Part 3 The Bourgeios Revolution ( 17th Century )
英语国家概况
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1: geography, people and language 1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts① The British Isles ② Great Britain ③ England (geographical names)④ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (official name)⑤ Britain ⑥ the United Kingdom ⑦ the U.K 2. National Flagthe Union Jack3. The British Isles are made up oftwo large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. (geography)4. The image of John Bull.5. British National Emblem6. Climate: maritime climateTemperate ( with warm summer ,cool winter) plentiful precipitation (降雨量) Three principal features: frequent fog the large number of rainy days Instability or changeability7. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. (三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士) Region Capital National emblem People language Famous personsEngland（Southern ） London rose English 50M 83%English (Official)Scotland （north ）Edinburgh （爱丁堡）Thistle （蓟花）Scottish/Scots 5M <9.6% Gaelic (盖尔语)Robert Burns (罗伯特·彭斯)——Auld Lang Syne (友谊地久天长) A Red Red Rose(一朵红红的玫瑰 Wales（west ） Cardiff（加的夫）daffodil (黄水仙) Leek（韭葱）Welsh <3M <2%Welsh (1/4 in Wles)Northern Ireland Belfast（贝尔法斯特）Shamrock（三叶草）Northern Irish1.7M 1.8%English William Butler Yeats（威廉·巴特勒·叶芝）——When youare oldJames Joyce(詹姆斯·乔伊斯)——stream-of-consciousness(意识流)George Bernard Shaw（乔治·萧伯纳）Other people:3%(immigrants)补充：（1）Englandis the largest, most populous and most wealthiest part of the country.The River Thames originates in southwestern England. (英国第二长河)(2) Scotlandhas three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
13春华师《英美概况》在线作业策略(随机)
B. the west coast of South America
C. the east coast of North America
D. the east coast of South America
满分：3 分
B. that have a large number of British immigrants
C. that have close relations with Britain
D. that have fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars
A. Lord Protector
B. Lieutenant General
C. Commander of the New Model Army
D. President
满分：3 分
21. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by _______ during the Civil War.
C. the third most populous country in the world
D. the fourth most populous country in the world
满分：3 分
15. Among the most typical English sports, having been in existence since the 16th century, is
B. private sources
C. public funds
英国文学史 十八世纪 古典主义,感伤主义
A. Social background
5. With the advent of the 18th century, there sprang into life a public movement known as the enlightenment.
Abroad
A vast expansion of British colonies in
ended in a compromise between the
aristocracy and bourgeoisie. England became
a constitutional monarchy and power passed
from the King to the Parliament and the
• Puritanism is religious doctrine of the
revolutionary bourgeoisie during the
revolution. The puritans believed in thrift,
hard work and so on, and condemned worldly
A. Social background
3. The press became a mighty power, and any
writer with a talent for argument or satire was almost certain to be hired by party leaders. 4. The social life developed rapidly. in earlier ages: individualism in the 1st half of this century: sociability
英国文学简史Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution第三部分英国资产阶级革命时期I The English Revolution and the Restoration 英国革命和复辟Literature of the Revolution Period 革命时期的文学：The spirit of unity and feeling of patriotism ended with the reign of Elizabeth I, and England was then convulsed with the conflict between the two antagonistic camps, the Royalists and the Puritans. English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time. Milton, one of the greatest poets of England, defended the English Commonwealth with his pen.随着伊丽莎白一世统治的结束，人们统一的精神和爱国主义的感情也随之而去。
英国因为量大对抗阵营——保皇党和清教徒的冲突而骚乱。
英国革命和复辟时期的文学主要与当时的社会巨变有关。
英格兰最伟大的诗人之一弥尔顿用他的笔来捍卫英国共和制。
II Milton 弥尔顿1.Life and Work 生平和作品(1)Life: John Milton was born in London in 1608.约翰·弥尔顿1608年出生于伦敦。
智慧树知到《英国文学漫谈》章节测试答案
鏅烘収鏍戠煡鍒般€婅嫳鍥芥枃瀛︽极璋堛€嬬珷鑺傛祴璇曠瓟妗?绗竴绔?1銆?English literature began with the ( ) settlement in England.A:RomanB:CelticC:EnglishD:Anglo-Saxon绛旀: Anglo-Saxon2銆?Beowulf, written about the life of England in the ( ) society,is said to bethe national epicof the English people.A:primitiveB:feudalC:medievalD:agricultural绛旀: feudal3銆?Beowulfis written in the form of ( ), a popular form of poetry in Anglo-Saxon literature.A:balladB:blank verseC:coupletD:alliterative verse绛旀: alliterative verse绗簩绔?1銆?The medieval period is often called the Dark Age for the dominating power of ( ) over everything in the society.A:the KingB:feudal lordsC:the ChurchD:the knights绛旀: the Church2銆?The central character of a romance is ( ), who follows the code of behavior calledchivalry.A:the knightB:the warriorC:the GladiatorD:a soldier绛旀: the knight3銆?The stories of ( ) are the most well-known ballads, songs of stories told orally in 4-line stanzas.A:the green knightsB:King ArthurC:Robin HoodD:the Vikings绛旀: Robin Hood4銆? Piers the Plowmanwritten by William Langland in the form of ( ) represents the achievements of popular literature of Medieval England.A:allegoryB:symbolismC:a dreamD:epic绛旀: allegory5銆?( ) is considered the father of English poetry, whose most representative work isThe Canterbury Tales.A:William LanglandB:Edmund SpenserC:John MiltonD:Geoffrey Chaucer绛旀: Geoffrey Chaucer6銆?The Canterbury Tales,a collection of stories strung together and told by 30 pilgrims on their way to pilgrimage, is written in the form of ( ).A:blank verseB:alliterative verseC:heroic couopletD:ballad绛旀: heroic couoplet7銆?The key-note of the Renaissance is ( ).A:humanismB:realismC:romanticismD:asceticism绛旀: humanism绗笁绔?1銆?It was ( ) who first introduced and reformed the English drama which reached its climax in the hands of William Shakespeare.A:JohnWycliffB:University WitsC:Christopher MarloweD:Ben Johnson绛旀:B2銆?Great writers of the English Renaissance who are known for humanism, took ( ) as the centre of the world and voiced the human aspirations for freedom and equality.A:the worldB:GodC:powerD:man绛旀:D3銆?Shakespeare is hailed by ( ), contemporary with Shakespeare, as 鈥渘ot of an age, but for all time鈥?A:Christopher MarloweB:Ben JonsonC:Robert GreeneD:Thomas Nash绛旀:B4銆?Hamlet is characterized as a(an) ( ) on that, he loves good and hates evil;he is a man free from prejudice and superstition; he has unbounded love for the world and firm belief in the power of man.A:idealistB:PuritanC:humanistD:patriot绛旀:C5銆? Edmund Spenser was considered the ( ) for his achievements in poetry.A:鈥渢he Poets鈥?Poet鈥?B:鈥渇ather of English poetry鈥?C:鈥渢he saint of English poetry鈥?D:鈥渢he greatest English poet鈥?绛旀:A6銆?( ) is a distinctive verse form adopted by Edmund Spenser in his works incluiding his masterpieceThe Faerie Queene. It has 9-line stanzas, rhyming in ababbcbcc.A:鈥淭he mighty lines鈥?B:sonnetC:鈥淭he Spenserian Stanza鈥?D:blank verse绛旀:C7銆?Francis Bacon won for himself the first English ( ) for his achievements in English literature of the Renaissance.A:dramatistB:poetC:prose writerD:essayist绛旀:D8銆?The most representative work of Francis Bacon is ( ), which is the first collection of English essays.A:Advancement of LearningB:EssaysC:The Interpretation of NatureD:Novum Organum绛旀:B绗洓绔?1銆? ( )is regarded as the greatest prose writer in theEnglish literature of the17th century, who is best known for his workThe Pilgrim鈥檚 Progress.A:John DrydenB:Francis BaconC:George HerbertD:John Bunyan绛旀:D2銆?The Pilgrim鈥檚 Progressis written in the form of ( ) .A:symbolsB:allegoryC:allusionsD:aggressions绛旀:3銆? 鈥淭he Metaphysical Poets鈥?refer to theloose group of17th-century English poets whose work was characterized by the inventive use of( )A:metaphorB:imaginationC:conceitD:symbols绛旀:C4銆? In his 鈥淎 Valediction: Forbidding Mourning鈥? John Donne makes a most impressive comparison between love and ( ) as the dominant conceit of the poem.A:a pair of compassesB:an earthquakeC:a farewell to a dying personD:a piece of gold绛旀:A5銆?The 17th century of English history was marked mainly by the English Bourgeois Revolution which ended with the establishment of ( ) as a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the monarchy.A:the United KingdomB:institutional monarchyC:the Whig PartyD:the Tory Party绛旀:B6銆?(聽聽聽聽) was the religious cloak of the English Bourgeois Revolution which advocated God's supreme authority over human beings.A:HumanismB:RepublicanismC:CalvinismD:Puritanism绛旀:D7銆? Puritan poetry in the 17th-century English literature is represented best by ( ), who producedParadise Lostas his representative work.A:John MiltionB:John DonneC:Robert HerrickD:John Dryden绛旀:A8銆?Throughout his life, Milton showed strong rebellious spirit agaisnt many things he thought unjust and acted as the voice of ( ) of England under Oliver Cromwell.A:the ParliamentB:the CommonwealthC:the MonarchD:the Royalists绛旀:B9銆? 鈥淥n his Blindness鈥?and 鈥淥n his Deceased Wife鈥?are the two best-known of Milton鈥檚 ( ).A:elegiesB:blank versesC:sonnetsD:alliterative verses绛旀:C10銆? Milton鈥檚Paradise Lostemploysthe themes taken from ( )of the Christian Bible.A:GenesisB:MatthewC:ExodusD:Luke绛旀:A11銆? The central theme ofParadise Lostis ( ).A:the creation of manB:the fall of manC:resurrectionD:final judgment绛旀:绗簲绔?1銆?The Enlightenment was an intellectualmovement throughout Western Europe in the18thcenturywhich was an expression of the struggle of bourgeoisie against ( ).A:puritanismB:feudalismC:humanismD:classicism绛旀:B2銆? Among the English Enlighteners of the 18th century,there were chiefly two groups: the ( ) group and the radical group.A:conservativeB:revolutionaryC:royalistD:moderate绛旀:D3銆? The Tatler,a British literary and society journal begun byRichard Steelein 1709,featured cultivated essays on( ).A:contemporary mannersB:social evilsC:class strugglesD:cultural state绛旀:A4銆?As a distinctive way, ( ) are adopted by the neo-classicist playwrights in the 18th-century English literature.A:realistic techniquesB:three unitiesC:heroic coupletsD:satires绛旀:B5銆?( ) writers in the 18th-century English literature modelled themselves ontheGreek and Romanwritersin their dramatic writings.A:Pre-romanticistB:RealistC:Neo-classicistD:Enlightenment绛旀:C6銆? AlexanerPope was a masterof poetryinheroic couplet.He strongly advocated ( ), emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules.A:realismB:naturalismC:aestheticismD:classicism绛旀:D7銆? Daniel Defoe is an early proponent of the ( ) novel whose masterpieceRobinson Crusoetells about the adventures of a sailor on the sea and on an island.A:sentimentalistB:epistolaryC:realistD:Gothic绛旀:C8銆丄s one of the greatest satirists in the 18th century,(聽聽聽聽)made use of satire to attacksocial evilsand call for social changes in hisGulliver's Travels.A:Johnathan SwiftB:Daniel DefoeC:Samuel RichardsonD:Henry Fielding绛旀:A9銆?Gulliver鈥?s Travelstells about the adventures of Gullliver through the fairy tale of fantasy which is a great satire on ( ).A:human mindB:human heartC:human spiritD:human nature绛旀:D10銆?( ), the greatest realist novelist of the 18th-century English literature, is also considered the father of the English novel.A:Jonathan SwiftB:Henry FieldingC:Daniel DefoeD:Oliver Goldsmith绛旀:B11銆?Tom Jonesshows Fielding鈥檚 philosophical view of 鈥渞eturn to ( )鈥? Thus, in characterization, a contrast is made between Tom Jones, the good-nautured though flawed man, and Bilfil, the hypocritical villain.A:natureB:childhoodC:countrysideD:motherland绛旀:A12銆?Sentimentalism of English literature got its name from Lawrence Stern's novel (聽聽聽聽) in which Sterne tries to catch the actual flow of human mind and sentiment.A:Tristram ShandyB:The Vicar of WakefieldC:PamelaD:A Sentimental Journey绛旀:D13銆? Sentimetalism is also found in Samuel Richardson鈥檚 ( ) novels which convey female characters鈥?feelings and sentiments.A:realistB:adventureC:epistolaryD:historical绛旀:C14銆? The only poet of the sentimentalist school of literature is Thomas Gray, whose well-known 鈥淓legy Written in a Country Churchyard鈥?earned for him the name of a 鈥? ) Poet鈥?A:LakeB:NationalC:LocalD:Graveyard绛旀:D15銆? Oliver Goldsmith鈥檚The Vicar of Wakefieldconveys his reflections on the relations between sentimentalism and ( ) in the 18th-century English literature.A:satireB:realismC:romanticismD:localism绛旀:16銆? The latter half of the 18th century English literaturewas marked by a strong protest against the bondage ofclassicismanda recognition of the claims of passionand emotion which is later known as ( ).A:sentimentalismB:realismC:pre-romanticismD:neo-classicism绛旀:C17銆? Robert Burnsis the best known of the poets who have written in the( )dialect.A:IrishB:ScottishC:LondonD:Celtic绛旀:B绗叚绔?1銆? Romanticism preferred ( ) to reason and rationalism. To William Wordsworth,poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.A:emotionB:devicesC:rhetoricD:art绛旀:A2銆乀he joint publication of聽聽(聽聽聽聽) in 1798 by Wordsworth and Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in England.A:'Lines Composed upon Tinten Abbey'B:'Rime of Ancient Mariner'C:Lyrical BalladsD:'Preface to Lyrical Ballads'绛旀:C3銆?To Wordsworth, the theme of poetry should be concerned with ( ), the language of peotry should be plain, and the people poetry should deal with are country folk.A:country lifeB:common lifeC:city lifeD:fantastic life绛旀:B4銆?In鈥淚 Wandered Lonely as a Cloud鈥? 鈥渢he inward eye鈥?refers to ( ), which is a metaphor to appeal to the reader鈥檚 imagination of the author鈥檚 inner feelings.A:鈥渉eart鈥?B:鈥渆motians鈥?C:鈥渞eason鈥?D:鈥渕ind鈥?绛旀:D5銆? In鈥淭he Solitary Reaper鈥? the feeling of ( ) is clearly conveyed to the reader, especially in the first stanza.A:lonelinessB:melancholyC:homesicknessD:disillusionment绛旀:B6銆? Percy Bysshe Shelley belongs to the school of ( ) romantic poets, whose masterpiecePrometheus Unboundowes much to the Greek tragedyPrometheus Bound.A:revolutionaryB:passiveC:activeD:lyrical绛旀:C7銆? ( ) is Shelley鈥檚 bestknown lyric in which he calls forth the overthrowing of the old social system and bringing destruction to it.A:鈥淥de to the West Wind鈥?B:鈥淭o a Skylark鈥?C:鈥淭he Cloud鈥?D:鈥淪ong to the Man of England鈥?绛旀:A8銆?Walter Scott is the only novelist of the romantic literature of the 19th-century England and his novels are mainly ( ) novels as far as genre is concerned.A:realistB:historicalC:sentimentalistD:psychoanalytical绛旀:B9銆? Scott鈥檚 historical novels touch uponthe subject matters ofthe history of( ), thehistory of Englandand the history of European countries.A:IrelandB:WalesC:FranceD:Scotland绛旀:D绗竷绔?1銆? JaneAusten鈥檚 novels mainly concern such issues as the ( ) of young women. Because of the use of satire and criticism of social prejudices, she is considered as a realist novelist rather than a romantic writer.A:mannersB:moralsC:ethicsD:feminism绛旀:A2銆? The Bronte sisters refer to Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte, with the elder two represented byJane Eyreand ( ) respectively.A:The ProfessorB:Agnes GreyC:Wuthering HeightsD:Villette绛旀:C3銆?Of the women writers in the 19th century English literature, ( ) is the only one that deals with the life of the working-class people, represented by her novelMary Barton.A:Mrs. GaskellB:Charlotte BronteC:George EliotD:Jane Austen绛旀:A4銆?The novels of George Eliot mostly deal with ( ) problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.A:socialB:moralC:culturalD:psychological绛旀:B绗叓绔?1銆? In response to the social, political and economic problems associated withindustrialisation,() novel becomes the leading genre of the Victorian literature.A:critial realistB:psychoanalyticalC:aestheticistD:new romanticist绛旀:A2銆乀he first period of Charles Dickens鈥檚 literary careeris characterized mainly by (聽聽聽聽) and the novels are filled with moral teachings.A:mysticismB:pessimismC:fatalismD:optimism绛旀:D3銆? Thomas Hardyis the most representativerealist in the later decades of the Victorian era,whose principal works are the ( ) novels, i.e., the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.A:realistB:character and environmentC:modernistD:Bildungsroman绛旀:B4銆?In the aesthetic movement of the 19th century, 鈥淎rt for Art鈥檚 Sake鈥?can simply mean the focus on ( ) rather than on deep meaning of literary works.A:formB:techniqueC:impressionD:beauty绛旀:D5銆? ( ) is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character whose spiritual world is conveyed to the reader through the author鈥檚 subtle psychological analysis.A:Interior monologueB:Free associationC:Dramatic monologueD:Psycho-analysis绛旀:C6銆?鈥淏reak, Break, Break鈥? is a short lyric poem written by Alfred Tennyson which is a(n) ( ) for the poet to reveal his grief over the death of his friend.A:elegyB:lyricC:sonnetD:ode绛旀:A7銆?Thomas Carlyle's non-fiction The French Revolution: A Historywas the inspiration for Charles Dickens' s novel(聽聽 ).A:Hard TimesB:Great ExpectationsC:A Tale of Two CitiesD:Oliver Twist绛旀:C8銆?John Ruskin was the leading English artcritic of the Victorian era. In hisModern Painters, he argued that the principal role of the artist is ( ).A:鈥渁rt for art鈥檚 sake鈥?B:鈥渢ruth to nature鈥?C:innovationD:creativity绛旀:B9銆?In hisCulture and Anarchy, ( ) showed his deepest contempt for and most frequent attack on the middle-class Philistines who he thought lacked culture.A:Thomas CarlyleB:John RuskinC:Charles KinsleyD:Matthew Arnold绛旀:D绗節绔?1銆?Writers, artists and composers we consider 鈥渕odern鈥?had their roots in the ( ) era which produced such writers as Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, W. S. Maugham, etc.A:EdwardianB:VictorianC:ElizabethanD:Georgian绛旀:A2銆? A Passage to Indiais set on Joseph Conrad鈥檚 own experience in India which deals with the theme of ( ) in addition to persoal relationships.A:patriotismB:culturalismC:fatalismD:colonialism绛旀:D3銆? ( )is admittedlyan autobiographicalnovel which draws much onMaugham鈥檚own experience.A:The Moon and SixpenceB:The Razor鈥檚 EdgeC:Of Human BondageD:Howard鈥檚 End绛旀:C绗崄绔?1銆?鈥淭he Waste Land鈥?is written by T. S. Eliot in which the theme of the ( ) of the post-World War I generation is declared to the reader.A:dreamB:disillusionmentC:enlightenmentD:radicalism绛旀:B2銆? Because of his Irish background, ( ) is thought to be the driving force of the Irish Literary Revival.A:William Butler YeatsB:AlfredTennysonC:Matthew ArnoldD:Robert Browning绛旀:A3銆?Ulysses, written by James Joyce and considered the most representative of the Egnlish stream-of-consciousness novels, is set in ( ), Ireleand .A:LondonB:EdinburghC:ManchesterD:Dublin绛旀:D4銆? The only female writer of the stream-of-consciousness novel is ( ), who produced such novels asTo the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, etc. .A:Catherine MansfieldB:George EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:Elizabeth Bowen绛旀:C5銆?D. H. Lawrence is a modernist novelist who makesreflectionsupon thedehumanizingeffects of( ) in his representative workSons and Lovers.A:modernizationB:industrialisation C:urbanizationD:mechanization。
Part 3 The Period of Revolution and Restoration
《失乐园》这部气势宏伟的史诗是英国文学的骄 傲。全书分12部。一至四部叙述了撒旦叛军大败， 堕入地狱，建万魔宫；为复仇，撒旦潜回地球。 五至八部用倒叙的手法介绍了撒旦叛军于上帝之 间的天界大战，以及上帝造人的过程。第九部是 全书的高潮，亚当与夏娃在撒旦的诱惑下偷食禁 果。十至十二部亚当与夏娃被逐出乐园，谪居尘 世，人类历史由此展开。史诗中人类始祖亚当夏 娃的形象高大秀美。虽然他们因为自身的弱点而 失去乐园，但他们默默承受苦难时所表现出的勇 气和坚韧，充分展示了人性的力量，更让人看到 恢复乐园的曙光。
Donne states a number of impossible tasks. He compares finding an honest woman to these tasks. He cleverly states that to find a woman who is honest in love is as difficult as it is to catch ‘a falling star’. The impossible tasks also include conceiving a child with a mandrake plant, gaining full knowledge of the past, solving the mystery of the Devil’s cloven hoof and learning the knack of hearing mermaids singing.
In
a sarcastic comment Donne says that finding an honest woman is as difficult as living without the pain of envy. He adds sarcastically the task of finding the wind that brings prosperity to those who are of honest mind. He means that only dishonest people do well, that to have an honest mind is to fail.
英美国家概况
选择题1. The full and official name of Great Britain changed into its present-day form in the year of （1927）。
2. The highest mountain peak in Britain is in （Scotland）。
3. The longest river in Britain is the（Severn）River.4. The largest lake in Britain is located in（Northern Ireland）5. The highest mountain peak in Britain is called（Ben Nevis ）。
6. The Lake District is well-known for its wild and beautiful scenery ，its varied lakes，the lake Poets。
7. Which of the following is NOT the feature of British climate?. coldness B. more rainy days C. changeability D. more fogsChapter 22. The English people are descendants of（Anglo-Saxons）。
3. Middle English took shape about a century after the （Norman）Conquest.6. The established church of Britain is（The Church of England ）。
7. Which of the following religious sects does not belong to Free Churches?. the Roman Catholic Church B. QuakersC. MethodistsD. Baptists8. Easter is kept, commemorating the （Resurrecting）of Jesus Christ.Chapter 51. The Conservative and the Labour parties have been in power by turns ever since the end of ( the end of Second World War).3. The general election in Britain is held every years.American is held every years.7. The party that has the majority of seats in （the House of Commons）will form the government in Britain。
The 17th Century for 2014(17世纪的美国文学史)
Protector of the Commonwealth/ King
2nd son of Charles I
1685--1688
1688--1702
James II
Mary II & William III
Brother of Charles II, dethroned after
the Glorious Revolution 1st daughter of James II William of Orange, Holland
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
By John Donne
In 1611, John Donne wrote "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" to his wife, Anne More Donne, to comfort her while he sojourned in France on government business and she remained home in Mitcham, England, about seven miles from London. The title says, in essence, "When we part, we must not mourn." Valediction comes from the Latin verb valedicere, meaning to bid farewell.
The Flea John Donne Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is; Me is sucked first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be; Thou know’st that this cannot be said A sin, or a shame, or loss of maidenhead, Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pampered swells with one blood made of two, And this ,alas, is more than we would do.
英国历史 美国历史
英国历史(按主题分)I.The Founding of the Nation1. Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxons1.1 The Celtic Invasion1.2 Roman Conquest: 43 AD—5th Century ---- by the Roman Empire1.3 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion: 5th—8th Century----- by the Anglo-Saxons1.4 Danish Invasion: 8th Century—1066 ------ by the Vikings/Danes1.5 The Norman Conquest 1066 ------by the Normans2. Feudal Soiety1215: King John---the Great Charter (Magna Carta)part of the British Constitution today1236: Birth of Parliament (derived from the Great Council)Decline of Feudalism:1 The Hundred Years‘ War 1337-14532 The Black Death 1348-13493 The Peasant Uprising (leader: Wat Tyler) 1381 /the Peasant‘s Revolt4 Religious Reform (14th century- ): John Wycliff, John Ball5 The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485Lancaster, the House of the Red RoseYork, the House of theWhite RoseII. Transition to the Modern Age2.1The Renaissance (15-16th century, )2.2 The Enclosure Movement (late 15th century开始，16th century 高涨)2.3 Religious Reformation (16th century)=Protestant Reformation:In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise.leaders:Germany: Martin LutherFrance: John CalvinEngland: King Henry VIII2.3.1 King Henry VIII ---- established the Church of England1534 the Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII—―only supreme head of the Church of England‖2.3.2 Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Consolidated the Church of EnglandDefended the fruit of the Reformation in essence1588 defeated the Spanish Armada2.3.3 Golden Age of English HistoryEngland advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts.The age of exploration began: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods.The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth I.2.4 The English Bourgeois Revolution (17th century)2.4.1 The Civil War1642-1649: The Civil War broke out1649—1660: The CommonwealthOliver Cromwell, head of the CommonwealthIn 1660, Parliament had Charles II as king of England. This put an end to the Commonwealth.2.4.2 The Restoration1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicism2.4.3 the Glorious Revolution1688: joint sovereign of William III and Mary II1689: Bill of Rights ---- established Constitutional Monarchy2.4 The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: Spinning JennyWater frameSpinning mulePower loomSteam engineIII. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire3.1 The Formation of the British Empire3.1.1. First British Empire: 19th CenturyIt included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies3.1.2. Second British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th CenturyQueen Victoria’s foreign policy—New ImperialismIt included the colonies in Australia, New Zealand and Canada—dominions1876 Victoria—―Empress of India‖In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small states. Opium War against ChinaIn Africa, control Suez Canal and conquer EgyptUnion of South Africa—the 4th dominionOn the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen.a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers (1/4 of the world‘s total land).a population of 393.5 million (8 times as large as that in Britain)3.2 Britain in the World Wars3.2.1 World War I (1914-1918)By the beginning of th e 20th century, Britain’s dominance was challenged by other European nations and the US. Two camps in Europe:Triple Alliance----the UK, France, Russia英，法，俄Triple Entente: 德，奥（匈帝国），意Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and BulgariaAllied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy and USThe immediate cause—assassination in SarajevoThe cost of the war for Britain was great:drained of its manpowerlost the sea supremacya huge national debtThe League of Nations was founded after WWI.3.2.2 World War II(1939-1945)Germany—plan to conquer EuropeBritain—appeasementdeclare war on Germany on September 3, 1939alliance with the Soviet Union and the United StatesGermany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945great cost—lose its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States.UK's role in World War II:Germany: Hitler—plan to conquer Europe1Britain—appeasement(non-intervention) policy（Chamberlain administration 1937-1940）1938 UK and France signed Munich Agreement with Hitler2Winston Churchill：Prime Minister of the War Cabinet (1940-1945)The whole nation was mobilized1939.9.1 Germany‘s surprise attack of Polanddeclare war on Germany on September 3, 1939alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States: the Allies同盟国May, 1940 Great Retreat of Dunkirk (UK and France)敦刻尔克大撤退the Blitz: 闪电战August-November, 1940 German bombing raids in Great Britain1944 Allied forces landed in Normandy, France：Allied Armie s Normandy Landing(s)诺曼底登陆Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945great cost—lose its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States.1945.10.24 The United Nations was founded3.3 The Fall of the Empire3.3.1 Independence movement—India, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Egypt3.3.2 British Commonwealth of Nations: 1931(a loosely organized community of former British colonies)4. Britain since World War II4.1. “Three Majestic Circles”4.1. 1One of the Big Three after WWII4.1. 2Foreign Policy: Three Majestic Circlesless involvement in the Commonwealth circleclose cooperation with the United Statesan isolationist policy towards Europe4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US4.2.1 Margaret ThatcherReestablished ―special relationship‖ with the United Statesagainst European integration4.2.2 Tony Blairmore positive towards Europe (but refuse to join the Euro)further strengthened the close relationship with the United States英国历史(按时间分)I. The decline of feudalism:the Hundred Years‘ War (1337-1453)百年战争the Black Death (1348-1350) 黑死病Religious Reform(14th Century- ) 宗教改革Wat Tyler‘s Uprising =Revolt/ the Peasants‘ Uprising (1381) 泰勒起义the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) 玫瑰战争Henry Tudor都铎王朝the end of medieval England/feudalismII. 16th--- the rise of capitalism:Enclosure 圈地运动（15th-）the Renaissance文艺复兴III. 17th—: the English Bourgeois Revolution =Puritan Revolution/ the English Civil WarThe civil war broke out (1642—1649)Between the Royalists (the Cavalier [保王党人]) and Parliamentarians(Roundheads [圆颅党人])Result: the monarchy was abolished in 1949England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a republicIV．18th____: the Industrial Revolution （1750-1850/1840)1733 John Kay---flying shuttle1765 James Hargreaves ----spinning jenny珍妮纺纱机1769 Richard Arkwright--- water frame水力纺纱机1769 James Watt ---steam engin改良蒸汽机results: the UK= workshop of the world;世界工厂the birth of the proletariat V．Chartist Movement (1836-1848)宪章运动VI. 19th---:From free enterprise to imperialismthe UK= workshop of the worldearliest colonial powers:Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands(17th )imperialism:1588: defeated Spain-- destroyed the Spanish Armada无敌舰队(Invincible Fleet)17th: defeated the Netherlands18th : defeated France英法四次争霸战争1688-1697-War of the League of Augsburg奥格斯堡联盟战争1701-1713 War of Spanish Succession西班牙王位继承战争1756-1763 the Seven Years‘ War英法七年战争1803-1815 the Napoleonic War 拿破仑战争（1805: The Battle of Trafalgar）（1815: the Battle of Waterloo）mid 19th: fefeated Russia1854-1856 the Crimean War克里米亚战争16th—19th:colonial expansion ---India, China, America, Africa (Elizabeth I，Victoria) 1583: New Foundland1607: Virginia1783: BahamaNew Zealand, China, India, BurmaVII. 1914-1918: World War I一战: 英国霸权地位的削弱，丧失霸主地位Triple Alliance----the UK, France, Russia英，法，俄Triple Entente: 德，奥（匈帝国），意VIII. 1939.9.1-1945.8.8: World War II 二战英帝国的急剧衰落英帝国的瓦解和英联邦（the Commonwealth 1931）的出现IX. Post WWII PeriodThe Cold War (1949-1989)50 Things You Need to Know About British History In date order：1.Stonehenge 2200 BC2.Roman Invasion and Civilisation 43 AD3.St Augustine and Christianity 5974.King Alfred the Great and the Doom Book 8715.Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 10666.Magna Carta and trial by jury 12157.Declaration of Arbroath 13208.Canterbury Tales 13709.Peasants’ Revolt 138110.The longbows at Agincourt 141511.Sir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish Amrada 158812.Gunpowder Plot 160513.Shakespeare 161014.Plantation of Ulster 161115.Execution of Charles I 164916.Glorious Revolution (1688) and Bill of Rights (1689)17.Religious Settlement 155918.The Bank of England 169419.Act of Union 1707 (with Scotland)20.Britain’s first Prime Minister Robert Walpole 172121.Gin craze and British drink culture 172922.The East India Company and the Battle of Plassey 175723.Longitude 175924.Watt‘s Steam Engine 176925.Arkwright‘s Spinning Frame 177126.Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations 177627.The Siege of Yorktown and the loss of America 178128.Nelson‘s death and the Battle of Trafalgar 180529.William Wilberforce and the abolition of the slave trade 180730.Battle of Waterloo and national identity 181531.Sir Robert Peel and the British Bobby 182932.Factory Acts and the British weekend 185033.Dr Livingstone and Africa 185534.Charles Darwin and evolution 185935.The Red House and ‗my home is my castle‘ 185936.The laws of association football 186337.Suffragettes 191338.The Battle of the Somme 191639.The BBC 192740.Gandhi and Indian Independence 193141.The Blitz 194042.Frank Whittle and the jet engine 194143.The NHS and Welfare State 194844.SS Windrush and Multiculturalism 194845.The Beatles 196446.Monty Python and British humour 197147.Britain joins European Union 197348.Miners‘ strike and Mrs Thatcher 198449.The Channel Tunnel 199150.The Good Friday Agreement 1998History of the US（美国历史）I. America in the Colonial Era1.1 Plantation of 13 British colonies:1607 Virginia: by the London Company1620 Puritan New England: the Pilgrim FathersCatholic Maryland: by Calvert, the 2nd Lord Baltimore 1649Quaker Pensylvania 1681: by William Penn1.2 1773 Boston Tea Party1.3 1774 The First Continental CongressII. The War of Independence2.1 1775 The Gunshot of Lexington2.2 1775 The Second Continental Congress: Assume the functions of a national government2.3 July 4th, 1776: Declaration of IndependenceIII. The Establishment of the Constitution and federal government3.11787, the Constitution was drafted.1789, the Constitution came into effect in nine states.Federal government was founded, George Washington the 1st American president (1789-1797)3.21791 Ten amendments—The Bill of Rights—were added to the ConstitutionIV. the War of 1812 第二次美英战争US←→UK: the Second War of IndependenceV. Westward Expansion (1810s/1600s -1850s/1890s)●Florida: 1853, from SpainThe Oregon territory: 1846, from Britain●California: 1846, from Mexico (gold rush)●Alaska: 1867, from Russia●Hawaii: 1898, annexed Spanish-American War(1898)5.1 1823 the Monroe Doctrine:It later became a principle of US intervewntion whenever its national interesta were thereatened5.2 1836-1848 The Mexican-American WarVI. 1861-1865 The Civil War: Abraham Lincoln1863 the Gettsburg Address1863 The Emancipation Proclamation 《解放宣言》1865 the 13th amendment to the US Constitution, abolished slaveryVII. The Progressive Era (late 1800’s - early 1900’s ) 进步时代●A strong spirit of reform in the US●In response to problems raised by rapid industrialization and urbanization that followed the Civil War ●To protect their historic tradition of democratic government and universal economic opportunity Major themes●Concern for the underprivileged and downtrodden●The restoration of government to the rank and file●The enlargement of government power in order to bring industry and finance under popular controlSupport from three Presidents after 1900●President Theodore Roosevelt: establishment of the Bureau of Corporations (1903)●President Taft: furthering the cause of reform●President Wilson: flourishing of the reform movementVIII. The US Becomes a World Power8.1 Imperial Foreign Policy:Isolationism→ Interventionism●Before the 1890‘s: Isolationism 孤立主义●During the 1890‘s and 1900‘s: InterventionismBecoming a great power and an imperialistic countryA world power ready to assert its influence in international affairs8.21898: Spanish-American War8.3 1899 Open Door Policy: ChinaIX. The United States in the 20th century:9.1Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909): “Big Stick” Policy9.2 The United States and World War I (1914-1918)•Allies—Britain, France, and Russia•The Central Powers—Germany, Austria-HungaryThe Treaty of Versailles (1919)President Wilson: Fourteen Points and the League of Nations(1920-1949)十四点计划和国际联盟9.3 The Post World War I Period1Isolation: a new one●The world‘s greatest manufacturing and exporting nation: Impossibility of total disengagement from world affairs2immigration●The end of free and open immigration in 1921●A significant change in attitude and legislation about immigration●Consequence: lessening the competitive and mobile character of American life3The booming 1920s: The Booming Economy in 1920‘s4Migration to the Cities: an urban nation5Women‘s Suffrage6 The Great Depression --1930s (1929- )Franklin Roosevelt–the ―New Deal‖9.4 The United States and World War II (1939-1945)1Isolation and Neutrality: A sit-on-the-fence policy2America Enters the War (1941-1945)•December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor,Conference at Potsdam3End of WWII▪The US airforce dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8.▪On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered.Results of World War II●Enhanced military and economic power: the only nation that benefited from the war●The Baby Boom 1946-1964●Establishment of the UN (1945.10.24)9.5The Cold War (1945-1989)1United Nations in 1945—a new and better world would emerge from World War II.2The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and later led to the Cold War.3President Truman: 1947 the Containment PolicyGeorge Marshal: 1947 The Marshall Plan4the United States – 1949 NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)1955, the Soviet Union -- Warsaw Pact5the Korean War (1950-1953)6The Red Scare and McCarthyism赤色恐慌和麦卡锡主义A modern witch hunt for communists from 1951 to 1954 政治迫害7John Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis 古巴导弹危机8The Vietnam War (1954/1961-1973/1975)9Richard Nixon and Détente国际紧张关系的缓和Two other diplomatic breakthroughs:1979 Re-establ ishing US relations with the People‘s Republic of ChinaNegotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union•Table Tennis Foreign Policy•Nixon–first US president visited Beijing.•The ―Shanghai Communiqué‖—a new US policy:–there was one China;–Taiwan was part of China;–a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselves was in American interest.–The Watergate Scandal 水门事件: Richard Nixon‘s resignation in August,197410Ronald Regan: the Star Wars Project9.6 Social Movements in the 1960sThe Civil Rights Movement 民权运动The Youth (Anti-war) Movement: Counter Culture 青年文化/ 反传统文化Women’s Rights Movement9.7 George Bush(1989-92): The Persian Gulf War (Gulf War)1990: Iraq occupied and annexed Kuwait9.8 Bill Clinton (1992-2000): Engagement and expansion3 pillars of US foreign policy---national security, economic prosperity, promotion of democracyKosovo CrisisX. America in the 21st Century10.1 George W. Bush(2001-2009): Unilateralism and faith in military strength1The war against terrorismTerrorist Event on September 11, 20012Invasion of Iraq (March 19, 2003)•―Trial of century‖—the trial of Saddam began on October, 19, 2005 in Baghdad.•Saddam is accused of crimes against humanity.10.2 Barrack Obama(2009- ): DemocraticChallenges:Economic turmoil, unpopular unjustifiable war (the war in Afghanistan, in Iraq), time of changes。
17世纪革命与复辟时期15 s
The Pilgrim‘s Progress
• It is regarded as one of the most significant works of religious English literature, and has been translated into more than 200 languages. • The English text is divided into two parts, each reading as a continuous narrative with no chapter divisions.
John Donne
• Metaphysical poets is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits“别出心裁的比 喻”, strange paradoxes似非而是的隽语, and far-fetched 牵强的 imagery. • The leading metaphysical poet was John Donne.
John Milton
Milton’s major works • Paradise Lost 《失乐园》 • Paradise Regained 《复乐园》 • Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》
II Literature in the 17th Century
John Milton弥尔顿
John Donne
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John Dryden (1631-1700)
-- Poet, playwright and critic -- during this period of revolution and counter-revolution, Dryden turned with the tide and always placed himself on the winning side -- wrote to please the declining aristocracy during the Restoration period -- In his “heroic plays”, characterization gives way to declamatory tirades of magnificent rhetoric -- the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century
IV. Restoration comedy – often witty and clever, but on the whole cynical and immoral, notorious for its licentiousness, being full of love intrigue, seduction and promiscuity -- Female parts were played by women. -- (neo-)classicism in style -- representative: John Dryden
E. Features: -- political in both his life and his art -- the greatest epic -- blank verse -- grand style, Miltonic -- sublimity of thought and majesty of expression
ii. Metaphysical Poets: (by Samuel Johnson) A. General features -- mysticism in content and fantasticality in form B. Representatives – John Donn – conceits: cleverlyphrased witty expression -- Songs and Sonnets -- Andrew Marvell – To His Coy Mistress
Part 3 English Literature During the Bourgeois Revolution ( the 17th C.)
I. Social background II. Poetry III. Prose (fiction) IV. Restoration Comedy
I. Social background: i. The weakening of the tie between Monarchy and Bourgeoisie -- conflict between the Queen and Parliament at the end of Elizabeth’s reign -- more and more quarrels of James I and Charles I with their Parliaments ii. The clashes between the parliament and the crown -- monopolies, commercial activities -- sever persecutions
iii. The outburst of the English Revolution -- 1642 to 1649, a civil war – Oliver Cromwell – a commonwealth– a republic iv. The split within the revolutionary camp -- the big bourgeoisie ( Presbyterians) -- the middle bourgeoisie ( Independents) -- the petty bourgeoisie ( the Levellers) -- the movement of the diggers ( the poor peasants involved )
v. The Bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration – the establishment of a constitutional monarchy -- Cromwell – the Protector of the English Commonwealth – death -- the Restoration period: Charles II back to England in1660 -- “Glorious Revolution”: William, Prince of Orange, from Holland , to be King of England, 1688 -- bloodless and no revival of the revolutionary demands
III. Prose (fiction) John Bunyan (1628-1688): The Pilgrim’s Progress i. General features: -- sensitive imagination, religious fanaticism, puritanical style of life ii. A religious allegory – a narrative in which general concepts such as sin, despair, and faith are represented as people or as the natural world.
Leabharlann IV. Reading assignment: 1. Song – To Celia 2. The Flea 3. Death Be Not Proud 4. To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 5. When I Consider How My Light Is Spent 6. Of Studies 7. The Vanity Fair
(Neo-)Classicism – The Classicists upheld reason, law and order in literature instead of free expression of man’s individuality in the Renaissance. They modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. According to classicism, drama, poetry and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules… ( P.125, P.128)
II. Poetry -- main literary form i. John Milton (1608-1674): Age of Milton, the spokesman of the Revolution A. life: revolutionary spirit, got blind, imprisoned B. Defence of the English People C. Samson Agonistes: revolutionary spirit, blind, auto-biographical D. Paradise Lost
iii. Cavalier Poets:
-- verse-writers, often knights and squires, who sided with the King against the Parliament and Puritans A. General features -- short songs on the flitting joys of the day, forbidding and impending doom, the spirit of pessimism -- spirit of pessimism – typical of the aristocratic class in decline B. Representatives – Robert Herrick: Gather Ye Rose Buds while Ye May
c. Symbolic (allegorical) names of persons: Christian, Hopeful, Faithful, Truth, Judge Hate-Good, Envy, Superstition, Pickthank, Mr.Badman, Mr.No-Good, Mr.Malice d. Symbolic (allegorical ) names of places: the City of Destruction, the Slough of Despound, Vanity Fair, Doubting Castle, the Delectable Mountains, the Celestial City