Development and evaluation of oxaliplatin and irinotecan co-loaded liposomes for enhanced 张娜
草酸检测方法的研究进展
第25卷第5期海洋水产研究Vol.25,No.5 2004年10月MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH Oct.,2004#综述#草酸检测方法的研究进展刘丛力(中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,青岛266071)摘要简要介绍国内外各种介质中的草酸及其盐类的检测方法,并对其进行了比较,对酶法检测进行了专门的分析报道,对各种方法的应用前景进行了展望。
关键词草酸草酸盐酶法检测中图分类号O623.612文献识别码A文章编号1000-7075(2004)05-0093-04The evolvement of determination methods of oxalicLIU Cong-li(Y ellow Sea F isher ies Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Q ing dao266071)ABSTRAC T T he determination methods of oxalic acid and its oxalates in all kinds of media at home and abroad w ere introduced briefly and compared,and the enzyme-method determination w as especially reported and analyzed,t hen the use prospects of all kinds of met hods were looked ahead. KEY WORDS Ox alic acid Oxalates Enzyme-method determination草酸是一种最简单的二元羧酸,广泛存在于植物、动物、微生物中。
日常饮食中草酸过量,可在吸收前与钙形成不溶物,妨碍钙的吸收;吸收后又可与钙及其他物质形成结石,妨碍机体健康(孟泽等1996)。
生物专业外语笔试题目及答案
生物专业外语笔试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "gene" was first introduced by which scientist?A. Charles DarwinB. Gregor MendelC. James WatsonD. Francis Crick答案：B2. Which of the following is not a function of DNA?A. Store genetic informationB. Control cell divisionC. Direct protein synthesisD. Provide energy答案：D3. What is the basic unit of a protein?A. CarbohydrateB. LipidC. Amino acidD. Nucleotide答案：C4. The process of DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?A. G1 phaseB. S phaseC. G2 phaseD. M phase答案：B5. Which of the following is a type of genetic mutation?A. TranscriptionB. TranslationC. TransversionD. Translocation答案：C二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）6. The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to _______.答案：protein7. In eukaryotic cells, the process of protein synthesis takes place in the _______.答案：cytoplasm8. The term "genome" refers to all the genetic material of an _______.答案：organism9. The process by which a fertilized egg develops into afully formed individual is known as _______.答案：development10. The study of the relationships among various species is known as _______.答案：taxonomy三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）11. Briefly describe the structure of a typical eukaryotic cell.答案：A typical eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that contains the genetic material, a cell membrane that encloses the cell, cytoplasm where organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus perform various functions, and other structures like lysosomes and a cytoskeleton.12. Explain the concept of natural selection and its importance in evolution.答案：Natural selection is the process by which individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to their offspring. It is a key mechanism of evolution, leading to adaptation and the diversity of life forms.13. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?答案：Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Prokaryotes are generally smaller and simpler in structure compared to eukaryotes.14. Describe the process of photosynthesis and its significance for life on Earth.答案：Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose or other organic molecules. It is significant for life on Earth as it provides oxygen and is the primary source of energy for most food chains.四、论述题（每题20分，共20分）15. Discuss the impact of genetic engineering on modern agriculture and medicine.答案：Genetic engineering has revolutionized agriculture by enabling the development of crops with improved resistance to pests and diseases, better tolerance to environmental stresses, and enhanced nutritional content. In medicine, it has facilitated the production of recombinant proteins and vaccines, the development of gene therapies, and the advancement of personalized medicine based on genetic profiles.结束语：本试题旨在考察学生对生物专业外语知识的掌握程度以及应用能力，希望同学们能够通过本试题加深对生物学基本概念和原理的理解，并在实际应用中不断进步。
化学工程与工艺专业英语
the development. 2. Types of Industrial Research and Development The applied or more targeted type of research and
development commonly carried out in industry can be of several type and we will briefly consider each. They are: (i) product development, (ii) process development, (iii) process improvement and (iv) applications development. Even under these headings there are a multitude of aspect so only a typical example can be quoted in each case. The emphasis on each of these will vary considerably within the different sectors of the chemical industry. Product development. Product development
细胞培养用青霉素-链霉素产品说明书
细胞培养用青霉素-链霉素产品简介：细胞培养用青霉素-链霉素(Penicillin-Streptomycin for Cell Culture)为粉剂，是最常用的细胞培养用抗生素(即通常所谓的双抗)。
在细胞培养液中推荐的青霉素的工作浓度为100U/ml ，链霉素的工作浓度为0.1mg/ml 。
一个包装的细胞培养用青霉素-链霉素可以配制80L 细胞培养液。
保存条件：室温保存。
4ºC 保存可以使用更长时间。
注意事项：开瓶后需防止受潮。
本产品仅限于专业人员的科学研究用，不得用于临床诊断或治疗，不得用于食品或药品，不得存放于普通住宅内。
为了您的安全和健康，请穿实验服并戴一次性手套操作。
使用说明：细胞培养用青霉素-链霉素可以参考如下两种方法之一使用：1. 配制细胞培养液时加入细胞培养用青霉素-链霉素，然后再过滤除菌：配制细胞培养液时按照青霉素的工作浓度为100U/ml ，链霉素的工作浓度为0.1mg/ml 进行配制，配制完成后过滤除菌即可使用。
2. 配制青霉素-链霉素溶液(100X)母液，然后再添加到细胞培养液中：按照青霉素的含量为10KU/ml ，链霉素的含量为10mg/ml ，配制青霉素-链霉素溶液(100X)母液。
过滤除菌后即可按照100倍稀释加入到细胞培养液中使用。
配制的母液可以-20ºC 冻存。
使用本产品的文献：1. Wang PH, Gu ZH, Wan DH, Zhang MY , Weng SP, Yu XQ, He JG. The shrimp NF-κB pathway is activated by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) 449 to facilitate the expression of WSSV069 (ie1), WSSV303 and WSSV371.PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24773.2. Xia M, Zhu Y . Signaling pathways of ATP-induced PGE2 release inspinal cord astrocytes are EGFR transactivation-dependent. Glia. 2011 Apr;59(4):664-74. 3. He YH, Song Y , Liao XL, Wang L, Li G, A lima, Li Y , Sun CH. Thecalcium-sensing receptor affects fat accumulation via effects on antilipolytic pathways in adipose tissue of rats fed low-calcium diets. J N utr. 2011 Nov;141(11):1938-46. 4. Liu XY , Wei W, Wang CL, Yue H, Ma D, Zhu C, Ma GH, Du YGApoferritin-camouflaged Pt nanoparticles: surface effects on cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. J. Mater. Chem., 2011,21, 7105-7110. 5. Wang MN, Liu XY , Cao CB, Shi C Synthesis of band-gap tunable Cu –In –S ternary nanocrystals in aqueous solution RSC Adv. 2012 Feb; 7:2666-70. 6. Fan H, Yang L, Fu F, Xu H, Meng Q, Zhu H, Teng L, Yang M, Zhang L,Zhang Z, Liu K Cardio protective effects of salvianolic Acid a on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivoand in vitro. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:508938. 7. Zhang J, Tang L, Shen L, Zhou S, Duan Z, Xiao L, Cao Y , Mu X, Zha L,Wang H High level of WA VE1 expression is associated with tumor aggressiveness and unfavorableprognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2012 Oct;127(1):223-30.8. Zhang Y , Zhang Y , Chen M, Yan J, Ye Z, Zhou Y , Tan W, Lang M.Surface properties of amino-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) membranes and the improvement of humanmesenchymal stem cell behavior. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2012 Feb 15;368(1):64-9. 9. Jiang M, Gan L, Zhu C, Dong Y , Liu J, Gan Y . Cationic core-shellliponanoparticles for ocular gene delivery. Biomaterials. 2012 Oct; 33(30):7621-30. 10. Chai YY , Wang F, Li YL, Liu K, Xu H. Antioxidant Activities ofStilbenoids from Rheum emodi Wall. 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developmental biology 英文原版书
developmental biology 英文原版书Developmental Biology is a comprehensive, user-friendly introduction to the field of developmental biology. This textbook covers the fundamental concepts and principles of developmental biology, including the mechanisms of development, the molecular and cellular basis of development, and the evolution of developmental processes.One of the key strengths of this book is its focus on experimental techniques and approaches in developmental biology. The authors provide clear explanations of the tools and methods used to study development, including techniques for imaging embryos, genetic manipulation, and analysis of gene expression. These experimental approaches are integrated throughout the text, allowing students to understand how research is conducted in the field of developmental biology.In addition to covering the basic principles of developmental biology, this textbook also explores key topics in the field, such as the genetic basis of development, cell signaling and communication, and the regulation of gene expression during development. The authors emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of developmental biology, drawing on principles from genetics,molecular biology, cell biology, and evolutionary biology to provide a comprehensive understanding of development.The book also includes extensive coverage of the latest research in the field, including recent discoveries in stem cell biology, developmental genetics, and evolutionary developmental biology. The authors highlight the importance of these recent advances in shaping our understanding of development and evolution, and provide examples of how these discoveries are being applied to address pressing questions in developmental biology.Overall, Developmental Biology is a valuable resource for students and researchers in the field of developmental biology. Its clear explanations, comprehensive coverage of key topics, and focus on experimental techniques make it an essential text for anyone studying or conducting research in this exciting field.。
The Development of Sustainable Biofuels from Algae
The Development of SustainableBiofuels from AlgaeWith the world moving towards sustainable sources of energy, biofuels have become an increasingly popular option to replace traditional fossil fuels. Algae-based biofuels have emerged as a promising sustainable alternative, with the potential to replace petroleum-based fuels and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we will explore the development of sustainable biofuels from algae, its benefits and challenges.Understanding Algae-Based Biofuels:Algae-based biofuels are derived from the oil present in microscopic algae which are grown in freshwater, marine water or even wastewater. The oil content in algae is harvested and processed to produce biodiesel, ethanol, and other biofuel alternatives. Algae are considered ideal for biofuel production as they grow rapidly and can produce high amounts of oil in a short period. Additionally, algae can be grown in areas where traditional agricultural crops cannot be grown, utilizing non-productive land and reducing competition for food and water resources.Benefits of Algae-Based Biofuels:One of the significant advantages of algae-based biofuels is their environmental sustainability. These fuels are considered carbon neutral as they do not release additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when combusted. Additionally, the cultivation of algae can absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, further reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Furthermore, algae-based biofuels have the potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, which are a finite resource. In the long run, this would help stabilize energy prices and provide energy security to nations.Challenges Associated with Algae-Based Biofuels:Despite the numerous benefits, there are certain challenges associated with the development of algae-based biofuels. One of the most significant challenges is the high production cost, primarily due to the need to maintain optimal growth conditions for the algae. Additionally, the harvesting and processing of algae to extract oil require advanced technology, making it a costly process.Furthermore, the environmental impact of commercial-scale algae production is not yet understood. The cultivation of algae requires significant amounts of water, which could exacerbate water scarcity concerns in regions prone to drought. Additionally, the use of fertilizers and pesticides in algae cultivation could potentially contaminate water bodies and affect local ecosystems.Conclusion:In conclusion, algae-based biofuels have significant potential to provide sustainable alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, aiding in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on non-renewable energy sources. However, the development and commercialization of algae-based biofuels will require continued research and development, as well as careful consideration of the potential environmental impacts. With advancements in technology, it is hoped that algae-based biofuels will become a significant contributor to the wor ld’s energy mix in the coming years.。
developmental process 术语
developmental process 术语"Developmental process" refers to the sequence of events and changes that an individual or organism goes through as they grow and develop. It involves various biological, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur from conception to maturity. Some common terms related to the developmental process include:1. Embryogenesis: The process of embryo development from fertilization to the formation of the basic body plan.2. Fetal development: The stage in which the embryo develops intoa fetus, characterized by rapid growth and organ formation.3. Maturation: The process of reaching full potential in physical, cognitive, and social-emotional abilities during childhood.4. Puberty: The stage in which individuals undergo physical and sexual maturation, typically occurring during adolescence.5. Cognitive development: The progressive growth and development of intellectual abilities, including thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving skills.6. Social-emotional development: The acquisition of skills related to understanding and managing emotions, forming relationships, and navigating social interactions.7. Motor development: The progression of physical abilities and motor skills, from basic reflexes in infancy to fine motor skills in adulthood.8. Language development: The process of acquiring and using language, including skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing.9. Identity formation: The development of a sense of self and self-awareness, including personal values, beliefs, and activities.10. Aging: The natural and gradual process of biological and physiological changes that occur as individuals grow older.。
生物英语测试题及答案
生物英语测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living organisms?A. Cellular structureB. Metabolic processesC. Response to stimuliD. Inability to grow答案：D2. What is the basic unit of all living organisms?A. MoleculesB. AtomsC. CellsD. Organs答案：C3. Which of the following is not a process involved in cellular respiration?A. GlycolysisB. Krebs cycleC. PhotosynthesisD. Electron transport chain答案：C4. What is the term for the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein?A. Central dogmaB. Genetic codeC. TranscriptionD. Translation答案：A5. Which of the following is not a type of biomolecule?A. CarbohydratesB. LipidsC. ProteinsD. Plastics答案：D6. What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants?A. To provide structural supportB. To store energyC. To absorb light for photosynthesisD. To transport water答案：C7. What is the term for the process by which an organism develops from a fertilized egg?A. ReproductionB. GrowthC. DevelopmentD. Metamorphosis答案：C8. Which of the following is not a type of symbiotic relationship?A. MutualismB. CommensalismC. ParasitismD. Competition答案：D9. What is the term for a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function?A. TissueB. OrganC. OrganelleD. System答案：A10. Which of the following is not a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?A. Presence of a nucleusB. Presence of membrane-bound organellesC. Lack of a cell wallD. Prokaryotic DNA答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The process by which organisms inherit traits from their parents is called _______.答案：Inheritance12. The study of the relationships between organisms and their environment is known as _______.答案：Ecology13. In genetics, the term _______ refers to the complete set of genetic information in an organism.答案：Genome14. The process of an organism becoming less active or entering a state of rest during periods of unfavorable conditions is called _______.答案：Dormancy15. The term _______ is used to describe the variation in traits among individuals of a species.16. The scientific method involves making observations, forming hypotheses, and then _______.答案：Experimentation17. The process by which an organism's cells divide to produce two identical cells is called _______.答案：Cell division18. The study of the structure and function of living organisms at the molecular and cellular level is known as _______.答案：Molecular biology19. The term _______ is used to describe the process by which new species evolve from existing ones.答案：Speciation20. The process by which organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules is called _______.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis.答案：Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, and it is the process by which the body grows and replaces old cells. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells that are genetically unique from the parent cell and each other, and it is the process by which gametes (sperm and egg cells) are produced for sexual reproduction.22. Describe the role of DNA in the cell.答案：DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It is the primary genetic material of cells and is organized into structures called chromosomes. DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. It is also the means by which genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.23. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?答案：Prokaryotic cells are simpler and lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells and include bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells, which include plants, animals, fungi, and protists, have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）24. Discuss the importance of biodiversity and the threats it faces.答案：Biodiversity is crucial for the health of ecosystems as it allows for a variety of species to interact and support each other, which can lead to a more stable and productive environment. It also provides a wide range of resources and services for human use, such as food, medicine, and materials. Biodiversity faces threats from habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, and the introduction of invasive species. These threats can lead to the loss of species and a reduction in ecosystem services, which can have significant impacts on human well-being and the planet's health.25. Explain the concept of natural selection and how it contributes to evolution.答案：Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, this leads to an increase in the frequency of these advantageous traits in the population, which can result in the evolution of new species. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection is a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology and explains how species change over time in response to environmental pressures. It is a key mechanism by which evolution occurs, leading to the diversity of life we see today.。
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Synchronous release
Co-delivery
17
Experimental
1. Synergistic effect
2. Preparation and characterization
3. In vitro release 4. In vitro cellular uptake 5. In vitro cytotoxicity 6. In vivo anti-tumor activity 7. Histological analysis
Drug (Type II)
Chemotherapeutic drugs Molecular-targeted drugs Molecular-targeted drugs Nanomedicine
Experimental √ √ √ √ √ √
Clinical trial √ √ √ √ √ √
On market √ √ √ √ √ ×
Nanomedicine
贝伐珠单抗 + 阿霉素脂质体：卵巢癌
环磷酰胺 + 多柔吡星共载脂质体： 急性髓细胞白血病 （临床III期）
5
Co-loaded nanomedicine
Cancer combination therapy regimens approved by FDA
FDA新批准药物 联用药物 适应症 批准日期
Radiotherapy
3
Current status of cancer combination therapy regimens
Drug (Type I)
Chemotherapeutic drugs Chemotherapeutic drugs Molecular-targeted drugs Chemotherapeutic drugs
1
Background Experimental Summary
2
3
2
Background
I. Cancer chemotherapy therapy
Cancer treatment:
Chemotherapeutic drugs
Surgical therapy Chemotherapy Molecular-targeted drugs Nanomedicine
环磷酰胺+多柔吡星
伊立替康+氟尿嘧啶
伊立替康+顺铂
紫杉醇前药纳米粒
11
II. Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer: ranks the third with high incidence and mortality.
Oxaliplatin and Irinotecan (IROX) combination scheme
HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma
Fungal infections Fungal and protozoal infections Malignant lymphomatous meningitis Macular degeneration, pathologic myopia, ocular histoplasmosis
18
1. Synergistic effect of oxaliplatin/irinotecan
MTT assay: CT-26 colon cancer cells; Mixture of OXA/IRI; Incubation for 48h;
120% 100% 0.05μM 0.5μM
5μM
13
Oxaliplatin
Irinotecan
Destroy the structure of DNA
Inhibitor of Topoisomerase-1 in DNA
14
Sequential administration
• Sustained administration time • Poor compliance in patients • Different pharmacokinetics
Liposome
Liposome Liposome Liposome Liposome PEG–LAsparaginase Albumin
Daunorubicin
Amphotericin B Amphotericin B Cytarabine Verteporfin
DaunoXome
Abelcet AmBisome DepoCyt Visudyne
strong synergistic potential.
19
The synergistic effect was calculated via Chou-Talalay Combination Index (CI) method:
D1 D2 CI Dx 1 Dx 2
(CI >1.1, antagonistic; 1.1> CI >0.9, additive; CI <0.9, synergistic) OXA (μM) IC50 (OXA) IC50 (IRI) CI 65.74± 7.25 / / IRI (μM) / 1:3 (μM) 3.88± 1.67 1:1.5 (μM) 4.27± 0.48 1:1 (μM) 5.33± 1.80 5.33± 1.80 0.17± 0.08 1.5:1 (μM) 9.34± 1.03 6.23± 0.69 0.24± 0.06 3:1 (μM) 9.68± 3.37 3.23± 1.12 0.20± 0.10
MM-398
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
9
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2008,83:761; Science, 2012,338:903; Nanomedicine, 2015,11:1893.
10
Co-loaded liposomes in clinical trails
Drug
Doxorubicin Doxorubicin
Brand name
Doxil/Caelyx Myocet
Indications
HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma Metastatic ovarian cancer / breast cancer Metastatic breast cancer
350
Control release;
Targeting; Reduce toxicity.
300 250 200 150 100 50 0
combination therapy & nanoparticle
Pubmed检索“联合治疗”的发表文章趋势
7
Liposomes are recognized as one of the best co-delivery nanocarriers.
Cell viability
80%
50μM 500μM
60% 40% 20% 0% -20% OXA IRI 1:3 1:1.5 1:1 1.5:1 3:1
OXA/IRI molar ratio
Combination exhibited much lower cell viabilities, indicating
Pegaspargase
Paclitaxel
Oncaspar
Abraxane
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Metastatic breast cancer Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Liposome
Micelle Nanodispersion
4
Molecular-targeted drugs
Nanomedicine
Co-loaded nanomedicine
Examples of different combination regimens
Drug (Type I)
Chemotherapeutic drugs Chemotherapeutic drugs Molecular-targeted drugs Chemotherapeutic drugs Molecular-targeted drugs
Combination therapy is widely exploited and also the hot-topic for cancer treatment.
Synergistic effect; Overcome MDR; Increased ADR.
Nanocarriers as drug delivery systems for cancer combination therapy are attracting more attentions
奈昔妥单抗
埃沙佐米
吉西他滨+顺铂
来那度胺
非小细胞肺癌
多发性骨髓瘤
2015.11.24
2015.11.20
考比替尼
伊立替康脂质体
维罗非尼
氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙
（转移性）黑色素瘤
胰腺癌
2015.11.10
2015.10.22
派姆单抗
纳武单抗
铂类药
依匹木单抗
非小细胞肺癌
（转移性）黑色素瘤
2015.10.2
2015.9.30
was recommended by NCCN from 2011.
12
IROX:
Oxaliplatin: 85 mg/m2; Irinotecan: 200 mg/m2. (molar ratio 1:1.5) Oxaliplatin and Irinotecan (IROX) combination scheme was recommended by NCCN.