【免费下载】食品专业英语部分翻译

P60第一段： Alcoholic beverages are produced from a range of raw materials but especially from cereals, fruits and sugar crops. They include non-distilled beverages such as beers, wines, ciders, and sake. Disitlled beverages such as whisky and rum are produced from fermented cereals and molasses, respectively, while brandy is produced by distillation of wine. Other distilled beverages, such as vodka and gin, are produced from neutral spirits obtained by distillation of fermented molasses, grain, potato or whey. A variety of fortified wines are produced by addition of include sherries, port and Madeira wines.酒精饮料可由许多原料来生产，但以谷物、水果和糖料作物为主。

酒类饮料包括非蒸馏饮料，如啤酒、葡萄酒、苹果酒和日本米酒。

蒸馏饮料如威士忌和朗姆酒分别由谷物和糖浆发酵制得，而白兰地则是由葡萄酒蒸馏制得。

其它蒸馏饮料，象伏特加和杜松子酒则由发酵糖浆、谷物、马铃薯或乳清所得的白酒经蒸馏制成。

各种各样的强化葡萄酒是在葡萄酒中添加蒸馏的白酒使酒精含量提高到15－20％制成。

著名的产品有雪梨白葡萄酒、波尔多红葡萄酒和马德拉烈性甜酒。

P60-61跨页段落： The yeast-cell envelope contains a plasma membrane, a periplasmic space and a cell wall consisting mainly of polysaccharides with a small amount of peptide material. The wall component is a semi-rigid but solute permeable structure which provides considerably compressional and tensile strength to yeasts. Carboxyl groups of cell-wall peptides confer important flocculating characteristics on brewing yeasts, facilitating post-fermentation solid-liquid separation. Flocculation is thought to result from salt- bridge formation between calcium ions and these cell-wall carboxyl groups. 酵母细胞的包膜含有一层原生质膜，一个周质空间和一个细胞壁，细胞壁主要由多聚糖和少量肽物质组成。

壁组分是半刚性的溶质透性构造，许多组胞壁的缩氨酸基团赋予酿造酵母以重要的絮凝特性，促进了后发酵的固液分离。

絮凝被认为是由钙离子和这些胞壁羧基基团间形成盐桥的结果。

P65第一段 The wort is inoculated with yeast to give to give a count of about 107 cells per ml wort or greater if a faster fermentation rate is required. traditionally, top-fermenting yeasts, which ferment at 15-22℃ and tend to rise to the surface towards the end of fermentation and can therefore be skimmed off, were used in ale production. Yeasts, which ferment in the range 8-15℃ and which sink to the bottom towards the end of fermentation , were generally used in lager production. However, particularly with the introduction of large cylindro-conical shaped fermenters and centrifuges to brewing operations, the distinction between top-and bottom-fermenting yeasts has tended to disappear. 如果麦芽汁要获得更快的发酵效率，每毫升麦芽汁需接种107个或更多的酵母菌细胞。

传统上，在啤酒的生产中，那些在15-22℃上面发酵的酵母菌在发酵结束的时候逐渐上升到表面，因此可以将其从表面除去。

而在8-15℃发酵并在发酵结束的时候沉到底部的酵母菌被广泛应用于啤酒生产。

然而，在使用圆锥形状的发酵罐和离心机来酿造操作时，就没有上面发酵和下面发酵的区别了。

P67-68跨页段 Freshly-fermented beer requires a variety of treatments before it is finally packaged for distribution. Maturation involves a secondary fermentation by the residual yeast which is transferred in the beer from the primary fermenter. During this process,beer diacetyl and small amounts of residual maltotriose are assimilated and concentration of some esters increases. Carbon dioxide, produced from the secondary fermentation, or sparged carbon dioxide, helps purge the beer of oxygen, h2s and unwanted volatiles. Additives for haze clarification, flavor aroma and colour adjustment, foam stability enhancement and microbiological stability are sometimes incorporated. The time and temperatures used vary from brewery to brewery. Usually low temperatures, 2-6℃,are used over a storage period ranging from 4 days to 4 weeks.分装前，新鲜的啤酒需要各种各样的处理。

从初发酵罐转移到主发酵罐的残余酵母的成熟要经过二次发酵。

在这个过程中,啤酒双乙酰和少量残余麦芽三糖吸收及一些酯的浓度增加。

二氧化碳,产自二次发酵、二氧化硫、二氧化碳,帮助清除啤酒的氧气,硫化氢和不必要的挥发物。

添加剂对澄清,味道香气和颜色调整,泡沫稳定性增强和微生物稳定性有时也被包含。

使用的温度从啤酒厂到啤酒厂是不一样的。

通常低的温度下如2 - 6℃,要存储4天到4周。

P68第三段： 醋是乙酸的水溶液，她是通过氧化酒精的水溶液发酵产生。

微生物代谢过程涉及到通过乙醇脱氢酶将乙醇转化成乙醛和通过乙醛脱氢酶的水化将乙醛转化成醋酸。

P68最后一段 After lagering the beer contains microbial cells, proteinaceous precipitates and colloidal matter, which are separated out by a variety of processes including flocculation, centrifugation and filtration. Microbiological stability is achieved by sterile filtration and /or by pasteurization. 用各种不同的分离过程,包括絮凝、离心和过滤来分离在啤酒贮藏过程中含有的微生物细胞、蛋白质沉淀物和胶体物质。

微生物的稳定性是通过无菌过滤和巴氏灭菌实现的。

P74第一段： The flavour-enhancing properties of sodium glutamate were discovered in Japan at the start of the twentieth century and a fermentation process for its production by Corynebacterium glutamicum currently supplies and annual world market of about 400 000t. 在二十世纪初，谷氨酸钠的鲜味增强作用在日本被发现，目前通过谷氨酸钠棒状杆菌发酵来生产，每年可以提供世界市场大约400000t。

P75第二段： Even in the presence of excess biotin, glutamic acid producing bacteria, grown in the presence of penicillin, can accumulate large amounts of glutamate. Penicillin inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis and the enhanced accumulation of glutamate is thought to result from the formation of swollen cells with weakened cell walls, resulting in damage to the permeability barrier of the cell membrane.在青霉素存在下的谷氨酸生产菌，在过量生物素存在的条件下也能积累大量的谷氨酸盐。