back vowels
Read the following words
• • • • war quart talk salt chalk bald halt false walk all ball call small tall fall hall cord horse born torn corn sword lord • before board roar • before more bore snore shore
Read the following words
• • • • put pull full sugar butcher book good took wood room woman wolf could should would
• [u:] 后元音5.mp4 p58 • 音标特征：后元音 高音 圆唇 长元音 • 发音要领：双唇成圆形，收得较[ u ]更圆 更小，双唇向前突出，牙床近于半合。舌 后部抬高，舌尖不触下齿，发长音[u: ]。 • 注意长度，不要发的太短，口腔肌肉要始 终保持紧张状态，自然而有力。 • 发音组合：oo o ou u ue • 代表单词：food fool boom cool hoop pool shoot tomb group blue rule truth • P60 p61
Read the following words
• • • • • four court your pour door floor law saw jaw lawn dawn yawn fault cause daughter sauce bougp47 • 音标特征：后元音 低音 圆唇 短元音 • 发音要领：口张大，舌身尽量降低并后缩 ，先发[ɔ:]音，然后将舌身稍稍后缩，双唇 稍稍收圆(不要突出)，即可发[ɒ ]。 • 发音组合：o • 代表单词：ox on not cop rot hot lot • 音标对比：[ɔ:] sort tort short • [ɒ] dog nod shop • P49 p50
• [ɔ:] 后元音3.mp4 p48 • 音标特征：后元音 半低音 圆唇 长元音 • 发音要领：双唇向外突出成圆形，稍稍收圆，介 于开闭，圆唇之间。舌后升起，舌尖不触下齿。 牙床半开渐至全开，舌尖卷上后在过渡微卷后。 • 注意：双唇收得要更圆更小，并用力向前突出。 • 注意长度，不要发得太短。 • 发音组合：a oo aw ou ore au or ar • 代表单词：talk ball hall call door floor law saw bought fought thought before ignore caught naughty force born sort warn
Read the following words
• • • • • • • • her bird dirt sir first nurse curve verse skirt herb dirt ever fever never mother worker perhaps attack again forget effort beggar doctor actor but bus cut dust hut study done money monkey fuss love glove nothing
Read the following words
• • • • • dog not lot hot shop top lock was what want watch swan quality quarrel cough knowledge because
• [u] 后元音4.mp4 p57 • 音标特征：后元音 高音 圆唇 短元音
More practice : Read the following phrases and sentences aloud.
/a:/
1. car park 2. large class 3. hard task 4. a far star 5. father’s heart
• 6. after March • 7. half in the glass • 8. laugh in the dark
Read the following words
• • • • • • • rude June blue flute food soon moon noon tool cool do who move lose group soup wound through chew flew blew you tune music pupil duty huge shoe fruit two
twister (绕口令) • Tongue 发音要领：双唇成圆形，稍向前突出，牙床近 于半合。舌尖不触下齿，舌后部向软颚抬起， [u] [ʌ] 舌身后缩。舌尖离开下齿自然而不用力，发短 How much wood could a 促音[u] 。 • woodchuck 发音组合：oo u ou chuck if a woodchuck • could 代表单词： foot wood? good cook took pull full should chuck • 音标对比: • [u:] food boot cool roof moon • [u] foot book cook wood
6. push the bull 7. stood in the bush 8. cook with wood 9. look into the room 10. a woman and a wolf
More practice : Read the following phrases and sentences aloud.
/ u: /
1. a blue pool 2. gloomy mood 3. choose the fruit 4. blue shoes 5. two schools
• • • • •
6. Whose boots? 7. Balloons flew. 8. a true fool 9. shoe the goose 10. an approved school
• 9. ask to start • 10. the last clerk
More practice : Read the following phrases and sentences aloud.
/ɔ:/
1. morning call 2. forty-four 3. more horses 4. the fourth floor 5. stormy dawn
Read the following words
• car bar star far farm harm large • pass class glass father bath rather task • calm balm palm half calf • heart hearth • aunt laugh
More practice : Read the following phrases and sentences aloud.
/u/
1. took his books • 2. a good look • 3. shook the hook • 4. the wood pulled • 5. a woolen pull- • over
The
th 8
week
• Back vowels
• [a:] [u:] [u] [ɔ:] [ɔ]
2016.10.24
• [a:] 后元音1.mp4 p47 • 音标特征：后元音 低音 不圆唇 长元音 • 发音要领：牙床大开，口张大，双唇张 开而不圆。舌身平放舌尖后缩，舌后微 升，舌身微离下齿。注意长度，不要发 的太短。 • 发音组合：a ar ear al • 代表单词：after ask dance far dark hart farm garden bar star heart half
/ɒ/
1. a hot-dog 2. lost in a fog 3. a lot of boxes 4. follow the boss 5. stop the cough
• • • • •
6. a long holiday 7. tropical crops 8. The frog hops. 9. horrible shock 10. Problem solved.
Revision Front vowels:
[ i: ] [ I ] [ e ] [ æ ] Central vowels [ɜː] [ə] [ʌ]
Read the following words
• • • • • • • • eat ease kilo been beat peak team bead keep it did pig bid pit tip kick city pity get kept test egg best friend bread many said any as fat sat bad gap tap lag active sack
• • • • •
6. boring course 7. salt water 8. short talk 9. northern shore 10. a roaring horse
More practice : Read the following phrases and sentences aloud.
后元音backvowels
2. phrases
1. have a look 2. a cook-book 3. foot the bill （付账） 4. by hook or by crook （不择手段地） 5. put the hood on the hook（把头巾挂在钩上） 6. book a room
8. The scholar is going on a holiday. 9. Don’t worry. He will call out the next
stop.(报站) 10. It’s so hot that I can’t concentrate on the
job.
Phrases and sentences on dog
phrases
9. a lofty job 10. go to see a doctor 11. have a lot of hobbies 12. at the bottom of the society 13. eat a hot dog 14. at the bus stop 15. at the top of the mountain 16. do tip-top (干得很棒)
phrases
7. brook no distortion (事实不容歪曲) 8. look out 9. have a look at the room 10. play footsy (搞秘密交易) 11. put in some sugar 12. dead wood (朽木)
phrases
back vowels
12 vowels
根据发音时舌的活动范围分： Front vowels: /i:/, /i/, /e/, / æ /
英语音标及发音规律 -
英语音标及发音规律英语中共有48个音素，犹如汉语中的拼音，对音素的熟练掌握对于英语学习至关重要，了解和积累发音规则，可以帮助学生听其音而知其形，见其形而晓其音。
和英文字母一样，英语音素亦有元音和辅音之分。
Monophthongs 单元音（12个）Front vowels 前元音: /i:/，/ɪ/(/i/)，/e/，/æ//i:/ 舌尖抵下齿，前舌尽量抬高，口形扁平。
e: he 他she 她me 我（宾格）we 我们these这些eve 前夕evening 傍晚fever 发烧Chinese 中国人；汉语theme 主题gene 基因i: police 警察ski 滑雪ee: bee 蜜蜂beef 牛肉fee 费see 看见seed 种子knee 膝盖week 周；星期feel 感觉sheep 绵羊jeep 吉普车sweep 清扫sleep 睡觉sweet 甜的meet 遇见three 三tree 树street 街道cheese 奶酪green 绿色need 需要employee 雇员ea: each 每个beach 海滩peach 桃子reach 到达teach 教eat 吃beat 打；打败cheat 欺骗meat 肉seat 座位leaf 树叶weak 虚弱的speak 说；讲peak 山峰meal 饭seal 海豹sea 大海mean 意思clean 干净的easy 容易的east 东beast 野兽tea 茶pea 豌豆treat 对待；款待read 读cream 奶油ie: believe 相信piece 一片；一张niece 侄女；外甥女field 田野thief 小偷ei: ceiling 天花板ey: key 钥匙；键/ɪ/舌尖抵下齿，舌前部抬高，舌两侧抵上齿两侧，口形偏平。
i: chick 小鸡pick 采；摘sick 生病的tick 滴答声stick 棍子kid 小孩big 大的dig 挖fig 无花果wig 假发pig 猪ill 生病的bill 账单hill 小山will 意愿；将要in 在…里面chin 下巴pin 别针thin 瘦的win 赢is 是this 这个kiss 吻miss 想念；错过pink 粉色think 想ink 墨水it 它hit 打；击fit 健康的；合适的sing 唱歌swim 游泳ship 轮船him 他（宾格）window 窗户e: exam 考试eraser 橡皮eleven 十一expensive 昂贵的excuse 原谅telephone 电话elephant 大象mechanic 机械师u: busy 忙的minute 分钟y: happy 快乐的angry 生气的sunny 晴朗的cloudy 多云的rainy 有雨的bicycle 自行车baby 婴儿city 城市lazy 懒的busy 忙的hungry 饿的thirsty 渴的ey: money 钱monkey 猴子honey 蜂蜜/e/ 舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，唇形中长，发音时声带振动。
back vowels
l音节按重读可以分为重读音节和非重读音 节 l重读音节： 指在双音节或多音节词中有一 个发音特别响亮的音节，叫重读音节，用 重音符号“`”标于相应位置，其他音节为 非重读音节，如begin /bi’gin/; 单音节词作 重读处理，但不标重音符号.
/O/ & /O:/
Practice
Words, questions & answers (P29) Additional Pronunciation Drills (P34)
/u:/ & /U/l来自lll
/u:/ 发此音时双唇收圆，收小，并需 向前突出，发音时，口腔肌肉始终保持紧张，发 长音。 e.g. too, tooth, food, noon, moon, choose, blue, school, pupil, student, university /u/ 发此音时口腔肌肉放松，发短音。舌 位比/u:/稍低，口形稍大 e.g. put, cook, book, pull, bullet, a good woman, took a look, look at the cook
Practice
l Words,
Q & A, Dialogues (P39) Pronunciation Drills (43)
l Additional
英语中的四大音节
开音节 闭音节 -r音节 -re音节
开音节
l开音节：以发音的元音字母结尾，或以辅 音字母(r除外)加上不发音的元音字母e结 尾的重读音节。 l绝对开音节 以发音的元音字母结尾的重读音节 “辅+ 元”——此时元音字母的读音按其在英语 字母表中的读音来发音。 l相对开音节 “元+辅(r除外)+e(不发音)”重读音节—— 读音同上
Back vowel
• [a:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合a ar au ear • a: grass glass class plant dance fast father last • ar: car star arm March garden dark scarf • au: laugh aunt • ear: heart
Reading
Comparison
/ɔ/ / ɔ:/ /ɔ/ / ɔ:/
pot
cot not shot
port
caught nought short
pod
cod nod cock
poured
cord gnawed cork
Which of them sound with this long vowel /ɔ:/?
shirt book ox
(
) ⑥lost
ball
( ) ⑦ruler dog blue ( ) ⑧big ship
mooncake horse it
• 四. 写出单词或音标。
[bru:m] [dɔ:] [sit] [bә:d] • [fut] [wi:] [dɔg] [′sistә] • look do water good • too foot clock first • work sisnd map cut from bird her
• 五. 改变下列单词的一个字母,使它变成另一个单 词
• • • • •
like_______________ (交通工具) hat ________________(动物) lake ________________(食品) nice _______________(数字) hot _________________(用品) well _______________(用品)
Unit 6 Vowels - Back Vowels
lower than for /u:/. Move your tongue
slightly more forward. Your lips should
be less rounded. (舌头后缩, 但舌头隆
得比/u:/音低,双唇成微圆形. 极为短促
的气流从口腔冲出, 微振声带发音.)
Distinction between /u:/&/u/ (page 61 / 238)
Exercise -/u:/ & /u/ Focused
/u:/
two tooth toot Sue soon who do moon noon loose lose choose food blue school
Choose a pair of blue shoes.
/u/
good book put push
ə
ɔ:
۸
æ :ɒ
Tongue positions for back vowels (rounded):
uu uu:: ɔɔ::
۸۸ :ɒ
Defining characteristic of Back Vowels
Back vowels have their name because the sound resonates at the back of the mouth. To do this, the tongue is positioned far back in the mouth without creating a constriction.
for /u/ is not as back as that for
/u:/ (发/u:/音时, 舌头隆起部位比/u/ 更接近舌根.)
英语学科知识与教学能力考点必背(语音部分)教师资格证
学科知识与教学能力笔记（英语）一、语音考点（一）元音Vowels考点1：元音的舌位图我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图（P70）。
图的左方为口腔的前部，右方为其后部。
竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分；横线音标描述汇总：[i:] h igh front tense unrounded vowel[?] high front lax unrounded vowel[u:] high back tense rounded vowel[?]即[u] high back lax rounded vowel[З:]或[?:] central tense unrounded vowel[?] central lax unrounded vowel[e] mid-high front lax unrounded vowel[?] low front lax unrounded vowel [Λ] mid-low back lax unrounded vowel [?:] mid-low back tense rounded vowel [?] low back lax rounded vowel [ɑ:] low back tense unrounded vowel考点2：专有名词基本元音 Cardinal Vowels纯元音Pure Vowels/单元音 Monophthong Vowels如：[aI] 中[a 考点1：Manners of articulation 发音方式 stops 爆破音 [p, b, t, d, k, g] nasal 鼻音 [m, n, ?]fricative 摩擦音 [f, v, θ, e, s, z, ∫, ?, h]、approximant近似音[w, r, j ]、lateral边音[l]、affricate塞擦音[ts, dz, tr, dr]考点2：Places of articulation发音部位[p][b][t][d][k][g][m][n][?][f][v][?][e][s][z][∫] voiceless postalveolar fricative[?] voiced postalveolar fricative[h] glottal fricative[t∫] voiceless postalveolar affricate [d?] voiced postalveolar affricate[l ] alveolar lateral[r] alveolar approximant[w] bilabial approximant[j] palatal approximant（三）Assimilation同化现象：a process by which one sound takes on some or all characteristics of a neighboring sound.Nasalization鼻音化、cap canDentalization齿音、tent tenthVelarization软腭since sinkVoiced frication有声擦音→voiceless无声擦音/__voiceless清音重音。
(英语)元音与辅音的分类
Classification of vowels
• Monophthong----12 • 1. Range of tongue’s activities : (1)Front vowel: [i:] [i] [e] [æ ] (2)Back vowel: [a:] [ɔ] [ɔ:] [u:] [u] [Λ] (3)Central vowel：[ә:] [ә]
• • • • • • •
2.The shape of lips： （1）Rounded vowel:[ɔ] [ɔ:] [u:] [u] （2）扁唇音： [i:] [ә:] （3）中常：[i] [e] [æ] [a:] [ә] [Λ] 3.The length： （1）Long vowel: [i:] [a:] [ɔ:] [u:] [ә:] （2）Short vowel: :[ɔ] [u] [i] [e] [æ] [ә] [Λ]
• Diphthong----9 • （1）Close Diphthong:[ei] [ai] [әu] [au] [ɔi] • （2）Rising Diphthong:[iә] [εә] [uә] [ɔә]
Classification of consonants
• • • • 1.Manner （1）Plosive consonant：[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] （2）Nasal consonant：[m] [n] [η] （3）Fricative consonant：[f] [v] [θ] [ ð] [s] [z] [∫] [ ] [r] [h] • （4）Affricate consonant ：[t∫] [d ] （[ts] [dz] [tr] [dr] ） • （5）Semi-vowel：[w] [j] • （6）Lateral consonant ：[l]
back vowels
/ɔ:/
/ ɔ: / is a long, half-open, rounded back vowel.
Organic Formation 1. Open the mouth a little less than for /ɔ/. 2. Round the lips more energetically than for /ɔ/. 3. Raise the back of the tongue between “halfopen” and “half-close” position. Hold the tongue tenser and higher than for /ɔ/.
Phrases & Sentences
have a look a cook-book foot the bill （付账） by hook or by crook （不择手段地） book a room put the hood on the hook（把头巾挂在钩上） brook no distortion (事实不容歪曲)
/a:/ 和/ æ /发音口腔部位的异同
/a:/
舌 双唇 牙床 平躺在口腔内，后 舌靠前部分用力 中性形 近乎全开
/æ /
舌尖抵下齿，舌位中下 位 开口 近乎全开
长度 肌肉
长 放松
短 紧张
comparison
/a:/ Bark Cart park barn psalm harm /æ / duck cut luck bun sum hum
• [ʊ ]
是短元音，舌端离开下齿，舌后部向软腭抬 起；双唇圆而小，稍向前突出；极为短促 的气流从口腔中冲出，振动声带，发出此 音。 • e.g.: good(好的) could(能够) should(应该)
英语语音教案第六单元后元音 unit6 back vowels
详细教学内容I．General introduction of Back vowelsIn this unit, we will learn the back vowels in English.There are six back vowels in English. Looking at the 舌位图, you’ll know why they are called back vowels.(The following is the description of the six English back vowels.) They are produced by shifted the body of the tongue back from its central position.II. Shows the correct methods of pronouncing these sounds./ u: /, /u / are both high, back, rounded vowels. The /u:/ marks the highest boundary for the back vowels, as /i:/ does for the front vowels. Therefore, the tongue is retracted from its rest position and raised toward the soft palate. This vowel is quite common in the languages of the world and appears without problem in most Chinese learners. 英语中最小的圆唇音，不要用力将嘴唇撅得老高loose food blue groupno moodbring food to schoolprove to be truerumor about the movie star/u / foot cook could goods开口比/ u: /大点Compare / u: / with / u /book a roomput in some sugarpull throughwalk through the woodsTo ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between /u:/ and/ u /:1.the part of the tongue raised for / u / is not as back and as high as that for/u:/;2./u:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for/u /./ ɔ:/, /ɔ /is a mid-back vowel. For its production, the tongue is retracted and almost flat in the mouth. The vowel is almost fully back and has quite strong lip-rounding. //ɔ / / is a low vowel. The lips are slightly rounded. /ɔ / is a difficult vowel for the Chinese learners. Many of them use a shortened version of/ ɔ:/as its substitution. To ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between these two vowels:1./ɔ / is a low vowel while / :/ is a mid vowel, so the mouth is more open for /ɔ /,2./ ɔ:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for /ɔ //ɒ /在发音时口的开张度大于/ ɔ:/，牙床近乎全开。
Unit06 Vowels：Back Vowels
Unit 6Lesson Plan(With Notes for Teachers)Back VowelsDate: Oct. 21-25Class: Classes 1, 2 & 3, Grade 2002Subject: English Pronunciation for CommunicationPurpose:The students will learn back vowels in English.Objectives: Students will be able to:1.Define - in their own words a definition for back vowels;pare –based on the understanding of the basic concept, compare them with othervowels;3.Practice – imitate the sounds and do practice.Resources/Materials:1.Textbook: Wang, Guizhen, An English Pronunciation Course, Higher Education Press,Beijing, 2000;2.Handouts: illustration of the phonemes in focus;3.Recordings of native speakersActivities and Procedures:1.Stimulating: Begin by asking the class to find out how much the students know about whatthey are required to learn. Make sure that it serves the purpose of stimulating the students to think about the issue and have the desire to find out the answers themselves.2.Display examples by playing the recording of the native speakers showing the typicalpronunciation in English.3.Ask the students to listen to the tapes to make a good discrimination of the sounds in focus.4.Have the students imitate the sound in focus.5.Have the students share what they have learned by reading out the practice materials in pairs.6.Have the students listen to the conversations recorded by native speakers of English and tryto get the sounds in focus correct in their pronunciation.7.Have the students practice the guided conversation. Ask them to pay special attention to thesounds in focus in speech.8.Highlight the language function in the conversation in the practice.9.Have several pairs of the students present their conversation in the class.ment on the students’ performance by highlighting the achievement of the students andthe efforts they need for the improvement.11.Ask the students to do more practice after class and get ready for presentation during the nextsession.Notes for TeachersBack VowelsIn this unit, we will learn the back vowels in English.There are six back vowels in English. The back vowels are produced by shifting the body of the tongue back from its central position. The tip of the tongue remains at the level of the lower teeth. The front and back vowels have several features in common as well as some differences. Unlike the front vowels that are made with a fairly neutral lip posture, four of the back vowels are rounded. The back vowels may also be subdivided into those that are high (/u:/ and /☺/), mid (/ :/ and /ɒ/), and low (/ :/ and /✈/). The following is the description of the six English back vowels./u:/ and /☺//u:/ and /☺/ are both high, back, rounded vowels. The /u:/ marks the highest boundary for the back vowels, as /i:/ does for the front vowels. Therefore, the tongue is retracted from its rest position and raised toward the soft palate. This vowel is quite common in the languages of the world and appears without problem in most Chinese learners. Along with /u:/, /☺/ completes the vowels in the high back space on the vowels chart. Its corresponding front vowel is /✋/. When making the sound, the tongue is retracted as for /u:/ but not elevated to the same extent. In addition, the /☺/ vowel is not made with as much tension in the root of the tongue as /u:/. The same tense/lax contrast is also seen for /i:/ and /✋/. This sound is not found very frequently as a phoneme in the languages of the world, certainly not in Chinese Putonghua. In English, it is not very common despite the fact that it appears in some frequently used words, such as should, good, and book. /u:/ occurs at all the three positions of a word while /☺/ occurs only in the middle position of a word, like book and hook. To ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between /u:/ and /☺/:1./u:/ is the highest back vowel, so the raised part of the tongue for /u:/ is higher than that for /☺/;2.the part of the tongue raised for /☺/ is not as back as that for /u:/;3./u:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for /☺/./ :/ & /ɒ// :/ is a mid-back vowel. For its production, the tongue is retracted and almost flat in the mouth. The vowel is almost fully back and has quite strong lip-rounding. /ɒ/ is a low vowel. The lips are slightly rounded. /ɒ/ is a difficult vowel for the Chinese learners. Many of them use a shortened version of / :/ as its substitution. To ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between these two vowels:1./ɒ/ is a low vowel while / :/ is a mid vowel, so the mouth is more open for /ɒ/,2./ :/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for /ɒ/./ :/ & /✈/The / :/ is made by lowering and flattening the tongue in the oral cavity. It is a low vowel, but not as back as other back vowels in English. /✈/ is quite different from other vowels in thisgroup in that it is more like a central vowel than a back vowel (see the vowel chart). /✈/ is made with the tongue in the approximate middle of the mouth, perhaps shifted back slightly. It is lower than the other central vowels /з:/ and /✈/. The lip position is neutral. It is important for the learners to make a clear distinction between / :/ and /✈/ in their pronunciation.元音: 后元音在这个单元里，我们将学习英语的后元音。