模联峰会背景文件

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高中生模拟联合国会议通告撰写及组织教程

高中生模拟联合国会议通告撰写及组织教程
生的双休日时间约为二周,而后进行排版和校对工序,用时一周。若有特殊委员会则需追加用时。
会议用品设计及制作:共约需三周。国家牌、意向条、会议喷绘、横幅、周边产品等设计,耗时根
据设计者能力和设计要求而定,一至三周不等。联系制作方以及制作用时一周。
茶点:联系公司、谈价、签合同约二周。如果节俭办会,茶点采购则能省则省;若是资金充裕,则可
关于本文,关于我
目前而言,大部分模拟联合国会议的信息均以主办方之通告公函形式对外发布,因此参与者从通告撰写 细节上便可知晓主办方的工作态度。但限于组织团队经验,在主办方通告中撰写过程中往往出现遗漏或不 足之处,是为憾事。写作本文之目的,即是向模拟联合国筹办者以及潜在的模拟联合国参与者传递一种类 企业文化——Official and Professional,正式与规范。
能力越大,责任越大,除非你承认你的能力到此为止。 无论好与坏,它都是你的会议。
我们的缺陷
首先明白高中生自办会议为什么会不如大学主办的会议,然后在工作中多加留心,尽可能的弥补缺点。 1. 模拟联合国会议运作长期缺乏行业内部统一规范; 2. 高中组织者均为高中学生,组织团队缺乏足够经验,也缺乏指导; 3. 学业负担重,可以用于工作的自由时间太少,经验不足导致运作效率低; 4. 内部成员责任感不强,团队工作缺乏计划; 5. 外校参会方往往没有老师负责,外校方面的不可控因素较多; 6. 学生自有的人脉、资金不足,发挥空间较小;
Peking University National Model United Nations Conference for High School Students • 2011
PKUNMUN2011
需要提及的是,为避免混淆,会议与主办方不应使用相同的英文简称,这是很多模拟联合国会议主办 方忽视的细节。

2010年东三省模联背景文件OAS会议

2010年东三省模联背景文件OAS会议

Dear Delegates,Thank you for choosing the committee with the name of OAS(the Organization of American States) as a spot in your Model UN tour. We the dais possess the strong wish to hold an unforgettable model UN conference not only for you distinguished delegates but also for ourselves. Probably for most of you, it is the first meeting you’ve ever participated. Please don’t hesitate to ask questions and for help. We would love to be your friend in your MUN journey.In these sessions, we are planned to handle one of mostsevere problems .The first topic is related to the fanatical situation of drug trafficking, which has occupied the headlines of the world top newspapers these days. The other option is based on the plague called Cholera in Haiti. The member states are in need of setting up a tough defense system toward the epidemics and ameliorate the public sanitary conditions.The two issues above are both serious and urgent, owning great practical significance. There is the necessity that you noticed the peculiarity of OAS. The states are in the campaign together striving for the solutions to the problem and the advance of American continents.Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any puzzle. I’m eager to be a friend of you with the fabulous bond called MUN.Sincerely,Melanie Maomelanieyeah1217@Topic A: Drug TraffickingState of the ProblemNothing can be more complicated and fascinating than the topic related to drugs, especially the one which is now proceeding in a dramatic way in Latin America. Taking the lead of the produce and the sale of cocaine, the area of Latin America can’t avoid being involved in the issue of drug trafficking.Drug trafficking is the illegal production and distribution of controlled substances. It has profound and lasting impacts on many aspects of society,from the presence of gangs and gang-related violence to the effects of drug filthy money on the in the poor neighborhood.International drug traffickers deal mostly with large amount of goods and sell to dealers who distribute the goods for additional profit. There is a clear division of labour and benefit rational cooperation between the nations in Latin American. Moreover, US’s role as a lucrative market for illegal drugs has enticed those underdeveloped and public security confused countries habitants to take the risks. International organizations such as UNCND(the Commission on Narcotic Drugs) and regional organizations have never stopped their paces to control it. This includes offering financial and technical supports to Latin American countries in order to ensure them have the capability to face the narcoterrorism and the severe condition of drug cultivation.The traffickers realize the deal by building up concealed and countless tunnels in the border cities. Besides, the dealers have thought of more methods even as smuggling kids as the carriers and body stuffing which are obviously in conflict with humanitarian spirits.Drugs trafficking also leads to the instability of politics in the Latin America countries. The Mexican authorities have made attempts to strike drug trafficking by burning 134 tons of marijauna and reinforce the strength of police. But the truth that nearly 30,000 people have been killed with some association with the illicit trade can’t earn any points for the government of Mexico.As we have stated above, the drug trafficking problem expands its impacts onto the fields of security, politics, agriculture, sanitation, transportation and human rights. It is certain that the solution to the problem rely on the success of all areas and the cooperation which is tougher than traffickers’ between the states of America.History of the ProblemWhile drug trafficking has been around for one form or another, drug trafficking as it is recognized today became prominent starting in the 1960s. Since then, the process of drug enforcement has never been suspended.During the 1960s, with the confusion in terms of politics in Latin America, drugs like marijuana, amphetamines, and psychedelics came on the scene. Then the boom of drug black market exploded. Governments soon made swift response to it. Since the mid-1970s, the U.S. government has invested billions of dollars in anti-drug assistance programs aimed at reducing the flow of Latin American-sourced illicit drugs to the United States.There is a covering of Time Magazine in 1979 with the headline written - Colombia Connection, billions in pot & Coke. People in this article described Colombia as the paradise of the trafficker. It is believed that the smugglers generated a multi-billion-dollar black market.With time passed by, the improvement hasn’t been found out. With the contradiction and campaign becoming increasingly intense, the international organizations and the national governments took series of measures to eradicating the drug trafficking issues.However, things continued with the charm of potential profits and expand of the smuggling gangs. There is also a solid foundation which is well known as the drug cultivation. The link between cultivation and illicit trade has been set up and never seems to break down ever since.The notorious drug cartels entice the gang related violence in recent decades. The countries like Bolivia, Colombia, Chile have gained their independence in 1990s but fell into close anarchy. The opposition turned into gangs relying on the black benefits from smuggling drugs. The governments have been involved in the current of fighting against the gangs. However, the result was not satisfied at all.Though the international society criticized seriously about the ineffective measures taken by Latin America Nations, the matter still goes beyond control so that the pacification is absolutely needed in the fast developing era.Past actionsThe committee should stress the leading role of the United States in fighting against the drug trafficking. Being the grandest market of illicit drug trade, the USA government has never ceased its attempt at striking the traffickers and illegal dealers. In 1990s, the United States set at the Fumigation Programs in Bolivia and Peru. Nevertheless, the consequence proved to be dramatically. The dealers then subsidized the local farmers in Colombia on the cultivation of narcotic crops such as poppy.The amount of seized drugs of the USA accumulated. But as its behavior in the Viet Nam War, it is regarded as the unrealistic index. America’s role in managing drug trafficking has been extensively recognized to be a kind of interference. Despite the accumulating fund put into Drug War since president Ronald Reagan, it seems that USA is still alone in serious fight due to the corruption of the government in Latin America countries.The urgency of problem has surely aroused the eyeballs of Latin American Nations. Accordingly, the Caribbean and Central America area has set up the center to strike the rampant narcotics related crimes. The conferences are quite frequent and release practical resolution as well. The government has acknowledged the essence of increasing information and intelligence communication. It brought a good start to continental cooperation. The severe condition changed the country formation to some extent. Take Colombia as an example, the power of Police has been converted into certain military force in order to fight against the gangs. The gangsters possessed well equipped private army which will definitely resist the mediocre force from the police. The active part that we American nations take in UNODC has revealed the eagerness in striking narcotics trafficking. Immediate legislation together with countless pieces of resolution.Synchronized manner on multiple fronts in the campaign of drug trafficking is well accepted throughout the continents. On the General Assembly in October 2009, Further, the Heads of State of Jamaica stressed that it had adopted the“Santo Domingo Pact” in February, which provided for the establishment of a consultative mechanism and internet-based donor assistance database to provide real-time information.Those actions may provide member states with some more creative ideas which are destined to change the situation nowadays.Possible SolutionsReinforcing the strategies which have been taken is obvious. Besides, continued cooperation at the multilateral, regional and bilateral levels should be ongoing.It was important that the efforts of Member States were recognized and that unilaterally determined standards and approaches were not used as the benchmarks by which progress at the national level was assessed.The member states should also realized that the solution to the problem should not only depend on the involvement of USA and other American developed countries. The European Nations who also suffered from the drug abuse can take part in the collaboration as observer countries.Combating the world drug problem required addressing those crimes that generated violence and corruption. Only by attacking the scourge from all frontscould the criminalsystem be destabilized. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy based on reducing both supply and demand is indispensable.The improvement of facilities are quiet required as well. Setting up radars to trace air flights and installing body scanners at airports are the basic methods. Strengthening the ability of developing Latin American countries means less interference from the United States as well as less contradictions. The affect of implanting technology is significant and evident to those struggling Caribbean Countries. It calls for voluntary financial supports from donor countries and charity funds.Moreover, the drug trafficking issue has connection with human trafficking as well. The customs should be alert to identify the possible forced traffickers like female and kids. Lifting the awareness of the customs official and setting distinguishing punishment towards different kinds of traffickers. The settlement of shelters for those compelled traffickers should be emphasized. Be careful when dealing with these issues and pay special attention to the respect of human rights.The last point which need to be mentioned could be the criminal related trafficking. The media has witnessed the tragedy of death of police in the battle with narcoterrorist many times. The police should be equipped with more powerful arms instead of out of date firearms. Furthermore, the police are in imperative demand of systemic training.Don’t neglect the base of economy and put the issue into many fronts. It is certain that more solutions will be found with the awarding effort of honorable member states.Bloc PositionsThe blocs can be divided by many ways. The two aspects in drug trafficking, the production part and the consumption part, can be basic standards. Thus, the developed countries who are suffering from drug abuse can come together to find the solution. And the origins of Cocaine and several other kinds of drugs will discuss the countermeasure to the problem in collaborate way.The blocs can be divided by the economic level as well. Due to the solution cannot avoid financial supplies, it may be necessary that the economic advanced nationsunveil policies. The states which are embarrassed with the economic conditions try their best to persuade the greater amount of supports from developed nations and charitiesTopic BThe Defense System of EpidemicsState of the ProblemHuman being have never avoided the threaten of epidemics, from the beginning of history to the new era in which medical technology has been elevated greatly. When we encountered the epidemics, we were usually unprepared, being at a completed loss what to do before the realization of serious circumstance. The establishment of united defense system of infectious disease is urgent.When the government is related to make response to the epidemics, it is a tough mission due to its vulnerable power, especially the developing countries with substandard public sanitary condition. In the violent spread of bird influenza in Mexico, there was even a period of time that the epidemic situation went out of control which led to the death of infected victims. Thus, the system is needed to include the monitor, research and treat institution. With several other departments involved.The causes of inter-continental epidemics are ambiguous, and they are always associated with factors from other fields. The HIV/AIDS, the most notorious contagious disease around the world, is connected to drug abuse, the sanitation of medical facilities. The administration of recreation sites. Moreover, economics, a determining factor. Of almost every issue, plays an essential role in defending epidemics. Take the unfortunate nation Haiti as an instance, after the tremendous shock of earthquake, the nation fell into the misfortune that the spread of Cholera came onto the stage. Simple and common infectious disease as it is, Haiti is still incapable of eliminating it at once. Nevertheless, the situation became even worse with the absence of treatment in time.There is probably sheer possibility of neglecting the significance of multilateral cooperation. The Organization has the obligation to assemble the nations in order to fight against epidemics together. The strive for better life for all citizens in two continents convey us to the conference where discussing the procedures of setting updefending system is the only topic.Being confronted with unpredictable variation of viruses, the intelligence of human being is essential. Facing the flying spread of pandemics, financial aids and medicine are indispensable. The defensesystem of epidemics rely on the collaboration of the countries and awareness of all people living in the continents called America.History of the ProblemEpidemics, with its countless varieties and enormous power, have brought about many significant events in the process of American History.Since the time Columbus set his feet on the New Continent, the aboriginals came into extinction because of the infection of pandemics. They were absence of immune power against most of the infectious diseases. Being isolated for thousand of years, those tribes got terrified when merciless colonists and contagious diseases in forms of smallpox, influenza and many others plundered their lives.Coming into the 20th century, the pandemics changed into other forms. It is recorded that in 1900-1904, the “Third Pandemic” hit San Francisco. In the next to decades, poliomyelitis, Spanish Flu and Diphtheria came onto the stage. In this period, the defense to the epidemicsstarted to base on the solid economic foundation. People have been more aware of the disease when compared to the past. And the boom of modern medical research generated the influential inventions like vaccines, which contributed a lot to the basic defense of epidemics.After about sixty years of quite period, the shocking discovery of HIV/AIDS dragged the whole world into consciousness. This newly found pandemics isn’t restricted to the area of health. It is also related to many fields such as human rights, narcotics issue and medical technology.The causes of the broke of epidemics have been verified. The regional features are becoming increasingly evident and clear. In developed countries where simple infectious diseases have been nearly eradicated, the main threaten is converted into the variation of viruses. The broke out of bird flu these years can be the best example. In the urban areas, the infection of HIV/AIDS has aroused the attention of international society since the day it was discovered.However, in the developing areas, take Haiti, the country suffering from both the ruin of earthquake and Cholera these days, the mal-condition of public sanitation enabledthe swift spread of hardly found epidemics. It is estimated that in the next six months, the amount of people infected with Cholera will reach 200 thousands.Defending the spread of infectious disease is destined to be the main theme of cooperation in the field of health in American states. Moreover, the process will not ceased with the variation of viruses.Past ActionsThe majority of countries have set up their own defending system of epidemics from monitor to treatment. The economic development guaranteed the increasing investment onto the research in producing effective vaccines and enriching the virus database. For more than 50 years, scientific and technological advances have created tremendous opportunities for progress in combating infectious disease. But developing countries cannot find solutions to public health problems merely by acquiring equipment and medicines. Their own capability should be elevated.In the remote area, the action of Non Governmental Organizations and charity take a large part. The activeness of volunteers advertising the significance of being aware of protecting the habitants themselves from spreading pandemics is quite effective.The collaboration also has been revealed through the information broadcasting throughout the two continents. During the period when bird influenza spread in Mexico, the neighbor countries as well as the whole world received the news immediately the new case was found. It is also believed that the cooperation are in need of being expanded to more fields including the establishment of laboratories belonged to the continents instead of the developed countries itself.Possible SolutionsIn this issue, there is no solution to eradicate all the epidemics or to prevent every citizen from being infected. The variation of contagious viruses is unpredictable. What the government is required to do is to take a larger variety of measures, to ameliorate the defense system of pandemics.Support should not merely be given in forms of financial aids and fundamental medicine like antibiotics. The developing countries ought to send professionals and officials to countries with advanced medical technology in order to learn update method of remedy and immunity for infectious diseases. The set-up ofintercontinental laboratory is demanded.The substantial reasons of the swift diffusing of cholera in Haiti are both irresistible force of natural catastrophe and poor sanitary condition. The accommodation situation is far from satisfying. The refugees even had no shelter or segregating room to live in. In the islands country situated in Caribbean area, the instability of politics and damp climate make it unable for inhabitants, to be ensured of their health status.As to the urban advanced places, it is a tough task to get HIV/AIDS under control. The factors are intricate, for instance, contaminated injecting needles, illicit sexual trade, the babies with innate infection caused by awareness, those causes above are all severe but common. It is highly advised to do regular check in the hospital for adult citizen.There is still a long way to go for each of the member state to get over the indulgence in wanton of epidemics. Moreover, there is no suitable and unified criterion for every nation, The plan of setting up a better defense system is a long run which is certain to last for continuous time.Bloc PositionsThe member states, facing the identical challenge, have no specific obligation to follow when divided into blocs.Nations are suggested approximately to stand in groups in the distinction between economic levels. The developed countries, possessing advanced technology and successful experience can provide their own advantages to the developing nations. On the other hand,the countries who are backward in economics are willing to strive for better hygiene conditions.The particular countries who are struggling against the breaking out of pandemics have their right to raise special views in the debate.The copyright of this Background Guide is reserved by the Secretariat of the NEYCMUN-WEMUN Northeast Regional Model United Nations Conference and the author.。

模拟联合国背景文件

模拟联合国背景文件

长沙大学Changsha University第三届模拟联合国The 3rd Model United Nation英文组English Group背景文件Background GuideStatement of the ProblemThe world is in an unusually prolonged and widespread global expansion—the strongest in more than three decades. Economic integration and technological change have played a crucial part in driving this expansion and sustaining it in the face of recent shocks and some daunting longer-term economic policy challenges.Yet there remains substantial ambivalence about the benefits of globalization. To many, the costs seem more compelling than the benefits. The sources of this ambivalence are varied. Some are familiar and some new.Concerns about the distributional impact of trade have been given new force by the de cline in labor’s share of national income; the long-term trend of rising income inequality; the increase in the share of goods and services that are tradable, and therefore of the broader scope of the population affected by the pressure of competition; and the perceived acceleration in the pace of economic change.The greater mobility of financial flows has increased the sense among policymakers in many countries that their jobs have become harder, that they are less the masters of their own fate than in the past, and that they have a diminished ability to shield their companies and citizens from volatility.But do these changes in economic circumstances and in perceptions fundamentally change what we know about the broad economic merits of global integration? I do not believe the basic economics of that judgment have changed.Few would argue that economic integration by itself is sufficient to achieve broad-based gains in income growth both within and across countries. The relative prosperity of nations reflects different choices made by governments about a range of policies and institutions beyond the realm of trade and financial restrictions. But integration is an essential ingredient for achieving sustained growth. Reasonable people can disagree on the magnitude of gains that can be attributed to trade rather than other economic policies. But the evidence in support of the broad consensus that openness and integration contribute significantly to better growth outcomes remains compelling.Just as compelling is the evidence against the proposition that protection in the form of restrictions on trade increases growth or reduces inequality. The world has a lot of experience with different policies designed to slow the pace of integration or to insulate parts of the economy from its effects, and these policies have generally been associated with worse economic outcomes. The poor do not benefit from protectionism.Although the balance of economic evidence has not fundamentally changed, the politics around globalization and integration have become more challenging.The fact that the United States is now in the fifth consecutive year of expansion and that unemployment is now at 4.4 percent doesn’t seem to have made trade any more popular. A recent Pew poll suggested that that nearlytwo-thirds of Americans feel less secure about their jobs than in earlier generations. And many attribute this increase in anxiety to trade.This phenomenon of persistent and perhaps rising ambivalence about integration in the face of solid growth in average incomes is not unique to the United States. Here, as in many countries, the political consensus in favor of economic openness seems more fragile than it once was.The debate about how to respond to this challenge tends to see the economic and political imperatives as in conflict. The most appealing political response—usually some form of selective restriction on trade or investment—is generally the option with the worst economic return. The typical political impulse is to try to address directly the source of the competitive pressure and to relieve it, but these measures cannot offer lasting relief. The economic price of protection, in terms of distorted incentives, reduced flexibility and broader costs on the economy as a whole, seem both more substantial and more enduring than any temporary political benefit.The policy strategies that offer a better longer-term return do not try directly to relieve the pressures that come from economic and financial integration. Instead, they focus on the broader complement of policies and institutions that improve the capacity of economies to adapt to change and to absorb shocks. Those countries that have experienced the greatest gains as the world has become more integrated have been those with the type of policy and institutional infrastructure that facilitates economic flexibility and resilience in the face of change. The policies that offer the most promise in terms of broad-based income gains are not those that try to provide insulation from volatility, but those that make it easier to live with volatility.In the realm of macroeconomic policy, this means further progress toward monetary policy credibility and fiscal sustainability, so that central banks and governments have the capacity to react to adverse shocks and mitigate the damage they can cause.Even with the remarkable improvements in the conduct of monetary policy around the world over the past two decades, central banks in many countries do not have institutional independence, in law or in practice. And many still operate under policy regimes directed at limiting exchange rate changes—objectives that will necessarily conflict with their ability to achieve price stability, as their capital accounts become progressively more open. Economies with flexible exchange rate regimes generally fare better in the face of adverse external shocks. And in countries where central bank credibility is more firmly established, monetary authorities are better able to react to a sharp fall in asset prices or a negative demand shock.In fiscal policy, the same basic point applies. Where fiscal sustainability is more firmly established, governments have more scope to respond to adverse demand shocks by reducing taxes or increasing expenditures. Where deficits and debt to GDP ratios are high and rising, governments have less scope for countercyclical fiscal policy. In these cases fiscal stimulus is more likely to bemet by a rise in risk premier, reducing, if not fully offsetting, the desired benefits to growth. Even in those emerging markets that have seen the most impressive progress toward fiscal sustainability, few have reached the point where they have built much of a cushion against future shocks. And in the United States and many other economies, the demographic changes now working their way through the economy entail very large future deficits and consequently very limited fiscal room for maneuver.The right macroeconomic policy framework is crucial. But we have come to recognize that other issues, traditionally the province of microeconomics, have a vital role in contributing to effective macroeconomic policy. A critical factor distinguishing long-term economic performance among countries with relatively good monetary and fiscal policies is the degree of overall flexibility they exhibit in labor, product and financial markets. This is not simply about the presence or absence of regulation. It is a function of the incentives regulation creates and the extent to which it gets in the way of competition, impedes the allocation of labor and capital to industries with a higher return, favors established firms, and creates barriers to new entrants.As the substantial body of research on structural reforms by the OECD has demonstrated, where regulation is more compatible with flexibility, productive growth has generally been higher, as technological advances have been diffused and adopted more rapidly. The IMF’s latest World Economic Outlook reports that, among the major economies, those with more flexible labor markets have seen smaller declines in labor’s share of income.Open economies, of course, need strong and resilient financial systems. As financial systems develop and capital markets become more open and integrated, savings should be allocated more efficiently and risks distributed more broadly, both within and across countries. This process, however, is messy and very challenging to manage well. The history of economic crises over the last two decades is a history not just of fiscal profligacy and monetary policy mistakes, but of financial system weakness—often the result of rapid deregulation and capital account liberalization in a context of weak supervision and a broad government guarantee of bank liabilities.The development of deeper and more resilient financial markets is important for economies to be able to cope better with exchange rate flexibility and capital mobility. And financial strength is an important part of the arsenal of macro policy tools, for monetary policy is less effective in cushioning the effects of asset price and demand shocks in circumstances where the banking sector is impaired.A final and critical dimension of the policy framework that is important to the successful management of economic integration is the design of the public or social infrastructure. Raising the quality of educational outcomes is vital, as is the design of the network of insurance mechanisms, from unemployment insurance and training support, to health care and pension schemes. As progressively larger shares of the population become more exposed to thepressures of competition, as economies become more flexible, governments have to do a better job of designing programs of assistance that can ease the costs of adjustment.These policies and institutional reforms are fundamentally the responsibility of national governments. International institutions can help, with technical assistance and financial support, but these challenges are essentially national challenges. The reforms of the international institutions now underway to make them more representative of the changing balance of economic activity in the world are laudable. And we share a common interest in a broad range of informal mechanisms for cooperation on policies in the financial arena. But ultimately it is the quality of the choices national governments make that will determine how their economies fare in a more open global economy.Global integration is not the primary source of the world’s economic problems, nor can it be the primary solution to them. But economic integration can contribute significantly to sustained growth, rising incomes and declining poverty rates. The most effective policy response to the concerns of those who fear the consequences of further integration is to direct more political capital to the challenge of developing the economic and institutional infrastructure that will enable governments and their citizens to adapt more readily to change. History of the ProblemA Short History of the Integrated FrameworkThe first WTO Ministerial Conference, held in 1996, recognized that the Least-Developed Countries (LDCs) faced difficulties integrating into the global economy. This led to the adoption of the WTO Plan of Action forLeast-Developed Countries. The following year, the WTO convened a High Level Meeting to discuss the specific needs of the LDCs and to formulate a programme to strengthen their trade capacities, including supply-side and market access capacities. The outcome of this meeting was what became known as the Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least-Developed Countries or the "IF" in short.The main objective of the IF was to improve the capacity of the LDCs to formulate, negotiate and implement trade policy so as to be able to fully integrate into the multilateral trading system and to take up the market opportunities this presents. Support was offered to the IF by six major multilateral agencies, namely the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the World Bank (WB) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).The achievements of the IF during the early years were modest, with only a handful of LDCs accessing benefits from the initiative. When the six agencies met in 2000 to review progress they adopted a number of recommendations and implemented institutional changes to improve the IF's effectiveness. Two main objectives were formulated for the revamped IF; firstly, to mainstream trade into the LDCs' Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) or similarnational development plans; and secondly, to assist in the coordinated delivery of trade-related technical assistance.A new tripartite governance and management structure was established to enable the IF to be more country-driven and better coordinated.Current SituationIn LDCsThe National EIF Focal Point (FP) leads the EIF process in the LDC –usually a senior government official appointed by the LDC and supported by a National Implementation Unit (NIU).The EIF Donor Facilitator (DF) works with the FP to facilitate donor coordination and the donor/government dialogue on trade issues and Aid for Trade. The DF is a representative from the donor community active in supporting an LDC’s trade agenda and is identified by the government and other donors.The EIF National Steering Committee (NSC) is the senior level forum for decision-making and coordination among government partners on trade, the private sector, civil society and the donor community.GloballyThe EIF Steering Committee reviews the overall effectiveness of the EIF and ensures transparency of the EIF process. The Steering Committee is made up of all LDCs, all donors to the Trust Fund, the six EIF core partner agencies, the ES and TFM ex officio, and others granted observer status by the EIF Board. The EIF Board is the key decision-making body for the EIF programme looking at policy, financial and operational issues. The Board is made up of three capital-based LDC and donor representatives each, members from the core and observer agencies, as well as the ES and TFM ex officio.The EIF Executive Secretariat, housed in the WTO, works in support of the EIF together with the EIF Trust Fund Manager, represented through the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) as selected by the EIF Board.Relevant WTO ActionsThe Work of the Task ForceGiven the growing interest in trade and development, and the weaknesses noted above, the Development Committee of the World Bank and IMF at their meeting in September 2005 concluded3 that the IF should be enhanced and provided with additional resources. The World Bank staff estimated that an amount of between US$200 million and $400 million would be needed for an enhanced IF, based on the needs identified in the current 40 recipient countries and assuming that the IF would be expanded to include the "IDA-only" countries. Subsequent to this, the IFSC established a Task Force to develop proposals fo r such an enhancement, including expanding the IF’s resources and scope, and making it more effective. The Terms of Reference of the Task Force are provided in Appendix I.The Task Force included representatives of LDCs and donors (see Appendix IIfor list of members) and, after an initial meeting chaired by the Ambassador of Zambia, the Ambassador of Canada was invited to assume the Chair. The Task Force conducted its work in two phases, before and after the Hong Kong WTO Ministerial. In its initial phase the Task Force developed consensus recommendations on its terms of reference and key elements. These were approved by Ministers at Hong Kong.Subsequently, the Task Force met twelve times between January and May, 2006, including a session to hear the views of the IF agencies (WTO, World Bank, UNDP, IMF, UNCTAD, ITC). To guide its substantive discussions, individual discussion papers were prepared by members on scope, funding,in-country performance, and on management, governance and administration. The Task Force conducted a two-day workshop, 1 to 2 April, at Coppet, Switzerland, to develop initial recommendations. In its final meetings the Task Force refined these recommendations, a task considerably aided by contributions made by the IF agencies.Throughout its work the Task Force benefited from the strong engagement of its members, ensuring that there was always a lively and informed discussion. Task Force members took their responsibilities extremely seriously. It was particularly gratifying to note that there was often representation from capitals (from both the LDCs and donors) as well from the Geneva missions, illustrating the importance attached to the work of the Task Force by its members. The Task Force benefited from a strong blend of development and trade expertise among its membership.The point of departure for the substantive discussions of the Task Force was the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration4, which reaffirmed the commitment "to effectively and meaningfully integrate LDCs into the multilateral trading system," noted that the Ministers attached "high priority to the effective implementation of the Integrated Framework" and recognized the "urgent need to make the IF more effective and timely" (paragraph 48). Ministers required the Task Force to report back to the IF Steering Committee by 30 April 2006 so that an enhanced IF could be launched by 31 December 2006.It was agreed that the enhanced IF should comprise three specific elements:(i) Increased, additional, predictable financial resources to implement Action Matrices;(ii) Strengthened in-country capacities to manage, implement and monitor the IF process; and(iii) Enhanced IF governance.The Task Force recognized the importance of trade liberalization and the fact that such liberalization should lead to improved economic conditions in the LDCs and assist in meeting the Millennium Development Goal of reducing poverty by half. However there was also a recognition that trade liberalization in itself would not bring about such improvements unless it was handled in a sustainable manner and integrated into a country's overall developmentstrategy.The Paris Declaration on aid effectiveness was seen as very important in this process, and our recommendations draw on these principles.The Paris Declaration makes specific commitments in the following areas:1. Strengthening partner countries’ national development strategies and associated operational frameworks (e.g., planning, budget, and performance assessment frameworks).2. Increasing a lignment of aid with partner countries’ priorities, systems and procedures and helping to strengthen their capacities.3. Enhancing donors’ and partner countries’ respective accountability to their citizens and parliaments for their development policies, strategies and performance.4. Eliminating duplication of efforts and rationalizing donor activities to make them as cost-effective as possible.5. Reforming and simplifying donor policies and procedures to encourage collaborative behavior and progressive alignment with partner countries’ priorities, systems and procedures.6. Defining measures and standards of performance and accountability of partner country systems in public financial management, procurement, fiduciary safeguards and environmental assessments, in line with broadly accepted good practices and their quick and widespread application.NICA National Integration Council (NIC) to promote and foster social integration among Singaporeans and with new Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents has been formed.It will be chaired by Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports, and will be composed of leaders from the community, private sector and government.Plans for the formation of the NIC were first announced during the Committee for Supply debate in February, and was announced by the Minister at a Ministerial Community Walkabout.The NIC will encourage collaborative social integration efforts among the people, the public and the private sectors. The NIC will drive new integration initiatives in schools, workplaces, the community, and through the media. Enhanced Integrated FrameworkThe Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) is a multi-donor programme, which helps least-developed countries (LDCs) play a more active role in the global trading system. The program has a wider goal of promoting economic growth and sustainable development and helping to lift more people out of poverty.The program is currently helping 47 LDCs worldwide, supported by a multi-donor trust fund with a funding target of US$ 250 million.The EIF Trust FundThe EIF programme is supported by a Multi-Donor Trust Fund. As ofJanuary 2011, there were contributions from 22 donors. Total funding available stood at approximately US$ 120 million, with total pledges of US$ 182 million to be disbursed over a five year period. In 2007 at the High-Level Conference in Stockholm pledges were made of up to US$ 170 million, against a target of US$ 250 million.Proposed SolutionsOnce the IFSC has approved the Task Force's recommendations more work will need to be done to flesh out the details and undertake some specific actions so that implementation of the enhanced IF can proceed in January 2007. This work will need to focus on:• Institutional issue s, including staffing of the Executive Secretariat,• defining the in-country approach and programming issues, and• launching the replenishment process.The specific institutional issues include:• transmitting details of the enhanced IF to all stakeh olders,• drafting new terms of reference for the IFSC and the Board,• transforming the IFWG into the Board,• clarifying the status of the Executive Secretariat and its relationshipwith the WTO,• drafting a service agreement with the WTO,• specif ying the type of staff for the Executive Secretariat, includingdrafting job descriptions,• initiating the recruitment process for the CEO and other staff, and• investigating the most cost-effective method for managing the trust fund.The in-country issues that have to be fleshed out include the following:• detailing likely in-country measures needed to support the Focal Pointthrough the national implementation unit,• discussing the role of donors in-country including that of the donor coordinator,• clarifying the roles of the different agencies and other stakeholders, and • working out details for in-country programming whereby the differentagencies would have a clearer picture of their possible specificresponsibilities and how the process would work, including pre-DTIS work, preparation of the DTIS, mainstreaming work, preparation for andimplementation of activities funded through Tier 2.The work regarding the replenishment process includes:• Further clarifying the cost estimates, and• Fixing a date for and organizing a pledging conference.。

模拟联合国大会策划书

模拟联合国大会策划书

西安电子科技大学社团联合会“社团文化巡礼月”活动之西安电子科技大学第二届模拟联合国校大会策划书主办单位:西安电子科技大学社团联合会承办单位:西安电子科技大学创新DTO协会目录一.活动背景、意义和目标二.所需会议资源三.会议筹备四.模拟联合国流程策划五.评奖制度六、活动后期宣传七、活动预算八.大会信息附录一、活动背景、意义和目标1.什么是模拟联合国模拟联合国(Model United Nations)是世界各国官方和民间团体特意为青年人组织的活动。

它模仿联合国及相关的国际机构,依据其运作方式和议事原则,围绕国际上的热点问题召开的会议。

青年学生们扮演各个国家的外交官,以联合国会议的形式,通过阐述观点、政策辩论、投票表决、做出决议等亲身经历,熟悉联合国的运作方式,了解人类所面临的共同问题,思考自身可以发挥的作用。

2.模拟联合国在西电这已经是模拟联合国大会第二次在西电举办了,鉴于第一次校内大会的丰硕成果与满足西电学子对国际形式探究的需要,西电第二届模联大会将会为2011年第三届大会做积极准备,届时将邀请陕西乃至西北地区的高校代表前来参加,同时为xx年校庆增色。

3.活动意义和目标追求卓越(Excellence in execution)激发热情(Generating young passion)社会责任(Social responsibility)想象创新(Imagination for innovation)勇于尝试(Willing to try)参与模拟联合国活动,最初的目的就是让参与者拥有一种对错综复杂的国际关系的基本认识,伴随着这种认识,参与者将展现出更高水平的外交谈判能力。

我们认为,这也就是参与模拟联合国活动的意义和最终目的。

对于大学生来说,通过会议,能够对自己的专业学习产生更加深刻的认识,对于中学生来说,则是一扇打开世界的窗户。

此外,对更高学府的追求,也是大学生和中学生积极参与模联的原因之一。

模联美国立场文件

模联美国立场文件

美国立场文件国家:美利坚合众国(United States of America)议题:战后地区经济的复兴学校:合肥北城中学代表:徐安安委员会:联合国开发计划署从2003年3月20日爆发的伊拉克战争历时七年已经在2010年8月彻底停火。

此次伊拉克战争,使得极度衰弱的伊拉克经济再次受到重创,基础设施受到严重破坏,社会陷入剧烈动荡,国民经济濒临崩溃。

如何使伊拉克经济迅速恢复正常运转,并重新走上稳定发展之路成为战后重建的另一大挑战。

作为主要参展国之一,我方必会对战后伊拉克经济的复兴承担一定的责任,我方愿意为伊拉克经济复兴提供帮助。

我方对伊拉克的经济改造将面临双重任务,除了帮助伊拉克人走出战争废墟,再有就是创造一个健全的市场经济体制。

一方面,我方认为巨额外债也是阻碍伊拉克经济迅速发展的一大障碍。

根据总部设在华盛顿的战略和国际研究中心的研究报告,伊拉克目前的债务总额高达3830亿美元,其中包括1990亿美元的战争赔款、1270亿美元的外债和570亿美元的合同欠款。

为此,我国政府近来一直在四方游说,希望国际社会为伊拉克战后重建大局考虑,免除伊拉克拖欠的外债。

事实上,伊拉克拖欠我方的债务仅为43亿美元,而拖欠俄罗斯的外债总额却达到120亿美元,对俄罗斯政府来说,这的确不是一个小的数目,所以我方希望俄罗斯能够一定程度上能够支持伊拉克的经济复兴。

在债务负担如此沉重的同时,伊拉克战后重建所需的大笔资金至今仍然有很大的缺口。

专家估计,伊拉克战后重建需要1000亿美元的启动资金,另外在较长的时间内每年还需要200亿美元用于重建,而人道主义援助可能还要花费巨额资金。

我方的想法是一方面获得欧盟、日本等盟友以及世界银行和国际货币基金组织的援助,另一方面实施“取之于伊,用之于伊”的策略,通过伊拉克的石油出口来承担这些费用。

另外,伊拉克的安全形势也令人担忧。

无情的战火使伊拉克社会陷入剧烈动荡,一时间盗贼横行,劫掠成风,整个国家已经全无秩序可言。

模联发言稿格式及范文

模联发言稿格式及范文

尊敬的主席,各位代表,大家好!今天,我站在这里,有幸代表我国参与此次模拟联合国会议。

在此,我将结合我国国情和国际形势,就本次会议的议题发表几点看法。

一、模联发言稿格式模联发言稿格式一般包括以下几个部分:1. 开场白:向主席和各位代表表示问候,简要介绍自己的身份和发言目的。

2. 背景介绍:阐述本次会议议题的背景,包括历史、现状和存在的问题。

3. 我国立场:阐述我国在本次会议议题上的立场和主张。

4. 国际合作:提出我国在解决本次会议议题上的国际合作建议。

5. 总结:对本次发言进行总结,强调我国在解决本次议题上的决心和信心。

6. 结束语:向主席和各位代表表示感谢,表达对我国在国际事务中发挥作用的期待。

二、模联发言稿范文尊敬的主席,各位代表:大家好!我是来自中国的代表,非常荣幸能在此就本次会议议题发表我国立场。

一、背景介绍近年来,全球气候变化问题日益严重,给人类生存和发展带来了严重威胁。

各国应共同努力,加强国际合作,共同应对气候变化。

二、我国立场1. 我国政府高度重视气候变化问题,积极参与国际气候变化谈判,坚定支持《巴黎协定》。

2. 我国致力于实现绿色发展,推动能源结构优化,加大低碳技术研发和推广。

3. 我国将加强国内政策制定,确保实现《巴黎协定》中的承诺。

三、国际合作1. 建立全球气候治理体系,加强各国在气候变化领域的政策协调。

2. 加大资金支持,帮助发展中国家应对气候变化。

3. 推动全球气候治理体系改革,提高发展中国家在气候治理中的话语权。

四、总结气候变化是全球性问题,需要各国共同努力。

我国将坚定不移地履行国际义务,为全球气候治理作出贡献。

我们相信,在各国共同努力下,一定能够战胜气候变化这一挑战。

最后,感谢主席和各位代表给予我国发言的机会。

我国期待与国际社会携手合作,共同应对气候变化,共创美好未来!谢谢大家!。

模联全球网络监管立场文件(法国)

模联全球网络监管立场文件(法国)

立场文件代表:***学校:*******国家:法兰西共和国委员会:全球网络安全峰会议题:全球网络监管随着网络技术的飞速发展,互联网已经成为现代社会不可分割的重要部分,它给各国带来利处的同时也使他们受到了侵害。

法国的互联网近十年来发展迅速,目前全国约6500万人口中,已有近半人数成为互联网网民,互联网无时无刻不在影响着法国的社会政治以及文化生活。

也正是由于网络社会的太过“繁华”,愈来愈多的问题相继涌现:网络犯罪、网络恐怖主义、网络间谍、网络战争、青少年网络健康等等。

因此,法国主张强化国内的立法、执法并积极寻求国际合作,通过各国的合作力量来打击网络犯罪,形成一套完整可行的“全球网络监管”平台。

国际社会已然对网络安全监管产生了极大关注,在过去的数年里频频发出动作着力解决。

以全球网络安全峰会为代表的各种专题会议、专家组会议多次召开,也产生出一些准确的意见与有效的措施。

2001年10月由欧、美、日等国家通过的《网络犯罪公约》中制定了签署国需要以刑法处罚的九类网络犯罪行为①;2010年中、俄在联合国大会中力促的《信息安全国际行为准则》中,明确表示各国要“合作打击利用信息通信技术包括网络从事犯罪和恐怖活动”,并且“推动建立多边、透明和民主的互联网国际管理机制”②;同年在联合国大会《从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展秘书长报告》中,可以看出“各国一直严重关切采取措施保护网络安全的问题,必须制定统一的国际指导准则,以实现合作、效率和经济目标。

”③法国已经看到国际社会的努力,但也感觉到现有措施的执行不彻底、成效不明显等缺憾,希望探索到一条全球网络监管的完善之路。

法国在原先认为依靠市场的力量和公民的自律就足以建立互联网秩序和行为标准,但经过切身的教训,现在法国坚定地主张政府对网络应加强干预和监管。

在以往的措施中,法国互联网的一个特点是政府十分重视发挥版权保护组织的作用,成立了网络著作传播与保护高级公署,专门负责监督管理网络盗版的情况,其重点是预防、而非惩治。

模联会议背景文件资料

模联会议背景文件资料

2014年四川师范大学模拟联合国大会环境规划署背景文件议题:气候变化——人类面临的新挑战主席团欢迎信:大家好!欢迎大家来到2014年四川师范大学模拟联合国大会,参与模拟联合国中文组环境规划署会议议程的讨论。

作为新世纪的有志青年,我们以模拟联合国大会的形式来支持联合国的纲领和行动,表现出我们这一代青年参与国际合作、企盼世界和平的理想信念。

在此,我盼望各位代表能够在团结和睦、和平友好的基本精神指引下,共同举办一次高水平、有深度的模联大会。

联合国环境规划署,作为联合国统筹全世界环保工作的组织,在国际社会和各国政府对全球环境状况及世界可持续发展前景愈加深切关注的二十一世纪,受到了越来越广泛的重视,并且正在发挥着不可替代的作用。

其宗旨是促进环境领域内的国际合作,并提出政策建议;在联合国系统内提供指导和协调环境规划总政策,并审查规划的定期报告;审查世界环境状况,以确保可能出现的具有广泛国际影响的环境问题得到各国政府的适当考虑;经常审查国家和国际环境政策和措施对发展中国家带来的影响和费用增加的问题;促进环境知识的取得和情报的交流。

在社会经济快速发展的二十一世纪,气候恶化、生态失衡、地质变异和环境污染等环境问题日渐突出。

如何优化人类生存环境,处理好经济发展与环境之间的关系成为了一项关系到世界各国可持续发展的重大难题。

委员会的议题设置便是基于这一问题的严峻性和紧迫性展开。

因此,我们诚挚地希望大家能够针对如何应对环境恶化问题提出有效、广泛并切实可行的意见和建议。

委员会衷心希望看到各位代表的协作磋商,期待着大家的决议能够真正体现出联合国环境规划署的宗旨,担负起协调发展好全球环境的历史使命。

最后,主席团祝愿各位代表能够在会场上彰显外交官风采,展示出众的个人能力,积极推动会议进程,在本次2014年四川师范大学模拟联合国大会环境规划署委员会两天的会议中有所收获,留下难忘的模联记忆。

2014年四川师范大学模拟联合国大会环境规划署主席团2014年3月11日委员会介绍 :联合国环境规划署(United Nations Environmental Programme Governing Council),简称环规署,UNEP),总部设在肯尼亚首都内罗毕,是全球仅有的两个将总部设在发展中国家的联合国机构之一。

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2011年鲁东半岛高中联盟暑期活动·模联峰会背景文件委员会:安全理事会会制:双代表议题:选举安全目录一、委员会介绍——————————————————-3二、议题介绍——————————————————— 91、问题阐述————————————————————————————92、历史背景————————————————————————————123、问题现状————————————————————————————144、安理会角色———————————————————————————155、联合国相关行动—————————————————————————166、解决方案————————————————————————————177、亟须解决的问题—————————————————————————188、集团立场————————————————————————————18三、对各位代表的建议————————————————20一、委员会介绍1、概况中文:联合国安全理事会英文:United Nations Security Council (UNSC)2、性质联合国安全理事会(简称安理会)是联合国的6大主要机构之一。

根据联合国宪章的宗旨及原则,安理会负有维持国际和平与安全的责任,是唯一有权采取行动的联合国机构3、职权安理会有权调查任何引起国际争端或摩擦的任何情况,并可提出解决这些争端的方式或办法。

会员国或接受联合国宪章的非会员国、联合国大会或秘书长,均可就国际和平与安全问题提请安理会注意。

安理会有权断定任何威胁和平、破坏和平或侵略等行为的存在,并可提出采取强制措施以维持或恢复国际和平与安全的建议或作出这方面的决定,如认为这些措施还不能解决问题,它可以通过采取关于军事行动的决议去解决这些问题。

安理会还有向联合国大会提出年度报告、特别报告、对战略性地区行使托管等职能。

在其他方面,安理会与大会分别选举国际法院法官,建议或决定应采取的措施以执行国际法院的判决,向大会推荐新会员国和联合国秘书长,向大会建议停止会员国的权利或开除会员国,参加宪章规定的修正程序。

4、组成安理会由5个常任理事国和10个非常任理事国组成。

5个常任理事国是中国、法国、俄罗斯(1991年12月苏联解体后席位由俄罗斯联邦接替)、英国、美国。

非常任理事国由联合国大会选举产生,最初为6个。

1965年,通过修改宪章,非常任理事国数量从6个增加到10个。

席位按地区分配,即亚洲2个、非洲3个、拉美2个、东欧1个、西欧及其他国家2个。

非常任理事国任期2年,经选举每年更换5个,不可即行连任。

根据地域分配原则,每次新选出的5个成员国中应包括来自亚洲和非洲的3个国家、一个东欧国家和一个拉美或加勒比地区国家。

现任非常任理事国:印度、哥伦比亚、南非、德国、葡萄牙、波黑、巴西、加蓬、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚。

5、议事每个理事国都有1个投票权,程序问题要至少9票才能通过。

常任理事国对实质问题都拥有否决权,只要有1票反对就不能通过。

这就是“大国一致”规则,通常称为“否决”权。

非常任理事国无否决权。

实际上,在程序问题上,安理会常任理事国也拥有否决权。

因为安理会会员国就该问题是“程序问题”还是“实质问题”产生分歧时候,就可以把该问题认定为“实质问题”,有人称其为“双重否决权”。

根据宪章,联合国所有会员国同意接受并执行安理会的决定。

联合国其他机构只是向各国政府提出建议,唯有安理会有权作出根据《宪章》规定各会员国必须执行的决定。

经安理会通过的决议,对会员国具有约束力。

安理会是联合国中唯一有权对国际和平与安全采取行动的机构。

它有权对国际争端进行调查和调停,可以采取武器禁运、经济制裁等强制性措施,还可以派遣联合国维和部队,以协助缓和某一地区的紧张局势。

联合国安理会作为国际集体安全机制的核心,已经成为公认的多边安全体系最具权威性和合法性的机构。

安理会主席由常任理事国和非常任理事国按国名的英文字母顺序按月轮流担任。

每一主席任期一个月。

联合国大会、秘书长以及任何会员国都可以提请安理会注意可能危及国际和平与安全的争端和局势。

联大决定停止某会员国权利或开除某会员国均须由安理会事先提出建议。

安理会每年举行两次定期会议,在安理会主席认为必要,或经大会、秘书长或任何理事国的建议或请求,可随时召集会议。

联合国大会根据安理会的推荐任命联合国秘书长。

安理会会议一般在联合国总部举行。

安理会设有军事参谋团、接纳新会员委员会以及其它特设机构。

安理会表决实行每一理事国一票。

对于程序事项决议的表决采取9个同意票即可通过。

对于非程序事项或称实质性事项的决议表决,要求包括全体常任理事国在内的9个同意票,又称大国一致原则,即任何一个常任理事国都享有否决权。

在安理会的表决程序中,常任理事国的否决权(即“大国一致”原则)占有极其重要的地位。

“否决权”实质上是一种少数抵制或阻止多数的权利。

因此,安理会的表决程序是一种“受限制的多数表决权”。

在这种制度下,只要一个常任理事国对某一决定投反对票,即使安理会其他所有14个理事国都投赞成票,该项决议也不能通过。

但是,另一方面,某项得到5个常任理事国一致同意的决定,如果有7个非常任理事国反对或弃权,因而不能获得9票的多数时,该项决定同样也不能通过。

这种情况,可称之为非常任理事国的“集体否决权”。

常任理事国的弃权或者缺席不被视为否决,不影响决议的通过。

《联合国宪章》有关安理会的章节中并无明确规定“否决权”,但规定“凡非程序性决议案,必须得到安理会15个理事国中至少9票以上赞成,并且5个常任理事国中没有一国投反对票才能通过”,即常任理事国投反对票通常被称为“行使否决权”。

联合国历史上首度行使否决权是1946年2月16日苏联在叙利亚、黎巴嫩问题的一次表决中投下反对票。

冷战期间,美苏等国为了各自的战略利益,频繁使用否决权否决对方集团提出的议案。

6、维和行动概述联合国维持和平行动 (U.N. Peace-keeping Activities) 是指在联合国安理会授权下使用非武力方式帮助冲突各方维持和平、恢复和平并最终实现和平的一种行动。

维和行动主要有两种形式:军事观察团和维持和平部队。

联合国目前共有18项维和行动(2006年7月),参加者包括来自108个国家的7.2万名军人、警察及1.5万名文职人员。

2004年联合国的维和行动预算为40多亿美元。

在15项维和行动中,执行时间最长的是1948年成立的中东停战监督组织,这也是联合国第一项维和行动。

时间最短的是2000年7月设立的联合国埃塞俄比亚-厄立特里亚特派团。

在15项维和行动中,有4项在非洲(刚果民主共和国特派团、埃-厄特派团、塞拉里昂特派团、西撒哈拉特派团),2项在亚洲(东帝汶过渡行政当局、印度-巴基斯坦观察组),5项在欧洲(波黑特派团、驻塞浦路斯部队、格鲁吉亚观察团、科索沃特派团、普雷维拉卡观察团),4项在中东(驻叙利亚戈兰高地观察员部队、伊拉克-科威特观察团、驻黎巴嫩部队、中东停战监督组织)。

维和是联合国的重要职能之一。

联合国维和行动是联合国根据安理会或联大通过的决议,向冲突地区派遣军事人员以恢复或维护和平的一种行动。

它的目的是防止局部地区冲突的扩大或再起,从而为实现政治解决创造条件。

维和行动的任务包括监督停火、停战、撤军;使冲突双方脱离接触;观察、报告局势;帮助执行和平协议;防止非法越界或渗透以及维持冲突地区的治安等。

近年来,随着国际形势的变化,联合国维和行动的任务范围也有所扩大,涉及监督选举、全民公决、保护和分发人道主义援助,以及帮助扫雷和难民重返家园等许多非传统性的工作。

参与维和队伍的人员除了军事人员以外,还有民事警察和文职人员。

维和行动的建立一般由安理会决定,在历史上联合国大会偶尔也做出过决定。

它的具体实施由联合国秘书长商安理会决定。

维和行动主要有两种形式:军事观察团和维持和平部队。

前者一般由非武装的军人组成,后者由武装的军事分遣队组成。

因为维和行动属非强制性行动,所以军事观察员不得携带武器;维和部队虽配有武器,但不得擅自使用武力,除非迫不得已进行自卫。

联合国维和行动属于临时性措施,一般均有一定的期限,可由安理会视具体情况,根据联合国秘书长的建议决定延期。

维和行动的最基本要求是绝对不能干涉一国的内政。

根据《联合国宪章》,联合国可以通过下列两种方式制止国际冲突:一是纯外交方式,即通过斡旋、调解来解决争端;二是强制方式,通过封锁、禁运、经济制裁乃至派联合国军等强制措施阻止冲突。

维和行动就是在联合国调解和解决地区冲突的实践中出现的,介于外交方式和强制方式之间的所谓“第三种方式”二、议题:选举安全1、问题阐述二十世纪下半叶,联合国通过帮助新成立的国家建立选举制度的方式帮助他们实现自治,为自治搭建了平台。

民族自决原则作为“国家间有好关系”的基础被载入联合国宪章并为联合国所提倡。

正因这一原则,联合国支持在新独立国家实行民主制度。

在一些国家,这种方法取得了成功,他们成为了正式的民主统治国家。

然而,在其他一些国家则产生了暴力、腐败及权力滥用的现象。

世界中仍有许多国家政府没有实行民主制度。

根据《经济学家》杂志的排名显示,只有13%的世界人口生活于“完全民主”的状态之下。

联合国宪章中没有明确规定须实行民主制或必须实行选举制度。

当前亟待解决的问题就是在曾经(理论上)建立过民主制度和实行过公平选举的国家恢复此制度。

制定政治体制并非联合国的责任,然而,安理会觉得有义务帮助纠正已经歪曲的和平政治进程。

“安全”一词指的是几个不同的问题。

最明显的是指阻碍成功举办选举的暴力活动。

从历史上看,这一问题以几个方式体现。

在选举前,通过威胁和恐吓选举者为某一种方式投票的方法可以很大程度上影响投票的结果,或者干脆让他们弃权。

选举中的暴力行为,无论是否影响到选举的结果,都可能会干扰选举进程,如使投票者接触不到民意调查,阻止投票结果的安全收集与发布等。

最后,当一群有组织的人抗议选举结果的时候,暴力行为也可能发生于选举结束之后。

极少情况下这仅仅是由于失望造成的,通常是由那些感到被剥夺公民权力的多数人发起的,他们认为选举结果不公正或因权力而使之歪曲。

其他安全问题也会影响选举进程。

其他的政治策略非常微妙但是还是会阻碍民主的进程。

两个基本的例子是无理由逮捕和自由限制,尤其是出版自由。

在选举前的一段时间,执政党可能会逮捕反对党的领导人(包括候选人),即会从心理上瓦解反对党的组织及成员,也会阻止反对党参加竞选。

同样地,反对执政党的出版社也会遭封闭,有时通过看似合法的方式,有时通过残忍的恐吓手段。

最后,如果选举真的进行了,会用贿赂选举委员会的方法阻碍宣布准确、真实的选举结果。

即使一次选举顺利举行并且所有市民都被允许参与投票,他们的选举结果也会最终因巨大的利益冲突而被忽视。

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