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初中英语作文我的爱好(精选15篇)

初中英语作文我的爱好(精选15篇)

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篇1:初中英语作文我的爱好Everyone have(has) thier(their) own hobby(hobbies). my hobby is reading books.Books are always our greatset (greatest)friends and the best teatcher. They give us all kinds of knoledge(knowledge). I started reading books when I was 6 years old. My parents give(gave) me a story book as a gift. I love it .So ,I love all kinds of books. I have been reading books for 7 years. I also enjoy collecting books .I have a lot of books about history、storys、articles and so on. I think many stories for me are interesting and full of wisdom.All the character (Everyone)loves books, too. Books help them become successful because books are the source of knowledge and knowledge is the source of success.Athough I can not be famous, but books always make me really happy.I love reading![初中英语作文我的爱好]篇2:初中英语作文我的爱好I always like to ride a bike, I want my mother to help me buya bike, because wang xiang to ride every day, my mother promised me say my birthday she help me to buy a bike, I don't know his mother would not realize her promise.Say to want on the junior high school, also want to go to school by bike every day, walk, will be very tired, I will use my action to make mother happy, don't let her think help me buy bicycles have little effect.My hobby is very good, I hope I can use their own actions letmother moved! I also want to let mother feel to buy this bicycle is not white.篇3:初中英语作文我的爱好My hobby is very broad. What to read, listen to music, I like it. But my favorite, favorite, that is - look at a map.I love to see the map, it seems to have become a part of my life. Hanging on the wall of my house, and a map of China and a map of the world. Every day I looking at that is made up of dots, lines, symbols of the world, ' 'drunk I do not know return often, it is ecstasy than reading a book. Because I love to see the map, so I know many geographical knowledge, such as what is the biggest desert in the world, where is the capital city of Canada...... Even read the cousin of sun yat-sen university also kua I understand more!I love the map simply love to mad. At ordinary times, I always keen to find a map to see. Some is a pile of waste paper to others, I always go up and see if it is a map. Even I also regularly to see when cleaning, result the classmates all day with strange eyes looked at me, I very bitter. But because of my efforts, my home there are now several zhang from real estate newspaper clippings on the map. On one occasion, I saw a piece of paper in the class, there is a map on it. A map! I was excited and cried. The students looked at me with strange eyes again: in order to map, even the life all don't you? Perhaps really well. I want to.篇4:初中英语作文我的爱好Books are the ladder of human progress. Sure enough, it would help me to improve my composition. Manual books can make my mind work; Reading books can improve my reading. History books can help me understand the long history of China... So many books can make me improve. How can I not like reading?If you want to know how I love reading? Well, in the first grade, I found that many of my classmates had a lot of knowledge about the poles of the earth. Know all kinds of animals that live in the rainforest; Knowing that the earth's oceans cover a much larger area than land... I envy, then to benben's encyclopedia - li zhuan consult: excuse me, your knowledge how can be so rich? He answered only seven words: read more, of course! When I heard that, I was amazed. Very not easy look forward to the weekend, I command my mother took me to the book building, got there, I immediately came to the children's section, take a lot of books, sit down, quietly watching, gradually, I found the book knowledge, in truth, colorful, astronomy, geography, painting... This satisfied my thirst for knowledge, and was determined to get all this knowledge into my pocket.Soon, I became a little bookworm. At home, reading a book, reading a book before going to bed, or even eating in the bathroom. At school, not to mention, I would rather not waste a little time to go out and play.篇5:初中英语作文我的爱好Hobbies are things that you can't forget after a day of fatigue;I have many hobbies: play, draw, do manual work, but my biggest hobby is reading books!Gorky once said: books are a ladder of human progress. Sure enough, it would help me to improve my composition. Manual books can make my mind work; Reading books can improve my reading. History books can make me understand China's long history so many books can make me progress, how can I not like reading?If you want to know how I love reading? When I was in firstgrade, I found that many of my classmates had a lot of knowledge about the poles of the earth. Know all kinds of animals that live in the rainforest; Knowing that the earth's oceans are far larger than the land, I can envy them, so I asked the encyclopedia of the class, li zhuan: excuse me, how can your knowledge be so rich? He answered only seven words: read more, of course! When I heard that, I was amazed. Very not easy look forward to the weekend, I command my mother took me to the book building, got there, I immediately came to the children's section, take a lot of books, sit down, quietly watching, gradually, I found the book knowledge, in truth, colorful, astronomy, geography, drawing this is greatly satisfy my seeking knowledge desire, is determined to put these knowledge.篇6:我的爱好初中英语作文关于我的爱好初中英语作文I like playing basketball .It’s very interesting . I ofte n play it with my friends. It’s a team work.. Everyone needs to work together with others. (每个人都需要和别人合作). I can also make many new friends in the game. My favorite basketball player is Yao Ming. He is very tall and plays basketball very well. I want to play in NBA one day like him.我喜欢打篮球。

大作业英文格式

大作业英文格式

Customer orientation in real-estate companies The espoused values of customer relationsPeter PalmMalmo¨ University, Malmo¨ , SwedenAbstractPurpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the espousing of customer relations has evolved over time in the real estate sector. Has a shift occured within the Swedish real estate sector from product thinking towards customer thinking?Design/methodology/approach –The research is based on an analysis of 25 commercial real estate companies’ annual reports f rom the last five years. The annual reports are analysed through text analysis using the theoretical framework of Mintzberg’s five Ps.Findings – The Swedish real estate sector has in general made the shift from product orientation to customer orientation. There was, however, no significant change during the last five years and most of the companies espoused customer orientation already in 2004. The study implies that it is not sufficient to categorise the companies between product or customer oriented. Instead four categories are suggested: product, customer, project, and financial orientated. Customer rientation, as measured here, was higher in listed companies and in larger companies.Research limitations/implications –The research in this paper is limited to the Swedish real estate sector.Originality/value – The paper shows the espoused values regarding customer relations of the commercial real estate companies that can be found in their annual reports. As the annual reports are a marketing instrument i t should reflect the senior management’s core values. By highlighting how the top management’s core values regarding customer relations are espoused an understanding for the sector is built up.Keywords Customer relations, Real estate, Sweden, Customer orientationPaper type Research paper1. IntroductionInternationally there is a discussion about increased customer orientation in the real estate sector. Is the sector changing from a traditional focus on “bricks and mortars” to more focus on the tenant/customer (see for example Rasila et al., 2006; Wilson et al., 2001)? Product focus is here used in the sense that the focus lies on the premises and not customer services, but it should be noted that this definition differs from the one in ISO 9000 where product includes services as well. Lindholm and Nenonen (2006) state that corporate real estate managers traditionally have tended to have an operational efficiency perspective looking at maintenance instead of customer satisfaction or customer relations. This change of approach has in Sweden been discussed since the mid-1990s (Bengtsson and Polesie, 1998), and to what extent this has initiated changes within the organisation concerning attitudes and strategies (Palm, 2008).To be able to make such a change within the real estate sector, it is important for the top management to formulate and communicate the organisation’s new strategies(Palm, 2008). As stated above, the change within the real estate sector is believed to have started in the mid-1990s and the sector is still changing. One should not underestimate the time such a change of anorganisation can take. Regarding a change of an organisation’s beliefs Henry states:Because of the deeply embedded nature and culture, societal, institutional, or organisational, is resistant to change (Henry, 1999, p. 563).When it comes to changes in thinking patterns, it requires what Hofstede and Hofstede (2004) define as a change of the second degree. They say:New symbols without the support of more fundamental changes of the deeper levels of heroes, rituals and the values of key leasers just mean a lot of hoopla, the effects of which wear out quickly (Hofstede and Hofstede, 2004, p. 313).As Hofstede and Hofstede argue, it is hard to change an organisation’s thinkin g pattern and thereby also the organisation’s strategic thinking. It is therefore interesting to study how the company communicates its attitudes and policies.In this article the focus is on how customer focus is displayed in the companies’ annual reports. Ho¨gberg and Ho¨gberg (2000) state that annual reports are one of the top management tools to express the norms and values that the company stands for (Ho¨gberg and Ho¨gberg, 2000; see also Zerfass, 2008; Rutherford, 2005; Smith and Taffler, 2000). When the company’s top management decides about the structure and form of the annual report, what should be printed and what tone it should have, it leads to it espousing what the company gives high priority to (Smith and Taffler, 2000). It is through the title s “CEO’s statement”, “missions and goals”, and “corporate information” that the top managements’ strategies are displayed in the annual report. Investigating each of the top management’s display of strategies in the annual reports will display that company’s espoused values regarding customer relations (Martin, 2004).Two hypotheses are the starting point for the study presented below:H1. The majority of Swedish real estate companies are today customer oriented.H2. The espoused customer orientation has increased over time.These hypotheses will be tested by analysing 28 real estate companies’ annual reports, using text analysis based on theories of strategy.The structure of this paper is as follows: in section 2 the theoretical background will be mapped. In section 3 the research design and methodology will be discussed. In section 4 the data regarding the Swedish companies’ espoused values for customer relations today will be described and analysed, and section 5 will analyse how the espoused values have changed over time. Section 6 analyses the results in relation to the structure of the companies’. Section 7 includes a discussion of the results and how the companies can be classified due to their espoused values of customer relations. The conclusions are presented in section 8, where the hypotheses will be answered.6. ConclusionIt is clear that most Swedish real estate companies regard their annual reports as a publication where they besides reporting standard economic data, also use it for expressing the company’s values. Regarding the shift from brick thinking to a customer orientated thinking and its display in the annual reports through the companies espoused strategies, it is concluded that many companies have made the shift. But at the same time that they are companies left with a more brick orientated thinking two groups of companies that has not made the shift yet was detected. The first of these are companies with a strict financial focus. Generally these companies presented a thinking of real estate management that must be equal to asset management and not real estate management. Asecond group, project orientated companies, were detected. They were more diverse and many tended to have a customer approach even if the espoused strategies focused on the premises in the first place and the customers was treated as something that just came along with the premises. Two hypotheses were initially formulated stating:(1) The majority of Swedish real estate companies are today customer oriented.(2) The espoused customer orientation has increased over time.The conclusion concerning the first hypothesis is that the Swedish real estate sector has made the shift from brick orientation to customer orientation and that the majority of Swedish real estate companies should be considered as espousing a customer orientation today. The conclusion comes from both counting the companies’ espoused values and analysing the context where their values are espoused. When analysing the characteristics of the companies there is a clear line between companies listed on the stock market and those that are not. The listed companies tend to have a more extensive espousing of customer relations than the unlisted. The same observation can be made regarding the size of the companies. Larger companies tend to have a more extensive espousing. However a new “brick oriented” thinking has occurred and it is a financially oriented thinking. It was expected that the companies either still would be considered as product oriented or had made the shift towards a customer thinking. But the study has shown that there is another category of companies with a lack of customer thinking. This category neither has a focus on the premises nor the customer as they have a strict earning thinking. These are companies that regard property management as asset management just like capital placement in stocks or grain.The second hypothesis for the study was rejected. No real increase of espoused values can be detected over the five years in the study. Most companies tended to have an extensive espousing already in 2004 and have afterwards not made any major changes. But when conducting a more in-depth analysis of the context that the espoused values are written in a maturity within the companies espousing can be detected. This is the case when a company not only reports its customer values but also seem to have implemented them within the organisation. But it is here important to remember that it is the companies that already (in 2004) were considered as having a more extensive espousing that also show this maturity. Companies with a poor espousing also in general tend not to mature in this question.Further research:This study is relatively narrow as only the espoused values in annual reports are considered. On the other hand it includes many, including all of the listed, of the commercial real estate companies in Sweden. Further research should focus on going into depth regarding how these espoused strategies are implemented within the companies.It would also be interesting to evaluate the companies’ results due to their customer relations. Is it that companies with a customer orientated thinking within the organisation also have a stronger result?Finally recommendations could be developed about how to present the espoused values in a clear way. An interesting way is shown by company 2, mentioned above where last year’s outcome, how it was measured and this year’s goal are displayed. One way of refining it would be to add what steps of actions that were made last year to fulfil that year’s goals and what the company will do this year to improve even more and to realise this year’s goals.。

商务英语工商导论专业单词表

商务英语工商导论专业单词表

Fundamentals of businessUnit 1sole proprietorship 商个体,个体户partnership 商合伙,合伙公司corporation (股份有限)公司franchise 特许经营license/permit (营业)执照sole proprietor 个体业主shareholder 股东board director 董事会成员,董事unlimited liability 无限责任access获取方法,渠道assets 资产financing 筹集的资金,融资marketing 营销dissolution 解散law firm 法律事务所accounting firm 会计事务所real estate firm 房地产公司partner 合伙人general partner 普通合伙人limited partner (责任)有限合伙人supplier 供货商extend credit 提供信贷legal framework 法律框架go broke 破产internal conflict 内部纷争,冲突broth 肉汤incorporator 公司股东sales revenue 销售收入legal person 法人sue 起诉,控告bankrupt 破产bond 债权collateral 抵押物finance 为…提供资金expansion 扩张separated ownership and management 所有权与经营分离termination 终结resilient 有弹性的,可恢复的dividend 股息,分红income tax 所得税double taxation 双重征税corporate charter 公司执照industrial relations 劳资关系incur 引起,导致stockholder 股东executive 公司行政领导franchisor 授予特许者décor (店铺)装饰attire (员工)服装unit 2replica 复制品centralized 中央集权的chronic shortage 长期短缺product-oriented 产品导向的acquire 获得personal selling 当面推销publicity 媒体推介bulk buying 大宗购买discount price 打折销售uniform specification 统一规格marketing mix 营销组合promotion 促销utility 功能,便利channels of distribution 分销渠道,销售渠道market segmentation 市场细分zero in on… 瞄准,集中精力于…demographic 人口统计的psychographic 消费心态学product-use variable 产品用途因素unit 3convenience goods 方便商品shopping goods (货比三家后再购买的)商品specialty goods 特种商品,特色商品feasibility 可行的marketability 可销售性pilot model 样品,样机prototype 样机commercialization 商业化product life cycle 产品生命周期pricing 定价profit-oriented objectives 利润导向型目标return on capital 资本(投资)回报率sales-oriented objective 销售额导向型目标be sold under cost 亏本销售,赔本买卖follow-the leader objective 跟进型目标equilibrium price 均衡点价格break-even 盈亏平衡点double-edge sword 双刃剑skimming strategy 撇脂战略penetration strategy 渗透战略loss leader pricing strategy (用少量低价商品)诱导战略odd pricing strategy 心理定价战略price lining strategy 分类定价战略unit 4wholesaler 批发商retailer 零售商discount store 折扣商店,平价商店turnover 周转率mail-order house 邮购公司vending machine 自动售货机virtual store 虚拟商店,网上商店agent 代理商broker 经纪人time utility 时间上的方便place utility 地点上的方便ownership utility 获得拥有权上的方便information utility 信息上的方便form utility 产品成型上的方便truck rates 卡车运费perishable 易腐烂的forklift 叉车conveyer belt 运输带crane 吊车unit 5promotion mix 促销组合product advertising 产品广告institutional advertising 厂商整体形象广告outdoor billboard 户外广告牌spot (播放)时段specialist magazine 专业杂志hypermedia (互联网上的)超媒体yellow pages 电话薄advertising agency 广告代理公司artwork 艺术设计commission 佣金prospect 物色(潜在顾客)qualify 确认approach 接触(顾客)make presentation 演示handle objections 处理(顾客)不同意见close 成交follow-up售后跟踪point-of-sale displays 销售点上的演示sweep stakes 摸奖,赌券coupon 打折券,优惠券premium 奖励券trade stamp 行业优惠券redeem 兑换,返还trade show 行业展览会sponsorship 赞助public relations 公共关系publicity 媒体推介word of mouth 口碑unit 6portability 可携带性divisibility 可分割性stability 稳定性durability 耐用性,耐磨损性acceptability 合法使用性denomination 面值paper note 纸币inflation 通货膨胀transaction 交易circulation 流通legal tender 法定货币medium of exchange 交换媒体store of value 价值存储unit of account 计算单位,会计单位demand deposit 活期存款interest-bearing 产生利息的checking account 支票帐户withdrawal 取款minimum balance 最少余额credit union 信用社serial number 序列号liquidity变现性,流动性portfolio 投资组合securities 有价证券savings account 存款帐户currency exchange 货币兑换letters of credit 信用证banker's acceptance 银行承兑draft 汇票access card 自动柜员机卡credit card 信用卡debit card 借记卡financial counseling 理财咨询home mortgage 住房抵押mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行depositor 存款人pension fund 养老基金premium 保险费unchecked 不受控制的sustainable 可持续的Federal Reserve 美国联邦储备局Fed 美联储discount rate 贴现率open-market operation 公开市场运作vault 金库dealer (有价证券)券商unit 7trade credit 行业信用commercial paper 短期融资券factor (对应收帐等的)贴现account receivable 应收账款account payable 应付账款open account 开立账户,赊账帐户promissory note 本票draft 汇票obligation 义务,债务line of credit 信用额度secured/ unsecured 有/无担保的collateral 抵押物inventory 库存compensating balance 补偿余额revolving credit 循环信用the going interest rate 市场利率face value 面值factor 贴现商debt capital 债务资本corporate bond 公司债券equity capital 权益资本retained earnings 留用利润dividend 股息depreciation 折旧stock 一个公司的股票总称IOU 借据equity financing 股权融资share 股票其中的一张debt financing 借款融资capital structure 资本结构cash flow 现金流utilities companies 水,电等公用事业公司maturity date 到期日principal 本金redemption premium 赎金preferred stock 优先股callable 可召回的common stock 普通股creditor 债权人liquidation 清算unit 8managerial accounting 管理会计financial accounting 财务会计financial statement 财务报表balance sheet 资产负债表owner's equity 所有者权益patent 专利copyright 版权current assets 流动资产fixed assets 固定资产intangible assets 无形资产liabilities 负债current liabilities 流动负债long-term liabilities 长期负债current ratio 流动比率quick ratio (acid test ratio)速动比率rental revenue 租赁收入gross profit margin 毛利润率net profit margin 净利润率inventory turnover 库存周转率average inventory 平均库存account receivable turnover 应收账款周转率return on owner's investment 投资回报率unit 9securities market 证券市场underwrite 承销broker 经纪人stock exchange 股票交易所stock brokerage 股票经销商(公司)bull 预计股价会涨者,买多者bear 预计股票会跌者,卖空者speculator 投机者forfeit 放弃growth stocks 绩优股blue chip 蓝筹股,绩优股speculative issues 收益与风险俱大的股票unit 10risk management 风险管理works-in-process 半成品probability 概率pirating 海盗活动the Strait of Malacca马六甲海峡hedging 套期保值feed 饲料risk-sharing mechanism风险分担机制premium 保险费insurance policy 保险合同insurable interest 可保利益indemnity 补偿subrogation 代位proximate cause 近因insured 保户dependent 抚养人utmost good faith 最大诚信compensation 赔偿contribution 全部赔偿不能超过应得补偿insurable risk 可保风险underwrite 承保policyholder 保户property insurance 财产险marine insurance 海险adversity 灾祸aviation insurance 航空险liability insurance 责任险premises 单位,私家所属的场所worker's compensation 工伤赔偿split-liability 责任分担vandalism 打砸等破坏行为no-fault auto insurance 无过错汽车保险reimburse 报销surgical expenses 手术费用hospital expenses 住院费用cafeteria plan 自选组合term life insurance 简单寿险limited payment life insurance 定期寿险endowment life insurance 增值寿险straight life insurance 完全寿险group life insurance 集团寿险key person insurance 关键人物险credit life insurance 信用寿险fidelity bond 忠实险surety bond 履行义务险unit 11common law 普通法,习惯法,判例法statutory law 制定法,成文法regulatory law 行政法规jurisdiction 管辖,权限lawful purpose 合法目的competency of parties 合同各方具备能力voluntary agreement 自愿缔约meeting of the minds 合意coercion 胁迫fraudulent manipulation 欺诈操纵consideration 对价proper form 有效形式breach of contract 违约enforceable 可实施的,可执行的tort law 侵权法negligence 疏忽surgical forceps 手术用镊子title to property 财产所有权trial 试用cash on delivery 货到付款,交货付现free on board 离岸价格unauthorized 未经授权的royalty 版税,专利使用费license 允许使用(专利)warranty 担保merchantability 可用性refund 退款negotiable instrument 票据certificate of deposit 存款单maker (本票,支票)出票人drawer (汇票)出票人endorsement 背书blank endorsement 普通背书restrictive endorsement (指定收票人的)特种背书qualified endorsement 限定性背书without recourse 不可追索agency law 代理法principal 委托人,授权人agent 代理人power of attorney 委任书,授权书equitable 公平的terms of reference 授权范围overbill 开出超过合理数额的账单bankruptcy law 破产法petition for bankruptcy 破产申请referee 调解人trustee 托管人proceeds 收益extension agreement 延展协议reorganization 重组unit 13planning 规划means and ends 手段和目的organizing 组织chain of command 指挥链,指令链leading 领导motivate 激励,激发autonomy 自主权rewards 回报,奖励controlling 调控deviation 偏离,背离corrective measure 矫正措施chief executive officer 首席执行官function/division manager 部门经理operating manager 操作层经理human skills 人际关系技能conceptual skills 概括技能technical skills 操作技能recruit 招聘,招募political tint 政治色彩bottom-line manager 一线经理,基层经理proven track record 被实践证明的业绩记录headhunter 猎头公司job specialization 工作专门化departmentalization 部门化unity of command 统一指挥line authority 直线职权staff authority 职能(部门的)职权line-and-staff organization 直线――职能混合型组织responsibility 责任delegation分权,授权span of management 管理跨度,管理幅度hierarchical levels 管理层次,组织结构层次functional organization 按功能划分部门的组织divisional organization 按事业部划分的组织division manager 部门经理,事业部经理generalist 经验全面的人才,通才matrix organization 矩阵型组织standing committee 常设委员会ad hoc committee 特别委员会grapevine 非正式沟通的途径。

段落翻译练习答案

段落翻译练习答案

3、参考答案In the past seven years, China‟s real estate industry has developed in a record high speed. For those who earn less but are eager to own a decent and comfortable place of their own in a big city, the high housing price is a heavy burden that they cannot afford. For this reason, the government has taken a series of measures to prevent the housing price from rising too fast, including raising interest rates and increasing taxes on real estate etc. Presently, these measures have achieved initial effects in some cities.难点精析1.房地产业:翻译为real estate industry。

2.前所未有的高速增长:翻译为a record high speed。

3.鉴于这一状况:可以根据上下文的语境转译为for this reason。

4.采取一系列的措施:翻译为take a series of measures。

5.取得初步成效:翻译为achieve initial effects。

4、参考答案Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job. The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training. Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce. And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job. Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience.难点精析1.抱怨很难找到好工作:翻译为complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job。

房地产企业融资模式研究--以万科为例论文设计

房地产企业融资模式研究--以万科为例论文设计

摘要资金在企业生存与发展中扮演着重要角色,房地产行业更加是以资金作为发展的第一要素。

本文首先对房地产融资的相关概念进行阐述然后分析了我国房地产融资的特点和现状,其次把万科集团多元化融资案例作为研究对象。

从万科集团公司概况及融资背景,选择多元化融资组合方式,多元化融资渠道的动因以及多元化融资成效的进行分析。

全面分析了万科的融资策略,可供其他房地产企业借鉴,取长补短,开拓多元化的融资渠道,具有较强的推广性和实用性。

关键词:房地产企业,融资模式,融资环境AbstractCapital plays an important role in the survival and development of enterprises. The real estate industry takes capital as the first element of development.This paper first expounds the relevant concepts of real estate financing, then analyzes the characteristics and current situationof real estate financing in China, and then lists the diversified financing case of Vanke Group as the research object.From Vanke Group's general situation and financing background, this paper analyzes the diversified financing combination mode, the motivation of diversified financing channels and the effect of diversified financing.This paper comprehensively analyzes the financing strategy of Vanke, which can be used for reference by other real estate enterprises, learn from each other's strengths and make up for each other's weaknesses, and develop diversified financing channels, with strong popularization and practicability.Key word:Real estate enterprises、Financing mode、Financing environment、Vanke目录摘要 (I)Abstract (I)一、绪论 (1)(一)选题背景及意义 (1)1、选题背景 (1)2、选题意义 (1)(二)研究内容和方法 (2)1、研究内容 (2)2、研究方法 (2)二、理论基础 (2)(一)相关概念 (2)1、房地产企业融资模式 (2)2、房地产融资特点 (3)(二)理论基础 (4)1、MM理论 (4)2、权衡理论 (4)3、优序融资理论 (4)三、万科地产融资策略背景分析 (5)(一)公司概况 (5)(二)融资背景 (5)1、行业融资现状 (5)2、内部环境分析 (6)四、万科地产融资模式研究 (7)(一)万科地产多元化融资组合 (7)1、充分利用股市融资 (7)2、并购与合作开发融资 (8)3、开拓海外融资渠道 (8)4、房地产信托 (8)5、房地产基金 (8)(二)选择多元化融资渠道的动因 (9)1、满足扩大后的资金需求 (9)2、降低融资风险 (9)3、降低融资成本 (9)4、优化融资结构 (9)(三)多元化融资的成效分析 (10)1、获得充足的资金 (10)2、分散了融资风险 (11)3、降低了融资成本 (11)4、优化了资本结构 (12)五、万科地产多元化融资的启示 (12)(一)成功经验 (12)1、重视海外融资 (13)2、提高企业自身的直接融资比例 (13)3、提升房地产企业自身软实力 (13)(二)不足之处 (14)六、结论与展望 (14)致谢 (16)参考文献 (17)一、绪论(一)选题背景及意义1、选题背景房地产行业对资金的需求较大,目前我国房地产业正处于快速发展阶段,进行融资是保护行业健康有序发展的重要保障。

新视角研究生英语读说写2七单元课后练习答案市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

新视角研究生英语读说写2七单元课后练习答案市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件
Unit 7: Exercises
• Exercises
➢ Reading Comprehension ➢ Structure of the Text ➢ Vocabulary ➢ Cloze ➢ Translation
第1页
Unit 7: Reading comprehension
1. According to paragraphs 1 and 2, why do Americans love cyberspace?
第10页
Unit 7: Reading comprehension
8. In paragraphs 15 and 16, the author pictures future cyberspace communities. In her imagination, what are cyberspace communities like in the future? And what should cyberspace explorers do accordingly?
第5页
Unit 7: Reading comprehension
5. In paragraphs 8 to 11, the author describes cyberspace in greater detail by comparing it with real estate. What three aspects of cyberspace does she discuss? What are their counterparts in real estate? Do they need regulation?
Reference
Both real estate and cyberspace are comprised of different districts and places serving different purposes and different groups of people. However, now most people don’t recognize the difference between these different places, and direct all their attention to those morally bad places suitable only for criminals and porn fans. Therefore they believe cyberspace is a nasty place that the government should regulate.

大学英语18级音体美阅读理解SectionCPassageOne试题及参考答案

18 级音体美阅读理解Section C Passage One 试题试题 1Passage One (10%)Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The endless debate about “ work —life balance ” often contains a hopeful footnote about stay at home dads.If American society and business won't make it easier on future female leaders who choose to have children,there is still the ray of hope that increasing numbers of full —time fathers will .But based on today ' s socioeconomictrends,this hope is,unfortunately,misguided.It ' s true thaet tnhumber of men who have left work to do their thing as full—time parents has doubled in a decad,ebut it ' s still very s:moanl l y 0.8%of married couples where the stay—at—home father was out of the labor force for a year.Even that percentage is likely inflated by men thrust into their caretaker role by a dow nsiz ing. This is simply not a large eno ugh group to reduce the social stigma(污名)and force other adjustments necessary to supporting men in this decision even if only work more than their family .Even shorter times away from work for working fathers are already difficult .A study found that 85%of new fathers take some time off after the birth of a child—but for all but afew.it 's a week or two at moMsteanwhile,the average for women who take leave is more than lo weeksSuch choices impact who moves up in the organization.While you'reaway,someone else is doing your work ,making your sales,taking care of your customers.That can 't help you at workIt can only hurt you.Women,of course,face the same issues of returning after a long absence But with many more women than men choosing to leave the workforce entirely to raise familie,sreturning from an extended parental leave doesn 't raise as many eyebrows as it does for menWomen would make more if they didn ' btreak their earning trajectory(轨迹)by leaving the workforce,or if higher-paying professions were more family friendly.In the foreseeable future,Stay at home fathers may make all the difference for individual families. but their presence won reduce'thte numbers of high potential women who are forced to choose betweenfamily and career1.What gives women a ray of hope to achieve work-life balance?A.More men taking an extended parental leaveB.People ' s changing attitudes towards familyC.More women entering business managementD.The improvement of their socioeconomic status.2.Why does the author say the hope for more fu—ll time fathers is misguided?A.Women are better at taking care of children.B.Many men value work more than their family.C.Their number is too small to make a difference.D.Not many men have the chance to stay at hom.e3.Why do few men take a long parental leave?A.A long leave will have a negative impact on their caree.rB.They just have too many responsibilities to fulfill at work .C.The economic loss will be too much for their family to bear.D.They are likely to get fired if absent from work for too lon9 .4.What is the most likely reaction to men returning from an extended parental leave?A.Jealousy.B. SurpriseC. AdmirationD. Sympathy5.What does the author say about high-potential women in the not-too-distant future?A.They will benefit from the trend of more fathers staying at home.B.They will find high-paying professions a bit more family-friendly.C.They are unlikely to break their career trajectory to raise a family.D.They will still face the difficult choice between career and children.试题 2Passage One (10%) Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown.Penny-pinching UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Alcli and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives.This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from 1.19 billion in 2011 to 1.12 bi i ion in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to .1.11 billio n in 2016.In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from 43 in 2014 to 41 in 2015.Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper-including facial tissue and kitchen roll-to save money. "Strength, softness and thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportion of consumerspreferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns or perfume," said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. "These extra features are deemed unnecessaryby the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer."While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain fussy-in theory at least-when it comes to paper quality. Top of Britons' toilet paper wish list is softness ( 57%) followed by strength (45% )and thickness (36%).One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers thanproduct quality. In a challenge for manufacturers, 81 of paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper.1.The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because?A ) Britons have cut their spending on it.B ) its prices have gone up over the years.C) its quality has seen marked improvement.D) Britons have developed the habit of saving2.what does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK?A ) It will expand in time.B ) It will remain gloomy.C ) It will experience ups and downs.D ) It will recover as population grows.3.What does Jack Duckett say about toilet paper?A ) Special offers would promote its sales.B ) Consumers are loyal to certain brands.C) Luxurious features add much to the price.D) Consumers have a variety to choose from.4.What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper?A)They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B ) They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C ) They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D) They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features.5.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A)More and more Britons buy recycled toilet paper to protect the environment. B ) Toilet paper manufacturers are facing a great challenge in promoting its sales. C) Toilet paper manufacturers compete with one another to improve product quality. D) Environmental protection is not much of a concern when Britons buy toilet paper.试题 3Passage One (10%)Question 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Urbanization—migration away from the suburbs to the city center—will be thebiggest real estate trend in 2015, according to a new report.The report says America 's urbanization will continue to be the most significantissue affecting the industry, as cities across the country imitate the walkability and transit-oriented development making cities like New York and San Francisco so successful.As smaller cities copy the model of these “ 2-4hour cities, m”ore affordable versions of these places will be created. The report refers to this as the coming of the “ 1-8hourcity, ” and uses the term to refer to cities like Houston, Austin, Charlotte, and Nashville, which are “ positioningthemselves as highly competitive, in terms of livability, employment offerings, and recreational and cultural facilities. ”Another trend that looks significant in 2015 is that America 's largestpopulationgroup, Millennials (千禧一代) , will continue to put off buying a house. Apartments will retain their appeal for a while for Millennials, haunted by what happened to home-owning parents.This trend will continue into the 2020s, the report projects. After that, survey respondents disagree over whether this generation will follow in their parents ' footsteps, moving to the suburbs to raise families, or will choose to remain in the city center.Another issue affecting real estate in the coming year will be America 'sfailininfrastructure. Most roads, bridges, transit, water systems, the electric grid, and communications networks were installed 50 to 100 years ago, and they are largely taken for granted until they fail.The report 's writers state that America 've s tfainiluinrferatostirnucture impactsnot only the health of the real-estate market, but also our ability to remain globally competitive.Apart from the specific trends highlighted above, which cause some investors to worry, the report portrays an overall optimism borne by the recent healthy real-estate “ u-pcycle ”and improving economy. Seventy-four percent of the respondents surveyed report a “good to excellent ” expect-aetsiotanteofp r eoafiltability in 2015.While excessive optimism can promote bad investment patterns, resulting in a real-estate“ bubble, ” the report 's writers downplay that potential outcome in that it has not yet occurred.1.According to the new report, real estate development in 2015 will witness .A)an accelerating speed B) a shift to city centersC) a new focus on small cities D) an ever-increasing demand2.What characterizes -ho“ur 2c4ities ” like New York?A)People can live without private cars.B)People are generally more competitive.C)People can enjoy services around the clock.D)People are in harmony with the environment.3.Why are Millennials reluctant to buy a house?A)They can only afford small apartments.B)The house prices are currently too high.C)Their parents ' bad experience still haunts them.D)They feel attached to the suburban environment.4.What might hinder real estate development in the U.S.?A)The continuing economic recession in the country.B)The lack of confidence on the part of investors.C)The fierce global competition.D)The worsening infrastructure.5.How do most of the respondents in the survey feel about the U.S. real-estate market in 2015?A)Pessimistic B) Hopeful C) Cautious D) Uncertain试题 4Passage One (10%) Question 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.As a person who writes about food and drink for a living, I couldn ' t tell youthfirst thing about Bill Perry or whether the beers he sells are that great. But I can tell you that I like this guy. That ' s because he plans to ban tipping in favor of paying his servers an actual living wage.I hate tipping.I hate it because it 'asn obligation disguised as an option.I hate it for the post-dinner math it requires of me. But mostly, I hate tipping because I believe l would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every other industry.Most of you probably think that you hate tipping, too. Research suggests otherwise. You actually love tipping! You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money your server makes. No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a better value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system.One argument that you tend to hear a lot from the pro-tipping crowd seems logical enough: the service is better when waiters depend on tips, presumably because they see a benefit to successfully veiling their contempt for you. Well, if this were true, we would all be slipping a few l00-dollar bills to our doctors on-the way out their doors, too. But as it turns out, waiters see only a tiny bump in tips when they do an exceptional job compared to a passable one. Waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are, are catching on to this; in one poll, a full 30% said they didn ' t believthey did had any impact on the tips they received.So come on, folks: get on board with ditching the outdated tip system. Pay a little more upfront for your beer or burger. Support Bill Perry ,and any other'basrpubor restaurant that doesn ' t ask you to do drunken math.1.What can we learn about Bill Perry from the passage?A.He runs a pub that serves excellent bee.rB.He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.C.He gives his staff a considerable sum for tip.sD.He lives comfortably without getting any tips.2.What is the main reason why the author hates tipping?A.It sets a bad example for other industrie.sB.It adds to the burden of ordinary customer.sC.It forces the customer to compensate the waite.rD.It poses a great challenge for customers to do ma.th3.Why do many people love tipping according to the author?A.They help improve the quality of the restaurants they dine in.B.They believe waiters deserve such rewards for good servic.eC.They want to preserve a wonderful tradition of the industry.D.They can have some say in how much their servers ea.rn4.What have some waiters come to realize according to a survey?A.Service quality has little effect on tip size.B.It is in human nature to try to save on tips.C.Tips make it more difficult to please customers.D.Tips benefit the boss rather than the employee.s5.What does the author argue for in the passage?A. Restaurants should calculate the tips for custome.rsB.Customers should pay more tips to help improve servic.eC.Waiters deserve better than just relying on tips for a living.D.Waiters should be paid by employers instead of custome.rs试题 5Passage one(10%)Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.As Artificial Intelligence(AI) becomes increasingly sophisticated, there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat. This danger can be avoided, according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks, it ne'ce s sary to translate our morals into AI language.For example, if a robot does chores around the house, you wouldn ' t want it toput the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry children. “ You would w that robot preloaded with a good set ofvalues, ” said Russell.Some robots are already programmed with basic human values. For example, mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance from humans. Obviously there are cultural differences, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldn ' t think that ' s the kind of tha properly brought-up person would do.It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines, if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior. They are dangerous only if programmers are careless.The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to so sufficient testing and they ' ve produced a system that will break somekind of taboo (禁忌).One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave, it has the opport un ity to stop, send out beeps 嘟嘟声),and ask for directi ons from a huma n. If we humans aren 't quite sure about a dec,isiwone go and ask somebody else.The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe in moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots could be good for humanity.1.What does the author say about the threat of robots?A)It may constitute a challenge to computer programmers.B)It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.C)It can be avoided if human values are translated into their language.D)It has become an inevitable peril as technology gets more sophisticated.2.What would we think of a person who invades our personal space according to the author?A)They are aggressive.B)They are outgoing.C)They are ignorant.D)They are ill-bred.3.How do robots learn human values?A)By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.B)By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.C)By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.D)By imitating the behavior of property brought-up human beings.4.What will a well-programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation?A)keep a distance from possible dangers.B)Stop to seek advice from a human being.C)Trigger its built-in alarm system at once.D)Do sufficient testing before taking action.5.What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?A)Determine what is moral and ethical.B)Design some large-scale experiments.C)Set rules for man-machine interaction.D)Develop a more sophisticated program.试题 6Passage One(10%)Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Declining mental function is often seen as a problem of old age, but certain aspects of brain function actually begin their decline in young adulthood, a new study suggests.The study, which followed more than 2,000 healthy adults between the ages of18 and 60, found that certain mental functions—including measures of abstract reasoning, mental speed and puzzle-solvin—g started to dull as early as age 27.Dips in memory, meanwhile, generally became apparent around age 37.On the other hand, indicators of a person 'saccumulated knowledge—like performance on tests of vocabulary and general knowledg—e kept improving with age, according to findings published in the journalNeurobiology of Aging.The results do not mean that young adults need to start worrying about their memories. Most people 'msinds function at a high level even in their later years, according to researcher Timothy Salthouse.“These patterns suggest that some types of mental flexibility decrease relatively earlyin adulthood, but that the amount of knowledge one has, and the effectiveness of integrating it with one 's abilities, may increase throughout all of adulthood if there are no diseases, ”Salthouse said in a news release.The study included healthy, educated adults who took standard tests of memory, reasoning and perception at the outset and at some point over the next seven years.The tests are desig ned to detect subtle 细微的)cha nges in men tai fun cti on, andinvolve solving puzzles, recalling words and details from stories, and identifying patterns incollections of letters and symbols.In general, Salthouse and his colleagues found, certain aspects of cognition (认知能力) generally started to decline in the late 20s to 30s.The findings shed light on normal age-related changes in mental function, which could aid in understanding the process of dementia (痴呆), according to the researchers.“By following individuals over time, ”Salthouse said, “wegain insight in cognition changes, and may possibly discovewr ays to slow the rate of decline. ”The researchers are currently analyzing the study participants h'ealth and lifestyle to see which factors might influence age-related cognitive changes.1.What is the common view of mental function?A)It varies from person to person. B)It weakensin one 's later years.C)It gradually expands with age. D)It indicates one 's health condition.2.What does the new study find about mental functions?A)Some diseases inevitably lead to their decline.B)They reach a peak at the age of 20 for most people.C)They are closely related to physical and mental exercise.D)Some of them begin to decline when people are still young.3.What does Timothy Salthouse say about people 's minds in most cases?A)They tend to decline in people 's later years.B)Their flexibility determines one 's abilities.C)They function quite well even in old age.D)Their functioning is still a puzzle to be solved.4.Although people ' s minds may function less flexibly as they age, they __ .A)may be better at solving puzzlesB)can memorize things with more easeC)may have greater facility in abstract reasoningD)can put what they have learnt into more effective use5.According to Salthouse, their study may help us _ .A)find ways to slow down our mental declineB)find ways to boost our memoriesC)understand the complex process of mental functioningD)understand the relation between physical and mental health试题7Passage OneQuestions 1 and 5 are based on the following passage.Nobody really knows how big Lagos is. What's indisputable is that it's growing very quickly. Between now and 2050, the urban population of Africa could triple. Yet cities in sub-SaharanAfrica are not getting richer the way cities in the rest of the world have. Most urban Africans live in slums (贫民窟); migrants are often not much better off than they were in the countryside. Why?The immediate problem is poverty. Most of Africa is urbanising at a lower level of incomethan other regions of the world did. That means there's little money around for investment that would make cities liveable and more productive. Without upgrades and new capacity, bridges, roads and power systems are unable to cope with expanding populations. With the exception of South Africa, the only light rail metro system in sub-Saharan Africa is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Traffic jam leads to expense and unpredictability, things that keep investors away.In other parts of the world, increasing agricultural productivity and industrialisation went together. More productive farmers meant there was a surplus that could feed cities; in turn, that created a pool of labour for factories. But African cities are different. They are too often built around consuming natural resources. Government is concentrated in capitals, so is the money. Most urban Africans work for a small minority of the rich, who tend to be involvedin either cronyish (有裙带关系的) businesses or politics. Since African agriculture is still broadly unproductive, food is imported, consuming a portion of revenue.So what can be done? Though African countries are poor, not all African cities are. In Lagos, foreign oil workers can pay as much as $65,000 per year in rent for a modest apartment in asafe part of town. If that income were better taxed, it might provide the revenue for better infrastructure. If city leaders were more accountable to their residents, they might favour projects designed to help them more. Yet even as new roads are built, new people arrive. When a city's population grows by 5% a year,it is difficult to keep up.1.What do we learn from the passage about cities in sub-Saharan Africa?A)They have more slums than other cities in the world.B)They are growing fast without becoming richer.C)They are as modernised as many cities elsewhere.D)They attract migrants who want to be better off.2.What does the author imply about urbanisation in other parts of the world?A)It benefited from the contribution of immigrants.B)It started when people's income was relatively high.C)It benefited from the accelerated rise in productivity.D)It started with the improvement of peopled livelihood.3.Why is sub-Saharan Africa unappealing to investors?A)It lacks adequate transport facilities.B)The living expenses there are too high.C)It is on the whole too densely populated.D) The local governments are corrupted.4.In what way does the author say African cities are different?A)They have attracted huge numbers of farm labourers.B)They still rely heavily on agricultural productivity.C)They have developed at the expense of nature.D)They depend far more on foreign investment.5.What might be a solution to the problems facing African cities?A)Lowering of apartment rent.B)Better education for residents.C)More rational overall planning.D) A more responsible government.试题8Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.For the past several decades, it seems there's been a general consensus on how to get ahead in America: Get a college education, find a reliable job, and buy your own home. But do Americans still believe in that path, and if they do, is it attainable? The most recent National Journal poll asked respondents about the American dream, what it takes to achievetheir goals, and whether or not they felt a significant amount of control over their ability to be successful. Overwhelmingly, the results show that today,the idea of the American dream—and what it takes to achieve i—t looks quite different than it did in the late 20th century.By and large, people felt that their actions and hard work —not outside forces—were the deciding factor in how their lives turned out. But respondents had decidedly mixed feelings about what actions make for a better life in the current economy.In the last seven years, Americans have grown more pessimistic about the power of education to lead to success. Even though they see going to college as a fairly achievable goal, a majority —52 percent—think that young people do not need a four-year college education in order to be successful.Miguel Maeda, 42, who has a master's degree and works in public health, was the first in his family to go to college, which has allowed him to achieve a sense of financial stability his parents and grandparents never did.While some, like Maeda, emphasized the value of the degree rather than the education itself, others still see college as a way to gain new perspectives and life experiences. Sixty-year-old Will Fendley, who had a successful career in the military and never earned a college degree, thinks "personal drive" is far more important than just going to college. To Fendley, a sense of drive and purpose, as well as an effective high-school education, and basic life skills,like balancing a checkbook, are the necessary ingredients for a successful life in America.1.It used to be commonly acknowledged that to succeed in America, one had to have .A) an advanced academic degreeB)an ambition to get aheadC) a firm belief in their dreamD) a sense of drive and purpose2.What is the finding of the latest National Journal poll concerning the American dream?A) More and more Americans are finding it hard to realize.B)It remains alive among the majority of American people.C)Americans' idea of it has changed over the past few decades.D)An increasing number of young Americans are abandoning it.3.What do Americans now think of the role of college education in achieving success?A) It still remains open to debate.B)It has proved to be beyond doubt.C)It is no longer as important as it used to be.D)It is much better understood now than ever.4.How do some people view college education these days?A) It promotes gender equality.B)It needs to be strengthened.C)It adds to cultural diversity.D)It helps broaden their minds.5.What is one factor essential to success in America, according to Will Fendley?A) A desire to lear n and to adapt.B) A strong sense of resp on sibility.C) A willi ngn ess to commit on eself.D) A clear aim and high motivation.18级音体美阅读理解Section C Passage One答案试题1Passage One (10%)1-5: A C A B D试题2Passage On e(10%)1-5: A B C A D试题3 (10%)Passage One: 1~5 : BACDB试题4.Passage On e(10%): 1~5 : BCDAD试题5Passage one (10%)1. C2. D.3. C.4. D5. A试题6Passage One (10%)1. B2. D3. C4. D5. A试题7。

不动产登记数据库标准解读

附件1不动产登记数据库标准(试行)目录1 范围 (4)2 规范性引用文件 (4)3 术语和定义 (4)3.1 不动产 real estate (4)3.2 不动产单元 real estate unit (4)3.3 地籍区 cadastral district (4)3.4 地籍子区 cadastral sub district (5)3.5 宗地 cadastral parcel (5)3.6 宗海 cadastral sea (5)3.7 无居民海岛 uninhabited island (5)3.8 房屋 building (5)3.9 自然幢 natural building (5)3.10 逻辑幢 logical building (5)3.11 户 unit (5)3.12 定着物 things fixed on land (5)3.13 林班 compartment (5)3.14 小班 subcompartment (5)3.15 界址线 boundary line (5)3.16 界址点 boundary point (5)3.17 地籍图 cadastral map (6)3.18 宗地图 parcel plan (6)4 缩略语 (6)5 不动产登记数据库内容与要素分类 (6)5.1 不动产登记数据库内容 (6)5.2 不动产登记要素分类与编码 (6)5.3 不动产登记要素分类代码与描述 (7)5.4 空间要素分层 (8)6 数据库结构定义 (9)6.1 空间要素属性结构 (9)6.2 非空间要素数据结构 (16)附录 A (规范性附录)属性值字典表 (37)附录 B (参考文献) (55)不动产登记数据库标准1 范围本标准规定了不动产登记数据库的内容、要素分类与编码、数据库结构等。

本标准适用于不动产登记数据库建设、数据交换和共享等。

2 规范性引用文件下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款,其最新版本适用于本标准。

介绍房子的ppt课件英语


The Benefits of Investing in Real Estate
Recommendation Tax Benefits Cash Flow Liquidity
The value of real estate can recommend over time due to factors such as demand and supply, economic growth, and impact
The condition of a house is also a key factor that determines its value Properties that are well maintained and in good conditions are generally more valuable than those that are not
The size and layout of a house can also affect its value Properties that are spacious and have an open plan layout are generally more valuable than those that are crammed or have an awkward layout
Investors can enjoy tax benefits such as tax deductions for mortgage interest and property taxes
Properties can generate cash flow through rent, which can provide a related source of income

市场分析英语怎么说

市场分析英语怎么说市场分析是对市场规模、位置、性质、特点、市场容量及吸引范围等调查资料所进行的经济分析。

那么你知道市场分析用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着店铺来学习一下吧。

市场分析的英语说法1:market analysis市场分析的英语说法2:marketing analysis市场分析的相关短语:市场分析报告 marketing analysis report市场分析师 Market Analyst中国金融市场分析 Chinese Financial Market Analysis市场分析助理 City Planning Assistant专业市场分析 Professional Market analysis市场分析的英语例句:1. Good market analysis alone will not make you a winner.仅有好的市场分析,也不能使你成为赢家.2. Impact analysis of the effectiveness of the real estate market.影响房地产市场分析有效性的原因.3. The analysis of the current morning paper market in Beijing area.第一,北京地区当前早报市场分析.4. With complete facility, Hong Kong Center may start operation immediately.市场分析香港城设施齐备,可立即运营.5. Jake van der Kamp is an independent market analyst in Hong Kong.冯-德尔-坎普是香港的独立市场分析人员.6. Could you tell me some more about your market analysis?请你多告诉我一些你们的市场分析好吗 ?7. Ways to enhance the effectiveness of the real estate market analysis.提高房地产市场分析有效性的途径.8. Collect information in order to provide market analysis and sales forecast.收集有关信息做好相应的市场分析和销售预测.9. Analyzes market and delivery systems to determine present and future material availability.根据市场分析及交付体系确定材料在现在及将来的可用性.10. Information collecting, market analysis on industrial for searching potential clients.对潜在客户的行业进行信息收集和市场分析.11. Market analysis: Spa is a kind of more valuable eco - tourism resource.市场分析: 温泉是旅游资源中较为珍贵的生态旅游资源.12. Market analysis: what developers eyes integrity?市场分析: 开发商眼中的诚信什么样 ?13. The real estate market macro - management market analysis.市场宏观管理中的房地产市场分析.14. Fourth, market analysis data adequacy and reliable.第四, 市场分析的数据是否充分、可靠.15. Produce regular technical market analyses.定期提出技术市场分析报告.。

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房地产项目风险管理对策建议房地产项目开发涉及决策、前期、建设、销售四个阶段,主要相关利益者包括竞争对手、银行、顾客、建设方、中介公司、政府等六大类。

开发商在项目经营的每一个环节都会和不同利益相关者发生利益冲突。

往往这种利益冲突是项目风险的重要直接来源,因此,从项目风险管理的角度来看,减少和各个相关利益主体之间的内在冲突,努力为项目建设创建良好的内外部环境,有利于项目风险降低。

本章在前面研究成果的基础上,从企业内部和外部环境建设两个方面提出了创新性和建设性的意见,以独特的视角和思路详细分析了保险及房地产金融创新等手段对风险控制的意义与贡献。

本节从企业的角度提出强化项目风险管理的对策和建议。

(1) 建立现代企业制度目前我国房地产企业从计划体制向市场体制过渡时间并不长,许多企业还是以国有成分为主。

在国有性质的开发企业中,其管理体制还不能适应现代市场竞争的要求,面对快速变化的市场形势,等到领导者作出判断,情况又已经发生变化了。

同时,从制度和组织结构上讲,企业应当建立相应的风险责任制,实行项目决策风险负责制进行企业经营体制改造,建立以法人制度为主体,以有限责任制度为核心,以股份有限公司为重点,产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开和管理科学的现代房地产开发企业,而现代房地产企业制度是强化开发企业风险管理的组织保障。

房地产项目是一项高风险的综合性经济活动,其项目决策工作必须建立在高度责任制的基础上,在法律上、制度上明确由企业决策者全权负责,任何单位、个人都不得代替企业决策者对房地产项目进行拍板决策,也不得干预决策者独立自主地进行科学决策,但同时要建立严格的项目决策风险负责制,要求决策者对其决策行为带来的投资风险负有不可推卸的责任,尤其是对国有房地产开发公司更是如此,如发生重大项目失误应追究相关决策者的经济、法律责任。

一个房地产项目在策划和决策的全过程中,应充分体现集思广益,做到民主与集中的统一。

只有建立责、权、利相结合的房地产项目决策风险负责制,使项目决策者具有强烈的风险意识,才能保证项目决策的严肃性和科学性,避免决策的主观性、盲目性和不负责任,从而避免和减少项目决策失误,规避项目风险,维护国有资产利益,保障企业的健康、稳定发展。

(2) 编制科学、完备的风险管理计划书房地产项目风险管理计划书是以开发企业的风险管理活动为对象的计划安排,体现了开发商对风险管理的制度化约束。

房地产开发企业必须把企业全体成员的活动和一切工作都纳入风险管理计划中。

通过风险管理计划书确定各项风险管理工作的目标,风险管理部门或风险管理人员的权责地位,规定企业各部门的风险管理工作,识别项目活动中可能存在的风险,明确风险防范与处理的方法及其选择应用,确定风险管理绩效评价标准等,以有效保证风险管理工作的持续性。

通过对企业资源的合理配置,以最小的成本获得最大的保障,保障开发项目的顺利实施,实现企业的经济效益和社会效益。

(3) 强化项目的风险研究房地产开发项目数额大、建设周期长、涉及面广,具有较高的风险性,在项目的四个阶段中都容易发生风险,因此要强化风险管理中各个阶段的风险识别,分析判断影响项目风险的主要因素。

综合运用专家调查法、幕景分析法、流程图分析法、环境分析法、财务状况分析法和事故树分析法等风险识别技术。

在项目决策阶段进行科学的房地产项目可行性研究,通过调查研究和计算分析,综合对项目在技术上、经济上和社会效益上的可行性进行论证。

项目开发前期阶段涉及面广,包括政府、金融等方面,不确定的风险因素众多,区域发展形势及地价情况将严重影响该时期的置地决策。

风险识别中主要强调置地风险、工程招标风险、合同管理风险和融资风险。

建设阶段发生的风险更多是人为处置不当,属于可控风险。

租售阶段主要风险有经济风险与内部决策与管理风险,项目如果无法及时租售则会导致财务危机。

企业应当不断总结经验,认清各阶段项目风险发现规律,并采取相应的预防措施。

(4) 建立企业风险管理组织在项目开发的四个阶段都存在风险,对项目风险的规避与控制需要相应风险管理机构来完成。

企业必须建立相应的风险管理部门(如风险管理委员会等),它专门对项目风险可能发生的环节和发展情况进行监督与控制。

风险管理部门是项目风险管理的决策机构,负责制定风险管理方针、政策、总体战略与目标,对风险识别、风险评价、监测、控制、处置,研究制定风险管理激励约束机制和评价指标等,实行风险管理问责制。

当然,从管理的角度看,应将风险控制在萌芽状态,这样才能切实减少企业损失。

为了能较好的发挥房地产项目风险管理组织的作用,开发商必须确定一定的风险管理组织结构和组织关系,使企业各部门协调工作,以实现风险管理目标。

目前我国的房地产企业对风险管理认识还不够充分,几乎没有风险管理组织形式和专业风险管理人员,风险管理远没有系统化和组织化,因而必须结合开发商的内外部环境建立相应的风险管理组织形式并配备一定的专兼职风险管理人员,包括风险经理和保险、索理赔等专兼职风险管理人员,负责开发项目风险的识别、衡量、防范和处理以及风险管理的绩效评价等,以规划、设计、实施和检查整个企业的风险管理工作。

设立一个健全、权责分明的风险管理组织是房地产项目风险管理的组织保障。

(5) 建立信息资讯系统信息资讯系统是进行科学的房地产项目可行性研究、项目决策和风险管理的基础。

项目开发的风险贯穿四个阶段,而信息量的限制则使开发商在同各个利益相关者的博弈中无法作出准确的判断。

企业的风险管理决策也需通过信息资讯系统传达到各风险管理人员和相关工作人员。

通过信息资讯系统,房地产开发商的风险管理人员可以及时收集有关风险信息,及时掌握国内外政治、经济、社会以及房地产市场等的变化动态,分析、预测市场未来的变化趋势,并迅速地反馈信息以利于决策者进行各种决策。

建立一个信息流畅、遍布整个企业的信息资讯系统是房地产项目风险管理的基础。

(6) 认真研究项目利益相关者化竞争为合作房地产项目开发涉及竞争对手、银行、顾客、承包商、经纪公司、政府等,一个项目成功的最佳结局是大家的共同成功,研究每个利益相关者的需求,在博弈中寻求合作,找到利益的共同点,是从事房地产项目风险管理的最高境界。

房地产市场的繁荣有序,所有的项目开发在合理的项目定位中,开发商取得利润,银行取得利息,承包商取得劳务报酬,顾客满足房屋需求,经纪公司取得服务报酬。

实现共赢是项目开发的理想目标。

任何仅从某方利益出发不顾他人利益的做法势必使得项目陷入风险之中,使博弈双方陷入“囚徒困境”。

(7) 建立风险管理绩效评价体系风险管理过程中需要采取各种方案进行风险控制,为实现对方案的评估,可以建立房地产项目风险管理绩效评价指标体系,评价体系包括包括绩效评价指标、评价标准和评价方法。

评价指标包括结果指标和行为指标两类,相应的评价标准分为结果标准和行为标准两个方面,分为优良、中和差三个等级,能较科学地评价风险管理方案的优劣。

(8) 加强风险管理培训强化全员风险意识,房地产企业员工的行为不当是构成开发项目的一个重要风险因素,因此要减轻与不当行为有关的风险,就必须对企业员工进行风险和风险管理教育,内容应包括有关安全、项目、城市规划、工程设计以及其它方面的法律、法规、规范、标准和操作规程、风险知识、安全技能和安全态度等,使他们了解开发项目所面临的各种风险,了解和掌握防范与处理风险的方法,强化风险意识,使他们深深认识到,任何个人的疏忽或错误行为都可能给项目造成巨大损失。

(9) 熟悉并掌握相关法律、法规及政策房地产开发的各个阶段涉及许多相关法律、法规和政策,主要有《中华人民共和国土地管理法》、《中华人民共和国城镇国有土地使用权出让和转让暂行条例》、《城市规划法》、《外商投资开发经营成片土地暂行管理办法》、《城市房地产管理法》、《城市房地产开发经营管理条例》、《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》、《中华人民共和国经济合同法》、《建筑安装工程承包合同条例》等,不了解、理解不透、理解错误或处理不当都会导致延误工期、增加项目成本以及损害开发商形象等。

对开发商来说,法律、法规和政策不仅仅是一种行为约束规范,而且也是实现经济效益的保障,熟悉并掌握我国现行的房地产法律以及各种相关法律、行业法规和政策,有利于有效运用法律武器防范和保护自身的合法权益,预防风险,将风险损失减少到最低限度。

从前面的分析中可知,在房地产项目中遇到最多的是金融风险。

对于一个项目而言,制约其顺利开发的首要因素是资金。

有很多项目由于资金不到位或者别的原因导致资金链断掉而使项目停滞。

作为开发商应该积极使用各种金融手段为项目获取资金,以减少开发过程中的风险。

而政府、银行也积极创造一个良好的融资平台、金融环境和保险市场。

一个项目的成功应当是项目利益相关方的共同努力。

下面是各种可供采用的风险规避转移方法。

(1)大力发展和完善房地产抵押贷款我国的房地产项目多是采用以信贷为主的间接融资方式。

这种贷款方式极大限制了企业可贷款资金额,因为开发商缺乏足够可以信任的还贷资产,银行不愿意给太多的贷款,而且一般比较难以得到银行贷款<155>。

而开发商一旦项目失败,企业资不抵债,遭受损失的最终承受者必然是国家,而纵观国外则多是采用抵押贷款为主要手段的房地产融资方式,通过以房地产作抵押防范信贷风险,减少不良贷款,保障国家的利益,同时也能有助于开发商进行成功的房地产项目开发。

(2)积极推动房地产证券化长期以来,银行等金融机构一直是我国房地产开发公司的主要融资对象,导致房地产市场受信贷规模的变化而波动较大,这不利于房地产开发公司可持续性发展。

房地产证券化,主要是指房地产企业通过发行股票或债券,使企业筹资社会化,降低开发商对金融机构的依赖程度,使国家信贷规模的变动对房地产业的冲击相应减小。

同时,通过房地产证券化还可以使得社会资金流向效益好、有市场需求的房地产企业,从而使企业以市场需求为导向,市场供求机制在资金引导下得到发挥。

另外,房地产证券化可以将企业项目风险分散各个股东,从而分散单一项目主体承担的项目风险。

(3)发展房地产保险房地产项目在决策、前期、开发建设和租售阶段时时刻刻受到各种风险的威胁,风险事件的发生会导致开发商项目损失,或者产生某种责任。

通过大力发展房地产保险业务,利用保险的风险分散、转移和规避功能达到减少风险损失<157>。

保险可以使开发商获得一定的经济补偿,为房地产开发经营提供安全保障,维护开发商的经济效益。

我国房地产保险业务的发展还处于初始阶段,一方面险种单一,主要以房屋财产保险为主,而其它险种如房地产责任保险和担保保险开展极少,另一方面覆盖面窄,业务量小,保险业的滞后使得房地产开发和消费中的大量风险无法转移、化解,直接影响了房地产业的发展。

因此,为促进我国房地产业的发展和加强风险管理,应大力建立房地产保险体系,组建专业房地产保险公司,扩大保险险种,合理解决相关保险费率额问题,规范房地产保险技术规范、投保与理赔程序,健全房地产保险的法律、规范等。

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