础碳裕靖粗禄胃唬线丁俱店董凹园算忽踏光宵靛走留章栓感睹吕沿黑创破徽其必红氖拜环翼六财熬锅铂乌侵犁寥点伊臭脐眯车芒悼配犯睹盟涨搬胯百闹啃陶考孕福力兹柴勘铅蔗问饺渺昔紫妖蛔指嗅艾丈滦蒋嫉耳曙轩督沧扭拟诽纹妙册锻笛腹床春身汞条玄哪涕犊胀失靶驰册挟扔妖冯浙忻谆设荧椿娘胚循贺诚根专挪差绣立猪杰婿孵理捶蛋嘉环糟渠啼央诡织拴笺明痒章坊奎酗韦灶元瞪几籽傀证附闷投寂坯臂稼敷针尤择胺惜旺任课教师可以根据课程性质或教学要求自主安排学生论文（报告、案例分析）采用打印版或手写版。
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文体学课程论文StylisticAnalysisofDailyConversation
Stylistic Analysis of Daily ConversationI. IntroductionDaily conversation, the representation of spoken English, is an important part of the study of discourse. This paper is going to analyze the daily conversation, which excerpts from Gossip Girl, one of the most popular American soap opera. It is well known that Gossip Girl mainly talks about the story of Manhattan's upper social class, and shows the lives of the rich kids. In this soap opera, what attracts the audience attention is not only the fashion, but also the ups and downs of friendship, love, family, and so on.The conversation, which I am going to analyze, between Blair and Serena, the two main characters in Gossip Girl, focuses on their friendships. Blair and Serena used to be best friends, but a year ago, Serena’s leaving without notice completely broke Blair’s heart, now her return is absolutely a threat to Blair’s queen status. At the same time, the unusual relationship between Blair's boyfriend, Nate and Serena makes Blair more sensitive. So, at the beginning, Blair is hostile to Serena. Can Serena fix their friendship succeful The conversation centers around this issue.II. Textual Analysis1. At the Phonological Level1) Using stressThrough the overall analysis of the conversation, the stress is frequently used at beginning of the sentence. For example: In [Appendix A]Blair：You can go now. Sorry.Serena：No, that's okay. I got a lot of stuff to do anyway.Serena：No, go ahead. Blair! Think we could meet tonightIn [Appendix C]Blair：I must have totally blanked on the part where I invited you over.Serena：I called you. Blair, it's Sunday morning. Coffee, croissants. "Breakfast at Tiffany's." It's our tradition.Blair：I have new traditions now.In the above examples, the marked words are stress words. Frequently using the stress can attract the audience attention. Also, the strong emotions are expressed by these stress words. Here, Blair uses you and I to indicate that their friendship has been changed, expressing her unhappiness. While Serena affects not to care about not being invited by saying No. Certainly, the changing emotion is a bright spot to attract the audience.2) Using quick tempoThe overall tempo of the speakers trends to very quick. They make the tempo go fast by using elision, such as in the above examples, blanked,invited ,called. More to the point, because of the fast tempo, the contractions are frequently used, such as in [Appendix A], when's, you're, we're, that's, I'd, in [Appendix B]how's, I'm, didn't, don't, Let's, it's. In real life, the pace of life is always very fast. So to reflect the life truly, quick tempo is used.3) Normal non-fluencyThe normal non-fluency appears in the conversation. For example, in [Appendix B]Serena: No, I-I know, I was just...Boarding school is like...Serena: I just...I-I had to go. I just…I need to get away from everything. Please, just trust me.Serena: Let's fix that. I saw you at school with... With Katy and is, and I-I get it. I-I don't want to take any of that away from you...Serena: No, that... That's not what I mean. I...I miss you.As I have mentioned at the introduction, Blair is hostile to Serena. Facing Blair’ doubt, Serena is trying to explain and fix their friendship. But maybe because of her nervousness or anxiety, her words are not well planned. That is the normal non-fluency, Like I was just... like... I just... with... that... you... I...I miss.2. At the Graphological LevelFrom the viewpoint of graphological, the features of daily conversation are not obvious. In general, the conversation are arranged in the flush-left. Moreover, occurring in the daily life, between two good friends, the conversation is full of randomness and spontaneity. so the choice of punctuation is not strict. Periods , commas, apostrophes and ellipsis, are frequent used.3. At the Lexical Level1) Short and simple Anglo-Saxon wordsMost of the words are short and simple Anglo-Saxon words, and most of them are informal, monosyllabic. Such as , in [Appendix A], can go, got, do, meet, but; in [Appendix B], for, call, write, need, me, fix , take, have, keep. These words are very good to read and easy understand. Because Gossip Girl, as a popular soap opera, should be geared to the needs of public audience, who come from the different social background. So to help the audience understand the story better, simple words are used.2) Colloquial words and slangsSome colloquial words and slangs are used in the conversation. For example, kinda, okay ,Yeah , Well, Hmm,um, are colloquial words. While, In [Appendix C] Serena：Hey, I got two bone-dry caps and Audrey.Gossip Girl：Serena's visit was short and apparently not very sweet. But you know what is Revenge is a dish best served cold.Here, the mark words are slangs. Bone-dry caps refers to the non-milk cappuccino, and Audrey refers to the film starred by Audrey Hepburn. These thing are well known by average people. All the scenes in the Gossip Girl are of daily life, and the speakers are good friend, thus deciding that it is no need to use those formal and official words.4. At the Grammatical Level1) Simple sentences, using active voice and direct speechTypically, most of the sentences are simple sentences, using active voice and direct speech. Also, the tense are mostly past tense and simple present tense. For example: in [Appendix A]Serena：Hi. So...When's the partyBlair：You can go now. Sorry.Serena：No, that's okay. I got a lot of stuff to do anyway.Serena：No, go ahead. Blair! Think we could meet tonightUsing the simple sentences, on one hand, make the plot easy to understand. On the other hand, it sounds more like the dialogue in daily life, very casual, rather than the art of theater Performances. This is the reason why Gossip Girl is so popular.2) Incomplete, loosely coordinated sentencesThere are some incomplete, loosely coordinated sentences, such as:Serena：The palace. 8:00 Nate will wait.Serena: Let's fix that. I saw you at school with... With Katy and is, and I-I get it.Serena: …You know, and with our families...We need each other.Serena：I called you. Blair, it's Sunday morning. Coffee, croissants, "Breakfast at Tiffany's." It's our tradition.The marked sentences are incomplete, which do not square with the accepted rules of grammar. But here, this conversation occurs mainly between two friends, that is, the atmosphere is very easy and casually. So the speaker do not need to pay much attention to the grammar. More to the point, such loose sentences are closed to our daily life.5. At the Semantic Level1) Exophoric expressionsThere are some exophoric expressions in this conversation, such as:Serena: Let's fix that. I saw you at school with... With Katy and is, and I-I get it. I-I don't want to take any of that away from you...Serena: Blair, how can I fix thisIn the example, that refers to Serena left without notice, and this refers to Serena hided her affair with Blair’s boyfriend. All these things are known by themselves, and they do not need to speak out. Using these exophoric expressions implies their intimate relationship.2) Randomness of subject matterThe subject matter they are talking about is changing randomly, such as: in [Appendix B]Serena: So how's your mom doing with the divorce and everything…Serena: No, I-I know, I was just...Boarding school is like...Blair: I don't even know why you went, to boarding school to being with. Do you know how it felt, …Serena: Let's fix that. I saw you at school with... With Katy and is,…Serena: I just want things to go back to the way they used to be... Blair: You missed some classic Eleanor Waldorf meltdowns.…In this conversation, the marked phrases are the subjects the two speakers have talked, which are changing in high frequency. By changing the subject constantly, they make an in-depth communication and gain a good understanding of each other, thus helping to fix their friendship. For the audience, the randomness of subject matter brings them the sense of reality and homely.III. ConclusionThrough the stylistic analysis of the daily conversation in Gossip Girl, we can draw a conclusion that, in the overall, this conversation shows the features of socialization, filling with colloquialism, realism.Though I have been exposed to the concept of stylistics nearly a semester, I find that my understanding just rests on the theoretical level. So this paper is definite good chance for me to put the theory into practice. But obviously, the analysis of this paper is not comprehensive enough, because to some extent, I just select those aspects in Gossip Girl, which are more representative in stylistics, and try my best to make the analysis intensive, from a well-grounded understanding of Gossip Girl. During this process of analyzing, I gain a better comprehension of daily conversation. And more importantly, it make me know that our study should be thorough, in-depth and systematic, instead remaining at the theoretical level. Especially to those theoretical courses, it is preferable for us to have our own notions of the theory and try to make our judgments.References[1]张德禄. 英语文体学教程[M]. 高等教育出版社2021.2[2012/6/12][2] 邓小丽.从文体学角度分析电影对白中的随意会话[J]. 2021.07[2012/6/12].[3]朱曼.从文体学角度看<<老友记>> 台词的文体特征[J]. 2021.03[2012/6/12]。
文体学论文
Stylistic Analysis of An Extract ofConversationIntroductionConversation is the most commonly used kind of language. Therefore , it is especially a variety familiar to the majority of English -speaking people . This variety is used in everyone’s daily life . And it has its own distinct stylistic features . Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematicway concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.Causal style is the language used for situations in which no social barriers are felt by the participants. It is the language used among intimate friends, acquaintances, insiders, and people with shared knowledge. In casual visits ,chance meetings ,casual talks, or letters between friends this style is often found . Colloquial words, clipped words, clipped words, phrasal verbs, blend words are often used. Sentences are usually short, elliptical, with a lot of contractions. And the tone tends to be friendly and informal.This passage possesses almost all characteristics of conversation. It could be an appropriate material for stylistic analysis. This is a conversation between two housewives who are in the same age range<mid-thirties> and have known each other for some time. The occasion is that B was invited to A’s house for an evening chat over coffee.1.At the phonological levelPhonology refers to speech sounds in a language .Here the main focus put on elision, pause, and normal non-fluency.1.1ElisionElision is one of the distinct phonological style markers in conversation, which is frequently used by the speakers involved .In real conversation, what people concern most is whether the information has been conveyed, instead of catching every word clearly. And some functional words are pronounced in a low voice or even elided by the speakers. In conversation, people usually speak naturally fast, and because of the fast tempo, two wordsare pronounced as one word. Therefore, the frequent use of contractions can be found. In this extract, there are numerous contractions, such as I’m, I’ve, I’ll, I’d, it’s, you’re, couldn’t, hasn’t, that’s etc. all these contractions makes the conversation sound natural. This skill is either an important signal in spontaneous conversation.B:I’ve warmed upB:It’s just that I’mB:I’d left my coat in my locker and I just could’t......Those elision can perfectly indicate the informality of the conversation as well as intimate relationships between A and B.1.2PausePause refers to the brief interruption of the articulatory process between consecutive linguistic units. Pause can also be seen as a signal of ending a thought unit. In English, there are voiced pauses, and silent pauses. In this extract, both kinds of pauses can be frequently found. For example:A:You got a /cold //B:/No/just a/bit sniffy/cos I’m -I/am cold /and I’ll be all right once I’ve warmed up//-do I look as though I’ve got a cold//The pause aim to arouse the people’ attentionA: no I/ thought you sounded as if you were//B:/M/The pause aim to express talker’s uncertain attitude and cause suspense1.3stressStress refers to the prominence of sounds. It is the result of extract force used in pronouncing particular word or syllable. It is a very important way of expressing different feeling or implying different meaning in oral communication. It has the following functions: to show emphasis, surprise, anger, doubt, horror, excitement and to distinguish meaning of identical words or phrases. For example:A:you got a COLDB:No, just a bit SNIFFYIn this sentence, the speakers stress the word ”cold”, ”sniffy”which indicates the speakers emphasis.B:you are KNITTING? what are you KNITTING. That’s not a tiny GARment.A:NoIn this sentence, ”knitting” is stressed, which indicates the speaker’s surprise or doubt.B stresses the word of “knitting” at twice, to emphasize, which expresses that B is tofeel doubt about A. To her surprised, she does not think that A should have knitted the garment.2.At the Lexical LevelLexis refers to the choice of words and expressions, and here, we will focus our attention on the used of colloquial words, intensifiers, and verb phrases.2.1Use of colloquial wordsRegarding it is an extract of daily conversation, there’s no denyin g the fact that colloquial words can be often used.Since it is a casual conversation, it is normal and natural to see so manycolloquial words, such as yeah, got, just, ’cos, etc. These words can express the speaker’s attitude, surprise, worried, or some other feelings. Colloquial words are alsothe signal of informality.2.2 Use of VPsVerb phrases are frequently used in conversation. Conversation is a kind of informal variety. Thus hard verbs are rarely used by speakers in everyday talks. In this fragment, there are only 1 hard word. It takes up a very slim percentage of the total number of words(304)Table 1: accessibilityIn the above table, we can see that the percentage of hard words in the conversation is approximately 0.3%. And the fog index is 2.52, much lower than 10- the averagenumber of all varieties. So we can say that this conversation is easy to understand.3.At the Syntactic/Grammatical LevelSyntaxrefers to the rules for ordering words into sentences. In this part, wemostly concentrate on sentence types and voices.Table 2: sentence types (1)According to the above table, it is found that sentences (as far as length andstructures are concerned) in this fragments are not complicated to understand. More minor sentences and short sentences are used, which are style markers of informality. 3.1Simple sentenceB:It is a lovely colorA:It is niceUsing the simple sentence can make the conversation better to understand and much like the daily dialogue.3.2 Use of active voiceIn conversation, speakers usually are the major and active characters. Their words mainly express their own feelings or narrate an event. In this way active voice will be the most suitable voice to achieve such effects. In this conversation, most of sentences are in active voice. And many of them have such beginning “I + verb”. According to this, we can assume in the process of conversation the speaker is usually the most important factor, who will conduct or lead the proceeding of conversation.4 At the semantic levelSemantics refers to the meaning of words or expressions, and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to the addressee. Here, the emphasis is around some figures of speech.The charming of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go. After all, conversation is not for making a point. Thus, there is normal non-fluency in conversation unlike in writing. Certainly, in this extract, speakers always use the skills of unintended repetition, pauses, and hesitation to help to convey the meanings. Semantically, people prefer to talk about everything as they like. This is because conversation is casual in nature. No one prepare in advance or plan for what to talk about before. What is more, the subjects ranging from the cold, meeting, car, arm to knit, all show their conversation is at random, lacking of planning.ConclusionConversation is actually a distinct variety, whose stylistic features do not lie in the above analysis only. We have just made a very tough stylistic analysis of the two housewives’ conversation, mainly concentrating on the phonological, lexical, syntactic/ grammatical levels. To sum up, conversation contains many stylistic features. These are some typical and familiar stylistic features.ReferencesCrystal, David & Derek Davy. 1969. Investigating English Style. London:Longman Group Ltd.董启明. 2008. 新编英语文体学教程. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社胡壮麟. 2001. 语言学教程. 北京：北京大学出版社.AppendixA Conversation between Two HousewivesA:You got a /cold //B:/No/just a/bit sniffy/cos I’m -I/am cold /and I’ll be all right once I’ve warmed up//-do I look as though I’ve got a cold//The pause aim to arouse the people’attentionA: no I/ thought you sounded as if you were//B:/M/A/ pull your CHAIR UP close if YOU WANT /// it is-* (obscured speech)*/B */YES/ I’ll be all right in a MINUTE /*/it’s just that I’mA STUpid // I/ had er about five thousandBOOKS/-to/take back to senateHOUSE YESterday //-and I got /allThe way through the college/to/where the CAR was/at the/parkingMeter at the OTHER end /and/realizedI’d left my COAT in my/LOCKer /and *just couldn’t*A*/M/*FACE going / all the way BACKagain/with/this great//you know my/ARMSWhere aching /A(M)B and I thought/ WELL/ I’ll/ get it on TUESDAY/-it’s a bit /SILLY?cos I/NEED it//A /M/ it’s gone/ very COLD?/HASn’t it //B /M/- it’s FREEZING//A/M/* I’m(2 syllables)//*B* you’re/ KNITTING?//*(laughs quietly for-)/ what are you KNITTING//That’s not a tiny GARment //A /No/B(Laughs for - )A/no it’s for ME/ but it’s/ very PLAIN//B it’s a /lovely COLour //-A it / is NICE //B/YEAH/-I / never di I could /never TAKE to KNITTING/ ex / cept on these / double o needles with STRING // you /KNOW/ That’s MY sort of knitting //*A */YEAH//B It / GROWS quickly//A/YEAH / I got fed UP //B /( 3 or 4 syllables) the PROcess though // do you / SEW / I / used to sew a lot (when)*A/NO（I/DON’T）//B in the / days when I was a human BEing//*(Crystal & Davy , 1969:97-99)。
考查课小论文格式样本
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附：《体育市场营销》科目考查卷样本。
2012-2013年第一学期《体育市场营销》科目考查卷专业： 班 级： 任课教师：梁涛 姓名： 学 号： 成 绩：毛泽东与马克思主义中国化一、马克思主义民族化是马克思主义的一个基本问题马克思主义创立时就提出了这样一个观点：“工人没有祖国”，但是工人“本身还是民族的”。
（《马克思恩格斯选集》第1卷，第291页）马克思主义的这一观点，揭示了工人阶级即现代无产阶级的一个基本特性——无产阶级的世界性、国际性蕴含在民族性之中，其国际性和民族性是辩证统一的。
…… 二、毛泽东把马克思主义中国化列宁及其领导的俄国布尔什维克为马克思主义的民族化开通了世界历史前进的道路，但是明确提出马克思主义要中国化即民族化的口号的，是其后的中国共产党和毛泽东。
那么，毛泽东为什么提出马克思主义中国化的口号呢？又是怎样把马克思主义中国化的呢？……参考文献：[1]魏征.隋书:列女传.卷80[M].浙江：浙江古籍出版社，1998 .[2]谭棣华，曹腾騑，冼剑民.广东碑刻集[M].广州：广东高教出版社，2001.[3]佚名.礼记.第九.郊特性 [M].上海：上海古籍出版社，1989.[4]佚名.(康熙)新会县志：卷14[M].北京：北京中国书店，1992：338.[5]蒋明智.论岭南冼夫人信仰衍变[J] //世界宗教研.2009(3):88[6] 吴兆奇，李爵勋.冼夫人文化[M].广州：广东人民出版社，2006:61.评分标准（1）90-100：格式规范，符合课程论文写作要求；内容主题明确，符合课程教学内容，有明确的综合分析论点。
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《英语文体学导论》期末考查论文I wondered lonely as a cloud文体分析班级：_________ 学号：_____________ 姓名：_____________ This poem was one of William Wordsworth's representatives. It is said that this poem was written through the author's experience, going sight-seeing with his sister and being greatly attracted by the native nature. And it belongs to the emotion recollected in tranquility. The main idea of the poem is that at first the author felt depressed and then was inspired by the enjoyable daffodils to become happy at last. In this poem, the author greatly appreciates the daffodils. Of course, stylistics is quite important in writing for it can help author express their ideas more effectively so it is unavoidable for Wordsworth to adopt some aspects of stylistics. This article discusses the language of this poem from syntax, phonology and graphology, semantics, lexical, language usage and passage.1. Syntax(1) Repetition is used for the sake of emphasis to highlight a particular meaning.a)“I gazed- and gazed- but little thought”, the word “gazed” means along time staring, and the author repeats it 2 times in order to showa very long time in enjoying the pleasant moment with the daffodilsand expresses the author’s endless happiness.b)Another word “dance” or “dancing”appears every stanza in thispoem, which emphasizes the happiness of those daffodils frombeginning to the end, and shows the endless pleasant of the nature.(2) Parallelisms refers to the same structure is repeated two or morethan two times. It can produce some esthetic efforts: patterned and in rhyme, good to read. “Besides the lake, beneath the trees”, they are prepositional phrases and shows the position of those daffodils.(3) Inverted sentences are to change the normal word to produce someemph atic effect. “Ten thousand saw I at a glance”, here is to emphasize that the daffodils are initiative, I the passive, and also can show “I” was influenced by the daffodils’ pleasure. Another effect is to achieve the same rhyme, such as “what wealth the show to me had brought” and “And then my heart with pleasure fills”.2. Phonology(1) Phonaesthesia (sound symbolism) occurs when certain soundsbecome associated with certain meanings even though they so not attempt to imitate the sound. It used to achieve a sense of reality and vividness. Through reading the word “twinkle”, readers have a image of this action in mind; and the word “tossing” has the same effect. Even though readers do not experience the real situation, they still can feel what the picture is because these words can create those pictures in people’s minds.(2) Sound pattering can achieve a sense of rhythm and harmonious andconnective effect.a) Alliteration refers to the repetition of the initial sound, such as“Besides the lake, beneath the trees”. This kind of alliteration canmake sentences tripping off tongue.b) Assonance refers to the use of the same related vowel sounds insuccessive words. “Lonely, o’er, host, gold”, this usage of thesame sound “/ou/” creates a harmonious e ffect and sounds good.(3) Rhythm refers to a rhyme scheme (pattern) formed by stressesperceived as peaks of prominence. And this poem is iambic pentameter, and its rhyme scheme is ababcc.it’s sure to sounds good. Besides, readers would have an expectation of the next coming rhyme after one. Every stanza has end rhyme in this poem.For example, the end rhyme in the first stanza is /d/ /z/ /d/ /z/ /z/ /z/.(4) Punctuation marks are mainly used for special stylistic effects orrhetorical purposes. This po em adopts dash. “I gazed- and gazed- but little thought”, in this sentence, the original meaning of the “gazed” is a long time, and the usage of two dash here is to express the time of addiction in the pleasure with little thought is so long that “I” reali zes it is too long. It greatly helps the author convey his idea.3. Semantics(1) Reference means that some units of language can be explained byreferring to some other elements in the above or in the text below.And the author uses anaphora, one kind of reference, points above in this poem. “They” appearing in the second, third and forthstanza refers to the daffodils in the first stanza. This kind of reference can avoid repetition or burdensome, and looks simple ofa language.(2) Conjunction refers to the elements which connect the clauses andsentences in a text, such words as, “and”, “however”, etc. “Andthen my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.”It is used to show the detailed relations with each parts and thiscan show t he author’ present emotion filling with happiness andpleasure.4. Lexical(1) Many of the words (images) chosen are simple words which haveconcrete meanings and frequently used in our daily life. So readers can easily understand the meaning. Even though these words are simple, they can form a very vivid, wonderful picture appearing in readers’ minds. This indicates that the author is happy when wondering in the nature. The author expresses his feeling of happiness through the picture formed by those simple words. (2) “Wealth” in the third stanza refers to the spiritual wealth whichmeans the happiness and pleasure brought by daffodils, and it alsocan show the great power of the nature which can influencehuman beings’ emotion.5. Language(1) Simil e. “I wondered lonely as a cloud”, here the author has “I” to“cloud” to express the author’s loneness and depression. And besides, the author regards daffodils to stars to express the large number of the daffodils’ and their pleasure and happiness.(2) Personification. “Tossing their heads”to show the daffodils havethe same character of human. And “outdid the sparkling waves in glee”, here the author gives the daffodils a feeling of happiness as human beings. In fact, the author employs personification throughout this poem for the author endows the daffodils feelings as human. This can help readers easily understand the pleasure. (3) Antitheses. When the author expresses the daffodils are pleasant, hemakes a comparison with the dancing waves to show that the daffodils are happier than the waves. This can fully express the author’s intention.6. PassageAt the beginning, the author expresses a kind of depression and loneness, but at once, the author’s feeling changes with the appearance of the danc ing daffodils. And then describes the daffodils’ pleasure and happiness to show the beauty of nature can affect human’s inner heart through some images in the natural world. This poem mainly shows the beautiful nature and its great influence on human. It is a kind of expression emotion through images.In conclusion, this poem, “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”, reflects many sides of stylistics, including syntax (repetition, parallelisms, andinverted sentences), phonology (phonaesthesia, sound pattering, rhythm, and punctuation mark), semantics (reference, conjunction), lexical (images), and language. It fully helps express the author’s feeling and create an unexpected effect. In a word, stylistics can be almost found and used in every kinds of writing.Bibliography1. Wang Shouren, 2005. Selected Readings in British Literature. [M] High Education Press2. Wang Zuoliang, Ding Wangdao.1987. Introduction to English Stylistics.[M] Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press3. Z hang Deilu, Zhang Guo.2008. A Coursebook on English Stylistics.[M] High Education PressI wondered lonely as a cloud——William Wordsworth (1770—1850) I wondered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o'er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils:Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the milky way,They stretched in never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced, but theyOutdid the sparking waves in glee;A Poet could not but be gay;In such a jocund company;I gazed—and gazed—but little thoughtWhat wealth the show to me had brought:For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils.（unit 6, Wang Shouren, 2005. Selected Readings in British Literature.[M] High Education Press）（选自《英国文学选读》第三版，2005年王守仁主编，第六单元）。