6.1.1 traditional ceramic and advanced ceramic译文
6.3 Traditional processing and advanced processing译文
6.3 Traditional processing and advanced processingHello, everyone, today we are going to talk about traditional processing and advanced processing for ceramic processing.译文：大家好，今天我们要谈的是陶瓷加工的传统加工和现代加工。
For ceramic, there are traditional processing and advanced processing. First we talk about traditional processing. The first ceramic materials produced by processing were bricks and lime plaster. Limestone was roasted to produce lime, which was mixed with water. This mixture was added clay, straw, or fibers to provide building materials. It was used widely and are still in use today. 最早产生陶瓷材料是砖和石灰石膏。
石灰岩被烤成石灰，与水混合。
在这种混合物中添加了粘土、稻草或纤维，以提供建筑材料，至今仍在广泛使用使用。
译文：对于陶瓷，有传统的加工工艺和先进的加工工艺。
首先，我们讨论传统的加工工艺。
最早产生陶瓷材料是砖和石灰石膏。
石灰岩被烤成石灰，与水混合。
在这种混合物中添加了粘土、稻草或纤维，以提供建筑材料，至今仍在广泛使用。
When added to the clay materials, water provides the clay with plasticity or workability, in addition to providing the bonding strength. 当加入粘土材料时，水与黏土混合使材料具有可塑性或可操作性，并为提供粘合强度。
2.1 Introduction of ceramics
applications is evidenced in land, sea, air, and
space industries.
A challenge arises that brings to the fore the
realm of advanced ceramics.
Ceramic compounds can be defined as
Clay products
Glass Cement
Advanced
Include artificial raw materials, exhibit specialized properties, required more sophisticated processing
Structural Electronic Optical
Ceramics, or engineered ceramics, or new ceramics, or Value added ceramics
23
Taxonomy(分类学) of traditional ceramic materials based on application
Taxonomy of advanced ceramic materials based on application
Raw materials
Some of these ceramics are intermetallic compounds. Originally, ceramics were clay-based materexpensive compared with competing materials. Consisting primarily of forms of silicon, aluminum, and oxygen—the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust(地壳) —ceramics
Ch 6. creamic
Ch.6 Ceramic
Contents
• • • • •
§6.1 Introduction
§6.2 Nature of Ceramics §6.3 Glass Materials §6.4 Cement and Concrete Materials §6.5 Advanced Ceramic Materials
– – – – – Pottery China Porcelain Brick Tile
Ch.6 Ceramic
Definitions & Terminology (2)
• Traditionally: ----The technology of shaped and fired clays. – Pottery, China, Porcelain – Brick, Tile • SiO2, Al2O3 ? ---- Commonly the ceramics family includes also glasses and cements
Ch.6 Ceramic
Zeolite catalyst
Ch.6 Ceramic
Xonotlite structure Ca6Si6O17(OH)2
Ch.6 Ceramic
Classification of Ceramics (1)
Ch.6 Ceramic
Traditional Ceramics
Ch.6 Ceramic
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Ceramic Materials
Ch.6 Ceramic
The families of engineering materials
Ch.6 Ceramic
Learning Objectives
先进陶瓷材料 英语
Advanced Ceramic Materials: Innovations and Applications**Introduction:**Advanced ceramic materials represent a fascinating frontier in materials science and engineering. These materials, known for their exceptional properties, have found applications in a wide range of industries, from electronics and energy to aerospace and healthcare. This article explores the unique characteristics of advanced ceramics, their manufacturing processes, and their diverse applications across various sectors.**I. Characteristics of Advanced Ceramic Materials:**1. **High Hardness and Strength:**Advanced ceramics exhibit remarkable hardness and strength properties, making them suitable for applications where traditional materials may fail. Materials like silicon carbide and boron nitride are known for their exceptional hardness.2. **Low Thermal Conductivity:**Many advanced ceramics possess low thermal conductivity, making them useful for applications requiring thermal insulation. This property is vital in fields such as aerospace, where ceramic tiles are used to protect spacecraft from the intense heat during re-entry.3. **Electrical Insulation:**Ceramics are excellent electrical insulators, making them essential in electronics and telecommunications. Components like ceramic capacitors and insulating substrates play a crucial role in modern electronic devices.4. **Chemical Inertness:**Advanced ceramics often demonstrate high chemical inertness, resisting corrosion and degradation in harsh environments. This property makes them ideal for applications in chemical processing and biomedical devices.5. **Biocompatibility:**Some ceramics, such as alumina and zirconia, exhibit biocompatibility, making them suitable for use in medical implants. Their inert nature reduces the risk of adverse reactions within the human body.**II. Manufacturing Processes for Advanced Ceramics:**1. **Powder Processing:**The majority of advanced ceramics are produced through powder processing techniques. This involves the synthesis of ceramic powders, followed by shaping and sintering to achieve the desired final product.2. **Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD):**CVD is a technique where ceramic materials are deposited onto a substrate from gaseous precursors. This process allows for the precise control of thin-film coatings and the production of intricate shapes.3. **Additive Manufacturing:**Recent advancements in additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, have extended to ceramics. This method enables the fabrication of complex ceramic structures with enhanced design flexibility.4. **Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP):**HIP is a technique used to improve the density and mechanical properties of ceramics by subjecting them to high pressures and temperatures. This process reduces porosity and enhances material performance.**III. Applications of Advanced Ceramic Materials:**1. **Electronics and Semiconductors:**Ceramics such as alumina and silicon nitride are widely used in electronic components, including insulating substrates, capacitors, and semiconductor packages.2. **Aerospace Industry:**The aerospace sector utilizes ceramics for applications such as thermal protection systems on spacecraft, turbine blades in jet engines, and lightweight structural components.3. **Medical Implants:**Biocompatible ceramics like zirconia and alumina are employed in medical implants such as dental prosthetics and artificial joints, owing to their durability and compatibility with the human body.4. **Energy Sector:**Ceramics play a critical role in the energy industry, particularly in high-temperature environments. They are used in components for gas turbines, nuclear reactors, and solid oxide fuel cells.5. **Automotive Applications:**Advanced ceramics find use in the automotive sector for components that require high wear resistance and thermal stability, including brake components and engine components.**IV. Challenges and Future Prospects:**1. **Brittleness:**Despite their exceptional properties, ceramics are inherently brittle, limiting their use in certain applications. Ongoing research focuses on developing strategies to enhance the toughness of ceramics.2. **Cost and Manufacturing Complexity:**The production of advanced ceramics can be cost-intensive, and certain manufacturing processes involve complex procedures. Advancements in cost-effective manufacturing techniques are essential for widespread adoption.3. **Innovations in Composite Materials:**Researchers are exploring the incorporation of ceramics into composite materials to harness their unique properties while addressing limitations such as brittleness.4. **Nanotechnology Integration:**The integration of nanotechnology into ceramic materials is an area of active research. Nanoceramics exhibit enhanced properties, and their precise control at the nanoscale opens new possibilities for applications.**Conclusion:**Advanced ceramic materials stand at the forefront of materials innovation, offering a diverse range of properties that make them indispensable across various industries. As research continues to push the boundaries of ceramic science, addressing challenges and unlocking new potentials, these materials will likely play an increasingly pivotal role in shaping the technologies of the future. The versatility, durability, and unique characteristics of advanced ceramics position them as key contributors to advancements in electronics, healthcare, aerospace, and beyond.。
做陶艺英文教学设计方案
Introduction:Ceramic art is a traditional and fascinating art form that involves creating objects from clay. It not only allows students to express their creativity but also helps improve their fine motor skills, patience, and attention to detail. This teaching plan aims to provide a comprehensive and engaging ceramic art curriculum for English language learners, incorporating both language skills and artistic techniques.Objective:The main objective of this teaching plan is to enable English language learners to develop their language skills while engaging in ceramic art activities. Students will learn and practice basic English vocabulary, phrases, and grammar related to ceramic art, as well as improve their listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills.Duration:The teaching plan is designed to be completed within 10 weeks, with each session lasting for 60 minutes.Materials:1. Clay (different colors and textures)2. Rolling pins3. Cutting tools4. Slab rollers5. Underglazes6. Glazes7. Brushes8. Kiln9. English language materials (books, videos, and online resources)Session 1: Introduction to Ceramic Art1. Warm-up: Introduce the topic of ceramic art by showing a video or slideshow of various ceramic art pieces.2. Vocabulary building: Teach basic English vocabulary related to ceramic art (e.g., clay, potter's wheel, glaze, kiln).3. Activity: Students create simple pinch pots using the clay, while practicing the new vocabulary.4. Review: Review the new vocabulary and encourage students to ask questions or share their thoughts.Session 2: Understanding the Pottery Wheel1. Warm-up: Discuss the potter's wheel and its importance in ceramic art.2. Vocabulary building: Teach advanced English vocabulary related to the pottery wheel (e.g., wheel-thrown, centering, trimming).3. Activity: Students watch a video tutorial on wheel-thrown pottery and try their hand at it.4. Review: Review the new vocabulary and provide feedback on students' attempts.Session 3: Exploring Different Clay Textures1. Warm-up: Discuss the different textures of clay and their effects on ceramic art.2. Vocabulary building: Teach advanced English vocabulary related to clay textures (e.g., stoneware, porcelain, earthenware).3. Activity: Students create a small object using their preferred clay texture, while practicing the new vocabulary.4. Review: Review the new vocabulary and encourage students to share their experiences.Session 4: Introduction to Glazing and Underglazing1. Warm-up: Discuss the importance of glazing and underglazing in ceramic art.2. Vocabulary building: Teach advanced English vocabulary related to glazing and underglazing (e.g., firing, oxidation, reduction).3. Activity: Students paint their ceramic objects with underglaze, while practicing the new vocabulary.4. Review: Review the new vocabulary and provide feedback on students' glazing techniques.Session 5: Kiln Firing and Final Touches1. Warm-up: Discuss the kiln firing process and its significance in ceramic art.2. Vocabulary building: Teach advanced English vocabulary related tokiln firing (e.g., oxidation, reduction, cone).3. Activity: Students discuss their expectations regarding kiln firing and make final touches to their ceramic objects.4. Review: Review the new vocabulary and encourage students to share their thoughts.Session 6-10: Advanced Projects and Group Presentations1. Warm-up: Discuss the upcoming advanced projects and group presentations.2. Activity: Students work on advanced ceramic art projects, incorporating new techniques and vocabulary.3. Group presentations: Students present their projects to the class, using English to describe their process and achievements.4. Review: Provide feedback on students' presentations and encourage them to reflect on their learning experiences.Conclusion:This ceramic art teaching plan provides English language learners with an engaging and immersive experience, combining language skills with artistic techniques. By the end of the course, students will not only have gained valuable ceramic art skills but also improved their English proficiency.。
陶瓷英文翻译
陶瓷英文翻译Ceramic Translation (700 words)Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials made from natural compounds such as clay, silica, and feldspar. These materials are shaped and hardened through various processes such as heating, cooling, and glazing. Ceramics have been used for thousands of years and are known for their durability, heat resistance, and aesthetic qualities.There are two main types of ceramics - traditional ceramics and advanced ceramics. Traditional ceramics refer to pottery, stoneware, and porcelain, which have been produced since ancient times. Advanced ceramics, on the other hand, are more specialized materials developed in the past century. They are used in various industries such as aerospace, electronics, and healthcare due to their unique properties.One of the key characteristics of ceramics is their ability to withstand high temperatures. They have a high melting point, which makes them ideal for applications that involve extreme heat. For example, ceramic tiles are commonly used for flooring in areas that experience high temperatures, such as kitchens and factories. The heat resistance of ceramics also makes them suitable for use in kilns and furnaces where materials are melted or processed at high temperatures.Moreover, ceramics are known for their excellent insulation properties. They have a low thermal conductivity, which means they are poor conductors of heat and electricity. This makes themideal for use as insulating materials in power plants and electrical appliances. Furthermore, ceramics can resist the flow of electric current, making them useful for manufacturing electronic components, such as capacitors and resistors.Ceramics are also valued for their hardness and resistance to wear and corrosion. They have a high compressive strength, which allows them to withstand heavy loads and impacts. This makes ceramics suitable for applications that require durability and strength, such as cutting tools and engine components. Additionally, ceramics are chemically inert, meaning they do not react with most chemicals or corrode easily. This makes them ideal for use in chemical processing, where resistance to corrosive substances is crucial.In addition to their functional properties, ceramics are appreciated for their aesthetic qualities. They can be molded into various shapes and sizes, allowing for intricate designs and delicate details. Ceramics can also be glazed and decorated, giving them a beautiful and glossy appearance. This makes them popular for ornamental purposes, such as pottery and home decor.In conclusion, ceramics are versatile materials that are used in a wide range of applications due to their unique properties. Their high temperature resistance, excellent insulation, hardness, and corrosion resistance make them valuable in various industries. Additionally, their aesthetic qualities make ceramics highly sought after for artistic and decorative purposes. Whether in the form of traditional pottery or advanced electronic components, ceramics continue to play a significant role in our daily lives.。
陶瓷3d打印材料 英语
陶瓷3d打印材料英语3D printing with ceramics has gained significant attention in recent years due to the unique properties and applications of ceramic materials. The process of 3D printing with ceramics involves using ceramic powders that are bound together with a binder material, and then sintered to create a solid, ceramic object.The most commonly used ceramic materials for 3Dprinting include alumina, zirconia, and silicon carbide. These materials are known for their high temperature resistance, excellent mechanical properties, and biocompatibility, making them suitable for a wide range of applications including aerospace components, medical implants, and high-performance engineering parts.The 3D printing process for ceramics typically involves layer-by-layer deposition of the ceramic powder, followed by the application of a binding agent to selectively bond the powder particles together. After the printing processis complete, the green part is then sintered at high temperatures to remove the binder and densify the ceramic material, resulting in a fully dense and functional ceramic component.In addition to traditional ceramic materials, there are also ongoing developments in the field of 3D printing with advanced ceramics such as silicon nitride and aluminum nitride, which offer enhanced thermal and electrical properties. These advanced ceramics are being explored for applications in electronics, thermal management, and advanced structural components.Overall, 3D printing with ceramics offers the potential for creating complex geometries and customized ceramic components that are difficult or impossible to achieve using traditional manufacturing methods. As the technology continues to advance, we can expect to see further innovations and applications of ceramic 3D printing in various industries.。
陶瓷介绍英语范文
陶瓷介绍英语作文1Ceramics have long held a significant place in human history and culture. Ceramics are essentially objects made from clay and other inorganic materials that are subjected to high temperatures during a process known as firing. The materials used for ceramics can vary, including different types of clay, minerals, and sometimes even glass or metal oxides to achieve specific properties or colors.The process of making ceramics is a meticulous and time-consuming one. It typically involves shaping the clay into the desired form, either by hand or with the help of molds. Then, the piece is dried to remove moisture before being placed in a kiln for firing. This firing process not only hardens the clay but also gives it its final strength and durability.Ceramics have a wide range of uses. One famous example is the traditional Chinese blue and white porcelain, or Qinghua Ci. It is renowned for its distinctive blue color and exquisite patterns. The blue color is often obtained from cobalt oxide, and the patterns depict various elements such as landscapes, figures, and floral motifs. These ceramics are not only functional but also works of art.In modern times, ceramics have found new applications in architecture and home decoration. Ceramic tiles are commonly used inbathrooms and kitchens for their durability and easy maintenance. Ceramic vases and sculptures add an artistic touch to interior spaces.In conclusion, ceramics have evolved over time, maintaining their importance and charm. Whether in traditional or modern forms, they continue to be appreciated for their beauty and functionality.2Ceramics have a long and illustrious history that spans across centuries and continents. It is not merely a form of art but a reflection of human civilization and cultural evolution.In ancient times, ceramics played a crucial role in international trade. The exquisite porcelain from China, for instance, was highly sought after in distant lands. It not only brought economic prosperity but also served as a medium for cultural exchange. Different countries adopted and adapted ceramic techniques, leading to the creation of unique styles that combined local traditions with foreign influences.One notable ceramic-producing region is Jingdezhen in China. This place has a rich heritage and a long-standing tradition of ceramic craftsmanship. Skilled artisans here have passed down their knowledge and skills from generation to generation. The meticulous processes involved, from the selection of raw materials to the final firing, require both precision and artistry. Each piece of ceramic produced in Jingdezhen is a testament to the dedication and passion of the craftsmen.Ceramics have the power to tell stories of the past, showcase the beauty of art, and bridge the gap between cultures. They are a tangible link to our ancestors and a source of inspiration for future generations. As we admire and appreciate the beauty of ceramics, we also gain a deeper understanding of the diverse and interconnected world we live in.3Ceramics have long been an integral part of human civilization, with a rich history and diverse forms. There are mainly two types of ceramics: pottery and porcelain. Pottery is usually coarser and less refined. It is made from common clay and fired at relatively low temperatures. The advantage of pottery lies in its simplicity and affordability, making it accessible to a wide range of people. However, its porosity makes it less suitable for holding liquids for long periods as it may leak.Porcelain, on the other hand, is a more refined and sophisticated form of ceramic. It is made from special clays and fired at extremely high temperatures. Porcelain is known for its smooth surface, fine texture, and translucency. Its strength and durability make it highly prized, but the production process is more complex and costly.One remarkable example of ceramic art is the blue and white porcelain from China. The exquisite patterns and the unique color combination not only showcase the superb craftsmanship but also reflect the cultural and aesthetic values of the era. The delicate brushstrokes and the harmoniouscomposition make it a true masterpiece. Another notable example is the terra cotta warriors in Xi'an, China. These life-sized statues, made of terra cotta, represent the grandeur and might of the ancient Chinese empire. Each warrior has distinct features and expressions, demonstrating the remarkable artistry and attention to detail.In conclusion, ceramics, whether in the form of pottery or porcelain, or as magnificent artworks, have left an indelible mark on human culture and continue to inspire and fascinate us with their beauty and charm.4Ceramics have a long and illustrious history, evolving from simple utilitarian objects to works of art and advanced materials with diverse applications. In recent times, the field of ceramics has witnessed remarkable innovations that are shaping its future.One significant development is the research and development of new ceramic materials. Scientists are now creating ceramics with enhanced properties such as increased strength, better heat resistance, and improved electrical conductivity. These advanced ceramics find applications in aerospace, electronics, and healthcare. For instance, in the aerospace industry, ceramic components are used in engines to withstand extreme temperatures and reduce weight.Ceramic artists, too, are pushing the boundaries of creativity. They are not only preserving traditional techniques but also infusing modernelements and concepts. By combining traditional forms with contemporary designs, they are creating pieces that appeal to a wider audience. Some artists are exploring unconventional glazes and firing methods to achieve unique textures and colors, making each piece a one-of-a-kind masterpiece.Looking ahead, the future of ceramics seems incredibly promising. With continuous advancements in technology, we can expect ceramics to play an even more crucial role in various fields. From sustainable energy storage solutions to revolutionary medical implants, ceramics have the potential to transform our lives.In conclusion, the world of ceramics is a dynamic and evolving one, filled with endless possibilities. Its innovations and future trends are sure to captivate the imagination of all those who take an interest in this remarkable material.5Ceramics have long held a significant position in human civilization, not only as a form of art but also as a crucial component in the realm of technology. The integration of ceramics in the fields of art and technology has brought about revolutionary changes and opened up new horizons.In the domain of art, the advent of 3D printing technology has allowed artists to create ceramic works with unprecedented precision and complexity. This technology enables the realization of intricate designs and shapes that were once unimaginable through traditional methods. Artistscan now express their creativity more freely, pushing the boundaries of what ceramics can achieve in the artistic sphere.In the high-tech sector, ceramics have found special applications in aerospace. Due to their excellent heat resistance and mechanical properties, ceramic materials are used in components of spacecraft and aircraft engines. These ceramics can withstand extreme temperatures and harsh environments, ensuring the safety and efficiency of aerospace operations.The fusion of ceramics in art and technology is not just a coincidence but a result of human innovation and exploration. It showcases the endless possibilities when creativity meets science and engineering. As we move forward, it is expected that this integration will continue to evolve, bringing forth more remarkable achievements and transforming our understanding and utilization of ceramics.。
陶瓷的优作文英语带翻译
陶瓷是人类所知的最古老和最多才多艺的材料之一。 它的用途从实用物品到精美的艺术作品，对人类社会有着重要作用已经数千年。 在本文中，我们将探讨陶瓷的优势，研究其在不同领域的各种性能和应用。
陶瓷的化学和物理性质使它成为广泛应用的理想选择。 它是一种非金属、无机材料，通常由黏土和其他天然材料制成。 其关键性质之一是其硬度和耐久性，使其成为生产餐具、瓷砖和卫生洁具的理想材料。 与许多其他材料不同，陶瓷对热、湿和腐蚀具有抗性，并且在很长一段时间内能够保持其外观和结构完整性。
英语作文介绍陶瓷
英语作文介绍陶瓷Ceramics, as one of the oldest forms of art and craftsmanship, hold a significant place in human history. From utilitarian vessels to intricate decorative pieces, ceramics have evolved alongside human civilization, reflecting cultural, technological, and aesthetic advancements. In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted world of ceramics, delving into its history, production techniques, cultural significance, and contemporary relevance.Historical Significance:The history of ceramics spans millennia, with evidence of pottery production dating back to ancient civilizations such as the Chinese, Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Greeks. These early ceramic artifacts served various purposes, ranging from storing food and water to religious rituals and burial practices. The development of ceramic techniques such as wheel-throwing, glazing, and firing revolutionizedthe craft, enabling artisans to create more refined and durable pieces.Production Techniques:Modern ceramic production encompasses a wide range of techniques, each with its own unique characteristics and applications. Wheel-throwing remains a popular method for creating symmetrical vessels, allowing artisans to shape clay on a rotating wheel with precision and control. Handbuilding techniques, such as coiling and slab construction, offer alternative approaches for creating sculptural forms and textured surfaces.Glazing plays a crucial role in ceramic production, providing both decorative and functional properties to the finished pieces. Glazes are composed of various minerals and oxides that melt and fuse to the surface of the clay during firing, creating a durable and often glossy finish. Different firing methods, such as electric, gas, and wood firing, produce distinct effects on the final appearance of ceramics, ranging from vibrant colors to subtle variationsin texture and sheen.Cultural Significance:Ceramics have played a central role in shaping cultural identities and traditions around the world. From the delicate porcelain of China to the vibrant majolica of Spain, each culture has developed its own unique ceramic styles and techniques, reflecting local aesthetics, materials, and craftsmanship. Ceramics have been used to express religious beliefs, social status, and artistic expression, serving as both functional objects and works of art.In many cultures, ceramic traditions are passed down through generations, preserving ancient techniques and designs while also evolving to suit contemporary tastes and lifestyles. Ceremonial vessels, ritualistic figurines, and ornamental tiles are just a few examples of how ceramics have been intertwined with religious, ceremonial, and domestic practices throughout history.Contemporary Relevance:Despite the advent of modern materials andmanufacturing processes, ceramics continue to thrive as a form of artistic expression and functional design. Contemporary ceramic artists explore a wide range of themes, styles, and techniques, pushing the boundaries oftraditional craftsmanship and experimenting with new forms and materials. From minimalist porcelain sculptures toavant-garde installations, ceramics remain a dynamic and evolving medium in the world of contemporary art.In addition to its artistic value, ceramics also play a vital role in various industries, including architecture, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. Advanced ceramics, such as alumina, zirconia, and silicon carbide, offer exceptional strength, heat resistance, and electrical insulation, making them ideal materials for high-tech applications ranging from aerospace components tobiomedical implants.In conclusion, ceramics embody a rich tapestry ofhistory, craftsmanship, and cultural significance that continues to inspire and captivate people around the world. From ancient pottery traditions to cutting-edge innovations, ceramics remain a timeless art form that bridges the past, present, and future.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Traditional ceramic and advanced ceramicHello, everybody, today we are going to talk about ceramic. Ceramic can be divided into traditional ceramic and advanced ceramic.译文：大家好，今天我们要谈论陶瓷。
陶瓷可分为传统陶瓷和现代陶瓷。
Traditional ceramics are usually heavy, fragile, and not suitable for use as structural or load-bearing materials. The modern age demands lighter materials that have great strength at the high temperature and maintain their strength at high temperatures while subjected to impact forces.传统陶瓷通常重,脆弱,不适合作为结构和承载材料。
现代社会对材料要求是更轻，在高温下具有更高的耐冲击强度。
译文：传统陶瓷通常重,脆弱,不适合作为结构和承载材料。
现代社会对材料要求是更轻，在高温下具有更高的耐冲击强度。
Today, we can use our expanding scientific knowledge and technologies to help us to develop new materials with the properties necessary to meet new applications demanded by society, the greatest demands for which comes from the land, sea, air, and space industries. These industries require construction materials that are the lightweight so that the energy required for the movement of vehicles is minimized. The definition of traditional ceramic does not fully describe new, technical, engineering, or advanced ceramic.译文：今天，我们可以利用我们不断扩大的科学知识和技术来帮助我们开发新材料，以满足各种新应用的需求，以及来自陆地、海洋、航空和航天工业的最大需求。
这些行业需要的建筑材料是轻量型的，因此能够减少运输所需要的能量。
传统陶瓷的定义并不能完全描述新的、技术的、工程的或先进的陶瓷。
This Table compares some of the properties of ceramics and metals.给表译文：这张表比较了陶瓷和金属的一些性质。
In this table, we can see that some characteristics of metals and ceramics are different, for example, some properties, such as tensile strength, ductility, and impact strength. Ceramic is poor in comparison with metal. However, hardness and shear strength for ceramic are high.在表当中，我们可以看到金属和陶瓷的某些特性是不同的，例如，一些性能，如抗拉强度，延展性，与金属相比，陶瓷是很差的。
然而，陶瓷的硬度和剪切强度是很高的。
译文：在表中，我们可以看到金属和陶瓷的某些特性是不同的，例如，一些性能，如抗拉强度，延展性，冲击强度。
与金属相比，陶瓷是很差的。
然而，陶瓷的硬度和剪切强度是很高的。
Ceramic compounds can be defined as inorganic compounds made by heating clay or other mineral matter to the high temperatures at which they partially melt and bond together. 陶瓷化合物可以被定义为由加热粘土或其他矿物物质制成的无机化合物，在高温下熔化并结合在一起。
译文：陶瓷化合物可以被定义为由加热粘土或其他矿物物质制成的无机化合物，在高温下熔化并结合在一起。
For example, adobe bricks are ceramics that are made of mud that has been dried in the sun. They include both crystalline and amorphous materials.译文：例如，土坯砖是由在阳光下晒干的泥制成的陶瓷。
它们包括晶相和非晶相材料。
Now ceramics are synthetically developed from rather simple chemical compounds, but advances in processing have provided greater control over their structures and particularly in their electrical, magnetic，and optical properties. One characteristic these new ceramics possess that traditional ceramics do not is their high purity, which is the basis for their improved properties.现代陶瓷已不是简单的化合物了，先进的制备技术提供了对材料结构的控制，从而获得性能的改进，特别是在电、磁性、光学等性质。
现代陶瓷原料具有高纯度，这是传统陶瓷所不具备的, 高纯度是改善性能的基础。
译文：现代陶瓷已不是简单的化合物, 先进的制备技术提供了对材料结构的控制, 从而获得性能的改进, 特别是在电、磁性、光学等性质。
现代陶瓷原料具有高纯度，这是传统陶瓷所不具备的, 高纯度是改善性能的基础。
Some examples of advanced ceramic include oxide ceramics, such as alumina, beryllia, and zirconia, and nonoxide ceramics, which are represented by carbides and nitrides such as boron carbide, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride.现代陶瓷包括氧化物，比如氧化铝，氧化铍，氧化锆，还有非氧化物，比如碳化硼，碳化硅和氮化硅。
译文：现代陶瓷包括氧化物，如氧化铝，氧化铍，氧化锆，还有非氧化物，如碳化硼，碳化硅和氮化硅。
Figure lists some differences between traditional and advanced ceramics, including some applications for each category of ceramic. Ceramic definition is given in this figure. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials processed or consolidated at high temperature.译文：图中列出了传统和现代陶瓷之间的一些差异，包括对每种陶瓷一些应用。
图中也给出了陶瓷的定义。
陶瓷是指在高温下制备无机材料和非金属材料，或是这些材料混合的。
Traditional ceramics are based primarily on the natural raw materials of clay and silicates. It can be apply for clay products, glass and cement. 传统陶瓷原料主要是天然粘土和硅酸盐，主要用于粘土产品，玻璃和水泥。
译文：传统陶瓷原料主要是天然粘土和硅酸盐，主要用于粘土产品，玻璃和水泥。
Advanced materials include artificial raw materials, exhibit specialized properties, require more sophisticated process. It can be used in structural materials, electronic materials, and optical materials.现代陶瓷原料主要是人工合成料，由于赋予特殊性能，需要更复杂的过程。
在电，热，光，磁等方面应用非常广泛，精细陶瓷，现代陶瓷，高技术陶瓷，特种陶瓷统称为Advanced ceramic.译文：现代陶瓷原料主要是人工合成料，由于赋予特殊性能，需要更复杂的过程。
在电，热，光，磁等方面应用非常广泛，精细陶瓷，现代陶瓷，高技术陶瓷，特种陶瓷统称为Advanced ceramics.Advanced ceramics have become the focus of attention in sci-tech applications because they offer the designer properties such as light weight, good strength at elevated temperatures, and wear resistance.译文：先进陶瓷已成为科技应用中关注的焦点，因为它们具有重量轻、高温度强度大、抗磨损等特点。
Many of these ceramics are composites that are reinforced with whiskers and fibers to improve their fracture toughness, so they do not break catastrophically as we generally expect dishes and coffee cups to do when we drop them. The wear resistance of ceramics makes them valuable as coatings for cutting tools，surgical instruments, and punches.译文：这些陶瓷是用晶须和纤维增强的复合材料，以改善其断裂韧性，因此它们不会像我们通常所期望的盘子和咖啡杯那样，在掉落它们的时候，会发生灾难性的碎裂。