本科毕业设计外文文献及翻译

本科毕业设计

外文文献及译文

文献、资料题目：Analysis of Further Reinforcement ofEngineering Cost Management

by Construction Enterprises

文献、资料来源：Regional Business News

文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2013.12.06

院（部）：管理工程学院

专业：工程造价

班级：

姓名：

学号：

指导教师：张友全

翻译日期：2015.5.6

外文文献：

Analysis of Further Reinforcement of Engineering Cost Managementby Construction Enterprises

Keywords: Construction enterprise, Engineering, Cost management

Abstract：In order to always remain invincible in market competitions, construction enterprises mustreinforce engineering cost management. Construction enterprises must persist in engineering cost management which must run through the whole process of construction. Thus, more scientific and standard management methods must be adopted to improveenterprise management level. This papersets forth the significance of engineering cost management of construction enterprises, discusses the measures to perfect engineering cost management of construction enterprises and analyzes the whole process of engineering cost management of construction enterprises.

1. Introduction

Construction enterprises can win the bidding through fierce competitions in recent years. The profitability of enterprises after the success in the bid is closely related to the ability of engineering cost management. Thus, engineering cost management of construction enterprises cannot just stay in pre-settlement. The main development direction of operating management is ascribed to post-accounting, which will reduce control force of other links and lead to the lack of systematized positioning of engineering cost management.The objective of engineering cost management is toapply scientific methods to rationally confirm engineering cost and gain the maximum economic benefit with the minimum input so as to achieve sustainable development of construction enterprises.

2. Significance of Engineering Cost Management of Construction Enterprises Engineering cost management of construction enterprises means construction enterprises supervise and control manpower, financial resources and material resources

consumed in production, operation, sales and purchase in the process of production and operating activities, more strictly control cost expenditure of construction enterprises through taking cost budget as the main reference system and control practical cost on the basis of ensuing engineering quality. Engineering cost management of construction enterprises involves the whole construction process of a project, characterized by marketability, variability and particularity. Marketability means the main basis of construction enterprises in engineering cost management is final price in the contract signed. This to some extent can reflect the degree of market competition. Variability means the design drawing and material price in the construction process are not changeless. This leads to variability in construction engineering cost. Particularity means geographic position of theengineeringof project, construction scale and construction conditions of each construction enterprise have differences. Thus, each project has particularity.

3.Measures to Perfect Engineering Cost Management System of Construction Enterprises

Firstly, a high-quality team should be built. Any construction enterprise should be people-oriented in management. At present, many construction enterprises have shortcomings. For example, the engineering cost personnel’s scope of knowledge is narrow. In particular, the view of some employees is not open enough. Thus, they cannot know the development trend of construction market. This is against international competition. In the future, the requirement for engineering cost personnel is that they should skillfully master the knowledge of engineering technology and own rich engineering cost experience and good professional ethics. Therefore, construction enterprises must carry out professional training, legal system and professional ethics education for engineering cost management personnel and cultivate their ability to accurately judge and handle problems. Secondly, engineering cost information network should be set up. It is an important means to improve market competitiveness of enterprises and better meet current market demand. In consideration of continuous improvement of social and economic status, some construction enterprises set up many subsidiary corporations with independent corporate capacity which are distributed at

home and abroad. Each enterprise has the characteristics of mobility and cooperation and takes charge of different types of construction projects. Thus, through the setup of internal cost information network in the enterprise, engineering cost data from different regions at home and abroad can be organized and processed. This is of great significance for development of construction enterprises. Finally, quoted price should be formulated and revised according to practical conditions. It is required to work out a set of rapid quotation scheme suitable for the enterprise so as to improve the bid acceptance probability, market competitiveness of the enterprise and ensure sustainable development of the enterprise. In order to work out a set of quotation scheme with both competitiveness and profit, the enterprise must master dynamic information of the current market. The composition of quoted cost should truly reflect the cost and management expenditure of the construction project. Construction enterprises should overall consider and set the quoted price for bidding according to the project features and the management ability in combination of price changes in construction market in recent years.

4.Analysis of the Whole Process of Engineering Cost Management of Construction Enterprises

4.1 Analysis of Engineering Cost Management in Bidding Stage

Currently, China’s construction market has transformed to the competition system where enterprises gain engineering projects and achieve profit under market economic system from regarding completion of the tasks assigned as the main objective under planned economy. Therefore, bidding has become the main channel to gain tasks in construction market. Such competition is very fierce. To survive and further develop in fierce competition, it is required to be based on current market, overall seize the opportunities, continuously increase the force to undertake the projects and enhance operating management of the enterprises to make sure the management efficiency can be reached. Although China’s construction management department puts forward reform and standardization of the sequence in construction market, shortcomings still exist in current construction market. Thus, to boost the bid acceptance probability, the bidding documents must be well prepared to satisfy the requirements. In a bid to

prepare the bidding documents, the process of preparation of economic biding documents (i.e. construction budget) is very important. Firstly, information sources should be mastered well. This is the precondition of construction project bidding. Information sources include bid invitation information gained from the construction market, other bid invitation advertisement media or relevant information supplied by company employees or the peers. Enterprise expert group should analyze and screen the information gained and cannot blindly input manpower and financial resources. Secondly, it is required to put the question-answering process into practice. Before an enterprise prepares the bidding documents, the enterprise must carefully read the bid invitationdocuments and comprehensively digest the construction drawings and other requirements put forward by the bid inviting party so as to find out the problems and doubts and then consult to the bid inviting party. However, the questions must be selective: for the questions which will influence the engineering cost or fuzzy questions, the enterprise can clearly put forward them to the bid inviting party; but for the questions which may become the basis for claims in the future or have insignificant influence on the cost can be neglected. Thirdly, when preparing economic bidding documents, the enterprise must be meticulous. This is because the possibility of adjustment of the project is small. Thus, it is required to accurately calculate quantities of the drawings. If the drawings are not complete and it is required to estimate according to experience, it should be practical and realistic during consulting market price. During preparing bidding documents, it is required to accord with the requirements of bid invitation documents. Arbitrary changes are not allowed. It is required to collect and confirm the bidding. After the budget result is gained, it is required to set the layout according to the format of the bid invitation documents. The final bid price is the key point. During confirming the bid price, bid evaluation method confirmed in the bid invitation documents should be followed. Meanwhile, the decision-maker of the bidding enterprise should fully know specific contortions of the rivals participating in the bidding, fuzzily measure the quoted price of other enterprises and the base number of the bid of the owner and select rational scheme. During bidding, the economic bid is important of course. However, when the scores of each bidding unit

approximates, the technical bid and comprehensive score of an enterprise have the decisive effect. Construction conditions and qualification of a construction enterprise will influence the comprehensive score of the biding documents. If the awards gained by the bidding unit are more, the score will be higher. This requires the construction enterprise supervises the quality strictly in the construction process and strives to create good projects.

4.2 Engineering Cost Management in Construction Stage

The construction stage is the main stage of cost management. In this process, the work should be implemented from the following four aspects. 1) Carry out market survey. It is required to grasp the price of various materials. In the whole construction process, the cost of the materials occupies a large proportion in the total cost. Thus, the key to controlling engineering cost is to strictly control the price of materials. This requires enterprises implementing overall market survey so as to grasp the price of materials of different specifications in different areas timely and accurately. In addition, internal information network set up by the enterprise should be applied well to collect, organize and compare various kinds of information so as to find out the materials with higher cost performance and save funds. 2) Carefully calculate the quantities. Statistics of the quantities is one of the cost performance jobs in engineering cost management. The statistical personnel should be comprehensively familiar with the situations of the construction site and relevant professional knowledge and know well the content and standard in the bid invitation documents as well as the content and standard in the contract. Meanwhile, they should master some common sense about construction, accurately calculate the items of the project, strive to implement cost calculation work and make sure the progress payment can be paid timely. At the same time, the statistical personnel should closely cooperate with the cost budgeting personnel to timely find out the relevant factors of claim for compensation. 3) Economy and technology fuse mutually. Although economy and technology belong to different subjects, whether social and economic benefits can be maximized in the construction process to a large extent depends on mutual combination of the two. In economy and technology, the former belong to the purpose and the latter belongs to the means. The two supplement

each other and should be valued, or else bad consequences will occur. Therefore, on the basis of ensuring full completion of the tasks on time, the construction enterprise should care for the economic benefit so as to ensure good economic benefit through scientific technical means. To ensure the project quality, it is required to completely eradicate that the expenditure is greatly higher than the contract cost due to the improvement of construction standard which does not comply with the reality. The above two measures are not feasible. To fuse economic management and technical scheme, engineering cost

management measures should be actively issued to promote the construction stage and increase the profit of the enterprise. Thus, the construction enterprise should fully consider quality and construction period requirements in the process of preparation of construction scheme and construction organization design and confirm more rational construction organization design. 4) Improve the awareness of claim for compensation. It is necessary to strive to take the opportunity to enhance claim for compensation. The construction enterprise must improve its legal consciousness. Common items for legal consciousness mainly include the claims for variation, force majeure and delay. The construction enterprise should be very familiar with the contents of the bid invitation document and the contract so as to better seize the good opportunity for claim. Although not all claims will gain success, any opportunity for claim cannot be missed. The construction enterprise should pay attention to collecting all evidentiary materials related to the claim for implementation of future claim.

4.3 Analysis of Engineering Cost Management in Completion Stage

In the completion stage, it is required to pay more attention to collecting and preparing final account for the completed project. Once the project completion settlement cannot be implemented in advance, the situation where the owner and supervising personnel are transferred will certainly occur. This will influence confirmation of project cost. Thus, it is required to implement project settlement work as early as possible. In project settlement, the relevant materials should be prepared well in advance, mainly including: quoted price in the biding stage, written minutes of meetings formed by both parties in the construction process, acceptance inspection records for hidden works singed by

both parties, effective as -built drawing, contact sheets for engineering design changes, construction organization design and other various materials as well as the supplemented and newly added unit-price materials approved by the owner and the supervisor in the construction process and new process supplement quota approved and confirmed by the owner. Meanwhile, it is required to combine project construction drawing, design change, certificate of the construction site, material price difference and budget adjustment to timely prepare completion settlement materials. During completion settlement, it is required to comprehensively understand the articles in the contract, accurately calculate the quantities, contrast the actual cost put forward by the financial personnel, strive to avoid omission and strive for rational and legal income sources as many as possible. It is required to fully comprehend and rationally apply the quota, combine the construction situations and strive to be rational. The project settlement materials should me kept orderly and complete for future audit. After the project completion settlement is prepared well and submitted, engineering cost management personnel should take the initiative to commentate with and contact the owner or the audit unit so as to strive to handle all settlement procedures in the provided time limit.

5. Conclusions

Inone word, cost management is an indispensable important constituent part in enterprise management process. The work efficiency will direct influence the production cost and operation benefit. Thus, it is of great significance to further enhance engineering cost management. Each construction enterprise must be based on enhancement of engineering cost management to improve operating management ability of the enterprise.

References

[1]C. Wang. Construction and application of project cost management information system, J. Enterprise Economy, 2013.02. 73-75.

[2]Y.Z. Xiao. Construction engineering of cost management information system, J. Value Engineering, 2013.11.

[3]Y.H. Wu. Exploration of project cost management information system, J. Estate and Science Tribune, 2013.11.

[4]C.J. Shu. Research on integrated information management system of construction project cost, D. Wuhan University of Technology,2013.06.

[5]Bentley L.D,Dittman K.C, Engineering cost management scheme aiming at construction enterprises.Managers' Journal, 2013 (22)

中文译文：

工程管理的进一步增强取决于施工企业

关键词：建筑企业，工程，成本管理

摘要:为了在市场竞争中立于不败之地，施工企业必须加强工程管理。为此建筑施工企业必须坚持工程管理为此必须掌握建筑施工的全过程。因此，必须采用更加科学、规范的管理方法，以提高企业管理水平。本文阐述了施工企业工程管理的重要意义，分析了施工企业的工程管理的全过程，并探讨了完善施工企业的工程管理的措施。

1.简介

施工企业在近几年赢得激烈的竞争投标。在竞标成功后，企业的盈利能力与企业工程管理的能力是密切相关的。因此，施工企业的工程管理不能仅仅停留在预结算阶段。这将减少其它环节的控制力，导致缺乏工程管理的系统化定位工程管理的。其目标是运用科学的方法，合理确定工程造价，获得最大的经济利益与最小的投入，从而实现建筑施工企业的可持续发展。

2.施工企业的工程管理的意义

施工企业的工程管理是指施工企业在成本预算控制建筑施工企业的成本支出随之而来的工程质量的基础上，主要参考系统和控制成本，更加严格地考虑在生产经营活动过程中实际监督和控制的人力，财力和物力消耗在生产、经营、销售和采购。施工企业的工程管理涉及到的项目，其特点是施工全过程市场化、多变性和特殊性。市场化是指施工企业工程管理的主要依据是最终的价格签订了合同。这在一定程度上可以反映市场的竞争程度。变异是指设计图纸和材料价格在施工过程中的变异。这导致变异的建设工程造价。特殊性是指各施工企业项目，建设规模和建设条件的地理位置都有差异。因此，每个项目都有特殊性。

3.完善建筑施工企业工程管理系统的方法

首先，应该建高质量团队。任何建筑施工企业要坚持以人为本的管理。目前，许多施工企业有缺点。例如，工程造价人员的看法是不足够开放。因此，他们不

能知道建筑市场的发展趋势。在未来，对于工程造价人员的要求是应该熟练掌握工程技术的知识和自身丰富的工程造价的经验和良好的职业道德。因此，施工企业必须对工程管理人员进行法律制度和职业道德的专业培训，培养自己准确判断和处理问题的能力。其次，应设置工程造价信息网。这是提高企业的市场竞争力，更好地满足当前市场需求的重要手段。考虑到社会和经济地位的不断提高，一些建筑企业建立了许多公司的子公司与分布在国内外独立法人资格。每个企业在负责不同类型的建设项目中都有流动性和合作的特点。因此，通过建立来自不同地区的企业内部成本信息网络，就可以组织和处理在国内外工程造价数据。这对建筑施工企业的发展具有重要意义。最后，报价应根据实际情况来制定和修订。这是需要制定出一套适合本企业的快速报价方案，以便企业的市场竞争力，提高报价中标概率，保证了企业的可持续发展。为了制定出一套既竞争力和利润的报价方案，企业必须掌握目前市场的动态信息。引述成本的组成应真正反映建设项目的成本和管理费用。施工企业要全面考虑，并根据项目的特点和近年来在建筑市场价格变化相结合的管理能力设置报价招标。

4.施工企业的工程管理的全过程分析

4.1在招投标阶段工程管理分析

目前，在我国建筑市场已经转变为竞争系统，企业获得的工程项目，实现在市场经济，从利润关于指定为计划经济下的主要目标任务的完成。因此，招投标已成为主要的渠道获得在建筑市场的任务。这种竞争是很激烈的。为了生存和进一步发展的激烈竞争，它需要根据当前的市场，整体把握机遇，不断提高部队承接项目，增强了企业的经营管理，以确保管理效率可以达到。虽然建设管理部门提出了改革和市场建设序列的标准化，不足之处仍然存在当前建筑市场。因此，为了提高中标概率，必须做好投标文件准备，以满足需求。不过，为了准备招标文件，编制招标的经济文件（即建设预算）的过程是非常重要的。首先，信息来源应掌握好。这是建设工程招标投标的前提条件。信息来源包括从建筑市场获得招标信息，其他招标广告媒体或通过公司员工或同行提供的相关信息。企业专家小组应分析和筛选获得的信息，不能盲目投入的人力和财力。其次，需要把答疑过程付诸实践。在一个企业准备投标文件，企业必须仔细阅读招标文件和全面消

化提出的招标人的施工图纸及其他要求，以便找出存在的问题和疑惑，然后进行协商，招标人。然而，这些问题必须是有选择性的：这将影响工程造价是否精确的问题。这些问题，企业的招标人可以清楚地提出;但对于可能成为基础为将来的权利要求，或对成本影响不显着的问题，可以忽略不计。第三，经济编制招标文件时，企业必须做到一丝不苟。这是因为调整项目的可能性是很小的。因此，需要精确地计算附图的数量。如果图纸不完整，并根据经验来估算它是必需的，它应该是咨询市场价格在实事求是。在编制招标文件，要求以符合对招标文件的要求。任意改动都是不允许的。这是需要收集并确认投标。后预算结果被获得时，要求根据的招标文件的格式来设置布局。最终的中标价格是关键点。在确认了中标价格，中标的评价方法在招标文件确定应遵循。同时，决策者投标企业要充分认识参与竞标对手的具体扭曲，模糊测量其他企业的报价和业主的投标的基数，并选择合理的方案。在招投标中，中标的经济是非常重要的，当然。然而，当每个投标单位的分数接近，企业的技术标和综合评分有决定性的影响。施工条件和施工企业资质会影响综合评分的招标文件。如果由招标单位获得的奖励越多，得分会更高。这就要求施工企业的监督严格的质量在施工过程中，努力创造良好的项目。

4.2工程管理在施工阶段

施工阶段的成本管理的主要舞台。在这个过程中，工作应该从以下四个方面来实现。 1）开展市场调查。它需要掌握各种材料的价格。在整个施工过程中，该材料的成本中占有相当大的比例，在总成本。因此，关键控制工程造价是要严格控制材料的价格。这就要求企业实施全面的市场调查，以掌握不同规格不同领域的材料及时，准确的价格。另外，内部信息网络建立由企业应适用以及收集，组织和比较各种信息，以便找出具有较高的性能价格比的材料和节省资金。2）仔细计算量。数量的统计是在工程管理的性能价格比的工作之一。统计人员应全面熟悉施工现场和相关专业知识的情况，熟悉合同的招标文件的内容和标准，以及内容和标准。同时，他们应该掌握有关建设一些常识，准确地计算出该项目的项目，努力实现成本计算工作，确保工程进度款可及时支付。与此同时，统计人员应密切配合成本预算人员合作，及时发现索赔的相关因素。3）经济与技术相

互导火索。虽然经济和技术属于不同的学科，无论是社会效益和经济效益可以在施工过程中被最大化，在很大程度上取决于两个相互结合。在经济和技术，前者属于目的，后者属于装置。这两个相互补充，应该重视，否则会出现不良后果。因此，确保按时全面完成任务的基础上，施工企业应关心经济利益，以确保通过科学技术手段，良好的经济效益。以保证该项目的质量，就需要完全消除该支出比合同成本大大高于因施工标准的提高不符合现实。以上两项措施都不可行。融合经济管理和技术方案，工程造价应积极发行管理措施，以促进施工阶段，增加企业的利润。因此，施工企业应充分考虑编制施工方案和施工组织设计的工艺质量和工期要求，并确认更合理的施工组织设计。4）提高索赔意识。它是要努力借机提高索赔。施工企业必须提高其法律意识。法律意识的共同的项目主要包括变异，不可抗力和延迟的要求。建筑施工企业应当非常熟悉招标文件的内容和合同，以便更好地抓住索赔的好机会。虽然不是所有的索赔将获得成功，索赔任何机会不能错过。施工企业应注意收集相关的实施未来索赔的所有索赔证据材料。

4.3在完成第一阶段工程管理分析

在完成阶段，它需要更加注重收集和准备最后的账户完成的项目。一旦项目竣工结算不能提前实施，肯定会发生。这将影响到确认工程造价。因此，可以尽早执行项目结算工作所需。在工程结算，相关材料应提前做好准备，主要包括：报价，在招标阶段，双方在建设过程中形成的会议的书面分钟，验收记录隐蔽工程由双方烧焦，有效 - 内建绘图，联系表批准由业主和施工过程中监督，新工艺的补充配额工程设计变更，施工组织设计等各种材料，以及对补充和新增单价材料核准和确认主人。同时，要求项目施工图，设计变更，施工现场的证书，材料价格差异和预算调整相结合，及时编制竣工结算资料。在竣工结算时，需要全面了解合同的条款，准确计算数量，对比提出的财务人员的实际成本，力求避免遗漏，并争取合理合法的收入来源尽可能多的。这是需要充分理解和合理运用配额，结合施工情况，并努力做到理性。工程结算材料应保持我的有序和完整的今后的审计。后该项目竣工决算编好并提交，工程管理人员应主动与释和联系店主或被审计单位，以努力处理在规定期限全部结算手续。

5.结论

总而言之，成本管理是企业管理过程中不可或缺的重要组成部分。工作效率将直接影响生产成本和运营效益。因此，这对进一步加强工程管理具有重要意义。各施工企业必须立足于加强工程管理，提高经营本企业的管理能力。