从拉康理论看《哈姆雷特》悲剧
莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中主人公性格悲剧解读
莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中主人公性格悲剧解读莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》被誉为世界文学史上最伟大的戏剧之一，其中的主人公哈姆雷特更是被认为是一个深沉复杂的悲剧人物。
他的性格、内心矛盾和遭遇构成了这部戏剧的核心。
在本文中，我们将深入探讨哈姆雷特这一悲剧人物的性格特点，并对他的悲剧命运进行解读。
我们不得不提及哈姆雷特的忧郁与矛盾性格。
从整部戏剧来看，哈姆雷特是一个极度内向、敏感、善良且富有同情心的年轻人。
他对自己的内心矛盾感到痛苦和困惑，他的内心矛盾主要表现在对复仇的犹豫、对自己的人生意义的追问以及对世界的不满。
他对自己的父亲的死感到悲痛，但又不能释怀母亲与克劳迪斯的婚姻；他对自己的心中情感犹豫不决，却无法解脱。
这种内心矛盾不断折磨着他，最终导致了他的悲剧命运。
哈姆雷特的性格也表现出了他对现实世界的不满与反抗。
在整个戏剧中，哈姆雷特不断地用冷嘲热讽和讽刺来表达对社会、对人性的不满。
他对政治腐败、人性丑恶、虚伪封建伦理等问题感到极度痛苦和愤慨。
尤其是他对母亲的感情，以及对王室中的勾心斗角和亲情的质疑，都是他性格中的重要组成部分。
他对人性的绝望与对世界的不满，使他深陷在认知的困境中，失去了对生活的信心，最终导致了他的悲剧命运。
哈姆雷特的性格还表现出了他对自己命运的追问与不甘心。
他对生命、对人生的意义进行了深刻的追问，他思考生命的意义、才华的价值、爱情的真谛等问题。
哈姆雷特对自己悲惨的遭遇感到不甘心，他觉得自己的人生命运是如此不公，他宁愿选择死亡来结束自己的痛苦。
但与此他又对死亡感到恐惧，他害怕死后可能会面临更大的痛苦与折磨。
这种对自己命运的追问与不甘心最终使他深陷在自己的内心困境中，最终导致了他的悲剧命运。
哈姆雷特的性格中还表现出了他的复仇心理与宿命论思想。
整个戏剧的情节围绕着哈姆雷特对父亲遇害的复仇展开，而哈姆雷特对复仇的犹豫不决、对犯严的反思、对杀意的压抑等心理过程无不表现出其复杂性。
他也多次提及宿命这一概念，认为人的命运是由上天决定的，自己无法逃脱。
综合作品论述哈姆雷特悲剧实质与原因
综合作品论述哈姆雷特悲剧实质与原因
《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚最著名的戏剧之一，被普遍认为是世界文学的经典之作。
该剧探讨了复仇、爱情、家族关系以及个人认识和行动的道德困境等多个主题。
《哈姆雷特》的悲剧实质可以从以下几个方面进行论述：
1. 内心冲突与犹豫不决：主人公哈姆雷特面对父亲的死和母亲与叔父的婚姻，内心充满矛盾与痛苦。
他犹豫不决，无法迅速行动，这种矛盾与犹豫最终导致了悲剧的发生。
2. 外在干扰与阴谋：剧中有多个角色在进行复仇与权谋的计划，他们通过欺骗、暗杀等手段，不断向哈姆雷特施加压力。
这些外在干扰也加剧了哈姆雷特的困境。
3. 人性的弱点与缺陷：哈姆雷特身上显现了多个人性的弱点，如犹豫不决、怀疑、嫉妒等。
这些弱点使得他在面对复仇时陷入困境，无法做出明智的选择。
4. 命运与悲剧的注定：无论哈姆雷特的选择如何，似乎都注定了悲剧的发生。
剧中多次提到命运的力量与牵引，这也使得悲剧的产生显得不可避免。
总之，哈姆雷特悲剧的实质与原因是多方面的，既包括个人内心的困惑与犹豫，也包括外在的阴谋与干扰，以及人性的弱点与命运的力量。
这些因素交织在一起，最终导致了悲剧的发生。
从拉康主体理论角度分析哈姆雷特复仇行动中的延宕问题
文章２ ５９ ２ ０ ）２ 一 ２ ２ ２ ０
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引言
关于 莎士 比亚名 剧《 哈姆 雷特 》 的丹 麦王 子在 复仇 过程 中 延 宕 的原 因 ， 研 究批 评 众说 纷 纭 ， 是 性格 软 弱 ， 历来 或 或是 过 多 思虑 ， 外 界条 件不 允 许 ， 因为 自我 中心 主义 ， 是 因 或是 或 或 患精神疾病， 如此等等 。 】 其中厄内斯特 ・ 琼斯在《 用俄狄浦斯 情 结解 释哈姆 莱特 之谜》 一文 中 ， 为是俄狄 甫斯 情结 使得 哈 认 姆 雷特将 克劳 狄斯 杀其父 娶其母 的行 为视 为 自己潜 意识 中本 想要做 的 。 叔父 就是 他 的化 身。 就 等于杀 了 自己。 延宕 其 杀他 其 的根源 在他 的潜意 。琼斯 的解 释确实 别开 先河 ， 未 免有 但 狭隘之 处 。 历来 为报杀 父夺母 之仇 的故 事传说 屡见 史册 ， 单是 俄狄 甫 斯情 结 显 然无 法 解 释 为何 只在 哈姆 雷特 身 上 发 生延 宕 。在 所谓 俄狄 甫斯情 结 中主体 会因 为这种 情结 而产生 负罪 感。 而克 劳狄斯 占据原 有父 亲 的位置后 ， 哈姆雷 特眼 中便成 在 为这 种弑 父罪恶 的承 载者 。 在琼 斯所谓 的俄 狄甫 斯情 结下 ， 哈 姆 雷特可 以毫无 疑虑 杀之 而后快 ， 而没 有可 以延宕 的道 理 。 本文 试图从 拉康 关于 主体及 主体 性的 角度 ，对于 哈姆 雷 特 在于 复仇行 动 中的延宕 现象 进行分 析 。哈姆雷 特在 得知 其 父 鬼魂 的授意 报仇后 ， 长达 四个 月 时问未 曾有过 行动 ， 因为 是 此时他 的主体 性认 同受 到 了冲击 ，而 没有 确立 主体地 位 的人 是要受 到他者 的支 配和摆 布 。哈姆雷 特借 用 自身 的言语将 之 与彼者 世界 隔离 ， 而躲进 非理 性与疯 癫之 中 ， 终究仍 是 需要 但 于彼 者的世 界 中再 度获 得 自身的 主体 性。 欲望 是他 者 的欲望 ， 哈姆 雷特始 终处 于对彼 者欲 望 的依 赖 中 ，通过 对父 亲法 则 的 重新 认 同 ， 再度进 入彼 者 的世界确 立 自身的 主体性 。 正是 这 而 过 程 ， 成 了哈姆雷 特在 复仇过 程 中的延宕 。 造 二 、 康主体 概念 略述 拉 拉康 意义 上的 主体是 指文 化 、 形态 的创造 物 ， 个 意识 是一 在无 意识 中表 现 自我 的符 号 ， 一个身 份性 隐喻 ， 于与 其 是 存在 他 主体相关联 的 、 不断变 动的拓扑 网络 中 ， 一个非 理性 、 是 毫无
莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中主人公性格悲剧解读
莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中主人公性格悲剧解读莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的剧作家之一，他的作品《哈姆雷特》是被公认为世界文学史上最伟大的作品之一。
哈姆雷特，这个个性复杂，心灵深邃的主人公，被誉为是莎士比亚创作中最成功的角色之一。
他的性格不仅展现了莎士比亚的视角，同时也提出了许多深刻的社会和哲学问题。
本文将通过对《哈姆雷特》中主人公性格的悲剧解读，来揭示哈姆雷特这一形象的复杂性和内心的矛盾。
哈姆雷特是一位充满内心挣扎和矛盾的人，他对世界和自己的看法十分深刻，这使他成为了一个复杂的悲剧人物。
他既有着顽固的自尊和理想主义，又有着对现实的无奈和怀疑。
在剧中，哈姆雷特被描绘为一位苦闷、矛盾和疑虑的人，他在内心深处的挣扎如同潮水般汹涌澎湃。
他既想证明父亲的遗言，又无法摆脱对母亲忠诚的矛盾；他既想要维护正义，又无法击垮腐败的政权。
他的内心矛盾和挣扎成为了该剧的核心，也成为了他的命运的悲剧源泉。
哈姆雷特的性格复杂性体现在他对父亲的复杂情感中。
在剧中，哈姆雷特显得特别孤独，他对已故父亲的思念和对母亲的矛盾情感是他内心挣扎的开始。
他对父亲的死亡充满了痛苦和悲伤，他却因为母亲与叔父的婚姻而对母亲产生了疑虑和愤怒。
他认为母亲的婚姻是不道德的，是一种对父亲的背叛。
他的痛苦不仅来自于父亲的离世，更来自于母亲的行为，这使他对家庭、亲情和人生的看法都产生了深刻的怀疑。
哈姆雷特的性格复杂性还体现在他对友情和爱情的态度上。
在剧中，哈姆雷特与他的朋友霍瑞希奥建立了深厚的友情，而与奥菲莉亚之间有着一段情感纠葛。
他对友情和爱情的态度却十分混乱。
他对霍瑞希奥的友情是真诚的，但又因为自己的犹豫不决而对友情的真假产生了怀疑。
他对奥菲莉亚的爱情也是纠结的，既深深地爱着她，又因为家庭和政治的原因而对她保持着疏离。
他的一生中都被这些对友情和爱情的犹豫和怀疑所困扰，这使得他在情感上备受折磨。
哈姆雷特的性格复杂性还体现在他对自己的理想和现实的矛盾之中。
在剧中，哈姆雷特始终奋发图强，对正义有着强烈的追求。
哈姆雷特
哈姆雷特之谜新解：拉康的后精神分析批评内容提要：法国后精神分析理论家拉康认为，莎士比亚悲剧人物哈姆雷特行动延宕，不能实施报仇行为不’是偶然的，根本原因在于他处予一个心理一语言的结构之中，他没有本人行为的自由，只能遵守‚他人‛的规则。
拉康用索绪尔结构主义语言学框架与弗洛伊德精神分析相结合，用后精神分析理论为争论已久的‚哈姆雷特行动之谜‛提出了一种新的解释理论。
关键词：后精神分析俄狄浦斯情结镜子阶段符号级菲勒斯中心莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》是西方文学研究中的难解之谜：哈姆雷特为何迟疑不决不能实行报仇行动?从1736年西方学者提出这个问题后，一直是各派理论阐释的中心。
在已有的种种解释中，20世纪初期出现的精神分析解释是最引人注目的说法之一。
从弗洛伊德到琼斯(Ernst Jones)都认为：哈姆雷特并非不愿行动，而是不能行动。
原因在于他的意识要求他行动，但他潜意识的‚俄狄浦斯情结‛使他不能行动，非不为也，是不能也。
这种见解曾经让西方学术界为之震惊。
殊不知，半个世纪之后，后精神分析学的代表人物法国的拉康(Jacques Lacan，1900—1981)再次让学术界如醍醐灌顶，他提出了关于哈姆雷特之谜的一种新解释，又一次展示了精神分析文学批评的独特风格。
拉康的《欲望及对<哈姆雷特>中欲望的阐释》(Desire and Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet)就是这方面的一篇代表作，这是1959年4月拉康在巴黎圣安娜医院主持的讲习班系列讲演《欲望及其阐释》中的一篇，这篇作品在70年代由拉康的继承人雅克一阿莱茵〃米勒整理后，于1977年在美国耶鲁大学的《耶鲁法国研究》杂志(55／56)期先行刊出，一时间风行英语世界。
但是对于大多数只熟悉弗洛伊德学说，不了解后精神分析的中国读者来说，我们还要作一些基本范畴的说明，才能理解拉康以艰涩出名的阐释。
一、主体与欲望客体关系：走出俄狄浦斯情结首先涉及的问题当然是俄狄浦斯情结，但拉康与弗洛伊德不同，不再是恋母情结的简单表现。
浅析莎士比亚的《哈姆莱特》悲剧艺术
浅析莎士比亚的《哈姆莱特》悲剧艺术12函授本科怀广班徐其勇学号：容摘要：威廉•莎士比亚是英国文艺复兴时期最伟大的戏剧家。
作为戏剧艺术大师，他的戏剧,无论是历史剧、喜剧，还是悲剧，都达到了世界文学的顶峰。
《哈姆莱特》是莎士比亚最著名的悲剧之一，代表了莎士比亚最高的艺术成就。
剧中莎士比亚塑造的著名人物哈姆莱特，连同罗密欧和朱丽叶等700余典型的人物形象一起已被列入世界文学的艺术画廊。
本文主要通过对悲剧《哈姆莱特》及其艺术风格的分析与研究来探索莎士比亚的人文主义思想及其对世界文学发展的贡献。
关键词：莎士比亚；悲剧；哈姆莱特；人文主义；成就和影响《哈姆莱特》是莎士比亚最著名的—部悲剧，它突出地反映了作者的人文主义思想。
莎士比亚说过，他的作品就是“给自然照一面镜子，给德行看一看自己的面目，给荒唐看一看自己的姿态，给时代和社会看一看自己的形象和印记”。
《哈姆莱特》正是一个时代的缩影。
一、介绍《哈姆莱特》《哈姆莱特》是莎士比亚代表剧作，创作于1601年。
剧作写的是丹麦王子哈姆莱特对谋杀他的父亲、骗娶他的母亲并篡夺了王位的叔父进行复仇的故事。
哈姆莱特是体现作者人文主义理想的典型形象。
剧作通过描写他与现实之间的不可调和的矛盾，和他在复仇过程中的犹豫?徨、忧伤苦闷及其惨遭失败的悲剧结局，深刻地体现出人文主义者要求冲破封建势力束缚的强烈愿望，同时也揭示出英国早期资产阶级的局限性。
而正是哈姆莱特的这种人文主义理想与现实的不可调和的矛盾导致了他人生悲剧的必然。
二、莎士比亚的《哈姆莱特》悲剧特色（一）《哈姆莱特》是莎士比亚最著名的四大悲剧之一。
剧作描述的是年轻的丹麦王子哈姆莱特在德国威登堡大学求学,他的父亲突然暴死，得到父王的噩耗后，他立即回国奔丧。
其时，叔父克劳迪斯正要登上王位，母亲正匆匆要改嫁给新王。
一连串不幸的消息使他痛苦不已，抑郁寡欢，厌世之情开始在他灵魂深处产生。
（二）哈姆莱特的决心替父复仇的计划。
正当新王与母后举行婚礼的狂欢之夜,父亲的鬼魂在城堡上空出现,向王子诉说自己的死亡真相，告诉他自己是被弟弟克劳迪斯谋杀而死的，克劳迪斯趁他午睡时,将毒草汁滴入他的耳中,毒死了他。
《哈姆雷特》的复仇悲剧与人性分析
哈姆雷特的复仇悲剧与人性分析介绍《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的一部经典戏剧作品，被誉为世界文学史上最伟大的作品之一。
这部戏剧以复仇悲剧为题材，同时也深入探索了人性的各个层面和矛盾。
复仇悲剧复仇悲剧作品通常以主人公对某种冒犯或不公正行为进行报复为主题。
《哈姆雷特》中，主角哈姆雷特遭到父亲国王的谋杀，并且母后迅速嫁给了凶手克劳迪斯。
这引发了哈姆雷特的愤怒和欲望，他决定通过复仇来伸张正义。
整个故事围绕着哈姆雷特如何实施复仇展开。
哈姆雷特与人性《哈姆雷特》通过描绘主角哈姆雷特及其他人物的言行举止，展示了多种不同的人性面貌。
以下是一些关键的人性分析：纠结与犹豫哈姆雷特是一个深思熟虑的人，总是在内心与自己进行严苛的辩论。
他对复仇行为持有道德上的顾虑，并被自己内心的犹豫所困扰。
这种纠结使得哈姆雷特难以付诸行动，导致了戏剧剧情的推进。
疯狂与假象哈姆雷特一度采取了疯狂和假象的方式来掩饰自己对克劳迪斯的怀疑和愤怒。
他装模作样地表现出精神错乱，通过此举来揭露克劳迪斯等人之间密谋的真相。
欺骗与背叛除了主角哈姆雷特外，其他人物也展现了欺骗与背叛的人性一面。
国王克劳迪斯策划将哈姆雷特杀害，并与女主角欲娜共谋掩盖真相。
这些行为揭示了权力、欲望和背叛对人性产生的影响。
苦闷与绝望《哈姆雷特》中延伸出许多关于生命和死亡、意义和虚无等哲学问题，使得人物们普遍感到苦闷和绝望。
哈姆雷特尤其是在"生还是死去，这是一个问题"的著名独白中表达了他内心的矛盾和困惑。
结论《哈姆雷特》以复仇悲剧为主题，深入分析了人性的各个层面和矛盾。
通过展示纠结与犹豫、疯狂与假象、欺骗与背叛以及苦闷与绝望等方面的人性特点，该剧带领观众思考关于正义、道德和生命意义等重大话题。
《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素
摘要：《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。
该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。
本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。
透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。
该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。
从而决定了他们最终的归宿。
剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。
作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。
作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。
他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。
然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。
因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。
作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。
关键词：人物悲情；矛盾冲突；人文主义；情节悲剧；王权斗争Abstract：As one of Shakespeare‟s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare‟s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists‟ hardship for their dreams to c ome true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human‟s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists.Key Words：Tragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throneIntroductionIt is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince‟s revenge for his father‟s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of revenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the tool which her father used topleasant the King.As one of the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is full of tragedy aspects: it described a disordered world, and also a world with strong self-consciousness, which reflected the modern main parts uncertainness and complication in the period of Renaissance. In such a special time, there are all the kinds of formation: Claudius‟s schemes to seize the state power; the ethics between the ghost and his son; the sincere feelings betw een Hamlet and Ophelia; friendship‟s forsaking with old classmates; simultaneous revenge action; the failure of humanism, and so on. With all the formation organized, it forms Hamlet‟s special artistic charm and literal achievement, which reveal human-being the tragedy aspects of Hamlet incisively and vividly.I. The General Introduction of the StoryIt is a story of a prince‟s revenge for his father‟s death in Denmark. The King of Denmark died, young prince Hamlet who was making further education abroad came back to his country. Out of his imagination, his mother married his uncle Claudius just after the old King‟s death. A ghost who looked like the old King emerged one night, and told Hamlet that it was Claudius who killed him, so Hamlet vowed to revenge. He began to pretend to be mad, and left his lover Ophelia. To spy upon the reflection of Claudius, Hamlet arranged a play which was drawn by him. Claudius realized it, he sent Hamlet to England, and asked the man who kept watch on Hamlet to give letter to the king of England to have Hamlet died. But Claudius failed; Hamlet came back to his country again. Meanwhile Ophelia was drawn because of her father‟s death and her lover Hamlet‟s drifting apart of her. Her brother Leartes was very angry; he asked to fight with Hamlet. Then Claudius arranged a sword match for them, in which Hamlet was killed by the poison sword, Laertes was wounded to die. The Queen (Hamlet‟s mother) died from the poison wine which was prepared for Hamlet by Claudius. Before death, Laertes told the truth. Finally Hamlet killed Claudius with the cost of his life.II. Three Simultaneous Plots of RevengeIn Hamlet, there are three simultaneous plots of revenge, which give more details to help us learn the tragedy aspects in it. There are three characters: Hamlet, Laertes andFortinbius,all of whose father are killed. Based on the concept of the time, all the three persons should revenge for their relatives. As the same task, because of their own character and outlook of life, there are three different ways. Of the three persons, thereare two groups of comparison: Laertes and Hamlet are both comparatively young men in a court dominated by the Middle Aged; both are described as being popular with the people in Denmark; their common love for Ophelia units them thematically in the fourth act; and the ensuing swordfight which result in both their death makes clear the extent to which they are each other‟s opposites; both give themselves the task of revenging the death of a relative; both are spied on by their parents. Young Fortinblas, who has a few similarities to Hamlet: he too is the nephew of a King; he too is any enemy of Claudius; he too is seeking some sort of vengeance following the death of his father.A. Laertes’s Simple Idea to RevengeOf Laertes‟s idea to revenge, it can be described as “simple”. He is noble and dignified in his appearance, while in fact there is nothing in is mind. He is impulsive, narrow minded. Though he realizes his error and reveals the evil plot of the King, he loses his life. As he learns the news that his father Polonius was killed, without asking anyone about the reason, hurriedly he comes back to Denmark and arouses the asses to action. Thinking that the King is the sinner of his father‟s death,Laretes leads his masses rush into the court and fight with Claudius. We see Laretes does like that, but in fact, he does not love his father at all. He laughs at his father‟s weakness, hates that his father asks someone to keep watch on him. For the reason of his father’s death, he has no interest. Suppose Laertes is willing to learn the reason, he would know that the death of Polonius is caused by himself, for he is so positive to interfere the conflict between Hamlet and the King. What‟s more, he supports the King. Hamlet is meaningless to kill Polonius, to which Laertes dose not care about, so he decides to revenge without any doubt. He understands the moral from the point of formalism, according to which he takes action. His principle is measure for measure. What Laertes revenges for is the reputation of his relevant and his family. In the face of such requirement, even the King‟s order, it should be delayed. Besides, what Laertes revenges for is his ambitions. When he leads his masses to kill the King, he advocates them support him as the King. It is available that Laertes‟s revenge is divorced from the essence, he has ulterior motives.B．Fortinblas’s Abandonment to RevengeFortinblas gives up to revenge. In this drama we do not see the Norway prince somany times. Just b ecause of his uncle‟s several words, he abandons to revenge for his father‟s death. When the Denmark is frightened to wait for Fortinblas‟s attack for his father‟s death and the lost land, Fortinblas attacks Poland. No matter what causes Fortinblas to give up revenge, we can regard that his father once provoked to his enemy (the King of Denmark) and gave no choice to him. If the King of Denmark did not kill Fortinblas‟s father, the person who would be in death now is himself. Fortinblas realizes that he has no ability to fight with Denmark, so he gives up. But what if he is willing to try his best? He abandons absolutely.Leartes and Fortinblas have their own attitude on revenge. One is to obey the requirement of revenge without any conditions, and the other one is to give upabsolutely. Either of them takes hasty action, and also lacks consideration.C. Hamlet‟s Hesitation to RevengeSince the ghost of Hamlet‟s father tells Hamlet the truth of his death, the task to revenge is engraved on Hamlet‟s mind deepl y, he vows to revenge. He loves his father so sincerely and deeply. In his mind, his father symbolizes the top of human virtue. What a base action to keep his father in death! Compared with Leartes and Fortinblas, his motive for revenge is stimulated by his love to his father. While it takes along time for him to complete his task, why? There are three main stages:First of all, he puts off all his action until he has positive proof of Claudius‟s guilty, during his process, Hamlet arranges a play to spy upon Claudius‟s response to prove the truth of the ghost‟s words. Secondly, he passes up the opportunity to stab Claudius in the back preferring to wait for chance to kill him in a way more fitting. Because of the religion and superstitious belief, killing the enemy who is repenting is to send the evil person to the heaven. It means that he returns good for evil. Thirdly, however, he gets side-tracked. Forced into confrontation with his mother, he kills the eavesdropping Polonius, thinking that it is Claudius he is stabbing. The fact that Hamlet misfires Polonius has two main effects: it makes Hamlet‟s own homicidal campaign lose energy---as if some sort of blood lust had been sated. It also forces Hamlet finally out into the open. Rather than suspects, Haml et is a threat to Claudius. On the excuse of Polonius‟s death, Claudius has opportunity to move against Hamlet, which is sending him off to England to be put in death.III. The Tragedy of CharactersA. The Tragedy of Hamlet1. Three Stages of Hamlet’s Trag edyOf the character of Hamlet in this drama, it is not still, but changeable as the struggles go on. According to the development of the character, Shakespeare shows us the tragedy of Hamlet, which is described in three stages logically.The first stage is about his happiness time, during which he studies in Wittenberg. In that period, he has wonderful dream on humanism. To him the world is so bright, charming. In his mind, his father is on behalf perfect man. He also believes that the harmonious relationship between human would come true sooner or later. The second stage of Hamlet is about his dejection and hesitation. Hamlet is so puzzled by the conflict between humanism idea and the gloom reality. When we firstly see the prince, Hamlet appears as a dejected person. He is shrouded by sadness; he does not know where to look for happiness of life. When he realizes all the crimes in the court of Denmark, all his wishes of life have been changed. He decides to change the society, but in action he hesitates. The third stage is about his decision to take activities, which is after the play arranged by Hamlet himself. He can not bear the crime of reality any more. In his own words, he would fill his mind with bloody thoughts. Although Hamlet revenges for his fath er‟s death in the end, he does not achieve the purpose to remove the evil force thoroughly, even he loses his life.2. Hamlet’s DeathHamlet‟s death is also his tragedy. It is destined for Hamlet to end with his death, which is caused by both internal and external course; it is not comprehensive to emphasize either of them. As one of his challengeable enemy, Claudius is on behalf of the evil force; his crime is collected with all the society‟s darkness. Hamlet is eager to wipe out such evil force and revenge for his father‟s death. But it can not be solved only by having Claudius died, of course to achieve which is not easy. To remove the evil force which is commonly existed in the society and reverses the situation is more difficult. What Hamlet is hesitati ng “is not what he should do, but how to do it.” Judging from the objective aspect, Hamlet‟s enemy is not only Claudius, and also some villains. As a new style of thought of a newly emerging capitalist class, humanism just exists as a power of thought at that time, which is far away to match with the feudal evil force. The bourgeoisie revolution in England happened in 17th century, judging from the feature of the time, Hamlet‟s death is destined. Judging from the character of him, Hamlet has the most weakness which dominates his action. Because of his prince social position, there is no communication with people. Although he has sympathy to them, he also learns people are angry to the evil force, and they also keep hope on him, he is unwilling to corporate w ith people. What he believes is his own ability; what‟s more, in his mind he is the only person who can complete such hard task, which is the root of Hamlet‟s social tragedy. So Hamlet‟s tragedy is of an advanced humanist‟s failure to struggle with powerfu l evil force of him, of the time, which has strong classic meaning.B．He Tragedy of ClaudiusClaudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is on behalf of the feudal evil force. He kills his older brother, becomes the new King of Denmark, and marries his sister-in-law. What a dissolute gay! He indulges in creature comforts. Although he is so pleased with himself, when he meets Hamlet, who is in mourning apparel, he is frightened, even it is in his new wedding banquet, he can not conceal the fear which is from his inner heart.Claudius lies that the old King (Hamlet‟s father) died of a poisonous snake, and then he takes theplace of Hamlet‟s succeeding to the throne. While on the surface, he p retends to care Hamlet very much, treats Hamlet as his own son. He also promises Hamlet that he would let him inherit in the future. In the reply to Hamlet‟s outburst, Claudius uses language which seems to be calculated to take into account both sides of a question. On one hand, He tells Hamlet that it is …sweet and commendable‟ of him to be so obviously affected by his father‟s death. On the other hand, he continues mourning must end sooner or later, and life must go on. Thus, Claudius‟s answer to Hamlet appears at first sight to be the epitome of reasonableness, a balanced combination of sensitivity and down-to-earth common sense.‘Tis sweet and commendable in your nature, Hamlet, To give this mourning duties to your father But you must know your father lost a father, That father lost, lost his-and the survivor bound In filial obligation for some tem To do obsequious sorrow. But to persevere In obstinate condolement is a course Of impious stubbornness, …tis unmanly grief, It shows a will most incorrect to heaven, A heart unfortified, a mind impatient, An understanding simple and unschool‟d,For what we know must be, and is as common As any the most vulgar thing to sense---Why should we in our peevish opposition Take it to heart? Fie, …tis a fault to heaven, A fault against the dead, a fault to nature, To reason most absurd, whose common theme Is death of fathers, and who still hath cried? From the first cores till he that died today,‘This must be so‟. (Hamlet, 87-106)When people actually look at the different weight which Claudius gives to the two opposite parts of his argument as his speech develops, it can be realized that Claudius‟s …balance‟ is actually nothing of kind. It is just because that he is under a great deal of strain, and that he is far less in control of the situation than he wants his audience to believe. In another words, Claudius, because he is in a public situation, needs to be a little tactful towards Hamlet, and thus compliments him on his sweet and commendable nature, and assures him th at he regards him …with no less nobility of love/Then that which the dearest father bears his son‟. (Hamlet, II, 110,-II). But Claudius is, after all, King, and his power is absolute. He tries all the ways to eliminate Hamlet, who is regarded to treat him very much. Because Hamlet is deeply loved by people, even pirate is willing to help him, Claudius could not kill him by any reason, he should be very careful. To spy whether Hamlet is mad or not, Claudius asks two of Hamlet‟s classmates to keep watch on hi m. Meanwhile, as bait, Ophelia is used to spy upon Hamlet‟s inner secrets. After the play, which is arranged by Hamlet, Claudius exposes his guilty conscience thoroughly. Then he plans to murder with a borrowed knife to remove Hamlet for another try. On th e excuse of Hamlet‟s safety, Claudius sends him to England, in secret he asks the man who keeps watch on Hamlet to convey his requirement of having Hamlet died to the King of England. But finally he failed. Then he incited Laertes to revenge for his father‟s death, because of which, Hamlet dies from the poison sword.Claudius is dissolute, insidious and sham, while on surface he pretends so kind. Of his character, Shakespeare shows us all the kinds of hideous features of feudal tyrant and the careerist of capitalist class during the time of original accomplishment. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do.C. The Tragedy of OpheliaOphelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and her tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to pleasant the King. She is the victim of feudalism. Her thoughts is tightly bounded it. She believes truth, beauty and kindness, she really loves Hamlet, but she also becomes the tool of Claudius to spy upon the inner secret of Hamlet when Hamlet is mad. When her fathertells her to left Hamlet, she promises him without words. Ophelia is drawn at the end of this drama. It is eventually Ophelia whose madness leads to her actual suicide. But it is clearly that the person who caused Ophelia‟s death is the King and her father. Ophelia is also the victim of the political. Is there any other reason? Of course that is the feudalism. Ophelia‟s death stimulate s people to detest the hateful power, and also evokes people‟s sympathy for good things, which people have destroyed.IV. The Failure of HumanismA. The Conflict between Humanism and RealityThe Renaissance reached its high tide in 16th century, so did the Humanism. As the fundamental key of Renaissance, the essence of humanism is that human have the right to seek for freedom to advocate the rationalism and to gain people‟s position and development in the world. The elements of humanism are to establish the central status, of human beings, their dignity value, to advocate the spirit of rationalism and science, to protest the super role of God admired during the Middle Ages. In the literature of 16th in England, it was play got the best achievement, so there are so many good works. To some extent, a play is the reflection of the society. The history of 16th century is filled with struggle and conflict, which between the capitalism and feudalism.Hamlet is a humanist, a man who is free from the medieval prejudices and super station. He has an unbounded love for the world instead of the Heaven. As one of humanists, Hamlet cherishes a profound reverence for man, and he believes in human‟s power and destiny:What a piece of work is human; how noble in reason; How infinite in faculty, in form and moving How express and admirable; in action how like an angel; In apprehension how like a god! (Hamlet,85-96)From such ebullient words, vivid figure of speech, it is clear that Hamlet confirms human‟s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, wherever exists humanism. He believes that human is valuable, energetic. He regards that the relationship between human being should be equal, and everyone should be respected. He takes “love” to instead of people‟s loyalty to h im, and the principle of equality and love to the relationship of feudal grade. According to his thought, character, appearance and expression, either of which shows us that he is the model of a perfect humanist. In his mind, his father (the old Hamlet) is a model of human. To love, friendship and life, Hamlet has his own humanism view. And he himself, just as Ophelia‟s description, is a young prince of humanism, such a lovely prince, there‟s no doubt that anyone would not love him. Even Claudius, his enemy, has to admit that he is loved by the “silly” people, and the ordinary people would have good opinion to him. While at the beginning of the play, Hamlet is covered by the misfortune of his family. He adores and loves his father very much, but he died; he also loves his mother, while very quickly (“A little month, or ere those shoes were old, with which she follow‟d my poor father‟s body,”) she marries his uncle (the new King). The faithful love, friendship, and all a humanist‟s valuable dreams began to be destroyed. He laments: “Fraity, thy name is woman!” To find out the reason of his father‟s death, Hamlet pretends to be mad. Out of his imagination, his old classmates and friends, even his lover, Ophelia, become Claudius‟s accessories. In front of the evi l reality, his humanism dream is destroyed completely. He even thinks about “to be or not to be”:To be, or not to be, that is the question:Whether …tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troublesAnd by opposing end them. To die---to sleep,No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to: …tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish‟d. To die, to sleep;To sleep, perchance to dream---ay, there‟s the rub……(Hamlet, 152-180)B. The Failure of Hamlet’s TaskWhat Hamlet is able to do is to reveal the reality that the society is not reasonable and it must be changed, not how to solve such fundamental question; to move the crime existing in the world, not how to wipe out it. Because of the limitation of time and class, humanist does not have the ability which is needed to change the society, wipe out the social crime. It is one of the reasons that the reactionary force is powerful, because of which Hamlet fails to complete his task. Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius represents that between the newly emerged capital humanist and feudal reactionary force, which reflects the conflict between the advanced people and evil force in Renaissance. However, it is a complicated time, with the social crime of feudal force and the capital accumulation, it is a gloom time, and it is destined to fail for the advanced people.ConclusionWith abundant and vivid plots, Hamlet reveals an important thought: in the later of Renaissance, the central state power was stable, the system of government was charged by the King. The King abandoned the capitalist class, arbitrarily and dictatorially, he forcibly occupied all the benefit; in political, he went against the progressive measure, then the feudal force had the chance to state a comeback, all the country was filled with foul, and each trying to cheat the other. Under such background, the capital humanists were angry with it. All the ordinary people even could not bear the exploitation coming from the feudal and original accumulation, but they could do nothing to help themselves. Such phenomenon was just about which happened before the bourgeoisie revolutionary in 1645. Humanists had the thought to remove the unforgivable King and reverse the situation, but they fell into hesitation, because the responsibility for them was hard to complete.Taking the court of Denmark in the Middle Ages for the background, according to the story of Hamlet‟s revenge for his father‟s death, Hamlet describes the truth England and the Europe society in the later Renaissance. It reveals the author‟s self-questioning on Renaissance movement and his carelessness on people‟s life and future. The Renaissance promotes Europe into the time human beings awakening. People‟s belief to God began to shake, under the flag of “personality liberation”; it was the custom to do what you like to. For one side, people‟s thought liberated, which promoted the development of the social civilization. In the other side, especially in the later of Renaissance, it was full of overflow of selfish desire and social‟s confusion. Encountering such an enthusiasm and confused time, instead of the optimistic and romantic brought by the humanism, Shakespeare shows us the hidden danger which hided in the ideal and progress. It is destined to fail for humanists. Hamlet is the reflection of such social phenomena.Bibliography[1] Bradley. A C. Lecture IV: Hamlet. London: Macmillan, 1922.[2] Cartwright Kent. Remembering Hamlet, University Park, Penn: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.[3] Michael Mangan. A Preface to Shakespeare‟s Tragedy. Peking University Press, 2001.[4] William Shakespeare. Hamle, Prince of Denmar.. The Oxford Standard Authors Edition. 1601.[5] Zhang Longxi. Reading Shakespeare: Hamlet. Room G07, Lee Wai Chun Building, CUHK, 2003.[6] 卞之琳（译）．哈姆雷特[M] ．人文出版社,1956．[7] 黄源．外国文学史新编[M] ．浙江文艺出版社，1987．[8] 基托．哈姆雷特[M] ．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1981，P427-450．[9] 孟宪强．外国文学[M] ．河南：河南教育出版社，1988．[10] 施咸荣．借鉴与探讨——外国文学部分[M] ．北京：北京十月文艺出版社，1986．[11] 王守仁．英国文学选读（第二版）[M] ．北京：高等教育出版社，2005．[12] 王佐良等．欧洲文化入门[M] ．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005．[13] 杨周翰．莎士比亚评论汇篇[M] ．北京：中社会科学出版社，1981．[14] 张泗洋等．莎士比亚引论[M] ．北京：中国戏剧出版社，1989．[15] 张泗洋．莎士比亚的三重戏剧（研究、演出、教学）[M] ．吉林：东北师范大学出版社，1988．[16] 朱维之等．外国文学简编第四版[M] ．中人民大学出版社，1999．[17] 朱生豪．莎士比亚全集[M] ．北京：人民文学出版社，1981．。
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从拉康理论看《哈姆雷特》悲剧
延宕使得《哈姆雷特》这部巨著情节跌宕起伏，而延宕的原因引起了众多争议。
本文从拉康关于主体，他者，主体对他者欲望的依附的角度，对于哈姆雷特在复仇过程中的延宕的原因进行分析。
拉康的主体不是一个人，而是一个立场，一种姿态。
主体的缺乏产生于主体对于他者的依赖，“他者”就是主体产生的地方。
正是因为哈姆雷特始终处于对他者欲望的依赖中，才导致了其复仇行动的延宕。
标签：哈姆雷特延宕主体他者主体对他者欲望的依附
0 引言
《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚著名的四大悲剧之一。
其讲述的是哈姆雷特王子复仇的故事。
当哈姆雷特的父亲——国王，去世时，母亲改嫁给了自己的叔叔克勒蒂斯，克勒蒂斯成了新的国王。
哈姆雷特怀疑他的叔叔谋杀了自己的父亲，篡夺了王位并霸占了自己的母亲，但是他却迟迟不采取行动惩除奸恶。
他在整个过程中不断的找借口，造成了行为的延宕，也造成了令人沉痛的悲剧——那么多人死了，包括哈姆雷特自己。
为什么会有行为的延宕？评论家对此问题有众多研讨，但没能给出一个普遍接受的结论。
心理学家拉康提供了一个简洁的答案：哈姆雷特没有实施报复行为是因为他的欲望几乎在每一方面都被他者的欲望左右着。
本文旨在详细分析哈姆雷特的复仇欲望是如何依附于其母和其叔的欲望，从而导致行为的延宕。
1 拉康的欲望理论
对于拉康来说，“我”和别人所说的“你”是有区别的。
“我”，不是一个人，而是一个位置，一个立场，一种姿势，拉康称之为“主体”。
主体从一开始就有“缺乏”，这种缺乏产生于主体对于他者的依赖。
正是他者欲望的存在决定了主体欲望的实现。
“他者”就是主体产生的地方。
随着拉康关于“他者”观念的演变，“主体被重新构建为采取了他者欲望（母亲，父亲或父母的欲望）的立场”，他者的欲望激发了主体的欲望。
人的欲望也不是一个既定的欲望。
你以为是你在欲望，其实是“伪我要”。
2 哈姆雷特的欲望
此剧中最具争议的问题就是哈姆雷特迟迟不杀掉他叔叔的原因。
正是因为这种迟疑，妄送了那么多人的性命。
那么，造成这种悲剧的原因是什么？拉康指出：要知道哈姆雷特為什么延宕其行为，必须先明白哈姆雷特的欲望出了什么问题。
依据拉康的理解，此悲剧的核心还是“欲望”的问题。
需要指出的是这种欲望已经不是哈姆雷特的恋母情结。
他者的欲望是主体欲望的助推器。
人类总是无意
识地欲望着他者的欲望，正如文中哈姆雷特的欲望依赖其母亲对另一个男人的欲望，以及叔叔对王位和王后的欲望。
至此，哈姆雷特已完全迷失在他者的欲望当中。
所以，哈姆雷特想要的，其实是“伪我要”。
3 哈姆雷特迷失在他者的的欲望中
3.1 哈姆雷特迷失在母亲的欲望中哈姆雷特意识到，他母亲是个以性欲为中心的女人，她嫁给哈姆雷特的叔叔只是为了找到另一个菲勒普斯。
当H对哈姆雷特说：“哦，我的王子，我来参加你父亲的葬礼”。
哈姆雷特回应说：“你是来参加我母亲的婚礼吧。
”从最开始哈姆雷特就以讽刺的口吻表达了对母亲再嫁的不满。
“剧中剧”表演完后，哈姆雷特看见克勒蒂斯在祈祷，这时他是可以杀掉他叔叔的，但是他没做。
拉康评价说“做还是不做”这种矛盾在此得到了充分的体现。
这是因为他看到了母亲对克勒蒂斯的担忧，这个女人对克勒蒂斯强烈的欲望一次一次地迫使哈姆雷特陷于举棋不定左右为难的困境。
这是哈姆雷特没有采取行动的一个原因，而不是其对母亲的恋母情结。
另外一个细节是当他与母亲争吵时，他哭喊着说：别让那脑满肠肥的国王再度勾引您上床，然后淫秽地捏您的面颊，称呼您为他的宝贝儿。
更勿在他的几个污秽的亲吻或一阵爱抚后，把事情的真相全盘招出。
正如哈姆雷特所说的，母亲的再婚只是为了满足她的淫欲。
可是他很好奇为什么母亲能满足于像克勒蒂斯这样虚伪的恶棍，他不知道母亲真正的欲望是什么。
哈姆雷特一直在寻找答案。
他只能从克勒蒂斯身上找，他已经不自觉的迷失在他者的欲望中。
3.2 哈姆雷特迷失在叔叔的欲望中哈姆雷特的叔叔，克勒蒂斯，在剧中是一个卑鄙的恶棍。
他想得到王位而国王却是他哥哥，他想得到王后而王后是哥哥的妻子。
他好像注定将一无所有，然而他用尽一切卑鄙手段去实现他的野心，并决心除掉他唯一的障碍——哈姆雷特。
哈姆雷特完全迷失在克勒蒂斯的欲望中。
哈姆雷特可以很早就杀掉克勒蒂斯，但他犹豫不定，他不能说服自己克勒蒂斯就是杀父凶手并要篡夺王位。
国王：贤侄哈姆雷特可好？
哈姆雷特：好极了，就像变色蜥蜴一般，吸食空气与空诺，你可不能喂俺吃此种饲料哟。
很明显，新国王的所作所为已经深深的影响了哈姆雷特，使得他认为王位本来就跟他没有关系，他对叔叔猖狂野心的不确定延宕了他的复仇行为。
当他安排亲信在克勒蒂斯面前表演“剧中剧”时，他知道了他叔叔就是杀父凶手。
他完全可以下定决心杀掉克勒蒂斯。
但当他看到叔叔祈祷时他说“一个恶徒杀了我的父亲，而我——父亲的独子——却保送此恶徒登上天堂，什么，这等于是成全了他；这不算是复仇。
哈姆雷特太关注克勒蒂斯祈祷的形式，而忽视了他
祈祷的内容：“…我的王位，我的报复，我的王后…”他又失去了这次机会。
在拉康看来，哈姆雷特是丧失了自己的主体地位。
哈姆雷特的欲望依赖于其叔叔的欲望，他已经丧失了自我控制的能力，他的存在取决于克勒蒂斯的言语和行为。
也就是说，他这的欲望决定了他去做还是不做，而不是他自己的意愿。
最终，克勒蒂斯要杀死哈姆雷特以保护自己的王位以及和王后的关系。
这种欲望最后导致了哈姆雷特，王后，克勒蒂斯以及欧菲利娅一家的死亡。
克勒蒂斯在行动上占主动，因为他知道他想要什么。
哈姆雷特也杀掉了间谍信使，他最终也复仇了，但是他所有的行为都是被动的。
他杀信使是有信件为凭证；他与雷尔提决斗是因为克勒蒂斯命令他那么做；他杀死克勒蒂斯也是因为他自己身受重伤不久就要死去。
哈姆雷特的行为受阴险的设计者克勒蒂斯的控制。
哈姆雷特为什么从头到尾都这么被动，原因就是他的主体地位已经迷失在他者的欲望中，尤其是克勒蒂斯的欲望。
4 结论
此悲剧的主要原因是什么？虽然哈姆雷特为父报仇的想法时刻盘旋于脑中，然而每当有机会时，他又一次一次的错过了。
本文试图从“他者”，“他者的欲望分析”，“主体欲望对他者欲望的依赖”来分析哈姆雷特欲望的延宕。
哈姆雷特的主体地位在一开始是完全实现的。
哈姆雷特以高贵可敬的王子身份出场的，尾随着忠实可靠的朋友，是为广受世人推崇的贵族。
然而随着父亲的猝死和母亲的迅速重嫁，他的主体地位被撕裂了。
为了重塑他的主体地位，他所能做的就是适应母亲对克勒蒂斯的欲望，以及克勒蒂斯对王位和王后的欲望。
没有他者的参与，主体的地位不可能建立。
“他者”正是主体产生的地方。
对拉康来说，欲望是他者的欲望。
哈姆雷特的欲望一直依赖于他者的欲望当中。
当她母亲恳求他留在本国时，他回应说会全心全意顺从她，虽然并非他本意；当克勒蒂斯祈祷时他又犹豫不决，丧失了机会。
他已经完全迷失在他者的欲望中。
正是在他者的欲望中才建立了主体——哈姆雷特的欲望，这个过程必然导致哈姆雷特行为的延宕，以及整个悲剧的产生。
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