产品设计外文文献及翻译
外文文献翻译
摘要本文阐述了作业基础的应用管理在一个小公司。
这个项目发生在艾凡马斯蒂尔的公司，该公司生产机器照片框架产业。
这个项目的目的是发展一个反导系统的公司从而导致适当的改进措施的基础上使或购买的决定迪。
不同地区的机器,。
首先,理论分析框架的设计开发反弹道导弹系统。
然后,其次是用来提高经营业绩的金属薄片制造。
活动所需的该机具有生产识别,然后通过他们的资源消耗。
引起或驾驶的因素成本(成本驱动程序)活动的问题已经识别和用来识别信息和非增值活动。
另外,一些建议:提高公司的工作使用基于活动的管理系统。
关键词：作业成本管理；中小企业；案例分析中小企业作业成本管理的案例研究美国的张德雄,罗马尼亚的麦克内尔和荷兰的辛格1.介绍分析和成本的活动提供财政和非财政信息作业基础的基础管理。
基于活动的管理使得这一成本和通过提供一个操作信息有用价值分析、成本动因以及性能测试的开始,开车或支持改进运动,从而导致提高决策过程。
成本核算的国际管理作为“新的基于活动的管理学科,重点是管理活动通往提高价值受到客户和职业的实现提供相应的价值”。
本学科包括成本动因分析、活动分析和性能测定。
基于活动的管理吸引在作业成本法,作为它的主要来源信息。
美国广播公司的目标能够实现管理活动。
,认识到这一点很重要管理活动不是一个囚犯的任务。
相反,它是一个过程的无情的,持续改进的各方面一个业务。
这就牵涉到一个不断寻找机会提高依次包括仔细有条理的研究活动(卡普兰1984)。
在本文中,现实生活中的例子相片的框架工业,宝石,被认为是解释基于活动的管理的应用在这家小公司。
在这个项目,一个美国广播公司系统用于精确的计算成本的公司的主要产品和不同组件的成本到制作或购买决定。
美国广播公司有助于分析不同的活动在公司和显示增值与非增值之间不同的活动。
基于活动的管理的目的是指导改进运动管理的权利方向提供准确的信息活动。
该组织提出如下:第二节处理一个概念模型为基于活动的管理。
利用一案例在第三章提出的应用来说明模型在一家小公司。
电动车的概念设计方法 毕业设计外文翻译原文
Estonian Journal of Engineering, 2008, 14, 1, 3–16 doi: 10.3176/eng.2008.1.01A conceptual design method for the generalelectric vehicleRaivo Sell a, Mart Tamre a, Madis Lehtla b and Argo Rosin ba Department of Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; {raivo,mart}@staff.ttu.eeb Department of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; {mlehtla,vagur}@cc.ttu.eeReceived 19 January 2007Abstract.The paper discusses conceptual design of mechatronic systems considering a mobile electrical vehicle platform as an application example. A set of design templates are developed and organized into libraries for the use in early stages of the system design. The advantages of retaining usability of component libraries, allowing verification of design alternatives on the conceptual level are demonstrated.Key words: mechatronics, mobile robotics, system design, conceptual modelling, simulation.1. INTRODUCTIONThe design of mechatronic systems differs considerably from the domains like mechanics, electronics, etc. Although mechatronics is often defined as a combina-tion of mechanics, electronics and control theory, design of a mechatronic product can not be divided into three separate parts. A mechatronic system needs to be designed as an integrated product from the very beginning. Domain-specific design plays also a certain role but the designer must always be aware of the interaction of design aspects of various components. Mechatronic system design is closely related to system engineering and therefore many tools and techniques used in system engineering are applicable also in the mechatronic system design.Decomposition of the general design cycle has been considered by several authors [1–3]. The design cycle starts with a conceptual stage, which consists of the specification of the requirements and situation analysis. According to French [4], the conceptual design stage puts greatest demands on the designer and in this stage the most important decisions are made. The result of this process is a candidate for the design solution and a clearly formulated set of desired measur-able properties of the future product, which introduces the quality measure into3the design process. This cross-domain design takes into account the overall system requirements and goals. The conceptual design as well as other design stages are implemented in many cycles. Complex mechatronic product design cycles (macrocycles) are described in greater detail in [5].In real design, many tools and techniques are used to carry out the whole design process. For the domain-specific stage, a large selection of most advanced tools exist. Conventional domains like mechanics, electronics and control engineering are well exploited. Computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools like computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), finite element method (FEM), printed circuit board (PCB) routing & layout, etc. are probably known for every engineer. In software design, computer aided software engineering (CASE) and the unified modelling language (UML) are used [6,7].On the conceptual design stages fewer tools are available, although there is a great needed for CAE. Domain-independent techniques as Bond graphs [8], Petri nets [9] and hybrid automata [10] are not widely used in the design of mechatronic systems. However, recent research is focused on the conceptual design and automation of the generation of the candidate for the design solution. Several investigations [11–13] exploit the combination of artificial intelligence and domain-independent techniques. One of the reasons why the conceptual level lacks computer support is that the used methodology must support high-level conceptual design with the option to apply very specific constraints at the same time. The system design stage needs similar tools, but the system must be modelled on a more detailed level. The system components, subcomponents, behaviour and per-formance, etc., must be modelled in the frame of the whole system. The most used technique here is block diagrams of different modifications. In the recent years many efforts are put on the system design and mechatronics software development. Some software package examples are AMESim [14], Dymola [15], 20-sim [16] and also the well known MatLab/Simulink environment.Methodology of the mechatronic design process is presented in the mechatronic design guideline VDI 2206 [5], which proposes several tools and techniques for the design of mechatronic systems.The objective of the present work is to combine mechatronics design methods with the system modelling language and to develop practical tools for the design of a mobile electrical vehicle platform on conceptual level. We create a specific toolbox for a general electric vehicle, which can be utilized in the conceptual design process. Some practical examples are shown, based on current projects at Tallinn University of Technology.2. DESIGN APPROACHThe conceptual design method, considered in this paper, expands the approach [5] with the design templates and concept simulation aids. System modelling language (SysML) [17] is used as the basic modelling language. The general conceptual design modelling approach is described in Fig. 1.4Fig. 1. The SysML toolbox for mobile platform design.The approach consists of three integrated substages: requirements modelling, conceptual solution development and design candidate simulation. All stages are supported by specific template libraries. A template class from the template library provides a parameterized description of the model element, specifying its attributes and operations. By binding multiple elements to the template it is possible to generate new elements with the same characteristics as the template.SysML is used for requirement and concept modelling and Simulink for conceptual simulation, although other tools are not excluded. The proposed approach relies on the design methodology [18] and the SysML toolbox for the mobile platform design, which is taken as an example. The mobile platform is a generalization of different types of (mainly electrical) vehicles. Mobile robots, unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) and railway vehicles are used as examples for different diagrams later on.3. MODELLING OF THE REQUIREMENTSFormulation of the requirements is the foundation of a project. Every require-ment is tightly related to the cost and therefore the requirements modelling and analysis must be carried out with great care. Big changes in requirements in later stages of the design process may increase significally the cost of the whole project. Requirements arise from customer needs, regulations, legislation, organiza-tion environment, technology availability, etc.Definition of the requirements is a complex process and typically includes performance analysis, trade studies, constraint evaluation and cost analysis. Requirements modelling is not just a top-down process, but must be carried out with the interaction of the initial analysis and simulation of the concepts.Initial requirements model is completed usually on the system level. Oncearchived, it is necessary to allocate and flow the requirements down to lower56levels. According to [19], the requirements modelling process is iterative for each phase, with continuous feedback as the level of design specifications increases. The design of an electrical vehicle and mobile platform follows the system engineering concept. The general requirements model is shown in Fig. 2. The model is based on the SysML requirements diagram and describes general con-cept of the requirements model. A single requirement is described as a box with various parameters. The requirement can be decomposed into subrequirements and is linked with each of them as well as with analysis, design, implementation and testing elements. In a general requirement element the following parameters are used: ID (unique identifier across the model), priority, text (textual repre-sentation of the requirement or reference to a document), risk, weight, type, etc. According SysML specification, a requirement can be generated or deduced from another requirement using Derive relationship. A requirement can be ful-filled by another model element using Satisfy relationship. A requirement can be verified by various behaviours using the Verify relationship. Standard or specific test cases ()TestCase are developed for this purpose. All of these are specializa-tions of the UML Trace relationship; which is used to track requirements and changes across the model [17].Requirements template. Introducing new design tools to practising engineers is often related with various problems as people are used to work with habitual tools and methods. Therefore it is important to make the implementation of the new system as easy as possible. One way to do this is to use pre-defined modelFig. 2. Metamodel of the requirements.7templates. Templates are defined according to the specific product domain. In this paper we focus on the general electrical vehicle platform design. Templates are still general enough to be adopted to other subdomains.A requirement is defined by ID, textual representation and parameters. Default parameters are Weight , Risk , OptimizationDirection , and Source . Optional parameters are ConsistentStandard and MaxCost (Fig. 3). Every single requirement has to be verified on some level by one of the following methods: test, demonstration, analysis, inspection. Therefore every single requirement has a relationship with the activity TestCase . If a requirement needs multiple tests, the requirement should be decomposed into multiple subrequirements.When the process proceeds, the requirement can be connected with design elements as block, assembly, activity, etc. This relationship indicates specific design elements, which satisfy the particular requirement.Templates are intended to be used for effective and professional requirement modelling. The engineer can pick the best matching template according to the design scope and start to bind the predefined requirement parameters with real values. Requirement templates consists of activities like standardized TestCases . These activities are collected to the knowledge base library, where they can be extracted and redesigned if necessary.Fig. 3. Requirements metaclass and Activity relationship.4. CONCEPTUAL MODELS4.1. Conceptual designConceptual design is actually the first stage, where engineers start to develop the target system, corresponding in an optimal way to requirements. This stage is tightly related to the previous one, to the requirements modelling part. After starting to develop actual concepts of the system, often new aspects arise and very often they cause some changes in initial requirements. This is an interactive process and must be well coordinated.A frequent mistake in this interactive process, made by beginners, is that the very fist idea is taken as the best one and is developed into a product [3]. This may be a very costly approach. Correction of design mistakes and conceptual changes in a later, product development or integration stage, will cost much more than in the conceptual stage. Therefore it is very important to develop more than one candidate for the solution. Methodical comparison and initial simulation will ensure that the optimal solution is selected and the risk of project failure is reduced.4.2. Development of the conceptual solutionDevelopment of a candidate for a conceptual solution is the next step after the requirements model is established. Our concept is described by the static structure, interaction of components, behaviour and dynamic parameters. All these aspects are modelled with a corresponding diagram. At the same time, the diagrams can interact with each other and one diagram can consist of parts from other diagrams. In the concept design process, the requirements model must be kept in mind and relationships with the requirements diagram are allowed and strictly suggested through the <<satisfy>> relationship. Diagram template library incorporates categories for concept design shown in Table 1. Diagram templates are divided logically according to SysML diagram types.The interaction levels are as follows:Level I – System and subsystem hierarchy, subsystem general interactions are defined; main functionality and system states are indicated.Level II – Subsystems are opened and defined in general ‘black box’ components;parameters of subsystems are initiated, subsystem inner activities aredistinguished.Table 1. Diagram template libraryLevel(acronym)Name DiagramFor the whole conceptHierarchical structure Block Definition (bdd) ISystem usage Use Case (uc) IFor every solution candidateComponent interaction Internal Block diagram (ibd) IBehaviour Activity(act) II(par) II Dynamics Parametric8The first two diagrams (bdd, uc) are common for all solution candidates because in the context level they do not differ very much for various solution candidates.System usage at the context level is defined by the Use Case diagram. Use Case diagram defines the usage of the system under the development. This is particularly important in the early design stage. The diagram describes high-level behaviour and bounding of the system at the same time. This diagram can be compared with the context diagram in the data flow diagram (DFD). We use the original structure of the Use Case package. The syntax is analogous to UML. In that way the software engineers and mechanical engineers use the same syntax to describe the system usage and context. This ensures that the gap in understanding will be reduced to minimum.The concept level structure of the system is described by the Block Definition diagram (bdd). A Block is defined as a modular unit of the system and depending on the design detailization level the block describes different things. In the beginning of the conceptual stage, the hierarchy of the components is defined and disclosed to assembly level, e.g. vehicle drive. The Block encapsulates its contents, which include attributes, operations and constraints.Every system has interconnections between its blocks. These connections can be quite different, e.g. flow of energy or material, software operations, data exchange, analogue signals, etc. In the system hierarchy a model generalization relationship is used instead of interactions between the components. The system is decomposed and linked with parts or assemblies from the model library.Both the Block Definition diagram and the Use Case diagram are common for all solution candidates due to the reason that these diagrams describe a general view of the perspective system and are derived directly from the requirements. Solution-specific diagrams are more detailed and describe the specific solution.Three different diagrams are defined for the solution-specific development in the conceptual stage:• Internal Structure, describing the interaction between the components in terms of service and flow;• Parametric, describing the key parameters and system dynamics;• Activity, describing the behaviour.4.3. Conceptual design templatesIn the framework of the electrical vehicle profile, several design templates for the Block Definition diagram have been developed. The system hierarchy on the concept level has one main template with mostly common blocks. When starting to use the template, the engineer can select or not select these pre-defined blocks and their attributes. This enables to start quickly the system description without missing relevant components.Most commonly used components in electrical vehicle design are presented with common attributes and the generalization relationship. Attributes are in most cases optional and can be added or removed depending on the design characteristics. The Internal Block diagram template describes the interrelation-910ship between the movement components. Service and flow ports are defined but kept open for most cases.Activity diagram templates are composed with the Swim Lane technique, where activities are mapped with blocks on the basis of functions. An example of this is shown in Fig. 4. Templates based on functions and behaviour describe more specific activities, e.g. MotionTraction , Brake , Accelerate , etc., and TestCase for the satisfaction of the requirements.The general dynamic model [20] of the system or subsystem is shown schematically in Fig. 5. The system S is characterized by a set of state variables X that are influenced by a set of input variables, ,U representing the action of the system’s environment on the system. The set of output variables, ,Y are observable indicators of the system’s response.The general dynamic model can be applied for all subsystems or components. The dynamic model can be executed and by feeding different input parameters different system behaviour is achieved. The system and its model can be linear orFig. 4. Example of an Activity diagram.Fig. 5. Dynamic model of the system. ▪ ▪▪ ▪11non-linear. Linear systems generally can be described by a set of linear first-order differential equations and it is possible to obtain detailed solutions of the system response. If one of the components or a subsystem is non-linear, the overall system is non-linear and conventional analytical tools do not work any more [20]. Solving the non-linear system, the simulations according to time steps must be carried out. The real-world systems are in most cases non-linear and therefore it is important to have tools for early stage simulations, where even the dynamic model of the system is not fully defined yet. The early stage system dynamics is determined by the Parametric diagram. This defines how one value of the structural property affects other values. Parametric constraints are tightly connected with the system structure and are used in combination with Block diagrams.The Parametric diagram is the main input for the system simulation model. Different conceptual solutions can be obtained and simulation results used for the improvement of the design. For example this is used for the performance and reliability analysis as well as for meeting all the requirements, specified by the Requirement diagram.The Parametric diagram template for basic performance of an electrical vehicle is taken as an example (Fig. 6).Fig. 6. Parametric example.5. SIMULATION OF THE ELECTROMECHANICAL (PHYSICAL)MODELTo describe interaction, a pair of variables should be used. One variable is an input, which describes the effect and another is the result or feedback, showing the reaction (or vice versa). The instantaneous power can be calculated from this pair of variables. Equations of the mechanical behaviour of the motors and voltage–electromotive force equations are placed in different blocks [21] accord-ing to the structure of the energetic macromodels. For example, electrical sub-systems, described with transfer functions, have as an input the instantaneous value of voltage and the reaction is calculated as the instantaneous value of the current. Mechanical subsystems can have as input the linear or angular velocity and the calculated reaction is the force or torque.A simulation model should be simplified as much as possible because of energetical, technical and time restrictions. A model is always a simplification of the reality for a certain purpose. The simplified electromechanical model does not always describe electrical parameters of windings, supply network, controllers and converters. The main purpose of modelling of the control object and load is virtual testing of control methods for the simplification of the development process. Models allow the verification of control methods and software in different operation modes, mode-altering conditions and different control modes [22].For the verification of the model and comparison with the real system, it should be divided into subsystems using subsystem macromodels. These subsystem macromodels can be also divided into subsystem and component models. MatLab/ Simulink simulation model has a hierarchical structure and each block can be flexibly composed from configurable subblocks. The grouping of the blocks should take into account different configurations of the drive hardware, such as different motor–wheel configurations, different compositions of supply converters, motors, etc. This can be done via parametric (Fig. 6) and operation mode transition (Fig. 7) diagrams.Events that cause changes in the control structure can be defined as transitions in the operation-mode transition diagram shown in Fig. 7. Each state describes a different set of control structures and algorithms.Conceptual models, developed with design tools in Mobile Platform Toolbox, will be linked with the MatLab/Simulink object in the template model. Toolbox consists of several predefined models for multiple purposes. For example, the simulation models of electrical vehicle performance, current consumption, efficiency, etc., are stored in the simulation template library. A template is a general simulation model for a specific simulation target. Appropriate modification will be done and correct parameters assigned for the picked template model. The following example shows a simple simulation model template for electrical and performance simulation in different operation modes. The Simulink model shown in Fig. 8 uses torque reference values and state variables of wheels as arrays (multiple numbers) indicated with bold lines in the figure.1213Fig. 7. Operation mode transition diagram of the drive.Fig. 8. Simulation model of a multimotor drive describing axial weights, adhesion and wheel diameters.14The models of the mechanical part and control circuits together form the modelof the control object, including load and motor electromagnetic models and models of the electronic part of the converter, hardware of the control part and feedbacks. The model should be simple because of energetic, technical and time limitations and limitations of the available computer hardware. But it should include important properties and parameters needed for the control system design.Using the model of the mechanical part, shown in Fig. 8, and adding the detailed model of the electrical part, gives the opportunity to observe different operation modes and ranges of the system.These operation ranges, shown in Fig. 9, include the torque ramp, constant torque operation, motor field weakening in constant power operation and maximum speed limitation due to the end of field weakening. The torque ramp limits maximal available motor current and is needed for limiting the acceleration. The start of the motor field-weakening process depends on the maximum available supply voltage for drive systems. Control principles (methods) are an important part for system modelling. Most of modern systems are based on a microprocessor control system, thus a dynamic model should also contain descriptions of software based controllers, control algorithms, torque controllers, speed controllers or reference integrators, ramp-functions, anti-slip systems, control of the field weakening, control of the operation mode and control of the braking.Fig. 9. Acceleration process, calculated using a simulation model.6. CONCLUSIONSConceptual modelling for the design of mechatronic systems is described. The method utilizes new rapidly advancing SysML as the modelling language. The concept consists of models of the requirements, structure and behaviour. An important feature of the approach is instantaneous analysis and simulation link to get the fast response of strengths and weaknesses of the developed mechatronic system design candidate. The described method is bounded and specified for the mobile electric vehicle design. Some examples and metamodels for this case are presented. Design templates for modelling and simulation are required to start a fast product development process. Therefore the implemented methodology relies on predefined templates from the template library. The next step is to widen the template library for different design cases. Together with the develop-ment of the design templates, simulation templates (Simulink models) will be designed. Further work lies in the integration of the solution with an automatic mechatronics system development framework, where design concepts can be generated from the requirements diagram in a semiautomatic way.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe work is part of the robotics projects supported by the Estonian Ministry of Science and Education, grant No. 0142506s03.REFERENCES1. Hubka, V. and Eder, W. Design Science: Introduction to the Needs, Scope and Organization ofEngineering Design Knowledge. Springer, London, 1996.2. Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Engineering Design – A Systematic Approach. Springer, Berlin, 1996.3. Ullman, D. G. Mechanical Design Process. McGraw–Hill, New York, 2002.4. French, M. Conceptual Design for Engineers. Springer, London, 1999.5. Design Methodology for Mechatronic System – VDI 2206. Beuth Verlag GmbH, DI, Düssel-dorf, 2004.6. Gurd, A. Using UMLTM 2.0 to Solve Systems Engineering Problems. Telelogic, 2003.7. Kukkala, P., Riihimäki, J., Hännikäinen, M., Hämäläinen, T. D. and Kronlöf, K. UML 2.0 Pro-file for Embedded System Design. In Proc. Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference. Munich, 2005, 710–715.8. Gawthrop, P. Metamodelling: for Bond Graphs and Dynamic Systems. Prentice Hall, London,1996.9. Desel, J. and Juhas, G. What is a Petri net? – Informal answers for the informed reader. LectureNotes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2001, 2128, 1–25.10. Davoren, J. M. and Nerode, A. Logics for hybrid systems. Proc. IEEE, 2000, 88, 985–1010.11. Rzevski, G. On conceptual design of intelligent mechatronic system. Mechatronics, 2003, 13,1029–1044.1512. Seo, K., Fan, Z., Hu, J., Goodman, E. D. and Rosenberg, R. C. Toward a unified and automateddesign methodology for multi-domain dynamic systems using bond graphs and genetic programming. Mechatronics, 2003, 13, 851–885.13. Granda, J. J. The role of bond graph modeling and simulation in mechatronics systems. Anintegrated software tool: CAMP-G, MATLAB–SIMULINK. Mechatronics, 2002, 12, 1271–1295.14. AMESim: Modeling & simulation environment for systems engineering. http://www.15. Dymola – dynamic modeling laboratory with Modelica (Dynasim AB). http://www.16. 20-sim, the dynamic modeling and simulation package for iconic diagram, bond graph, blockdiagram and equation models. 17. System modeling language (SysML) specification. Version 1.0, Draft. OMG documentad/2006-03-01, 2006. 18. Sell, R. and Tamre, M. Integration of V-model and SysML for advanced mechatronics systemdesign. In Proc. Research & Education on Mechatronics Conference REM05. Annecy, 2005, 276–280.19. Systems Engineering Handbook. INCOSE-TP-2003-016-02, version 2a. Technical Board ofInternational Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), 2004. 20. Karnopp, D. C., Margolis, D. L. and Rosenberg, R. C. System Dynamics – Modeling andSimulation of Mechatronic Systems. J. Wiley, New Jersey, 2006.21. Popa, I. S., Popescu, M. O. and Popescu, C. Energetic macroscopic representation applied to anelectrical urban transport system. In The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos”, University Of Galati Fascicle, 2002, III, 34–39.22. Lehtla, M. Microprocessor Control Systems of Light Rail Vehicle Traction Drives. TallinnUniversity of Technology Press, Tallinn, 2006.Mobiilse elektrisõiduki kontseptuaalse modelleerimise metoodika Raivo Sell, Mart Tamre, Madis Lehtla ja Argo Rosin On loodud elektrisõiduki modelleerimise metoodika, mis kasutab modellee-rimiskeelena uut, kiiresti arenevat keelt SysML. Metoodika on suunatud kontsep-tuaalse modelleerimise faasi kiiremale ja efektiivsemale projekteerimisele. Selleks on välja arendatud eeldefineeritud mudelite süsteem, mida arendaja saab andmebaasist valida sõltuvalt süsteemi spetsiifikast. Eeldefineeritud mudelid on nii süsteemi nõuete kui ka lahenduse kirjeldamiseks. Kirjeldatud metoodika abil saab modelleerida süsteemi struktuuri ja käitumist ning siduda erinevaid lahen-dusvariante simulatsioonimudelitega. Väljatöötatud lahendus võimaldab kiiresti ja efektiivselt alustada mehhatroonikasüsteemi arendusprotsessi ning juba kontsep-tuaalses faasis simuleerida erinevaid lahendusvariante. Töö on üks osa meh-hatroonikasüsteemide projekteerimisega seotud uuringust, mille eesmärk on auto-matiseerida tootearenduse kontseptuaalset faasi.16。
外文文献翻译
I. Simakovaa, A. Koskina, I. Deliya, A. SimakovbaBoreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Academy of Sciences, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva, 5,630090, Novosibirsk, Russia, simakova@catalysis.ru,bCentro de Ciencias de la MateriaCondensada, Universidad NacionalAutónoma de México,Apdo.Postal 2681, Ensenada, B.C., México, andrey@ccmc.unam.mx摘要纳米钯催化剂的应用已获得超过过去几年中日益增长的重要性。
精细有机合成钯基催化方法允许更换传统的多步有机合成技术的劳动消耗，并从成本和环境影响的角度来看提供改善。
已培育的高比表面积活性炭的“Sibunit”的基板作为催化剂的基材使用，无论是在酸性或是碱性介质，同时在其表面超强酸性中心可以促进催化运行过程中产生不良反应情况下的化学惰性。
一种转换α-蒎烯商业的生物活性化合物衍生品和香水，以及与太阳紫外线过滤属性屏幕，作为一个重要的中间步骤，涉及催化加氢。
目前的工作目的是所要澄清的因素，有利于碳金属Pd的分散。
碳还原温度和预处理影响金属的大小在关于“Sibunit”选择性verbenol转换催化剂制备钯表面研究。
用电子显微镜法（TEM）来显示钯碳表面影响双氧水，硝酸氧化的金属分散度，硝酸。
在Pd / C催化剂样品verbenol加氢反应的催化活性是确定的。
最活跃的催化剂样品动力学特性在verbenol加氢反应获得。
关键词：TEM，钯，活性炭，萜类，香料，精细化学品1．引言超过钯金属催化剂的选择性加氢是用来生产有机化工原料最令人鼓舞的方式，包括染料等东西，药品，香料，维生素和有价值的商业中间体[1]。
商务英语产品介绍范文带翻译(实用16篇)
商务英语产品介绍范文带翻译(实用16篇)（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作总结、工作计划、合同协议、条据文书、策划方案、句子大全、作文大全、诗词歌赋、教案资料、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, contract agreements, doctrinal documents, planning plans, complete sentences, complete compositions, poems, songs, teaching materials, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!商务英语产品介绍范文带翻译(实用16篇) 商务英语产品介绍范文带翻译第1篇Please look at the brilliantly attracting mobile phone in front of you.This is the latest product of the NOKIA.I’m sure that you are absolutely amused by its perfect appearance， such as the silver-white metal shell， properly colored keyboard，the crystal screen， etc.Of course， it’s not persuasive to just judge it from the outside.There’s no need to mention the ordinary functions as a mobile，so let me show you the unique and significant functions belonging to it.First， it has the google authorized GPS software， which can bring you a quite clear way when you step out in the open air.Second， the mobile phone can connect to the newly developed 3G net.This can provide you with a series of services such as watching videos， listening to music，delivering pictures and so on.At last， the most essential，it’s not eXpensive in comparison with its fellow products.So if you are considering to buy a new mobile phone and wondering which one to choose， I think this kind is an eXcellent choice.商务英语产品介绍范文带翻译第2篇Computers: Are They Easier to Use ?Here’s my simple test for a product of today’s technology:I go to the bookstore and check the shelves for remedial more books there are， the more my suspicions are computers and computer programs are getting easier to use，why are so many companies still making a nice living publishing books on how to use them?Computers manipulate information，but information is ’s nothing to see or programmer decides what you see on the don’t have knobs like old don’t have buttons， not real buttons.Instead，more and more programs display pictures of buttons，moving even further into abstraction and like computers， but I hope they will disappear，that they will seem as stranger to our descendants as the technologies of our grandparents appear to ’s computers are indeed getting easier to us，but look where they started:so difficult that almost any improvement was have the power to allow people within a company，across a nation or even around the world to work together.But this power will be wasted if tomorrow’s computers aren’t designed around the needs and capabilities of the human beings who must use them —a people-centered philosophy， in other means retooling computers to cope with human strengths，observing， communicating and innovating instead of asking people to conform to the unnatural behavior computers just leads to error.Many of today’s machines try to do too a complicated work processor attempts to double as a desktop pulsing program or a kitchen appliance come with half a dozen attachments，the product is bound to be awkward and burdensome.My favorite eXample of a technological product on just the right scale is an electronic can be made smaller，lighter and far easier to use than a print version，not only giving meanings but even pronouncing the ’s electronic dictionaries，with their tiny keys and barely legible displays，are primitive but they are on the right track.商务英语产品介绍范文带翻译第3篇Now ，we have great pleasure in troducing you our company.our company is found before several decade and producting all kinds of digital products.Have made a market research，we find that these things make our lives easier.The digital products like the computer and the cell phone have completely made a great impact on our life.These products have both led to much greater efficiency in many aspects of our daily lives and produced many economic benefits as well.The digital age has contributed to many labor saving technologiesat the same time as improving the quality standards of production..Because our company wants to eXtend ，so we need to hire someone to our company.If you want to be emploeed，just give your recommend letter to our company.I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.商务英语产品介绍范文带翻译第4篇商务英语：如何向客户推销产品Jennifer要带加拿大客户Bob Mckenzie先生和Andrea Lloyd 小姐参观公司的新产品，他当然要借此机会大力推销这项新开发成功的商品。
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文文献出处: Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application [J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2021, 10(3): 430-450. 原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is becoming a trend and hot topic. Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis company (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predictsGlobal 3D printing market in 2021 will be $2.99 billion. Keywords: 3D printing; Application; Trend 1 3D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3Dprinting is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology. And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on the technology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories: 1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels out a certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jetis a kind of special glue. At this time, met the adhesive will rapidlysolidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state. After each spray layer, the processingplatform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result ofcomputer chip cycle, until the real finished. After just remove the outerlayer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the workingprinciple of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movementof materials and thermal spray path. Then hot nozzle will be controlled by computer according to the physical section contour information in printedplanar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform. Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid coolingform the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section. The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can bewidely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below. 2.1 Industrial applications\cycling\is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space Company using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology tocreate the world's first print bike. The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials. More interestingly, \chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture partsfirst, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely. Bicycle manufacturing process likeprinting discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other.2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials combination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and compatibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, combined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drug development. Biotechnology in Germanyin October 2021 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life\University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment. The \food printer%used similar routine computer printers, the workingprinciple of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food \out\For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food value. Using the \products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc. Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can \2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT applications. Using 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chesspieces can detect and display the current location. Although the monochrome screen compared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it has a 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process. In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors. These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost ofthe already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has become a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap. It is predicted that in 2021, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production. In the next 10 years on the computer to complete the product design blueprint, gently press the \key,3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model. Now some foundryenterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to complex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days. Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months. The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’ imagination space. As long as you can on the computer design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especiallyin the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better communicate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a fewhundred or even thousands of words of description.Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of socialapplications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry. 译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。
控制器CP2102 USB转UART芯片中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文翻译译文CP2102 USB转UART芯片数据手册单芯片USB数据传输到UART-- 综合USB收发器无需外部电阻要求-- 集成的时钟无需外部晶振体要求-- 综合1024-Byte EEPROM用于产品的供应商ID,ID,序列号，电源描述，版本号和产品描述字符串-- 片上电复位电路-- 片上电压调节器：3.3v电压输出-- 100%引脚和软件兼容与CP2101USB功能控制器-- USB规范2.0标准：（全速12 Mbps）-- USB暂停支持国家通过悬浮pins异步串行数据总线（UART）-- 所有的握手和调制解调器借口信号-- 数据格式支持- 数据bits：5，6，7和8- 停止bits：1，1.5和2- 校验：奇，偶，标记，空间，无校验-- 波特率：300 bps到1兆位-- 567字节的接受缓冲区；640字节的发送缓冲区-- 支持硬件或X-On/X-Off 握手-- Event字符支持-- 输电线路中断虚拟设备驱动程序COM口-- 使用现有的COM端口的PC应用-- 免版税发行许可证于Windows Vista / XP / 服务器2003 / 2000 / 1998SE-- 苹果OS-X / 0S-9-- LinuxUSB Express 直接驱动器支持-- 免版税发行许可证-- 于Windows Vista / XP / 服务器2003 / 2000-- 视窗CE 5.0 和4.2应用实例-- 传统设备的RS-232升级到USB-- 蜂巢式电话USB接口电缆-- PDA USB 接口电缆-- USB到RS-232 串行适配器电源电压-- 自供电：3.0 v到3.6 vUSB总线供电：4.0 v到5.25 v包装-- 无铅28-pin QFN （5 * 5mm）订购零件编号-- CP2102-GM温度范围：-40到+85摄氏度图1. 系统功能电路1.系统概述该CP2102是一个高度集成的USB-UART桥控制器提供了一个简单的解决方案更新RS-232设计，USB使用的组件和PCB空间最小，该CP2102包括USB2.0全速功能控制器，USB收发器，振荡器和带有全部的调制解调器控制信号的异步串行数据总线（UART），全部功能集成在一个5 * 5 mm MIP-28封装的IC中，无需其他的外部USB元件，片内EEPROM可用于由原始设备制造商自定义USB 供应商代码、产品代码、产品描述文字、功率标牌、版本号和元件序列号等数据的存储空间。
有关零售超市毕业设计外文翻译
有关零售超市毕业设计外文翻译毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目对零售超市数据进行最优产品选择的数据挖掘框架：广义PROFSET模型专业网络工程附录英文原文A Data Mining Framework for OptimalProduct Selection in Retail Supermarket Data:The Generalized PROFSET Model1 IntroductionSince almost all mid to large size retailers today possess electronic sales transaction Systems, retailers realize that competitive advantage will no longer be achieved by the mere use of these systems for purposes of inventory management or facilitating customer check-out. In contrast, competitive advantage will be gained by those retailers who are able to extract the knowledge hidden in the data, generated by those systems, and use it to optimize their marketing decision making. In this context, knowledge about how customers are using the retail store is of critical importance and distinctive competencies will be built by those retailers who best succeed in extracting actionable knowledge from these1data. Association rule mining [2] can help retailers to efficiently extract this knowledge from large retail databases. We assume some familiarity with the basic notions of association rule mining.In recent years, a lot of effort in the area of retail market basket analysis has been invested in the development of techniques to increase the interestingness of association rules. Currently, in essence three different research tracks to study the interestingness of association rules can be distinguished. First, a number of objective measures of interestingness have been developed in order to filter out non-interesting association rules based on a number of statistical properties of the rules, such as support and confidence [2], interest [14], intensity of implication [7], J-measure [15], and correlation [12]. Other measures are based on the syntactical properties of the rules [11], or they are used to discover the least-redundant set of rules [4]. Second, it was recognized that domain knowledge may also play an important role in determining the interestingness of association rules. Therefore, a number of subjective measures2of interestingness have been put forward, such as unexpectedness [13], action ability [1] and rule templates [10]. Finally, the most recent stream of research advocates the evaluation of the interestingness of associations in the light of themicro-economic framework of the retailer [9]. More specifically, a pattern in the data is considered interesting only to the extent in which it can be used in the decision-making process of the enterprise to increase its utility.It is in this latter stream of research that the authors have previously developed a model for product selection called PROFSET [3], that takes into account both quantitative and qualitative elements of retail domain knowledge in order to determine the set of products that yields maximum cross-selling profits. The key idea of the model is that products should not be selected based on their individual profitability, but rather on the total profitability that they generate, including profits from cross-selling. However, in its previous form, one major drawback of the model was its inability to deal with3supermarket data (i.e., large baskets). To overcome this limitation, in this paper we will propose an important generalization of the existing PROFSET model that will effectively deal with large baskets. Furthermore, we generalize the model to include category management principles specified by the retailer in order to make the output of the model even more realistic. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we will focus on the limitations of the previous PROFSET model for product selection. In Section 3, we will introduce the generalized PROFSET model. Section 4 will be devoted to the empirical implementation of the model and its results on real-world supermarket data. Finally, Section 5 will be reserved for conclusions and further research.2 The PROFSET ModelThe key idea of the PROFSET model is that when evaluating the business value of a product, one should not only look at the individual profits generated by that product (the naive approach), but one must also4take into account the profits due tocross-selling effects with other products in the assortment. Therefore, to evaluate product profitability, it is essential to look at frequent sets rather than at individual product items since the former represent frequently co-occurring product combinations in the market baskets of the customer. As was also stressed by Cabena et al. [5], one disadvantage of associations discovery is that there is no provision for taking into account the business value of an association. The PROFSET model was a first attempt to solve this problem. Indeed, in terms of the associations discovered, the sale of an expensive bottle of wine with oysters accounts for as much as the sale of a carton of milk with cereal. This example illustrates that, when evaluating the interestingness of associations, themicro-economic framework of the retailer should be incorporated. PROFSET was developed to maximize cross-selling opportunities by evaluating the profit margin generated per frequent set of products, rather than per product. In the next Section we will discuss the limitations5of the previous PROFSET model. More details can be found elsewhere [3].2.1 LimitationsThe previous PROFSET model was specifically developed for market basket data from automated convenience stores. Data sets of this origin are characterized by small market baskets (size 2 or 3) because customers typically do not purchase many items during a single shopping visit. Therefore, the profit margin generated per frequent purchase combination (X) could accurately be approximated by adding the profit margins of the market baskets (Tj) containing the same set of items, i.e. X = Tj. However, for supermarket data, the existing formulation of the PROFSET model poses significant problems since the size of market baskets typically exceeds the size of frequent item sets. Indeed, in supermarket data, frequent item sets mostly do not contain more than 7 different products, whereas the size of the average market basket is typically 10 to 15. As a result, the existing profit allocation heuristic cannot be used anymore since it would cause the6model to heavily underestimate the profit potential from cross-selling effects between products. However, getting rid of this heuristic is not trivial and it will be discussed in detail in Section 3.1.A second limitation of the existing PROFSET model relates to principles of category management. Indeed, there is an increasing trend in retailing to manage product categories as separate strategic business units [6]. In other words, because of the trend to offer more products, retailers can no longer evaluate and manage each product individually. Instead, they define product categories and define marketing actions (such as promotions or store layout) on the level of these categories. The generalized PROFSET model takes this domain knowledge into account and therefore offers the retailer the ability to specify product categories and place restrictions on them.3 The Generalized PROFSET ModelIn this section, we will highlight the improvements being made to the previous7PROFSET model [3].3.1 Profit AllocationAvoiding the equality constraint X = Tj results in different possible profit allocation systems. Indeed, it is important to recognize that the margin of transaction Tj can potentially be allocated to different frequent subsets of that transaction. In other words, how should the margin m (Tj) be allocated to one or more different frequent subsets of Tj?The idea here is that we would like to know the purchase intentions of the customer who bought Tj . Unfortunately, since the customer has already left the store, we do not possess this information. However, if we can assume that some items occur more frequently together than others because they are considered complementary by customers, then frequent item sets may be interpreted as purchase intentions of customers. Consequently, there is the additional problem of finding out which and how many purchase intentions are represented in a particular transaction Tj . Indeed, a transaction may contain several8frequent subsets of different sizes, so it is not straightforward to determine which frequent sets represent the underlying purchase intentions of the customer at the time of shopping. Before proposing a solution to this problem, we will first define the concept of a maximal frequent subset of a transaction.Definition 1. Let F be the collection of all frequent subsets of a sales transaction Tj . Then YX∈is called maximal, denoted as X max , if and only if.F∀: Y X≤.Y∈Using this definition, we will adopt the following rationale to allocate the margin m(Tj) of a sales transaction Tj .If there exists a frequent set X = Tj, then we allocate m(Tj) to M(X), just as in the previous PROFSET model. However, if there is no such frequent set, then one maximal frequent subset X will be drawn from all maximal frequent subsets according to the probability distribution Tjθ, withAfter this, the margin m(X) is assigned toM(X) and the process is repeated for Tj \ X. In summary:Table 1 contains all frequent subsets of T for a particular transaction database. Inthis example, there is no unique maximal frequent subset of T. Indeed, there are two maximal frequent subsets of T, namely {cola, peanuts} and {peanuts, cheese}. Consequently, it is not obvious to which maximal frequent subset the profit margin m(T) should be allocated. Moreover, we would not allocate the entire profit margin m(T) to the selected item set, but rather the proportion m(X) that corresponds to the items contained in the selected maximal subset.Now how can one determine to which of both frequent subsets of T this marginshould be allocated? As we have already discussed, the crucial idea here is that it really depends on what has been the purchase intentions of the customer who purchased T. Unfortunately, one can never know exactly since we haven't asked the customer at the time of purchase. However, the support of the frequent subsets of T may provide some probabilistic estimation. Indeed, if the support of a frequent subset is an indicator for the probability of occurrence of this purchase combination, then according to the data, customers buy the maximal subset {cola, peanuts} two times more frequently than the maximal subset {peanuts, cheese}. Consequently, we can say that it is more likely that the customer's purchase intention has been {cola, peanuts} instead of {peanuts, cheese}. This information is used to construct the probability distribution Tjθ, reflecting the relative frequencies of the frequent subsets of T. Now, each time a sales transaction {cola, peanuts, cheese} is encountered in the data, a random draw from the probability distribution Tjθwill provide the most probable purchase intention (i.e. frequentsubset) for that transaction. Consequently, on average in two of the three times this transaction is encountered, maximal subset {cola, peanuts} will be selected and m({cola; peanuts}) will be allocated to M({cola; peanuts}). After this, T is split up as follows: T := T \{cola; peanuts}and the process of assigning the remaining margin is repeated as if the new T were a separate transaction, until T does not contain a frequent set anymore.3.2 Category Management RestrictionsAs pointed out in Section 2.1, a second limitation of the previous PROFSET model is its inability to include category management restrictions. This sometimes causes the model to exclude even all products from one or more categories because they do not contribute enough to the overall profitability of the optimal set. This often contradicts with the mission of retailers to offer customers a wide range of products, even if some of those categories or products are not profitable enough. Indeed, customers expect supermarkets to carry a wide variety of products and cutting away categories / departments would be against the customers' expectations about the supermarket and would harm the store's image. Therefore, we want to offer the retailer the ability to include category restrictions into the generalized PROFSET model.This can be accomplished by adding an additional index k to theQ to account for category membership, and by adding product variableiconstraints on the category level. Several kinds of category restrictions can be introduced: which and how many categories should be included in the optimal set, or how many products from each category should be included. The relevance of these restrictions can be illustrated by the following common practices in retailing. First, when composing a promotion leaflet, there is only limited space to display products and therefore it is important to optimize the product composition in order to maximize cross-selling effects between products and avoid product cannibalization. Moreover, according to the particular retail environment, the retailer will include or exclude specific products or product categories in the leaflet. For example, the supermarket in this study attempts to differentiate from the competition by the following image components: fresh, profitable and friendly. Therefore, the promotion leaflet of the retailer emphasizes product categories that support this image, such as fresh vegetables and meat, freshly-baked bread, ready-made meals, and others. Second, product category constraints may reflect shelf space allocations to products. For instance, large categories have more product facings than smaller categories. These kind of constraints can easily be included in the generalized PROFSET model as will be discussed hereafter.中文翻译对零售超市数据进行最优产品选择的数据挖掘框架：广义PROFSET模型第一章引言当今几乎所有的中大型零售商拥有电子销售交易系统，零售商认识到，竞争优势将不再仅仅取决于使用这些系统管理目的的库存或便利客户退房。
微控制器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
中英文资料对照外文翻译微控制器早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。
其中最成功的是INTEL的8031 因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。
此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。
基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。
随着工业控制领域要求的提高开始出现了16位单片机但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。
90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展单片机技术得到了巨大提高。
随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用 32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。
目前高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz 性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。
而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
单片机也被称为微控制器MICROCONTROLLER UNIT常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机它最早是被用在工业控制领域。
单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。
最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中使计算机系统更小更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。
INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器从此以后单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统因此它得到了最多的应用。
事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。
现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。
手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。
而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。
汽车上一般配备40多部单片机复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和甚至比人类的数量还要多。
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英文原文 Modern product design ---Foreign language translation original text
With the growing of economices and the developing of technologies, the essential definition of Industral Design has been deepening while its extension meaning enlarging,which resulted in the transformation and renovation of some original design theories and concepts. In the new IT epoch, the contents, methodologies, concepts etc. of design have taken a great change from what they were before.However,the method of comparison and analysis is always playing a plvotal role, during the whole process of maintaining the traditional quintessence and innovating novel conceptions.
1.1 Traditional Design Traditional industrial design and product development mainly involved to three fields,vis.Art, Engineering and Marketing. The designers, who worked in the art field, always had outstanding basic art skills and visual sketching expression capacity as well as plentiful knowledge on ergonomics and aesthetics . So they could easily solve the problems of products about art . Works in the area of the project engineer with strong technical background, they used the method of logical analysis, you can design a detailed, in line with the requirements of the drawings of a total production, manufacture use. They can you good solution to the technical aspects of products. However, they often overlook the aesthetics of products that do not pay attention to fashion and cost-effective products in the market. In the field of commercial marketing staff proficient in the knowledge economy, will use marketing theory to predict customer behavior, they focus on products in the market development trends, but do not understand aesthetic and technical aspects of the problem. In a traditional industrial product design process, the three areas of general staff in their respective areas of independent work. Product engineers solve the technical problems so that products with the necessary functional and capable of producing manufactured, the product is "useful." Designers are using aesthetics, ergonomics and other subjects in the form of product design, product with a reasonable visual, tactile, and other effects, and we look forward to products "useful." The marketing staff is the product marketing and user comments, and to forecast the future market feedback to the above-mentioned two groups of designers, so that they understand product popularity, prompted designers to improve or update the design, so that users " Want to use "designed products. In this process, is often a certain area of personnel in their own fields of expertise in the work done after the exchange and other fields. Due to lack of overall management of the unified design, will be out of line and the link between the crux of the design cycle, the product can not be truly useful and attractive products.
1.2 Modern Design With the social and economic development, human standard of living continues to increase. People no longer meet the low-level way of life, the requirements of the product greatly improved as the "globalization" of the emergence of various regional economic development imbalances brought about by various contradictions, but also increasingly reflected in the product design and development In the other hand, with the rapid development of science and technology, not only to "tangible" products with a more technical content, but also the software such as the "invisible" products. These changes primarily reflected in the following areas.
(1) the diversification of products In order to improve their people's living tastes, the more value products "personality", making earlier to meet the most basic requirements of life designed to mass production of products, changes to the current level to meet the different needs of the people's lives Smaller mass-produced products. Therefore the market needs more of a wide range of products. This requires a more flexible product design, shorter design cycle. Early industrial design and product comparison, the current products include the technical content greatly improved, it may not just rely on its outstanding visual effects impressed, and may also rely on hearing, smell, touch and even taste, and so combined effect of people moved . With the computer and network technology to the development and