计算机系统结构(英文课件)
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计算机组成原理第七章课件(白中英版)
刷新和扫描
刷新：使电子束不断地重复扫描整个屏幕的过程 不感到闪烁的刷新频率：＞30次/秒 模拟电视标准：每秒刷新50帧图像 光栅扫描：光栅扫描是从上至下顺序 扫描整个屏幕
逐行扫描 隔行扫描
扫描频率：完成一帧所花时 间的倒数，也叫刷新频率 ( 每 个像素在一秒内被刷新次数) 刷新频率越高、图像越稳定，感觉越舒服
A3 B3 C3 D3
A校验码 B校验码 C校验码 D校验码
RAID5
I/O系统
块交叉分布式奇偶校验盘阵列 数据以块交叉的方式存于各盘，无专用冗余盘， 奇偶校验信息均匀分布在所有磁盘上
校验码 产生器
A0 A1 A2 A3
4校验码
B0 B1 B2
3校验码
C0 C1
2校验码
D0
1校验码
0校验码
E1 E2 E3 E4
磁盘存储器的主要技术指标 （4/4）
• 误码率：是衡量出错概率的参数，等于出错位数与读写总 信息位数之比。 • 价格：通常用位价格来比较各种外存储器。位价格是用设 备价格除以存储器二进制位总容量。 • 一个常识： 每面信息量=每道信息量柱面数 =每道信息量道密度（外半径-内半径） 总容量=每面信息量面数
系统结构
RAID0
I/O系统
数据分块，即把数据分布在多个盘上 非冗余阵列、无冗余信息 严格地说，它不属于RAID系列
A E I
B F J
C G K
D H L
M
系统结构
N
O
etc...
RAID1
I/O系统
亦称镜像盘，使用双备份磁盘 每当数据写入一个磁盘时，将该数据也写到另 一个冗余盘，形成信息的两份复制品
计算机组成与结构体系英文课件：Chapter 8 – The Memory System - 1
Big-endian Assignment In this assignment, the lower byte addresses are used for the more significant bytes (the leftmost bytes) of the word. Example: Big-endian assignment for 32-bit word-length byte-addressable memory.
Big-endian assignment
Little-endian assignment
The Memory System Overview (8)
Memory Locations and Addresses (ctd.)
Little-endian Assignment (ctd.)
Note: In both cases, byte addresses 0, 4, 8, …, are taken as the addresses of successive words in the memory and are the addresses used when specifying memory operations for words.
Internal Memory (Primary Storage)
Internal to the system, directly accessible by the processor.
Example: Main Memory, Cache, Processor Registers
External Memory (Secondary Storage)
External to the system, accessible by the processor via an I/O module.
Big-endian assignment
Little-endian assignment
The Memory System Overview (8)
Memory Locations and Addresses (ctd.)
Little-endian Assignment (ctd.)
Note: In both cases, byte addresses 0, 4, 8, …, are taken as the addresses of successive words in the memory and are the addresses used when specifying memory operations for words.
Internal Memory (Primary Storage)
Internal to the system, directly accessible by the processor.
Example: Main Memory, Cache, Processor Registers
External Memory (Secondary Storage)
External to the system, accessible by the processor via an I/O module.
英文体系结构ppt
WHAT IS MULTIPROCESSOR CACHE COHERENCE?（什么是多处理器CACHE一致性）
Time Event Cache contents for CPU A Cache contents for CPU B Memory contents for location X
1
CHALLENGES OF PARALLEL PROCESSING（并行处理器遇到的挑战）
The
first , about Parallel processing has two important hurdles: 1) The first hurdle has to do with the limited parallelism available in programs; 2) the second arises from the relatively high cost of communications; Both explainable with Amdahl’s Law, make parallel processing challenging.
4.1 INTRODUCTION(简介)
The multiprocessors has become increasingly important in the 1990s. The main reasons are: 1)The memory space is reducing to develop ILP(指令级并 行）,and the speed of developing uniprocessor is slowdown; 2)A growing interest in servers and server performance; 3)A growth in data-intensive applications; 4)The insight that increasing performance on the desktop is less important (outside of graphics, at least); 5)An improved understanding of how to use multiprocessors effectively, especially in server environments where there is significant natural thread-level parallelism; 6)The advantages of leveraging a design investment by replication rather than unique design—all multiprocessor designs provide such leverage;
高级计算机体系结构10存储器结构(英文)PPT课件
0
Address Tag
Index
Block Offset
• Limits cache to page size: what if want bigger caches and uses same trick?
– Higher associativity moves barrier to right
- hit time: read tag + compare
CA10-L10-
1. Fast Hit times via Small and Simple Caches
• Why Alpha 21164 has 8KB Instruction and 8KB data cache + 96KB second level cache?
Lecture 10: Memory Hierarchy: Reducing Hit Time, Main Memory, & Examples
Review: Reducing Misses
C I P C E U x M e P I cu t a n tI i i o e n m c s M m t c r e M e o i u p s s r c i e C s s y s t n c e s i
– Small data cache (faster) and clock rate (on-chip)
• Direct Mapped, on chip
– Advantage: overlap tag check & data transfer
CA10-L10-
1. Fast Hit times via Small and Simple Caches
Computer English Unit 2 Computer Architecture(计算机英语 第二单元 计算机体系结构)
Unit 2 Computer Architecture第二单元：计算机体系结构Section A Computer HardwareA节计算机硬件I．Introduction一、引言Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a computer and consists of the components that can be physically handled.计算机硬件是计算机运行所需要的设备，由可被物理操纵的部件组成。
The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: 这些部件的功能一般分为3个主要类别：input, output, and storage.输入、输出和存储。
Components in these categories connect to microprocessors, specifically, the computer’s central p rocessing unit (CPU), the electronic circuitry that provides the computational ability and control of computer, via wires or circuitry called bus. 这些类别的部件与微处理器相连接，特别是与计算机的中央处理器相连接。
中央处理器系电子线路，它通过称为总线的线路或电路来提供计算能力和对计算机进行控制。
Software, on the other hand, is the set of instruction a computer uses to manipulate data, such as a word-processing program or a video game.另一方面，软件是计算机用来处理数据的一套指令，如文字处理程序或电子游戏。
计算机专业英语教程课完整版PPT课件
management • Unit 27 Electronic Marketing • Unit 28 Computer Security
09.06.2021
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8
Unit 1 Introduction of Computers
1.1 Text • A computer is a digital electronic
written off：注销；很快完成
as the price of progress：由于价格的进步
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13
Computer Development
• The Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 through now)
• First there was Large Scale Integration (LSI), with
09.06.2021
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7
目录
• Unit 22 Artificial Intelligent • Unit 23 Neural Network • Unit 24 Introduction of Electronic
Commerce • Unit 25 Electronic Payment System • Unit 26 Logistics and Supply-chain
这是由一个主句和四个从句组成的复杂长句，只有进行必要的语法分析， 才能正确理解和翻译。现试译如下： 除非相信那些机器造出的产品卖给消费者的价格足够支付所有成本，否则 厂家是不会买那些机器的。 节译：要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本，厂家是不会买的。 后一句只用了24个字，比前句40个字节约用字40%，而对原句的基本内容 无损。可见，只要吃透原文的结构和内涵，翻译时再在汉语上反复推敲提 炼，复杂的英语长句，也是容易驾驭的。
09.06.2021
精选课件
8
Unit 1 Introduction of Computers
1.1 Text • A computer is a digital electronic
written off：注销；很快完成
as the price of progress：由于价格的进步
09.06.2021
精选课件
13
Computer Development
• The Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 through now)
• First there was Large Scale Integration (LSI), with
09.06.2021
精选课件
7
目录
• Unit 22 Artificial Intelligent • Unit 23 Neural Network • Unit 24 Introduction of Electronic
Commerce • Unit 25 Electronic Payment System • Unit 26 Logistics and Supply-chain
这是由一个主句和四个从句组成的复杂长句，只有进行必要的语法分析， 才能正确理解和翻译。现试译如下： 除非相信那些机器造出的产品卖给消费者的价格足够支付所有成本，否则 厂家是不会买那些机器的。 节译：要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本，厂家是不会买的。 后一句只用了24个字，比前句40个字节约用字40%，而对原句的基本内容 无损。可见，只要吃透原文的结构和内涵，翻译时再在汉语上反复推敲提 炼，复杂的英语长句，也是容易驾驭的。
计算机系统结构08SIMD计算机(并行处理机)121106
B6700 内存
B6700 CPU
48
48 BIOM 128
CDC
...
DFS
I/O 总线
256 1024
256
IOS
1024
16
实 时 装 置
1.阵列控制器 阵列控制器CU实际是一台小型计算机。 对阵列处理机单元实行控制和完成标量操作。 标量操作与各PE的数组操作可以重叠执行。 控制器的功能有以下五个方面： (1)对指令进行译码，并执行标量指令； (2)向各PE发出执行数组操作指令的控制信号； (3)产生地址,并向所有处理单元广播公共地址； (4)产生数据,并向所有处理单元广播公共数据； (5)接收和处理PE、I/O操作以及B6700产生的陷 阱中断信号。
25
3.文件存储器 (1)计算任务文件从系统管理机家载到文件 存储器，由控制处理机执行。 (2)文件存储器是在BSP直接控制下的唯一 外围设备。 (3)程序执行过程中所产生的暂存文件和输 出文件，在将它们送给系统管理机输出 给用户之前是存在文件存储器中的。 (4)文件存储器的数据传输率较高，大大地 缓解了I/O受限制问题。
14
8.3.1 lllialv并行处理机
(1)1963年，美国西屋电器公司提出“Slotnick,The SOLOMON Compuer,Simultaneous Operation linked Ordinal Modular Network”. (2)1966年美国国防远景研究规划局ARPR与伊利诺 依大学签定合同。原计划：256PE，运算速度为 1GFLOPS。 (3)Burroughs公司和伊利诺依大学于1972年共同设 计和生产，1975年实际投入运行。用了4倍的经 费，只达到1/20的速度。只实现了8*8=64个PE， 只达到50MFLOPS。 (3)llliaclv的影响非常大。它是并行处理机的典型代 表，也是分布存储器并行处理机的典型代表。 15
计算机体系结构PPT教学课件-第三章流水线
ining: more faster
• Can “launch(开始)” a new computation every 100ns in this structure • Can finish 107 computations per second
3-8
• Can launch a new computation every 20ns in pipelined structure • Can finish 5×107 computations per second
3-12
流水线的描述
• Spatio-temporal(时空的) chart
流水节拍
4＋ n－1
Drain
n-1 n n-1 n n-1 n n-1 n tn tn+3 time
时间，以机器周期为单位
– Relation of pipeline and tasks in sequence
Fill balanced
流水线的洗衣 ----开始工作越快越好
6 PM 7 8 9
Time T a s k O r d e r
10
11 Midnight
30 40 40 40 40 20
A B C D
• Pipelined laundry takes 3.5 hours for 4 loads
3-6
Why pipelining : overlapped(重叠)
3-3
Why Pipelining: Its Nature(流水线的本质)
• Laundry(洗衣店)
A – Ann, Brian, Cathy, Dave each have one load of clothes to wash, dry, and fold B C D
• Can “launch(开始)” a new computation every 100ns in this structure • Can finish 107 computations per second
3-8
• Can launch a new computation every 20ns in pipelined structure • Can finish 5×107 computations per second
3-12
流水线的描述
• Spatio-temporal(时空的) chart
流水节拍
4＋ n－1
Drain
n-1 n n-1 n n-1 n n-1 n tn tn+3 time
时间，以机器周期为单位
– Relation of pipeline and tasks in sequence
Fill balanced
流水线的洗衣 ----开始工作越快越好
6 PM 7 8 9
Time T a s k O r d e r
10
11 Midnight
30 40 40 40 40 20
A B C D
• Pipelined laundry takes 3.5 hours for 4 loads
3-6
Why pipelining : overlapped(重叠)
3-3
Why Pipelining: Its Nature(流水线的本质)
• Laundry(洗衣店)
A – Ann, Brian, Cathy, Dave each have one load of clothes to wash, dry, and fold B C D
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通常中断通过中断向量把控制传给中断服务程序
Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction.
Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is being processed to prevent a lost interrupt.
I/O Structure
1. No channel (IOP): CPU-Oriented
polling
CPU
System Bus
C
C
C
…
C
RAM Disk Drive Printer
Device
I/O Structure
2. channel (IOP): Memory-Oriented
C1
Device controllers use binary and digital codes.
Each device controller has a local buffer and a
command register. I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller. I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently. Device controllers communicate with the CPU by
(format conversion)
Recording the status of device
to be queried by CPU (status register)
Identifying the address of each device
Common Functions of Interrupts
causing an interrupt.
Functions of device controllers
Receiving and understanding the commands of CPU
implementing the data exchange between CPU and devices
Interrupt Time Line For a Single Process Doing Output (P21)
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection General System Architecture
Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
polling
vectored interrupt system Separate segments of code determine what
action should be taken for each type of interrupt
IOP1 C2
RAM
C3
CPU
IOP2
C4
Device1 Device2 Device3 Device4 Device5 Device6 Device7
How to output the data in RAM ?
Construct a channel program Submit the channel program to the
Uniprocessor Computer-System Architecture
controller
Controller
A device controller is a part of a computer system that makes sense of the signals going to, and coming from the CPU processor. Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type.
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Hardware Protection General System Architecture
A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused either by
an error or a user request.
An operating system is interrupt driven.
Interrupt Handling
The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing registers and the program counter.
corresponding IOP via RAM The IOP executes the channel program The IOP notifies CPU by causing an interrupt
upon completion
▪ A channel program is a sequence of I/O instructions executed by the input/output channel processor (IOP).
Interrupts transfers control to the interrupt service routine
generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines.
Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction.
Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is being processed to prevent a lost interrupt.
I/O Structure
1. No channel (IOP): CPU-Oriented
polling
CPU
System Bus
C
C
C
…
C
RAM Disk Drive Printer
Device
I/O Structure
2. channel (IOP): Memory-Oriented
C1
Device controllers use binary and digital codes.
Each device controller has a local buffer and a
command register. I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller. I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently. Device controllers communicate with the CPU by
(format conversion)
Recording the status of device
to be queried by CPU (status register)
Identifying the address of each device
Common Functions of Interrupts
causing an interrupt.
Functions of device controllers
Receiving and understanding the commands of CPU
implementing the data exchange between CPU and devices
Interrupt Time Line For a Single Process Doing Output (P21)
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection General System Architecture
Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
polling
vectored interrupt system Separate segments of code determine what
action should be taken for each type of interrupt
IOP1 C2
RAM
C3
CPU
IOP2
C4
Device1 Device2 Device3 Device4 Device5 Device6 Device7
How to output the data in RAM ?
Construct a channel program Submit the channel program to the
Uniprocessor Computer-System Architecture
controller
Controller
A device controller is a part of a computer system that makes sense of the signals going to, and coming from the CPU processor. Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type.
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Hardware Protection General System Architecture
A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused either by
an error or a user request.
An operating system is interrupt driven.
Interrupt Handling
The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing registers and the program counter.
corresponding IOP via RAM The IOP executes the channel program The IOP notifies CPU by causing an interrupt
upon completion
▪ A channel program is a sequence of I/O instructions executed by the input/output channel processor (IOP).
Interrupts transfers control to the interrupt service routine
generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines.