英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型(第三版)
(完整版)SCI写作高频词汇和常用句型
第一部分同义词替换1. about（大约）—approximately2. get —obtain3. finish —complete4. change —transform5. method —technique6. buy —purchase7. ask —inquire8. begin、start —commence9. cheap —inexpensive10. obtainable —avaible11. use —employ12. have —possess13. get —acquire14. extra —additional15. help —assistance16. about（关于）—concerning17. enlarge —magnify18. many —numerous19. best —optimum20. lively —vigorous第二部分连接词使用1.并列递进：moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise, also, then, additionally2.转折：not, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, meanwhile, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely, paradoxically, by contrast, in spite of，rather than, instead of, unfortunately3.解释：in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms4.原因：because, because of, as, since, owing to, due to, thanks to, for this reason5.举例：for example, for instance, as such, such as, take ...for example, to illustrate, to name a few6.强调：surprisingly, interestingly,intriguingly, strikingly, unexpectedly, clearly, obviously, apparently,in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, undoubtedly7.可能：presumably, probably, perhaps8.让步：although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, given that9.总结：overall, eventually, consequently, in summary, in a word, as a result, together, collectively, thus, hence, consequently, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in brief, to conclude, to summarize, in short, briefly10.结果：therefore, as a result, then, consequently, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence11. 对比比较：likewise, similarly, in parallel to, while, whereas第三部分常用句式1. 说明选题的重要性：X is the main / leading / primary / major cause of ..Xs are a common / useful / critical part of...Xs are among the most widely used / commonly discussed / well-known / well-documented / widespread/commonly investigated types of ...X is recognized as being / believed to be / widely considered to be the most important ...It is well known / generally accepted / common knowledge that X is (X)is increasingly becoming / set to become a vital factor in …Xs are undergoing a revolution / generating considerable interest in terms of …Xs are attracting considerable / increasing / widespread interest due to …2. 概述前人做过的研究：Last century X was considered to be / viewed as / seen as the most …Initial / Preliminary / The first studies of X considered it tobe...Tradition ally X / In the history of X, the focus has always been …Scientists / Researchers / Experts have always seen X as …Until now / For many years / Since 1993 Xs have been considered as …X has received much attention in the last two years / in the past decade / over the last two decades …For the past five years / Since 2011 there has been a rapid rise in the use of XsThe last two years have witnessed / seen a huge growth in X …The past decade / last year has seen a renewed importance in X …Recent developments in / findings regarding X have led to …X has become a central / an important / a critical issue in …3. 展望未来：The next decade is likely to see / witness a considerable rise in XIn the next few years X will become / is likely to have becomeWithin the next few years, X is set / destined / likely to become an important component in …By 2025 / Within the next ten years, X will have become …X will soon / shortly / rapidly / inevitably be an issue that …4. 指出知识上的空缺：Few researchers have addressed the problem / issue / question of …Previous work has only focused on / been limited to / failed to address …The central / core problem ofA challenging / An intriguing / An important / A neglected area in the field of...The characteristics of X are not well understood / are misunderstood / have not been dealt with in depth.It is not yet known / has not yet been established whether X can do Y. X is still poorly / not widelyunderstood.Techniques to solve X are computationally demanding / subject to high overheads / time consuming / impractical / frequently unfeasible.A major defect / difficulty / drawback / disadvantage / flaw of X is …One of the main issues in our knowledge of / what we know about X is a lack of …This particular / specific area of X has been overlooked / has b een neglected / remains unclear …Despite this interest, no one to the best of our knowledge / as far as we know has studied …Although this approach is interesting, it suffers from / fails to take into account / does not allow for…However, there is still a need for / has been little discussion on …Moreover, other solutions / research programs / approaches have failed to provide...There is stillsome / much / considerable controversy surrounding …Concerns have arisen / been raised which question / call into q uestion the validity of …In the light of recent events in x, there is now some / much / considerable concern about …5. 论述论文目标和贡献：In this report / paper / review / study we …This paper outlines / proposes / describes / presents a new approach to …This pape r examines / seeks to address / focuses on / discusses / investigates how to solve …This paper is an overview of / a review of / a report on / a preliminary attempt to ...The present paper aims to validate / call into question / refute Peng’s findings regarding …X is presented / described / analyzed / computed / investigated / examined / introduced / discussed in order to …The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current knowledge of …The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate / estimate / formulate …This paper calls into question / takes a new look at / re-examines / revisits / sheds new light on …We undertook this study / initiated this research / de veloped this methodology to...We believe that we have found / developed / discovered / designed an innovative solution to …We describe / present / consider / analyze a novel / simple / radical / interesting solution for …。
SCI写作高频词汇和常用句型
第一部分同义词替换1. about（大约）—approximately2. get —obtain3. finish —complete4. change —transform5. method —technique6. buy —purchase7. ask —inquire8. begin、start —commence9. cheap —inexpensive10. obtainable —avaible11. use —employ12. have —possess13. get —acquire14. extra —additional15. help —assistance16. about（关于）—concerning17. enlarge —magnify18. many —numerous19. best —optimum20. lively —vigorous第二部分连接词使用1.并列递进：moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise, also, then, additionally2.转折：not, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, meanwhile, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely, paradoxically, by contrast, in spite of，rather than, instead of, unfortunately3.解释：in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms4.原因：because, because of, as, since, owing to, due to, thanks to, for this reason5.举例：for example, for instance, as such, such as, take ...for example, to illustrate, to name a few6.强调：surprisingly, interestingly,intriguingly, strikingly, unexpectedly, clearly, obviously, apparently,in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, undoubtedly7.可能：presumably, probably, perhaps8.让步：although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, given that9.总结：overall, eventually, consequently, in summary, in a word, as a result, together, collectively, thus, hence, consequently, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in brief, to conclude, to summarize, in short, briefly10.结果：therefore, as a result, then, consequently, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence11. 对比比较：likewise, similarly, in parallel to, while, whereas第三部分常用句式1. 说明选题的重要性：X is the main / leading / primary / major cause of ..Xs are a common / useful / critical part of...Xs are among the most widely used / commonly discussed / well-known / well-documented / widespread/commonly investigated types of ...X is recognized as being / believed to be / widely considered to be the most important ...It is well known / generally accepted / common knowledge that X is (X)is increasingly becoming / set to become a vital factor in …Xs are undergoing a revolution / generating considerable interest in terms of …Xs are attracting considerable / increasing / widespread interest due to …2. 概述前人做过的研究：Last century X was considered to be / viewed as / seen as the most …Initial / Preliminary / The first studies of X considered it tobe...Tradition ally X / In the history of X, the focus has always been …Scientists / Researchers / Experts have always seen X as …Until now / For many years / Since 1993 Xs have been considered as …X has received much attention in the last two years / in the past decade / over the last two decades …For the past five years / Since 2011 there has been a rapid rise in the use of XsThe last two years have witnessed / seen a huge growth in X …The past decade / last year has seen a renewed importance in X …Recent developments in / findings regarding X have led to …X has become a central / an important / a critical issue in …3. 展望未来：The next decade is likely to see / witness a considerable rise in XIn the next few years X will become / is likely to have becomeWithin the next few years, X is set / destined / likely to become an important component in …By 2025 / Within the next ten years, X will have become …X will soon / shortly / rapidly / inevitably be an issue that …4. 指出知识上的空缺：Few researchers have addressed the problem / issue / question of …Previous work has only focused on / been limited to / failed to address …The central / core problem ofA challenging / An intriguing / An important / A neglected area in the field of...The characteristics of X are not well understood / are misunderstood / have not been dealt with in depth.It is not yet known / has not yet been established whether X can do Y. X is still poorly / not widelyunderstood.Techniques to solve X are computationally demanding / subject to high overheads / time consuming / impractical / frequently unfeasible.A major defect / difficulty / drawback / disadvantage / flaw of X is …One of the main issues in our knowledge of / what we know about X is a lack of …This particular / specific area of X has been overlooked / has b een neglected / remains unclear …Despite this interest, no one to the best of our knowledge / as far as we know has studied …Although this approach is interesting, it suffers from / fails to take into account / does not allow for…However, there is still a need for / has been little discussion on …Moreover, other solutions / research programs / approaches have failed to provide...There is stillsome / much / considerable controversy surrounding …Concerns have arisen / been raised which question / call into q uestion the validity of …In the light of recent events in x, there is now some / much / considerable concern about …5. 论述论文目标和贡献：In this report / paper / review / study we …This paper outlines / proposes / describes / presents a new approach to …This pape r examines / seeks to address / focuses on / discusses / investigates how to solve …This paper is an overview of / a review of / a report on / a preliminary attempt to ...The present paper aims to validate / call into question / refute Peng’s findings regarding …X is presented / described / analyzed / computed / investigated / examined / introduced / discussed in order to …The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current knowledge of …The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate / estimate / formulate …This paper calls into question / takes a new look at / re-examines / revisits / sheds new light on …We undertook this study / initiated this research / de veloped this methodology to...We believe that we have found / developed / discovered / designed an innovative solution to …We describe / present / consider / analyze a novel / simple / radical / interesting solution for …。
学术写作常用词汇句型
学术写作常用词汇句型一、表示因果关系的词汇与句型。
1. 词汇。
- because [bɪˈkɔːz]：连词，“因为”。
例如：He didn't come because he was ill.- since [sɪns]：连词，“既然；因为”，可表示已知的原因。
例如：Since you are here, you can help me.- as [æz]：连词，“由于”，强调两个动作同时发生或某事为众人所知的原因。
例如：As it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.- therefore [ˈðeəfɔː(r)]：副词，“因此；所以”。
例如：He was ill, and therefore could not come.- consequently [ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli]：副词，“因此；结果”。
例如：She missed the train and consequently was late for the meeting.- so [səʊ]：连词，“所以”，口语和书面语都常用。
例如：It was raining, so we took an umbrella.2. 句型。
- The reason why... is that...：“……的原因是……”。
例如：The reason why he failed the exam is that he didn't study hard.- Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + noun phrase, clause：“由于……”。
- Due to [djuː tuː]：例如：Due to the bad weather, the flight was delayed.- Owing to [ˈəʊɪŋ tuː]：例如：Owing to his carelessness, he made a lot of mistakes.- Thanks to [θæŋks tuː]：常带有感激的意味，例如：Thanks to your help, I passed the exam.二、表示比较和对比的词汇与句型。
英语学术论文常用句型总结版
英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究，...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外，值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。
6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。
7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。
9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之，...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致，表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型(第三版)
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型（第三版）基本词汇1.与时间相关的(1)no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days(2)at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)(3)for a given exposure time(4)…increased with age.(5)for different time span.(6)After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.(7)…throughout the entire test period.(8)It will decrease as time passes.(9)in a time interval t0≤t≤t0+T(10)in the mid-1950s2. 表示增加或下降的(1)An increase in the FA content decreased the…(2)…decrease with increase in…(3)…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.(4)As …is lowered.(5)augment(6)The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be relatedto …(7)…develop at an increasing rate with time(8)the total absorbed fracture energy is increased mitigating catastrophic phenomena(9)…decreased the roof temperature on hot summer afternoons by 7.2 ℃.(10)…increased by a factor of 10000 from 1millisecond to 10 seconds, and the SNR improved by the same factor(11)…increased from 1 millisecond, to 0.1 seconds, by a factor of 100.(12)ramp up(13)attenuation /undergo relatively high attenuation(14)decay(15)the …is accelerated at higher temperature and less prominent at lower temperatures.(16)with a rise in…(17)A increases by steps with increasing B.3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定(1)probably due to…(2) A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is(3)This might be attributed to…(4)…depends on the two main mechanisms(5)…is a common cause of(6)…is the essential parameter governing the…(7)…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacialmaterial toughening mechanism.(8)the cause of this resides in …(9)Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to theamount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.(10)owing to…(11)deterministic(12)thanks to…(13)depends upon(14)…is governed by…4. 表示展示(1)exhibit(2)illustrate(3)present(4)reflect(5)depict(6)…is plot in…(7)describe(8)highlight(9)showcase5. 表示某种掺量(1)high volume fly ash(2)contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitiousmaterials)(3)for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.(4)…increase the amount of fly ash in concrete(5)as partial cement replacement materials(6)with partial fly ash substitution are investigated.(7)the dosage of fly ash(8)with a certain amount of fly ash added6. 性能的词汇(1)mechanical property(2)transport property(3)workability(4)flexibility(5)sustainability(6)serviceability7. 表示测试(1)examine8. 表示超过(1)exceed9. 有关图片或表格的(1)As seen from Table 2,(2)The result of…are presented in Table 4.(3) A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)(4)…was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.(5)Sketch of the experimental setup(6)△T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9(7)Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.(8)Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of the test equipment.(9) A typical Load and AE cumulative hits vs. Time curve is shown in Fig. 4a.(10)the chemical structure of which is shown in Fig. 1a.(11)(as indicated in Table 2)(12)Fig. 3 shows a schematic of the testing configuration and sample pictures.(13)Details shown in Fig. 4, coming from the case study in Miami, USA, present an R square value of 0.9995 for theregression of a straight line.(14)Inspection schemes(15)top view/front view(16)Schematic description of the laboratory experimental configuration(17)upper left image/lower right image(18)can be represented graphically as in Figure 1.(19)the trend of loss in amplitude was observed identical to that in Fig.10(20)the photograph of the…(21)surface temperature 3-D profile of the…(22)3-D profile for different pulse length durations and from different lamp locations(23)A three-dimensional surface temperature profile was produced to enhance the cracked area in this specimen.(24)contour plot for…(25)It can be easily observed that(26)the photograph of the experimental set up…(27)Fig. 1a and 2(28)Remark: this figure was modified according to [1] and [3](29)The tends in Fig.4 were initially steep and became moderate after reaching a transition point.(30)These changes are apparent in Fig. 5 for LCA and Fig. 9 for NND(31)distinguish the unique signatures(32)The reproducibility of the results is demonstrated by the similar result obtained for CCN10. 至于，对于…而言, 关于(1)As for(2)In the case of…(3)in respect to/with respect to…(4)Concerning the mechanical behaviour, …(5)In relation to…11. 表示比较，对比(1)The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FAreplacement.(2)As compared to…(3)A…is higher than when it substitutes…(4)in contrast to…(5)Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intactspecimens.(6)…is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.(7)The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dryspecimens.(8) a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because…(9)Their research confirmed that a high chloride binding capacity was found in a higher calcium aluminate cementthan in a lower calcium aluminate cement(10)…when compared with…(11). …is many times less intense than…(12)… is comparable to or greater than…12. 表示效果更明显(1)The effect was more pronounced with increased…(2)dominant(3)have determinant impact on…13. 表示结构或材料致密(1)matrix densification(2)pore structure densification(3)the pore system becomes finer and less connected(4)looser microstructure14. 影响(1)Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on…(2)…seemed to be insensitive to…(3)become decisive for the durability of the concrete(4)The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications.(5)Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on(6), with potential implications on…(7)…has been shown to have appreciable affect on…(8)how…affects the…(9)…to be of minor or negligible significance15. 因此(1)Consequently,(2)As a result,(3)For this reason(4)Resultingly,16. 表示评价，评估, 解释(1)quantify(2)evaluate(3)assess(4)interpret(5)elucidate17. 表示相同,类似,一致(1)…were nearly same.(2) A behave like B(3) A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).(4)It has also been found that concrete exposed to concentrated CaCl2deteriorated in a similar pattern to thoseexposed to MgCl2, although at a slower and less severe pace.(5)The material and geometry of the specimen used in this experiment was identical to that for the specimendescribed in section 2.2.(6)…is proposed as an approximation to the…(7)in analogy to…(8)The measurements on the specimen A2 also showed signals similar to those obtained for the specimen A1.(9)…was highly inconsistent with…(10)Analogous to the…,(11)showed good agreement with the findings of(12)This is a strong simplification of…(13)by analogy with the treatment given in…(14)In the case of AD2 (delamination) similar conclusion can be drawn from Fig.318. 某种程度，数量(1)the extent of the reduction(2)when there is significant quantity of heating days in a year(3)…cause varying degrees of localized damage or defacement(4)undergo a modest seismic event19. 某些配比(1)water to binder ratios (W/B)(2)weight to strength ratio(3)The water to cement ratio by mass was 0.5.(4)the mix ratio of concrete was water: cement: sand: aggregate = 0.45:1:2.52:3.21 (by weight)(5)signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)(6)the volumetric ratio of epoxy:GFRP was 0.645:0.35520. 表示抵制(1)high resistance to(2)resistance against carbonation21. 方程，公式(1)in Eq.(1).(2)Eqs.(2)-(7):(3)the left-hand side of Equation (5.3) has to be augmented by + (h2)(4)By substituting Equation (5.7) into Equation(5.3), we obtain…(5)Dividing Eq.(1) through by m results in(6)ds can be approximated as…(7)expanding Eq.(1) yields(8)Now, using the well-known identitycosAsinB=cos(A+B)+cos(A−B)2(9)Using the orthogonality relation,A+B=C(10)Eq.(6) indicates that the beam power is independent of z and …(11)Eq.(6) turns out to be…(12)the width of…is given by…(13)Eq.(12) can be simplified to be…(14)mark;(15)Substitution of Eq. (1) into the Eq.(2) yields the equation of…(16)A is obtained by inserting this expression in Eq. (1).(17)22. 参考文献(1)this was also confirmed by several studies […](2)This result was also confirmed by previous research.(3)…, which has been quantified in […].(4)Similar results were reported by other researchers […](5)This is consistent with other reports.(6)Based on the previous studies[…](7)in the open literature/in previous publications(8)Numerous surveys have indicated that(9)In the study of research(10)from the review of the literature(11)…have been quoted in lit erature.(12)In particular there is also published work about real time monitoring…(13)Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning thedurability of(14)concrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in [1–6] and references therein.(15)We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to[7,12–14] for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to [15,16] for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.(16)In a study undertaken by …, it was shown that…[7].(17)Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the …, e.g. [1-3](18)A more detailed review is available from our previous publication [4].(19)Cores were removed from the concrete according to the ASTM C42/C 42M (2004) Standard Test Method ofObtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete. The compression testing was conducted in accordance with the ASTM C873/C873M-04e1 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders.(20)An overview of publications on the use of…is given in Philippidis and Assimakopoulou [1].(21)This includes applications of acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonics, acousto-ultrasonics and elastic guided waves,as summarized in [1].(22), as documented in the parallel destructive study performed by our team [2](23)Previous studies have addressed this issue [1-4], most of which attempt to…(24)Further details on various methods may be obtained by perusing various references [](25)It was Irwin [1-4] who introduce the concept of…(26)most of the published work in this regard concentrated on…(27)this paper can be regarded as an extension of the author's other paper.23. 缺陷，缺点，不足，问题(1)Another explanation for…lies in…(2)there are certain limitations(3)they suffer from serious limitations of(4)When applied to…, limitations include the need to…(5)The rapid introduction of new materials…creates challenges of…One of the most critical points is the…(6)Despite the great potential, there have been no systematic studies that examine how the size and resonance modeaffect a cantilever’s mass detection sensitivity.(7)…pose challenging problems of …(8)…is not constrained by…(9)The main obstacle in development of…is…(10)its major drawback(11)Such solution may be problematic(12)A drawback to… is that…24. 表示变化,转变(1)modifications and variations(2)an altered matrix microstructure(3)transformations(4)the tensile cracking events give their place gradually to the shear mode due to…25. 根据…(1)based on the procedure outlined in […](2)procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192(3)Tests have been performed on the material s constituents following relevant test standards[…](4)…are based on the fundamental principle that…(5)on the basis of…(6)obey(7)…is based upon26. 情况不同，现象不同(1)…might have lead to different observations(2)…demonstrate a significant deviation from…(3)…deviate significantly from…27. 研究意义,重要的(1)The understanding of… is a crucial step.(2)The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-sitehealth monitoring of strengthened masonry structures.(3)…have made FRPs an efficient solution for strengthening purpose(4)it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance andto elongate its lifetime.(5)NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions fordifferent inspection purposes.(6)…imperative(7)show great potential to do…(8)… is of great importance and is the research subject of many scientists.(9)further investigations regarding the application of FRP laminates… are very vital.28. 关系密切，相关性(1)…is closely related to…(2)... is closely linked to…(3)…is connected to…(4)The correlation between…and…(5)…is correlated to…(6)…is intrinsically dependent on …(7)…is associated with…29. 研究领域的缺乏(1)efforts in the direction of…are very limited.(2)Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the…(3)there is no common understanding about the effect of…(4)Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner…, further investigation is still regular.(5)Actual data on…is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to thedesigner.(6)Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate…(7)Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructivebond quality monitoring are still open.(8)However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that areinherent in applying the AE technique to the assessment of …(9)actual strength prediction was seldom accomplished(10)No explanation was determined for this in the course of this research.(11)Moreover, no information regarding the use of… in… was provided.(12)but little effort seems to have been expended to investigating…30. 侵入，渗入(1)penetration(2)carbonation propagation(3)chloride diffusing/contamination(4)moisture entrapment31. 如前所述(1)As aforementioned,(2)As already specified (stated),(3)as stated above/earlier(4)As mentioned previously/as previously described32. 建立(1)establish(2)construct33. 与…结合(1)in conjunction with(2) A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable oflocating and measuring defects in matwrials.(3)non-contact low- and high-frequency measurements(4)…by the integration of … and…34. 破坏(1)environmental induced defects(2)matrix cracking(3)surface buckling(4)delamination/debonding(5)fibre shear-out(6)fibre rupture/fibre breakage(7)the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner(8)laminate separation(9)fiber pullout(10)concrete crumbling(11)disbonds(12)catastrophic failure(13)damage area of the GFRP-concrete surface covering the areas of cracks(14)imperfections(15)the region of FRP detached from the concrete substrate(16)concrete anomalies(17)wrinkle(18)air bubble(19)35. 期望,需要(1)It is anticipated that…/It is envisioned that/It is conceivable that…(2)There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacityconfers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.(3)This requires the elastic modulus of thin soft films to be measured reliably.(4)An optimized material development demands reliable characterization methods to evaluate progress andbackstrokes.(5)more concrete samples need to be tested in order to validate the findings(6)…will necessitate investigation of all ways to reduce energy use.(7)…become increasingly urgent due to…36. 后面介绍，随后提及(1)…is further dis cussed in the following section.(2)…, as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.(3)The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.(4)…for the reason indicated below37. 成为一种可能(1)…have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures,providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.38．优点(1)It has the advantages of being contact-free and unaffected by(2)the advantages and limitations of non-destructive testing over destructive testing39. 应用,服役,可用(1)Matrix cracking is one of the major damage mechanisms encountered in FRP composites during service.(2)The model also proved applicable for…(3)has emerged as a popular method for…40. 补充，辅助(1)AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement othermethods in the investigation of damage progression.(2)…are generated as an equivalent substitute for…(3)…which supply a good basis for further research and application(4)…were implemented as a base for…41. 转折,尽管如此(1)Albeit interesting trends were revealed, developed procedures relied on limited experimental data sets.(2)Notwithstanding…(3)in spite of…42．增强，提高(1)betterment(2)to advance the…(3)upgrade(4)43. 获得(1)capture44. 已知,提及(1)noting that(2)recall that(3)given that(4)providing that(5)It is worth noting that(6)It is also noteworthy that…(7)It is worth to point out that…(8)…needed to be pin-pointed45. 不变的，稳定的(1)invariant(2)stay somewhat constant46. 结果显示(1)In the case of the experimental results considered in this paper47．目前，直到今天(1)to date48.误差(1)It is observed that the experimental and theoretical values agree within an acceptable range of l-2 C.49. 单位(1) 1.5 kW per square metre per hour(2)decibel (dB)50. 发生, 开端, 分界线(1)…could occur(2)the precursor of structural failures(3)Two threshold distances are introduced to define the borders of these two regions; namely, near-field distanceand far-field distance51. 解决(1)…remedy the problem(2) a possible solution to combat reinforcement corrosion(3)appears to be an excellent solution52. 方向(1)in the direction perpendicular to…(2)move in the vertical direction along the axis of the spring…(3)in opposition to…53. 说明，暗示, 证明(1)This implies that…(2)elucidate(3)these finds provide evidence demonstrating that…54. 同时，也，反过来说(1)likewise(2)convert electrical energy into acoustical energy and vice versa55. 不同的(1) …doesn’t deviate from…(2) a measurement was made varying the SPL from approximately 60 dB to 90 dB as shown in…56. 可行的，经得住考验的, 易处理的,理想的(1)be amenable to…(2)tractable(3)…making it an ideal method for…(4)…pave the way for…(5)appropriate57. 注意，关注(1)…has begun to attract attention.(2)particular interest was paid to…(3)the emphasis has now shifted from…to…(4)draw focus on…(5)This is of special interest because(6)many issues and concerns have been raised(7)there are heightened concerns related to…58. 进展(1)advancement59. 敏感性(1)show greater sensitivity(2)appear more sensitive to cracking(3)highly sensitive to change in w/c60. 产品介绍(1)(Olympus NDT Inc., Waltham, MA, USA)(2)(Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA)(3)The data were then imported into Matlab software (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA, version 7.1) forpost processing and data analysis.(4) A Thermo Tracer NEC TH9260 thermal camera with the ability to detect 0.06℃temperature differences wasused to capture the thermal images.(5)It is designed on the base of a classic acoustic stethoscope, Exacta, produced by Yavit Company61. 数据，图像处理(1) linear regression models with the least square method was used to fit the data and determine the modelcoefficients62．内部的(1) internal63. 从…观点，从…角度(1) from a theoretical viewpoint64. 巨大的，明显的(1) vastly65. 必须，必要(1) …is a must(2) in urgent need of…66. 组成，成分(1) used as constituents of concrete67. 黏附，贴(1) couple66. 测试对象(1) object being tested(2) subject(3) target structure(4) damaged surface67. 范围(1) …extend roughly from 3 to 300 GHz with corresponding wavelength ranging from 100 down to 1 mm(2) over the range 10 MHz to 1 GHz68. 目的(1) for… purpose(2) achieve the same reinforcement objectivity(3) this paper attempts to…(4) test for…are required both for reasons of product aesthetics and for characterizing…69. 可靠的，有效的(1) effectiveness(2) reliability(3) robustness70. 研究方法(1) conducted by experiments supported by theoretical analysis71. 源自，来源(1) emanate from(2) derived from72. 提前(1) in advance of…65. 其他(1)…fill in the pore space enclosed by cement hydrates(2)…due to both the fulfillment of…(3)systematic laboratory testing(4)It is always the case that…(5)service life design(6)having a Young’s modulus of E =70.758 ×109 N m−2 and a density of ρ= 2711 kg m−3.(7)they reported electricity savings of 0.5 kWh/day (or 33Wh/m2/day) by increasing roof reflectivity from 26% to72%, which translates into annual energy savings of about 125 kWh.(8)Experiments were performed on the scaled down units of 1 m3 volume.(9)This gave us confidence in applying the mathematical model and the developed computer programme tosimulate the performance of heavy normal sized structures.(10)This is in contrast to the earlier belie f that…(11)major assumptions are applied in terms of…(12)transfer the problem into mathematical description(13)extensive research effort has been devoted to this…(14)emphasis is placed on…(15)to localize defects(16)surface smoothness(17)to expedite the analysis(18)in common parlance(19)Results of an experimental campaign(20)be liable to…(21)several orders of magnitude more than…(22)in this study, a similar approach was followed(23)mimick(24)complementary approach(25)be proportional to…(26)rectify(27)it is characterized by(28)optimum(29)adaptation(30)mineralized(31)to the best of our knowledge(32)Very often one is making use of the(33)simple supported boundary condition(34)typically(35)assuming d=50-100 mm(36)semi-infinite(37)inversely proportional to…(38)to confirm the findings of another(39)high degree of precision(40)…is specially suited for…(41)by and large(42)lump… and …into…(43)pathologies(44)not necessarily(45)A is related to B by a vector displacement r(46)by convention(47)a summary of the basic theory of…(48)in vacuo在真空(49)escalating deployment(50)counter-measures 反制措施(51)design philosophy(52)prefabricated laminates(53)start in earnest(54)with overall cost savings(55)preclude(56)be quantified by…(57)physical significance(58)versatile(59)irrespective of学科术语1.阻抗谱(1)impedance response(2)EIS spetra(3)electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance)(4)R ct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.2.孔特征(1)pore structure distribution(2)total porosity(3)pore structure(4)pore network(5)pore walls(6)tortuous pathways3.掺合料(1)fly ash(2)slag(3)silica fume(4)supplementary cementing materials(5)mineral additives(6)low-and high-calcium fly ash4.测试方法(1)SEM：Scanning electron micrograph(2)pigmentation(3)X-ray diffraction analysis(4)microscopy observation\(5)ultrasonic speed measurement(6)acoustic emission technique(7)accelerated ageing test(8)infrared thermography(9)ground penetrating radar(10)ultrasonic pulse-velocity(11)impact-echo method5.土建工程(1)civil infrastructures(2)wide use in Civil Engineering(3)historical heritage(4)masonry structures(5)concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks6.测试仪器(1)vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration table(2)testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.(3)the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter(4)piezoelectric transducer with a bandwidth of 200 MHz7.测试试剂(1)coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface8.操作工艺(1)The molds were stripped after 24 hours(2)Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.(3)Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard.(4)reference specimens(5)Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm(6)One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.(7)the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area ofthe CFRP sheets.(8)Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHzwere mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.(9)Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like(7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm).(10)…is designed and manufactured in the laboratory(11)The measurement were conducted in stepped-frequency mode by sweeping from a starting frequency to anend frequency in an increment of 0.02 GHz at a fixed angle.(12)The specimens were prepared in steel moulds that were removed after 24 hours of hardening under ambientconditions.(13)The hardened concrete specimens were stored in a humidity room for 28 days moist curing.(14)The prism specimens were stored in a 50% humidity chamber at 23℃ for up to 90 days to adequately dry thetop surface onto which the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) was bonded.(15)Before bonding the CFRP layer, the concrete surface was sandblasted to achieve a surface profile of #4.(16)Bonding the CFRP was performed according to the manufacturer's application guideline using commercialepoxy resins.(17) A thread roller was used to squeeze out natural air voids at the interface. To ensure that no resin crossed to thecracked areas, a careful application procedure was followed.(18)were cast in steel moulds and compacted using a vibrating table/a tamping rod(19)water-curing tank9.环境类别(1)high atmospheric humidity(2)sea water(3)rain water(4)acid rain(5)exposure to freeze-thaw cycles(6)deteriorating chemicals(7)alkaline environment(8)environmental variables(9)to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditions(10)aggressive media/influences(11)Chloride-laden environement10.材料性能(1)compressive strength-f cb (MPa)(2)flexural tensile strength-f tb (MPa)(3)tensile strength-f tf (MPa)(4)ultimate strain-ε(%)(5)elastic modulus-E f (GPa)/ modulus of elasticity。
SCI常用词汇和句型
SCI常用词汇和句型No.1Introduction常用的词汇Characterize:是…的特征; 以…为典型; 使…具有特点常用句型：In the present study, we try to characterize the role of sth in the promotion of health.Demonstrate: 证明; 证实; 论证; 说明常用句型：Previous studies have demonstrated that......Discover: (第一个) 发现; (出乎意料地) 发现常用句型1：It is of great interest to discover that...常用句型2：we have discovered that...Evaluate:估计; 评价; 评估常用句型1：The aim of this study was to evaluate...常用句型2：We evaluate its contribution to...常用句型3：In order to evaluate...Examine: 审查; 调查; 考查; 考察; (仔细地) 检查常用句型1：Examination of sth showed that...常用句型2：In this study, we have examined sth in ...Establish:建立; 创立; 设立; 建立(尤指正式关系)常用句型1：It has been established that + 句子常用句型2：句子was established by...Explore:探索; 考察; 探究; 调查研究; 探讨常用句型1：To further explore the effects of pressure, we... 常用句型2：We explored+ 句子Find: (经寻找、研究或思考) 发现，查明常用句型1：sth was founded...常用句型2：we find a method that can be used to... 常用句型3：it is founded that...Identify: 确认; 认出; 鉴定; 找到; 发现; 显示常用句型1：Sth was identified as a critical truth to...Investigate: 侦查(某事); 调查(某人)常用句型1：Sth was investigated常用句型2：In this report, we investigated that...常用句型3：The test is essential to investigate...Reveal: 揭示; 显示; 透露常用句型1：The experiments revealed that...常用句型2：Recent advances have revealed...Study: 研究; 调查常用句型1：We studied...常用句型2：A parametric study has been carried out for...常用句型3：句子+ was studiedNo.2描述要解决的问题时用到的词汇Aim: 目的; 目标; 目的是; 旨在常用句型1：The aim of this research is to provide...常用句型2：The aim of this study was to evaluate...Address: 处理；对付常用句型1：To address the issue of sth常用句型2：A graph was added to address the issues of...Describe: 描述；形容常用句型1：In this report, we describe an analytical method to/that... 常用句型2：As described in materials and methods of sth...No.3表转折的词汇despite: 尽管；即使；尽管自己不愿意（常用在开头）常用句型：Despite the detailed examination...However:然而；不过；不管怎样（用在开头表转折）常用句型1：In this study, however, that it would not be...常用句型2：However, he confirms there has recently beenIn contrast: 相反（句后的开头）常用句型: In contrast, the mummy of sth contains.....Unfortunately: 可惜；遗憾的是；不巧（单独用在句首）常用句型: Unfortunately, as I said, we don't seem to have learned... Present: 出现；提出；显示；提交常用句型1: This article presents...常用句型2: In this paper, a feasibility study of... is presentedpurpose: 目的；用途；目标；意图常用句型: The purpose of this study was...report:报告；报道；汇报常用句型1: A series of sth, including A, B, and C were subs-equently reported by... 常用句型2: As reported that...No.4有关过去和现在时间的词汇Current: 现在的；现行的；通用的常用句型1: Current scientific evidence indicates that...常用句型2: The current work discusses...Present: 目前；现在常用句型: The present study aims to explore...Previous: 先前的；以往的常用句型1: Previous studies demonstrated...常用句型2: The previous work has focused on...Recent: 最近的常用句型1: It was recently predicted that...常用句型2: The recent discussion...No.5用于举例的词In case of: 万一；假使；如果(用在句首)常用句型: In case of the specified parameters of...Especially: 格外；特别是；尤其是（常用在逗号后面）常用句型: Any sharply localized area with a fibrotic appeara-nce should be regarded as suspicious, especially if it has a stellate shape.For example: 例如（用在句首）常用句型: For example, as Silbert spoke about her prom experienceFor instance:例如（用在句首）常用句型1: For instance, it's easy to come up with常用句型2: The joint may be used to join a pair of structural components, for instance in an aerospace applicationInclude:包括；包含；使成为…的一部分（用在句中）常用句型1: To be considered with your bid, include the phrase常用句型2: Potential plans include traveling photographic exhibition.In particular:尤其；特别地；特别是（逗号后面或者句首）常用句型1: The utility model relates to a filtering apparatus, in particular to the filtering apparatus used for a variable air valve timing deviceSpecifically:具体来说；明确地（句中句首句尾均可以）常用句型1: Designed specifically for use in the car常用句型2: Specifically, he saidSuch as：比如；像这种的（常用在逗号后面）常用句型1: Everybody huddled with the body surface, such as loess.No.6描述实验部分的词汇According to: 根据；按照常用句型1: sth was transfected by sth according to...常用句型2:according to...Achieve: 完成（凭长期努力）达到（某目标、地位、标准）常用句型: Sth was achieved through/by...Acquire: 获得; 取得常用句型: Sth were acquired...Allow: 允许；准许常用句型: This method allowed us to determine...Assess: 评估；估算常用句型1: In order to assess...常用句型2: Sth was assessedCarry out:执行；实现常用句型1: Sth was carried out...常用句型2: It is difficult to carry out...常用句型3: In order to carry out...Collect: 收集；搜集常用句型1: Some samples were collected in the experiment. 常用句型2: Sth were collected through...Conduct:实施；执行常用句型: The field trial was conducted by...Expose: 暴露；揭露常用句型1: We exposed...常用句型2: It is well known that someone was exposed to...Generate: 产生；引起常用句型1: Sth was generated by...常用句型2: 句子+is generated常用句型3: Sth was used to generate...Keep: 保存；保留常用句型: The temperature was kept constant at 400℃for one hour.Obtain:获得；得到常用句型1: Sth have been obtained from the analysis of ...常用句型2: The result was obtained with...Perform: 执行常用句型1: Sth was performed by...常用句型2: Sth was performed using...Prepare: 配制常用句型1: A good method was prepared as described previously. 常用句型2: Sth was performed.Produce: 生产；制造常用句型: The pulse waveforms produced from cells and particles.Proceed:继续做（或从事、进行）常用句型1: The reactions are proposed to proceed in a two-step processProvide:提供常用句型1: We provide...常用句型2: The proper method provides...常用句型3: Sth was provided by...Purchase: 购买；采购常用句型:All chemicals were purchased from Eaton chemical companyRecord: 记录常用句型: The initial measurements were recorded at fixed temperatureSubject to: 处于…中；使服从常用句型: The device is subject to a magnetic field of 10TUndertake:着手做; 承担；从事常用句型: We undertook this study to understand...No.7描述先后顺序的词常用在实验方法的描述上面。
英语作文常用高级词汇
英语作文常用高级词汇在英语写作中，使用高级词汇可以提升文章的学术性和正式性，同时也能展示出作者的语言水平。
以下是一些英语作文中常用的高级词汇，它们可以根据不同的写作主题和上下文进行选择和使用。
1. 表达观点：- 支持：endorse, advocate, subscribe- 反对：oppose, refute, contradict- 认为：assert, contend, posit2. 逻辑连接词：- 因此：consequently, hence, thereupon- 然而：nevertheless, notwithstanding, albeit- 此外：furthermore, moreover, in addition3. 描述原因：- 导致：result in, lead to, contribute to- 因为：owing to, due to, as a result of4. 描述影响：- 影响：impact, influence, affect- 改变：alter, modify, transform5. 表达可能性：- 可能：probable, likely, feasible- 不可能：improbable, unlikely, implausible6. 表达重要性：- 重要的：significant, crucial, paramount- 次要的：insignificant, trivial, minor7. 表达复杂性：- 复杂的：complex, intricate, sophisticated- 简单的：simple, straightforward, uncomplicated8. 表达情感：- 满意的：satisfied, content, pleased- 不满的：dissatisfied, discontent, displeased9. 表达数量：- 大量的：abundant, ample, plentiful- 少量的：limited, scarce, insufficient10. 表达时间：- 过去的：previous, preceding, antecedent- 未来的：forthcoming, subsequent, impending11. 表达比较：- 更...：further, more, additional- 最...：utmost, most, maximum12. 表达目的：- 为了：in order to, for the purpose of, with the aim of - 导致：causing, leading to, resulting in13. 表达例证：- 例如：for instance, such as, namely- 特别是：particularly, especially, notably14. 表达总结：- 总之：in summary, to sum up, in conclusion- 因此：therefore, hence, thus使用这些高级词汇时，重要的是要确保它们与句子的其余部分相匹配，并且它们的使用是恰当和准确的。
SCI论文写作——好词好句
degrademitigatewithout any loss of generalityat any given instance ofconcreteexpanded upona stationary loadThereafterrelationship;take into account;model 动词；are obtained；fundamental;immovable;neglect;e.g.;i.e.receive;when it comes to;scarce 匮乏；Have a certain impacttreat asaddressingaddressed解决give rise to；certain；introduce；describe；literature review；retain；For this reason；substitute；In particular；measureconsist ofeffectivethe dot represents the time derivative In case of Lr=10；rewritten；It is evident that；appear；a significant reduction of the peak amplitude is obtained in case of；denotedrespectively 一般置于句末；related to；As a consequence ofin order toidentically 同时地，一致地；The following notation is introduced for brevityin a suitable form for numerical implementation；adjust；it is interesting to comment thatcompletely；instead；A non-dimensionalization of variables is performed for computational conveniencein agreement with 与一致；correspond to 符合；investigate more deeply 深入研究；plot 名词：图；versus 对；previously；practically 几乎；grows slowly with；with respect to 关于，至于enlarge；match；xx method is extended to investigatesuitablesuperior 出众的，优秀的（描述L-method）rarely 很少的；imply 意味，隐含This property is definitely worth exploring and is therefore what we focus on in this work；proposed；Chenetal.好几个人的文章It should be mentioned here that；via；deal with；proved；On the basis of；wherein；deduced；is capable ofefficiency；omitted 忽略refer to 参考be divided intobe derived as；As depicted in；contain；no longer；in the given frequency range；adequate；It means that the computational cost and time will be reduced in ；sufficiently；when the mesh becomes finer；reflect 反应出；distinct drops 明显的下降；ComplicatedFurthermoreImplementedMost widely usedThick beamConsequentlyTheoreticalExtensivePerspectiveHonig and Hirdes (1984) made an improvement to reduce the dependence of discretization and truncation errors on the free parameters.EvaluateMethodologyLaplace transform domainCheckOrigin原点interior impact forcecompact 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有较大影响的The results obtained are encouraging 令人鼓舞的versatility 名称用途广泛revolutionise 彻底改变plays a big roleon this occasionnorresolved into 分解为incrementnose-upin radians弧度地vice versa反之亦然is characterized by被····表征exerted bydefinedeviate fromnamelyconstantin-planeout-of-planerotational speedoppositeopposerotating framenonrotating frameIt is assumed in the derivation of the equation s of motion that an engine governor supplies the torque required to hold the rotor rotational speed Ωconstant during any perturbed motionDespite these limitations, the method, in its current state of development, can provide a useful tool for the study ofassociated withsubsequent form下面的型式displaydetermineimplementedoverestimaterotaryrather thaninfluence单数also agrees well withConsequentlyvalidextensiveFrom this perspective,Abundantinversionoptimum parameter selectionis comprised ofdiscretizationclose form solutionscross-sectionaltransverse, large enough to ensurenontrivialphase-relatedis given bydistinguish it 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英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型（第三版）基本词汇1.与时间相关的(1)no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days(2)at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)(3)for a given exposure time(4)…increased with age.(5)for different time span.(6)After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.(7)…throughout the entire test period.(8)It will decrease as time passes.(9)in a time interval t0≤t≤t0+T(10)in the mid-1950s2. 表示增加或下降的(1)An increase in the FA content decreased the…(2)…decrease with increase in…(3)…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.(4)As …is lowered.(5)augment(6)The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be relatedto …(7)…develop at an increasing rate with time(8)the total absorbed fracture energy is increased mitigating catastrophic phenomena(9)…decreased the roof temperature on hot summer afternoons by 7.2 ℃.(10)…increased by a factor of 10000 from 1millisecond to 10 seconds, and the SNR improved by the same factor(11)…increased from 1 millisecond, to 0.1 seconds, by a factor of 100.(12)ramp up(13)attenuation /undergo relatively high attenuation(14)decay(15)the …is accelerated at higher temperature and less prominent at lower temperatures.(16)with a rise in…(17)A increases by steps with increasing B.3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定(1)probably due to…(2) A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is(3)This might be attributed to…(4)…depends on the two main mechanisms(5)…is a common cause of(6)…is the essential parameter governing the…(7)…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacialmaterial toughening mechanism.(8)the cause of this resides in …(9)Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to theamount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.(10)owing to…(11)deterministic(12)thanks to…(13)depends upon(14)…is governed by…4. 表示展示(1)exhibit(2)illustrate(3)present(4)reflect(5)depict(6)…is plot in…(7)describe(8)highlight(9)showcase5. 表示某种掺量(1)high volume fly ash(2)contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitiousmaterials)(3)for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.(4)…increase the amount of fly ash in concrete(5)as partial cement replacement materials(6)with partial fly ash substitution are investigated.(7)the dosage of fly ash(8)with a certain amount of fly ash added6. 性能的词汇(1)mechanical property(2)transport property(3)workability(4)flexibility(5)sustainability(6)serviceability7. 表示测试(1)examine8. 表示超过(1)exceed9. 有关图片或表格的(1)As seen from Table 2,(2)The result of…are presented in Table 4.(3) A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)(4)…was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.(5)Sketch of the experimental setup(6)△T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9(7)Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.(8)Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of the test equipment.(9) A typical Load and AE cumulative hits vs. Time curve is shown in Fig. 4a.(10)the chemical structure of which is shown in Fig. 1a.(11)(as indicated in Table 2)(12)Fig. 3 shows a schematic of the testing configuration and sample pictures.(13)Details shown in Fig. 4, coming from the case study in Miami, USA, present an R square value of 0.9995 for theregression of a straight line.(14)Inspection schemes(15)top view/front view(16)Schematic description of the laboratory experimental configuration(17)upper left image/lower right image(18)can be represented graphically as in Figure 1.(19)the trend of loss in amplitude was observed identical to that in Fig.10(20)the photograph of the…(21)surface temperature 3-D profile of the…(22)3-D profile for different pulse length durations and from different lamp locations(23)A three-dimensional surface temperature profile was produced to enhance the cracked area in this specimen.(24)contour plot for…(25)It can be easily observed that(26)the photograph of the experimental set up…(27)Fig. 1a and 2(28)Remark: this figure was modified according to [1] and [3](29)The tends in Fig.4 were initially steep and became moderate after reaching a transition point.(30)These changes are apparent in Fig. 5 for LCA and Fig. 9 for NND(31)distinguish the unique signatures(32)The reproducibility of the results is demonstrated by the similar result obtained for CCN10. 至于，对于…而言, 关于(1)As for(2)In the case of…(3)in respect to/with respect to…(4)Concerning the mechanical behaviour, …(5)In relation to…11. 表示比较，对比(1)The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FAreplacement.(2)As compared to…(3)A…is higher than when it substitutes…(4)in contrast to…(5)Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intactspecimens.(6)…is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.(7)The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dryspecimens.(8) a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because…(9)Their research confirmed that a high chloride binding capacity was found in a higher calcium aluminate cementthan in a lower calcium aluminate cement(10)…when compared with…(11). …is many times less intense than…(12)… is comparable to or greater than…12. 表示效果更明显(1)The effect was more pronounced with increased…(2)dominant(3)have determinant impact on…13. 表示结构或材料致密(1)matrix densification(2)pore structure densification(3)the pore system becomes finer and less connected(4)looser microstructure14. 影响(1)Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on…(2)…seemed to be insensitive to…(3)become decisive for the durability of the concrete(4)The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications.(5)Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on(6), with potential implications on…(7)…has been shown to have appreciable affect on…(8)how…affects the…(9)…to be of minor or negligible significance15. 因此(1)Consequently,(2)As a result,(3)For this reason(4)Resultingly,16. 表示评价，评估, 解释(1)quantify(2)evaluate(3)assess(4)interpret(5)elucidate17. 表示相同,类似,一致(1)…were nearly same.(2) A behave like B(3) A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).(4)It has also been found that concrete exposed to concentrated CaCl2deteriorated in a similar pattern to thoseexposed to MgCl2, although at a slower and less severe pace.(5)The material and geometry of the specimen used in this experiment was identical to that for the specimendescribed in section 2.2.(6)…is proposed as an approximation to the…(7)in analogy to…(8)The measurements on the specimen A2 also showed signals similar to those obtained for the specimen A1.(9)…was highly inconsistent with…(10)Analogous to the…,(11)showed good agreement with the findings of(12)This is a strong simplification of…(13)by analogy with the treatment given in…(14)In the case of AD2 (delamination) similar conclusion can be drawn from Fig.318. 某种程度，数量(1)the extent of the reduction(2)when there is significant quantity of heating days in a year(3)…cause varying degrees of localized damage or defacement(4)undergo a modest seismic event19. 某些配比(1)water to binder ratios (W/B)(2)weight to strength ratio(3)The water to cement ratio by mass was 0.5.(4)the mix ratio of concrete was water: cement: sand: aggregate = 0.45:1:2.52:3.21 (by weight)(5)signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)(6)the volumetric ratio of epoxy:GFRP was 0.645:0.35520. 表示抵制(1)high resistance to(2)resistance against carbonation21. 方程，公式(1)in Eq.(1).(2)Eqs.(2)-(7):(3)the left-hand side of Equation (5.3) has to be augmented by + (h2)(4)By substituting Equation (5.7) into Equation(5.3), we obtain…(5)Dividing Eq.(1) through by m results in(6)ds can be approximated as…(7)expanding Eq.(1) yields(8)Now, using the well-known identitycosAsinB=cos(A+B)+cos(A−B)2(9)Using the orthogonality relation,A+B=C(10)Eq.(6) indicates that the beam power is independent of z and …(11)Eq.(6) turns out to be…(12)the width of…is given by…(13)Eq.(12) can be simplified to be…(14)mark;(15)Substitution of Eq. (1) into the Eq.(2) yields the equation of…(16)A is obtained by inserting this expression in Eq. (1).(17)22. 参考文献(1)this was also confirmed by several studies […](2)This result was also confirmed by previous research.(3)…, which has been quantified in […].(4)Similar results were reported by other researchers […](5)This is consistent with other reports.(6)Based on the previous studies[…](7)in the open literature/in previous publications(8)Numerous surveys have indicated that(9)In the study of research(10)from the review of the literature(11)…have been quoted in lit erature.(12)In particular there is also published work about real time monitoring…(13)Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning thedurability of(14)concrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in [1–6] and references therein.(15)We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to[7,12–14] for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to [15,16] for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.(16)In a study undertaken by …, it was shown that…[7].(17)Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the …, e.g. [1-3](18)A more detailed review is available from our previous publication [4].(19)Cores were removed from the concrete according to the ASTM C42/C 42M (2004) Standard Test Method ofObtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete. The compression testing was conducted in accordance with the ASTM C873/C873M-04e1 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders.(20)An overview of publications on the use of…is given in Philippidis and Assimakopoulou [1].(21)This includes applications of acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonics, acousto-ultrasonics and elastic guided waves,as summarized in [1].(22), as documented in the parallel destructive study performed by our team [2](23)Previous studies have addressed this issue [1-4], most of which attempt to…(24)Further details on various methods may be obtained by perusing various references [](25)It was Irwin [1-4] who introduce the concept of…(26)most of the published work in this regard concentrated on…(27)this paper can be regarded as an extension of the author's other paper.23. 缺陷，缺点，不足，问题(1)Another explanation for…lies in…(2)there are certain limitations(3)they suffer from serious limitations of(4)When applied to…, limitations include the need to…(5)The rapid introduction of new materials…creates challenges of…One of the most critical points is the…(6)Despite the great potential, there have been no systematic studies that examine how the size and resonance modeaffect a cantilever’s mass detection sensitivity.(7)…pose challenging problems of …(8)…is not constrained by…(9)The main obstacle in development of…is…(10)its major drawback(11)Such solution may be problematic(12)A drawback to… is that…24. 表示变化,转变(1)modifications and variations(2)an altered matrix microstructure(3)transformations(4)the tensile cracking events give their place gradually to the shear mode due to…25. 根据…(1)based on the procedure outlined in […](2)procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192(3)Tests have been performed on the material s constituents following relevant test standards[…](4)…are based on the fundamental principle that…(5)on the basis of…(6)obey(7)…is based upon26. 情况不同，现象不同(1)…might have lead to different observations(2)…demonstrate a significant deviation from…(3)…deviate significantly from…27. 研究意义,重要的(1)The understanding of… is a crucial step.(2)The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-sitehealth monitoring of strengthened masonry structures.(3)…have made FRPs an efficient solution for strengthening purpose(4)it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance andto elongate its lifetime.(5)NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions fordifferent inspection purposes.(6)…imperative(7)show great potential to do…(8)… is of great importance and is the research subject of many scientists.(9)further investigations regarding the application of FRP laminates… are very vital.28. 关系密切，相关性(1)…is closely related to…(2)... is closely linked to…(3)…is connected to…(4)The correlation between…and…(5)…is correlated to…(6)…is intrinsically dependent on …(7)…is associated with…29. 研究领域的缺乏(1)efforts in the direction of…are very limited.(2)Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the…(3)there is no common understanding about the effect of…(4)Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner…, further investigation is still regular.(5)Actual data on…is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to thedesigner.(6)Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate…(7)Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructivebond quality monitoring are still open.(8)However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that areinherent in applying the AE technique to the assessment of …(9)actual strength prediction was seldom accomplished(10)No explanation was determined for this in the course of this research.(11)Moreover, no information regarding the use of… in… was provided.(12)but little effort seems to have been expended to investigating…30. 侵入，渗入(1)penetration(2)carbonation propagation(3)chloride diffusing/contamination(4)moisture entrapment31. 如前所述(1)As aforementioned,(2)As already specified (stated),(3)as stated above/earlier(4)As mentioned previously/as previously described32. 建立(1)establish(2)construct33. 与…结合(1)in conjunction with(2) A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable oflocating and measuring defects in matwrials.(3)non-contact low- and high-frequency measurements(4)…by the integration of … and…34. 破坏(1)environmental induced defects(2)matrix cracking(3)surface buckling(4)delamination/debonding(5)fibre shear-out(6)fibre rupture/fibre breakage(7)the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner(8)laminate separation(9)fiber pullout(10)concrete crumbling(11)disbonds(12)catastrophic failure(13)damage area of the GFRP-concrete surface covering the areas of cracks(14)imperfections(15)the region of FRP detached from the concrete substrate(16)concrete anomalies(17)wrinkle(18)air bubble(19)35. 期望,需要(1)It is anticipated that…/It is envisioned that/It is conceivable that…(2)There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacityconfers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.(3)This requires the elastic modulus of thin soft films to be measured reliably.(4)An optimized material development demands reliable characterization methods to evaluate progress andbackstrokes.(5)more concrete samples need to be tested in order to validate the findings(6)…will necessitate investigation of all ways to reduce energy use.(7)…become increasingly urgent due to…36. 后面介绍，随后提及(1)…is further dis cussed in the following section.(2)…, as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.(3)The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.(4)…for the reason indicated below37. 成为一种可能(1)…have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures,providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.38．优点(1)It has the advantages of being contact-free and unaffected by(2)the advantages and limitations of non-destructive testing over destructive testing39. 应用,服役,可用(1)Matrix cracking is one of the major damage mechanisms encountered in FRP composites during service.(2)The model also proved applicable for…(3)has emerged as a popular method for…40. 补充，辅助(1)AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement othermethods in the investigation of damage progression.(2)…are generated as an equivalent substitute for…(3)…which supply a good basis for further research and application(4)…were implemented as a base for…41. 转折,尽管如此(1)Albeit interesting trends were revealed, developed procedures relied on limited experimental data sets.(2)Notwithstanding…(3)in spite of…42．增强，提高(1)betterment(2)to advance the…(3)upgrade(4)43. 获得(1)capture44. 已知,提及(1)noting that(2)recall that(3)given that(4)providing that(5)It is worth noting that(6)It is also noteworthy that…(7)It is worth to point out that…(8)…needed to be pin-pointed45. 不变的，稳定的(1)invariant(2)stay somewhat constant46. 结果显示(1)In the case of the experimental results considered in this paper47．目前，直到今天(1)to date48.误差(1)It is observed that the experimental and theoretical values agree within an acceptable range of l-2 C.49. 单位(1) 1.5 kW per square metre per hour(2)decibel (dB)50. 发生, 开端, 分界线(1)…could occur(2)the precursor of structural failures(3)Two threshold distances are introduced to define the borders of these two regions; namely, near-field distanceand far-field distance51. 解决(1)…remedy the problem(2) a possible solution to combat reinforcement corrosion(3)appears to be an excellent solution52. 方向(1)in the direction perpendicular to…(2)move in the vertical direction along the axis of the spring…(3)in opposition to…53. 说明，暗示, 证明(1)This implies that…(2)elucidate(3)these finds provide evidence demonstrating that…54. 同时，也，反过来说(1)likewise(2)convert electrical energy into acoustical energy and vice versa55. 不同的(1) …doesn’t deviate from…(2) a measurement was made varying the SPL from approximately 60 dB to 90 dB as shown in…56. 可行的，经得住考验的, 易处理的,理想的(1)be amenable to…(2)tractable(3)…making it an ideal method for…(4)…pave the way for…(5)appropriate57. 注意，关注(1)…has begun to attract attention.(2)particular interest was paid to…(3)the emphasis has now shifted from…to…(4)draw focus on…(5)This is of special interest because(6)many issues and concerns have been raised(7)there are heightened concerns related to…58. 进展(1)advancement59. 敏感性(1)show greater sensitivity(2)appear more sensitive to cracking(3)highly sensitive to change in w/c60. 产品介绍(1)(Olympus NDT Inc., Waltham, MA, USA)(2)(Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA)(3)The data were then imported into Matlab software (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA, version 7.1) forpost processing and data analysis.(4) A Thermo Tracer NEC TH9260 thermal camera with the ability to detect 0.06℃temperature differences wasused to capture the thermal images.(5)It is designed on the base of a classic acoustic stethoscope, Exacta, produced by Yavit Company61. 数据，图像处理(1) linear regression models with the least square method was used to fit the data and determine the modelcoefficients62．内部的(1) internal63. 从…观点，从…角度(1) from a theoretical viewpoint64. 巨大的，明显的(1) vastly65. 必须，必要(1) …is a must(2) in urgent need of…66. 组成，成分(1) used as constituents of concrete67. 黏附，贴(1) couple66. 测试对象(1) object being tested(2) subject(3) target structure(4) damaged surface67. 范围(1) …extend roughly from 3 to 300 GHz with corresponding wavelength ranging from 100 down to 1 mm(2) over the range 10 MHz to 1 GHz68. 目的(1) for… purpose(2) achieve the same reinforcement objectivity(3) this paper attempts to…(4) test for…are required both for reasons of product aesthetics and for characterizing…69. 可靠的，有效的(1) effectiveness(2) reliability(3) robustness70. 研究方法(1) conducted by experiments supported by theoretical analysis71. 源自，来源(1) emanate from(2) derived from72. 提前(1) in advance of…65. 其他(1)…fill in the pore space enclosed by cement hydrates(2)…due to both the fulfillment of…(3)systematic laboratory testing(4)It is always the case that…(5)service life design(6)having a Young’s modulus of E =70.758 ×109 N m−2 and a density of ρ= 2711 kg m−3.(7)they reported electricity savings of 0.5 kWh/day (or 33Wh/m2/day) by increasing roof reflectivity from 26% to72%, which translates into annual energy savings of about 125 kWh.(8)Experiments were performed on the scaled down units of 1 m3 volume.(9)This gave us confidence in applying the mathematical model and the developed computer programme tosimulate the performance of heavy normal sized structures.(10)This is in contrast to the earlier belie f that…(11)major assumptions are applied in terms of…(12)transfer the problem into mathematical description(13)extensive research effort has been devoted to this…(14)emphasis is placed on…(15)to localize defects(16)surface smoothness(17)to expedite the analysis(18)in common parlance(19)Results of an experimental campaign(20)be liable to…(21)several orders of magnitude more than…(22)in this study, a similar approach was followed(23)mimick(24)complementary approach(25)be proportional to…(26)rectify(27)it is characterized by(28)optimum(29)adaptation(30)mineralized(31)to the best of our knowledge(32)Very often one is making use of the(33)simple supported boundary condition(34)typically(35)assuming d=50-100 mm(36)semi-infinite(37)inversely proportional to…(38)to confirm the findings of another(39)high degree of precision(40)…is specially suited for…(41)by and large(42)lump… and …into…(43)pathologies(44)not necessarily(45)A is related to B by a vector displacement r(46)by convention(47)a summary of the basic theory of…(48)in vacuo在真空(49)escalating deployment(50)counter-measures 反制措施(51)design philosophy(52)prefabricated laminates(53)start in earnest(54)with overall cost savings(55)preclude(56)be quantified by…(57)physical significance(58)versatile(59)irrespective of学科术语1.阻抗谱(1)impedance response(2)EIS spetra(3)electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance)(4)R ct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.2.孔特征(1)pore structure distribution(2)total porosity(3)pore structure(4)pore network(5)pore walls(6)tortuous pathways3.掺合料(1)fly ash(2)slag(3)silica fume(4)supplementary cementing materials(5)mineral additives(6)low-and high-calcium fly ash4.测试方法(1)SEM：Scanning electron micrograph(2)pigmentation(3)X-ray diffraction analysis(4)microscopy observation\(5)ultrasonic speed measurement(6)acoustic emission technique(7)accelerated ageing test(8)infrared thermography(9)ground penetrating radar(10)ultrasonic pulse-velocity(11)impact-echo method5.土建工程(1)civil infrastructures(2)wide use in Civil Engineering(3)historical heritage(4)masonry structures(5)concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks6.测试仪器(1)vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration table(2)testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.(3)the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter(4)piezoelectric transducer with a bandwidth of 200 MHz7.测试试剂(1)coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface8.操作工艺(1)The molds were stripped after 24 hours(2)Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.(3)Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard.(4)reference specimens(5)Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm(6)One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.(7)the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area ofthe CFRP sheets.(8)Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHzwere mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.(9)Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like(7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm).(10)…is designed and manufactured in the laboratory(11)The measurement were conducted in stepped-frequency mode by sweeping from a starting frequency to anend frequency in an increment of 0.02 GHz at a fixed angle.(12)The specimens were prepared in steel moulds that were removed after 24 hours of hardening under ambientconditions.(13)The hardened concrete specimens were stored in a humidity room for 28 days moist curing.(14)The prism specimens were stored in a 50% humidity chamber at 23℃ for up to 90 days to adequately dry thetop surface onto which the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) was bonded.(15)Before bonding the CFRP layer, the concrete surface was sandblasted to achieve a surface profile of #4.(16)Bonding the CFRP was performed according to the manufacturer's application guideline using commercialepoxy resins.(17) A thread roller was used to squeeze out natural air voids at the interface. To ensure that no resin crossed to thecracked areas, a careful application procedure was followed.(18)were cast in steel moulds and compacted using a vibrating table/a tamping rod(19)water-curing tank9.环境类别(1)high atmospheric humidity(2)sea water(3)rain water(4)acid rain(5)exposure to freeze-thaw cycles(6)deteriorating chemicals(7)alkaline environment(8)environmental variables(9)to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditions(10)aggressive media/influences(11)Chloride-laden environement10.材料性能(1)compressive strength-f cb (MPa)(2)flexural tensile strength-f tb (MPa)(3)tensile strength-f tf (MPa)(4)ultimate strain-ε(%)(5)elastic modulus-E f (GPa)/ modulus of elasticity。