毕业设计外文翻译
外文文献原稿和译文
原稿
Ｉntroductｉon
In the modern ｉｎdustｒｉal ｃonｔｒol ｆield,aｌoｎg wiｔh the rapid developmenｔof ｃompｕter teｃhnology，the emeｒgence of a new treｎd o ｆinｔelｌｉgent controｌ, ｎamely to maｃhｉnｅｓimulatiｏｎhuman tｈｉnkinｇmoｄe, using reａsｏning, deduce and indｕcｔiｏn，so the means, ｔhe prodｕction coｎtrol, thiｓiｓａrtifｉciaｌinｔelligence．Ｏne expｅrｔsｙsｔｅm，ｆｕzzy ｌogiｃaｎd ｎeuｒaｌnｅtwoｒk is ｔｈe aｒｔｉficial intｅlｌigenｃe ｏf seveｒal keｙrｅｓearch hot sｐot. Relａｔｉｖｅto ｔhe ｅxpeｒt system,tｈe ｆuzzy lｏgiｃbｅloｎgs to the category of c ｏmｐutational mａthｅｍaticｓanｄcｏntaiｎthe geｎeｔic alｇｏriｔhm，the chaｏs ｔhｅorｙanｄｌinear theorｙetc，it comprｅhｅnｓive ｏf oｐeraｔoｒs pｒactｉce experiencｅ，has thｅdesiｇn iｓsimpｌe anｄｅasy to use, stｒong anti－interfereｎce abiｌiｔyａｎd reａｃtion speeｄ，ea ｓy tｏconｔｒol and adapｔivｅabiｌity, eｔc. Ｉn recent yeａrs, iｎa proｃess conｔｒｏl,built to toｕｃｈ, esｔｉmatiｏn, iｄentify，dｉagｎosｉs, ｔｈe ｓｔocｋmａrkｅt forecａst，ａgricｕltｕraｌproｄuctioｎaｎｄmilｉtａry sciences tｏaｗideｒaｎｇe oｆａpplｉcaｔions.To carry o ｕt iｎ-ｄeptｈreｓeａrch and aｐplicatiｏn ｏｆfuｚzy contｒol technｏlｏgy, tｈe pａpeｒintroduｃes tｈeｂａsic thｅoｒy oｆfuzｚyｃｏntrol ｔｅchｎolｏgy aｎd develｏｐmenｔ，andｔo some in the applicａtiｏn ofｔhｅpower electｒonｉcs arｅintｒｏｄucｅd.
Fuzzy Lｏgic anｄFuｚzｙCoｎtroｌ
1,fuzzy ｌogｉc aｎd fuzzy cｏntroｌcｏｎcepｔ
Iｎ196５,the uｎiversity of Cａliforｎiａ, Ｂｅrkｅleｙ, computer exｐeｒｔｓLｏｆｔｙZaｄeh put fｏrwaｒｄ"fuzｚｙlogic" concept,tｈe ｒoｏt lｉes iｎｔhｅarea＇sｌogｉc oｒclear loｇic distributｉoｎ, usｅｄto defｉne thｅcｏnfｕｓｅd，unabｌe to quantｉfy oｒthe problem oｆp ｒeciｓiｏn,fｏr ˙ in a man'ｓvoｎbased oｎ＂trｕe－false" ｒｅasoninｇmecｈanisｍ, and thｕs ｃreatｅa electｒonic cｉrｃｕｉt aｎd integrated circ
ｕit of ｔhｅBoolean algoriｔhm, fuzzy ｌｏgic ｔo fｉll theｇapｓin ｓｐｅｃiａｌthings iｎsampling and analysｉs ofｂlａnk.On ｔｈe baｓiｓof fuzzy logic fuｚzy set thｅory, ａparｔicular ｔhings as the set of featurｅs membeｒsｈip, he can ｂe iｎ"iｓ" ａｎｄ"nｏ" wiｔhin the sｃｏp ｅｏｆthe takeｂｅtween any vａlue. And fuzzy lｏgicｉs ｒeasonablｅqｕantitatｉveｍａtｈｅｍatiｃａｌtｈｅｏry，the mathemａｔiｃａl basis ｆoｒfundａmｅntal for iｓto deａl with ｔheｓｅthe sｔatisｔicａl unceｒtai ｎimpreｃｉｓe information.
Ｆuzzy coｎtrｏl based oｎｆuｚｚｙｌogｉc ｉｓa pｒｏcesｓo ｆdｅｓcriptｉon of the coｎｔｒｏl ａlgｏｒithｍ.Ｆｏr parameｔｅrs ｐreciselyｋnowｎｍａｔhｅｍａtiｃal ｍｏdｅl, wｅcａn use Bｅrd gｒａp ｈor cｈaｒt tｏaｎaｌｙstｓｔhe Nyｑuｉst pｒoｃess to obtain th ｅaccｕrａtｅｄeｓｉgn paｒａmetｅｒs.Anｄｆｏr some comｐlｅx system, such as paｒtiｃle rｅactiｏn, meteorｏｌｏｇical foreｃast ｅquｉpment, estaｂlｉshing a reaｓｏnａbｌe aｎd acｃuraｔe mathｅｍatｉcaｌmodｅl is veｒy ｄiｆｆｉculｔ，aｎd for ｐowｅr transmｉssioｎspeeｄof vｅctoｒｃonｔrｏl pｒoｂlems，aｌthough it can be meaｓured ｂｙt ｈe mｏdelｔhaｔ，bｕｔｆor mａny variａbles ａndｎonｌinearｖａriatiｏｎ, the accuratｅconｔｒｏl is ｖeｒy dｉffｉcult. Ａnd fuzｚy ｃoｎｔｒol ｔechnoloｇy oｎly on the basis oｆtｈｅprａctical experienｃe aｎd the operａｔor anｄintuitive infeｒeｎcｅ，aｌso relies oｎdeｓign personｎel ａn ｄreseaｒｃh and ｄeveｌopmｅnｔpｅrｓonnel of experience ａnd kｎowledge aｃcuｍulatｉｏn,iｔdｏes not needｔo esｔaｂlish equipment modｅl，ｓo basiｃａｌly is aｄａpｔive,and haveｓtrong ｒｏbusｔnes ｓ.After maｎｙyｅars deｖelopmｅnt, ｔherｅｈaｖe been manｙsｕcｃｅｓsful ａpｐliｃaｔiｏn oｆthｅfuzzy coｎｔｒol theory of tｈe case, s ｕｃh aｓRutｈｅrford, Carｔｅr and Ｏstｅrgａarｄweｒe aｐｐｌied and metalｌurgical fｕrnａｃｅａnd hｅat exchａngｅrｓcontroｌｄｅvic ｅ.
２，ｔｈe ａｎalｙsis ｍｅthod ｉs ｄisｃuｓsed
Iｎdｕstrial coｎtrol ｓtabilitｙof tｈe ｓｙsｔｅｍisｄiscｕｓseｄt
ｈe prｅｍise of tｈe problem, ｂecause of ｔhe nonlinｅar ａｎd not to the unｉｔy of tｈe descriptｉon，ｍａke a judｇment，ｓｏｔｈｅfuzzy co ｎｔroｌsｙｓtｅm analyｓis method oｆstability ａnaｌysis hａs beeｎa hot ｓｐot,comprehensive ｉn reｃenｔyears yoｕof scholars paper ｐublished thｅsyｓtem stａbｉlity anａｌyｓis has ｔhese ｓevｅrａl cｉｒcｕｍstａnces :
1）, LｉＰuＹa panov ｍeｔhｏd: ｄirect mｅthｏd based ｏn the dｉscrete t ｉme (D-T)and continuｏus time fuzｚy ｃontrｏl staｂiｌｉtyａnalysｉs aｎd designｍeｔhoｄ, tｈe stability condｉtion of the reｌatiｖe cｏmparis ｏｎconseｒvａtｉｖe.
2）, slidｉng ｖariablｅｓtructurｅsysｔem ａnａlysis mｅthod
3),ｒoｕnd stａｂiｌｉty criteriｏｎmethods: use sector boundｅd nonlｉneaｒconｃeｐｔ, aｃcordｉng to the ｓｔaｂility crｉterioｎ, lｅd ｔo the stabilｉty of ｔhｅfuzzｙconｔrｏl.
4），PＯPOＶcriｔｅrｉoｎ
５）, otheｒmetｈｏｄsｓuch aｓreｌaｔｉoｎsｈip ｍatrｉx anaｌｙs ｉs, exｃｅed ｓtａｂle theorｙ, ｐhasｅ-plaｎe, mａtrix iｎｅｑuality or conve ｘoptimiｚatｉｏn method，fuzzｙholｅ-hole mａpping etｃ, detailｅd informaｔion aｎd relevａnｔliteratｕｒe ｍany, in thｉs one no ｌｏngｅr ｅtc.
Set Ｄeｓiｇn ｏfＦuｚzy Conｔｒol
Ｔhe ｄeｓiｇn ｏf the fuｚzy control is a ｖery complicated process，in geｎeraｌ, take thｅｄｅsiｇn sｔeps aｎd tｏols is more nｏrｍative.Thｅfuzzｙcoｎｔｒoller ｇeneraｌuse of tｈe sｐecial sofｔware anｄｈａrdwa ｒe,universａｌhardwarｅchｉp in on the marｋeｔat presｅnt iｓｍoｒｅ, ｉncｌudinｇmain proｄucｔs aｒe sｈowｎbｅｌow. And sｐeｃial IC ｈas dｅｖｅｌｏpeｄverｙfａsｔ，ｉｔｓpecial IC and sofｔwaｒｅcont ｒoller iｎtｅgrａtesｉn toｇeｔhｅr．
In the ｐrocesｓｏf ｄesign，ｔhｅｄesiｇｎｏf ｔｈｅgeneｒal to take ｓtepｓfoｒ:
1,conｓｉderiｎｇwheｔhｅr the ｓubjeｃt by fuzzｙconｔrol syst
ｅm．That is consｉderｅd tｈe ｒoutine ｃｏｎｔrｏｌmoｄe oｆｍay.
2, fｒom ｅｑuipment oｐｅｒａｔiｏn ｐｅｒsonnel pｌace tｏgeｔas ｍｕch ｉｎformatiｏｎ.
3 aｎd selectiｎg ｔhe mａｔhematical model could, if use tｈe conｖenｔiｏnａｌmｅthod ｄeｓign，eｓｔｉmate ｔhe equｉpment peｒformance charaｃteriｓtics.
４, deｔeｒmiｎeｔhe fuｚｚy loｇiｃcoｎtrｏｌoｂject.
5, ｄeｔerｍine the inpuｔand ｏｕtｐut vａriａbles．
6，dｅｔermine theｖariables aｓdeteｒｍiｎed the bｅlonging of the range.
7, cｏｎfｉrｍthe vａrｉａbles ｏf tｈe corｒespｏnding rules.
８, ｄeterｍinｅthe scａle ｃoefficｉents.
9，ｉｆhaveａready-ｍａｄｅ, mａthematicａl mｏdel ｏf fuzｚｙcoｎtrolｌer with alreａｄy cerｔａiｎof sysｔem simulation, oｂｓeｒvation equipment perfoｒmance,and conｓtantly adjustｒules and scale cｏｅfficiｅntｓｕnｔilｒｅaｃhiｎｇsａｔiｓfacｔiｏn perforｍａncｅ. Or to dｅｓｉgn fuzzy cｏntroller.
１0,real-tｉｍeｏperatiｏn ｃontroller, consｔantly adjust to the best perfｏrｍance．
FuzzｙＣｏntｒoｌＡpplｉcaｔion and Prosｐect
Ａs ａrtifｉcial inｔelligｅｎce ｏf aｎeｗｒｅseaｒｃh fielｄ, tｈｅｆｕzzyｃonｔrol ａｂsorb lesｓoｎs from the traｄitional dｅsｉgn mｅthod and oｔher neｗｔechｎｏlogy's esseｎce,ｉn manｙfields has madeｃonsideｒablｅprogrｅss. Ｉn the new tｙpｅof poweｒeｌectronic aｎｄautomaｔic cｏntrolｓｙｓtem，some exｐerｔｓin tｈe ｌｉneaｒaddｉｎg thｅconｄitiｏｎs oｆthe poweｒamplifier, the appｌｉｃatiｏn ｏf thｅfuzzy contｒol baｓｅd ｏn the servo motor contrｏl，in ｔhe fuzzyｃontrol syst ｅm wiｔhｔhe PＩＤaｎd model reｆeｒenｃｅadａpｔｉve contｒｏｌ（MRAＣ)comｐaｒｉson pｒｏvｅd tｈe aｄｖantaｇes of the method of ｆuzｚｙcontｒol. Fuzｚy ｔurn senｔgain tunｅd contｒolｌer vｉewsｏｆｔhe indｕction mｏtor driｖe sｙsｔem ｖeｃｔｏr ｃoｎtrol
Fuzzｙcｏntｒｏl as a is the ｄeｖeｌｏpment of nｅw ｔechnoｌｏgy, nｏw iｎmost eｘpeｒｔs also to focus oｎappｌiｃaｔiｏｎsysｔeｍｒeｓeａｒch, and make considerａｂle aｃhieｖement, bｕtｉn the thｅｏry resea ｒｃh and ｓysｔem analyｓｉｓor reｌatiｖe bacｋwaｒd, ｓｏｍuｃh so that sｏme scholａrs have qｕｅstｉoneｄits tｈeoretｉcal baｓｉs andｅffective. Ｉn view ofｔhiｓcaｎｂe ｃlear that the fuzｚy cｏntrol ｔhｅｃombinａtioｎｏf tｈeory and pｒacｔice iｓｓtillｎeedｓtｏｂe further expｌｏred. Thｅdevｅlｏpmeｎt ｐｒospｅcts are verｙaｔｔrａctivｅ, anｄin ｒecent yｅars，its theoｒetｉcaｌｓｔudy ａlso madｅsiｇnificant progreｓs．In theｐast foｒty years ｏf thｅｄevelopment process, ｔhe f ｕzzｙcontｒｏl alsｏhas somｅliｍiｔａtions: 1) conｔrol precｉsｉｏｎｌo ｗ，perfoｒmanｃe is not hｉｇh，staｂiｌiｔy is poorｅr；2)theory syｓｔｅm ｉs not coｍplete. 3) ｔhｅaｄａｐｔｉve ability low．Foｒthesｅweａｋｎｅsses,ｔhe fｕｚｚy control and sｏmｅｏtｈｅｒnew teｃhnoｌｏｇy, ｓuｃhａs ｎeｕｒalｎｅtworｋ(NN), geｎetｉc algoriｔhm,and t ｈe cｏｍbination of to a highｅrｌevel ｏｆapｐｌicatioｎｄeｖeｌoｐｍenｔeｘpand the hｕge sｐace.
Summarｙ
Ｆｕzzy cｏntrol as a coｍpreｈenｓiｖｅａpｐｌication exａmple, in tｈe ｇlobaｌｉｎfｏrmaｔioｎtｈe push ｏｆwａvｅ, ｉn ｔhe nexｔfｅｗd ｅcａｄｅs, ｔo the ｒapiｄdeveｌopment of eｃoｎomy will inｊeｃｔne ｗvｉtaｌity，the exｐert thinks，thｅｎext geｎｅraｔion ｏｆindust ｒial contｒol iｓthe bａsis of ｆuzzy cｏntrol and nｅural neｔｗｏrk, and chaos tｈeｏｒy as ｔhe pｉlｌar ofｔhｅartificｉａl intｅllｉｇence.Wi ｔｈthe fuzzｙｃontｒｏｌtheory resｅarch aｎd further mｏre peｒfｅct of, the ｓcope ｏｆapplicatiｏｎoｆｔｈe grｏwingａｎd ｓupportinｇｔhe deｖelｏｐment and ｍanｕfactｕrｅoｆIC,thｅfuzzｙcoｎｔroｌwill be opｅn toｔhe fｉeld of inｄusｔriａl aｕtｏmation devｅlｏpment oｆligｈｔapplicatｉoｎprospeｃt, ｂut aｌso tｏtｈｅvaｒious aｒeａs ｏf tｈe rｅseａrchｅrs sugｇeｓｔmoｒe imｐｏrｔant taｓｋ.
译文
引言
在现代工业控制领域,伴随着计算机技术的突飞猛进，出现了智能控制的新趋势,即以机器模拟人类思维模式,采用推理、演绎和归纳等手段,进行生产控制,这就是人工智能。其中专家系统逻辑和神经网络是人工智能的几个重点研究热点。相对于专家系统，模糊逻辑属于计算数、模糊学的范畴，包含遗传算法,混沌理论及线性理论等内容，它综合了操作人员的实践经验,具有设计简单，易于应用、抗干扰能力强、反应速度快、便于控制和自适应能力强等优点。近年来，在过程控制、建摸、估计、辩识、诊断、股市预测、农业生产和军事科学等领域得到了广泛应用。为深入开展模糊控制技术的研究应用,本文综合介绍了模糊控制技术的基本理论和发展状况，并对一些在电力电子领域的应用作了简单介绍。模糊逻辑与模糊控制
1.模糊逻辑与模糊控制的概念
１965年,加州大学伯克利分校的计算机专家Ｌｏｆｔy Zadeh提出“模糊逻辑”的概念,其根本在于区分布尔逻辑或清晰逻辑，用来定义那些含混不清,无法量化或精确化的问题，对于冯˙诺依曼开创的基于“真－假”推理机制,以及因此开创的电子电路和集成电路的布尔算法,模糊逻辑填补了特殊事物在取样分析方面的空白。在模糊逻辑为基础的模糊集合理论中，某特定事物具有特色集的隶属度,他可以在“是”和“非”之间的范围内取任何值。而模糊逻辑是合理的量化数学理论,是以数学基础为为根本去处理这些非统计不确定的不精确信息。
模糊控制是基于模糊逻辑描述的一个过程的控制算法。对于参数精确已知的数学模型,我们可以用Berd图或者Nｙqｕｉsｔ图来分析家其过程以获得精确的设计参数。而对一些复杂系统，如粒子反应，气象预报等设备,建立一个合理而精确的数学模型是非常困难的,对于电力传动中的变速矢量控制问题,尽管可以通过测量得知其模型,但对于多变量的且非线性变化，起精确控制也是非常困难的。而模糊控制技术仅依据与操作者的实践经验和直观推断,也依靠设计人员和研发人员的经验和知识积累,它不需要建立设备模型,因此基本上是自适应的，具有很强的鲁棒性。历经多年发展，已有许多成功应用模糊控制理论的案例，如Rutｈerfｏrd,Caｒtｅr 和Osteｒgaard分别应用与冶金炉和热交换器的控制装置。
２.分析方法探讨
工业控制系统的稳定性是探讨问题的前提,由于难以对非线性和不统一的描
述,做出判断,因此模糊控制系统的分析方法的稳定性分析一直是一个热点,综合近年来各位学者的发表的论文,目前系统稳定性分析有以下集中:
1), 李普亚诺夫法:基于直接法的离散时间(D－T)和连续时间模糊控制的稳定性分析和设计方法,相对而言起稳定条件比价保守。
2)，滑动变结构系统分析法
3)，圆稳定性判据方法：利用扇区有界非线性概念，根据稳定判据可推导模糊控制的稳定性.
4）,POPOV判据
5),其他方法如关系矩阵分析法，超稳定理论，相平面法,矩阵不等式或凸优化法,模糊穴穴映射等，详细资料及有关文献很多,在这里不再一一阐述。
模糊控制的设置设计
模糊控制的设计是一个非常复杂的过程,一般而言,采取的设计步骤和工具比较规范。其中模糊控制器一般采用专用软硬件,通用型的硬件芯片在目前市场上比较多,其中主流产品如下表所示。而专用IＣ发展也很迅速，它把专用ＩC 和软件控制器集成在一起。
设计过程中，一般采取的设计步骤为:
1，综合考虑该课题能否采用模糊控制系统。即考虑采用常规控制方式的可能。
2，从设备操作人员处获取尽可能多的信息。
３,选取可能的数学模型,如果用常规方法设计,估计设备的性能特点。
４,确定模糊逻辑的控制对象。
5，确定输入输出变量。
6，确定所确定的各个变量的归属范围。
7,确定各变量的对应规则。
８，确定比例系数。
９,如果有现成的数学模型,用已确定的模糊控制器对系统仿真,观测设备性能，并不断调整规则和比例系数直到达到满意性能。否则重新设计模糊控制器。
10,实时运行控制器,不断调整以达到最佳性能。
模糊控制应用与前景展望
作为人工智能的一种新研究领域，模糊控制吸收借鉴了传统设计方法和其他新技术的精华，在诸多领域取得了长足的进展。在新型的电力电子和自动控制系
统中,有些专家在线性功放的加设条件下，把模糊控制应用于为基础的伺服电机控制中,在把模糊控制系统与PＩD及模型参考自适应控制（MRＡC）进行比较后证明了模糊控制方法的优越性。
模糊控制作为一项正在发展的新技术,目前在大多数专家还把主要精力放在应用系统研究上,并取得了相当的成果，但在理论研究和系统分析上还是相对落后的,以至于一些学者质疑其理论依据和有效性。鉴于此可以明确得知:模糊控制理论和实践的结合仍有待于进一步探索。其发展前景是十分诱人的,而且在近年来,其理论研究也取得了显著进展。在近四十年的发展进程中,模糊控制也有一些局限性:１、控制精度低，性能不高，稳定性较差；2、理论体系不完整；3、自适应能力低。对于这些弱点,模糊控制与一些其他新技术，比如神经网络(ＮN）,遗传算法相结合,向更高层次的应用发展拓展了巨大的空间。
总结
模糊控制作为一门综合应用范例,在全球信息化浪潮的推动下，在未来的几十年中，必将对经济的迅猛发展注入新的活力,有专家认为，下一代工控的基础是模糊控制，神经网络，混沌理论为支柱的人工智能。随着模糊控制理论研究的日益完善和深入,应用范围的日益扩大和配套IＣ的研发制造，模糊控制将给工控领域的发展开辟光明的应用前景,同时也给各领域的研究人员提出了更重大的任务。
毕业设计外文翻译
外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 Ｉntroductｉon In the modern ｉｎdustｒｉal ｃonｔｒol ｆield,aｌoｎg wiｔh the rapid developmenｔof ｃompｕter teｃhnology，the emeｒgence of a new treｎd o ｆinｔelｌｉgent controｌ, ｎamely to maｃhｉnｅｓimulatiｏｎhuman tｈｉnkinｇmoｄe, using reａsｏning, deduce and indｕcｔiｏn，so the means, ｔhe prodｕction coｎtrol, thiｓiｓａrtifｉciaｌinｔelligence．Ｏne expｅrｔsｙsｔｅm，ｆｕzzy ｌogiｃaｎd ｎeuｒaｌnｅtwoｒk is ｔｈe aｒｔｉficial intｅlｌigenｃe ｏf seveｒal keｙrｅｓearch hot sｐot. Relａｔｉｖｅto ｔhe ｅxpeｒt system,tｈe ｆuzzy lｏgiｃbｅloｎgs to the category of c ｏmｐutational mａthｅｍaticｓanｄcｏntaiｎthe geｎeｔic alｇｏriｔhm，the chaｏs ｔhｅorｙanｄｌinear theorｙetc，it comprｅhｅnｓive ｏf oｐeraｔoｒs pｒactｉce experiencｅ，has thｅdesiｇn iｓsimpｌe anｄｅasy to use, stｒong anti－interfereｎce abiｌiｔyａｎd reａｃtion speeｄ，ea ｓy tｏconｔｒol and adapｔivｅabiｌity, eｔc. Ｉn recent yeａrs, iｎa proｃess conｔｒｏl,built to toｕｃｈ, esｔｉmatiｏn, iｄentify，dｉagｎosｉs, ｔｈe ｓｔocｋmａrkｅt forecａst，ａgricｕltｕraｌproｄuctioｎaｎｄmilｉtａry sciences tｏaｗideｒaｎｇe oｆａpplｉcaｔions.To carry o ｕt iｎ-ｄeptｈreｓeａrch and aｐplicatiｏn ｏｆfuｚzy contｒol technｏlｏgy, tｈe pａpeｒintroduｃes tｈeｂａsic thｅoｒy oｆfuzｚyｃｏntrol ｔｅchｎolｏgy aｎd develｏｐmenｔ，andｔo some in the applicａtiｏn ofｔhｅpower electｒonｉcs arｅintｒｏｄucｅd. Fuzzy Lｏgic anｄFuｚzｙCoｎtroｌ 1,fuzzy ｌogｉc aｎd fuzzy cｏntroｌcｏｎcepｔ Iｎ196５,the uｎiversity of Cａliforｎiａ, Ｂｅrkｅleｙ, computer exｐeｒｔｓLｏｆｔｙZaｄeh put fｏrwaｒｄ"fuzｚｙlogic" concept,tｈe ｒoｏt lｉes iｎｔhｅarea＇sｌogｉc oｒclear loｇic distributｉoｎ, usｅｄto defｉne thｅcｏnfｕｓｅd，unabｌe to quantｉfy oｒthe problem oｆp ｒeciｓiｏn,fｏr ˙ in a man'ｓvoｎbased oｎ＂trｕe－false" ｒｅasoninｇmecｈanisｍ, and thｕs ｃreatｅa electｒonic cｉrｃｕｉt aｎd integrated circ
毕业设计开题外文翻译完整
? Surface Review and Letters, Vol. 16, No. 5 (2009) 715–721 c World Scienti?c Publishing Company SURFACE TREATMENT OF ANTI-CREASE FINISHED COTTON FABRIC BASED ON SOL –GEL TECHNOLOGY Charles Q. Yang,*,? Qingliang He,? and Bojana Voncina ? Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Interiors, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Textiles, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Abstract: The silica sol was applied onto 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) ?nished cotton fabrics with the attempt to improve the physical properties especially the tensile strength which had a big loss in the previous anti-crease ?nishing processing. The parameters including the dosage of the coupling agent, the concentration and pH of the sol and the processing methods were studied in detail. Compared to the sample ?nished with BTCA, 11.8% of the increase in the crease recovery angle and 18.6% of the enhancement in the tensile strength of the cotton fabric also treated with silica sol in the better selected conditions were obtained. The abrasion resistance was also improved. Keywords: Sol –gel; cotton fabric; anti-crease ?nishing; strength loss. 1. Introduction Cotton fabrics shrink and wrinkle easily due to the shift and deformation of cellulose macromolecules after repeated wet rubbings.1 N , N -dimethylol- 4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) had been the most widely used crosslinking agent in tex- tile industry to provide cotton fabrics in the anti- crease ?nishing owing to the ether linkages formed between DMDHEU and the cellulose molecules. The time desirable mechanical stability properties were given and the potential to release formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen, was also imparted.2,3 Signi?ca nt decrement but not avoidance in the release of formaldehyde could be obtained by ether- ifying DMDHEU or by continuing to treat the ?nished fabric with hydrolyzed glycidyloxypropyl- trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) solutions.4 Another ?n - ishing agent, 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) catalyzed with sodium hypophosphite (SHP) can provide an alternative possibility for the formaldehyde-free crease resistant ?nish.5–7 However, the serious strength loss due to depoly- merizations and crosslinkings of the cellulose macro- molecules is one reason for its relatively small market penetration.8 Sol –gel technology is a chemical processing based on hydrolysis and subsequent condensation of metal or semimetal alkoxides.9 It is conducted at a low temperature which also enables the incorporation of organic compounds into the inorganic struc- ture without decomposition.10 The sol –gel process has been recognized as an excellent technological approach for coating textiles to impart new and frequently multifunctional properties to the sam- ples, such as water and oil repeling, UV radiation protection, antimicrobial property, self-cleaning and controlled release of fragrance.11–20 Applications of silicone coating technology can be seen in sleep- ing bags, paragliding, hot-air balloons and high- performance sportswear.21 The e ?ects of silica sol ? Corresponding author. 715
毕业设计文献翻译
毕业设计文献翻译 篇一：毕业设计外文文献翻译 毕业设计 文文献翻译 专业 学生姓名 班级 学号 指导教师 优集学院外 外文资料名称： Knowledge-Based Engineeri- -ng Design Methodology 外文资料出处： Int.J.Engng Ed.Vol.16.No.1 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 基于知识工程设计方法 D. E. CALKINS 1. 背景 复杂系统的发展需要很多工程和管理方面的知识、决策，它要满足很多竞争性的要求。设计被认为是决定产品最终形态、成本、可靠性、市场接受程度的首要因素。高级别的工程设计和分析过程特别重要，因为大多数的生命周期成本和整体系统的质量都在这个阶段。产品成本的压缩最可能
发生在产品设计的最初阶段。整个生命周期阶段大约百分之七十的成本花费在概念设计阶段结束时，缩短设计周期的关键是缩短概念设计阶段，这样同时也减少了工程的重新设计工作量。 工程权衡过程中采用良好的估计和非正式的启发进行概念设计。传统CAD工具对概念设计阶段的支持非常有限。有必要，进行涉及多个学科的交流合作来快速进行设计分析。最后，必须能够管理大量的特定领域的知识。解决方案是在概念设计阶段包含进更过资源，通过消除重新设计来缩短整个产品的时间。 所有这些因素都主张采取综合设计工具和环境，以在早期的综合设计阶段提供帮助。这种集成设计工具能够使由不同学科的工程师、设计者在面对复杂的需求和约束时能够对设计意图达成共识。那个设计工具可以让设计团队研究在更高级别上的更多配置细节。问题就是架构一个设计工具，以满足所有这些要求。 2. 虚拟原型模型 现在需要是一种代表产品设计为得到一将允许一产品的早发展和评价的真实事实上原型的过程的方式。虚拟样机将取代传统的物理样机，并允许设计工程师，研究“假设”的情况，同时反复更新他们的设计。真正的虚拟原型，不仅代表形状和形式，即几何形状，它也代表如重量，材料，性
毕业设计外文翻译范例
毕业设计外文翻译范例 毕业设计外文翻译范例 如今，随着世界经济的高速发展，人们越来越重视教育的重要性。因此，在高等教育中，毕业设计已经成为了一项不可或缺的重要环节。而在毕业设计中，撰写中英文文献翻译是必不可少的一步。本文将为 大家提供一份毕业设计外文翻译范例。 范例：The Importance of E-commerce in Modern Business E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is a term used to describe business transactions that take place over the internet. E-commerce has become increasingly important in modern business as more and more customers turn to the internet to buy products and services. One of the main benefits of e-commerce is that it enables businesses to reach a global audience. By selling products and services online, businesses can tap into markets that were previously out of reach. This has led to many small businesses being able to compete with larger companies on a more level playing field. E-commerce also offers a range of benefits for customers. It provides a convenient way for customers to shop from anywhere with an internet connection, and eliminates the need to physically travel to a store. Additionally, e-commerce often offers prices that are lower than those in traditional brick-and-mortar stores. However, there are also challenges that businesses face when conducting e-commerce. One major issue is security, as customers are often required to input sensitive information such as credit card details. Therefore, businesses must
毕业设计外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文) 外文文献翻译 专业计算机科学与技术 学生姓名 班级 学号 指导教师 信息工程学院
1、外文文献 The History of the Internet The Beginning - ARPAnet The Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet." By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network. ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh. By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network. In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000 computers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet. With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines in 1988. By that time, there were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were 290,000. Another network was built to support the incredible number of people joining. It was constructed in 1992. Today - The Internet Today, the Internet has become one of the most important technological advancements in the history of humanity. Everyone wants to get 'on line' to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the
(完整版)_毕业设计(论文)外文翻译_(原文)
毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（原文） NEW APPLICATION OF DATABASE Relational databases in use for over two decades. A large portion of the applications of relational databases in the commercial world, supporting such tasks as transaction processing for banks and stock exchanges, sales and reservations for a variety of businesses, and inventory and payroll for almost of all companies. We study several new applications, which recent years. First. Decision-support system As the online availability of data , businesses to exploit the available data to make better decisions about increase sales. We can extract much information for decision support by using simple SQL queries. Recently support based on data analysis and data mining, or knowledge discovery, using data from a variety of sources. Database applications can be broadly classified into transaction processing and decision support. Transaction-processing systems are widely used today, and companies generated by these systems. The term data mining refers loosely to finding relevant information, or “discovering knowledge,” from a large volume of data. Like knowledge discovery in artificial intelligence, data mining attempts to discover statistical rules and patterns automatically from data. However, data mining differs from machine learning in that it deals with large volumes of data, stored primarily on disk. Knowledge discovered from a database can be represented by a set of rules. We can discover rules from database using one of two models: In the first model, the user is involved directly in the process of knowledge discovery. In the second model, the system is responsible for automatically discovering knowledge
毕业设计——外文翻译
高坝大库：美国垦务局对混凝土坝的发展 格雷格A.斯科特1，P.E.，M.ASCE，拉里K.纳斯1，P.E.，约翰H拉布恩1，P.E. 1 美国垦务局，P.O.邮箱25007，丹佛，科罗拉多80225 摘要： 在过去的100年间，美国垦务局对混凝土坝的设计，分析和建设的发展和进步做出了重大的贡献。本文记录了他们所取得的部分成就。 引言 在庆祝美国垦务局（以下简称垦务局）百年诞辰之际，回顾这一组织自成立之日至今所取得的工程成就很有意义。其中最突出的成就要数混凝土大坝的设计，分析和建设领域的进展。在美国西部，垦务局已经设计建设了50多座重要的混凝土蓄水大坝。本文讨论了垦务局一路走来所做贡献的一些部分，内容涉及早期的圬工坝建设和现代的大坝安全检测诸多领域。 早期情况 垦务局设计和建设混凝土大坝的历史是从1903年9月在犹他州.奥格登市召开的一次工程师会议开始的。在这次会议上，工程师们一致认为，垦务局应建造圬工坝用以储蓄水源改造西部旱地，之后便有了位于怀俄明州中部（威斯纳，1905）北普拉特河上的探索者大坝独一无二的设计和建设。由于该坝坝址处的花岗岩峡谷太窄，垦务局决定将其设计成一个承力可靠的拱形。工程师认识到圬工坝不够坚固，并且温度是一个严重的问题，他们为此测定了石头和混凝土复合材料的弹性模量和热膨胀系数。以这些资料为基础，该坝被设计成水平面上的拱和竖直面上的梁的组合体，这可以合理分配所受荷载，从而使拱、梁在节点处达到变位一致，进而可由变位计算出相交部分的应力并确定大坝剖面。后来熟知的“拱梁分载法”就是由此演变而来的。 应用于探索者大坝的建造技术，虽然多是由蒸汽机带动的，但至今有许多仍在应用。比如：建造巨大的引水隧洞引导水流，导流完成后在用作泄洪洞；利用缆索进行地基开挖和大坝布置；建设料场和混凝土拌合厂等。人们发现，只要在工程中有严格的监理和高质
毕业设计外文资料翻译译文
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 包装对食品发展的影响 一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。 包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院 年级专业：201＊级财务管理 姓名: 学号：132148*＊* 附件: 财务风险管理 【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。 【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，Yields
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】
华南理工大学广州学院 本科生毕业设计(论文）翻译 英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics 中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述 学院汽车工程学院 专业班级车辆工程七班 学生姓名刘嘉先 学生学号201130085184 指导教师李利平 填写日期2015年3月15日
英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach，V A, May 1-4，2000，p. 623-634 译文成绩：指导教师(导师组长）签名： 译文： 简介 特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。 本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。在下一节中，为特征提取技术描述，将更详细地讨论每一个功能。最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。 特征提取概述 许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。理想的是，这些特性更稳定,比原始签名数据本身也规矩的多.特性还提供减少数据集的应用模式识别和跟踪技术。 原料的预处理是指从原料或空调从传感器信号计算的特点.这些功能所需要的唯一的预处理是调节信号或去除信号的平均值。信号调理是简单地将所有的数据点的校准常数，基于加速度传感器和放大器。在这一组的特点是:均方根,峰度，三角洲RMS,波峰因数,包络和解调。 TSA预处理需要时间同步平均的原始数据。时间同步平均是一种信号处理技术，用于提取重复信号附加噪声。这个过程需要一个准确的知识重复频率的期望信号或信号与期望信号的同步.原始数据被划分成段长度相等块相关同步信号和平均值。当足够的平均值,随机噪声被抵消了,留下一个改进的估计所需的信号。在信号分割之前，系列中数据点的数量增加了插值的方法。这将提供一个更紧密的近似信号分割和平均.所述传感器信号分割是基于同步信号.例如,可以使用测速信号作为旋转机械的同步信号。每一部分将开始基于环脉
土木工程专业结构设计毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：结构设计 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：土木工程专业 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
毕业设计（论文）外文参考 资料及译文 Structure Design Abstract Structure design is the selection of materials and member type ,size, and configuration to carry loads in a safe and serviceable fashion .In general ,structural design implies the engineering of stationary objects such as buildings and bridges ,or objects that maybe mobile but have a rigid shape such as ship hulls and aircraft frames. Devices with parts planned to move with relation to each other (linkages) are generally assigned to the area of mechanical. Key words:Structure Design Structural analysis structural scheme Project requirements 1. Structure design introduction Structural design involved at least five distinct phases of work: project requirements, materials, structural scheme, analysis, and design. For unusual structures or materials a six phase, testing, should be included. These phases do not proceed in a rigid progression , since different materials can be most effective in different schemes , testing can result in change to a design , and a final design is often reached by starting with a rough estimated design , then looping through several cycles of analysis and redesign . Often, several alternative designs will prove quite close in cost, strength, and serviceability. The structural engineer, owner, or end user
毕业设计论文外文翻译
华南理工大学广州学院 本科生毕业设计（论文）翻译 英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics 中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述 学院汽车工程学院 专业班级车辆工程七班 学生姓名刘嘉先 学生学号 2 指导教师李利平 填写日期2015年3月15日
英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach, V A, May 1-4, 2000, p. 623-634 译文成绩：指导教师（导师组长）签名： 译文： 简介 特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。常用术语，如“残差信号”，是指在不同的文件不同的技术。试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。 本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。在下一节中,为特征提取技术描述,将更详细地讨论每一个功能。最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。 特征提取概述 许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。原则上，关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较，以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。由于大的变型中，签名的直接比较是困难的。相反，一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。理想的是，这些特性更稳定，比原始签名数据本身也规矩的多。特性还提供减少数据集的应用模式识别和跟踪技术。 原料的预处理是指从原料或空调从传感器信号计算的特点。这些功能所需要的唯一的预处理是调节信号或去除信号的平均值。信号调理是简单地将所有的数据点的校准常数，基于加速度传感器和放大器。在这一组的特点是：均方根，峰度，三角洲RMS，波峰因数，包络和解调。 TSA预处理需要时间同步平均的原始数据。时间同步平均是一种信号处理技术,用于提取重复信号附加噪声。这个过程需要一个准确的知识重复频率的期望信号或信号与期望信号的同步。原始数据被划分成段长度相等块相关同步信号和平均值。当足够的平均值,随机噪声被抵消了,留下一个改进的估计所需的信号。在信号分割之前,系列中数据点的数量增加了插值的方法。这将提供一个更紧密的近似信号分割和平均。所述传感器信号分割是基于同步信号。例如,可以使用测速信号作为旋转机械的同步信号。每一部分将开始基于环脉
毕业设计外文翻译英文翻译英文原稿
Harmonic source identification and current separation in distribution systems Yong Zhao a，b，Jianhua Li a，Daozhi Xia a,* a Department of Electrical Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China b Fujian Electri c Power Dispatch an d Telecommunication Center, 264 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China Abstract To effectively diminish harmonic distortions, the locations of harmonic sources have to be identified and their currents have to be separated from that absorbed by conventional linear loads connected to the same CCP. In this paper, based on the intrinsic difference between linear and nonlinear loads in their V –I characteristics and by utilizing a new simplified harmonic source model, a new principle for harmonic source identification and harmonic current separation is proposed. By using this method, not only the existence of harmonic source can be determined, but also the contributions of the harmonic source and the linear loads to harmonic voltage distortion can be distinguished. The detailed procedure based on least squares approximation is given. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by test results on a composite load. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Distribution system; Harmonic source identification; Harmonic current separation; Least squares approximation 1. Introduction Harmonic distortion has experienced a continuous increase in distribution systems owing to the growing use of nonlinear loads. Many studies have shown that harmonics may cause serious effects on power systems, communication systems, and various apparatus [1–3]. Harmonic voltages at each point on a distribution network are not only determined by the harmonic currents produced by harmonic sources (nonlinear loads), but also related to all linear loads (harmonic current sinks) as well as the structure and parameters of the network. To effectively evaluate and diminish the harmonic distortion in power systems, the locations of harmonic sources have to be identified and the responsibility of the distortion caused by related individual customers has to be separated. As to harmonic source identification, most commonly the negative harmonic power is considered as an essential evidence of existing harmonic source [4–7]. Several approaches aiming at evaluating the contribution of an individual customer can also be found in the literatures. Schemes based on power factor measurement to penalize the customer’s harmonic currents are discussed in Ref. [8]. However, it would be unfair to use economical penalization if we could not distinguish whether the measured harmonic current is from nonlinear load or from linear load. In fact, the intrinsic difference between linear and nonlinear loads lies in their V –I characteristics. Harmonic currents of a linear load are i n linear proportion to its supply