Relationship between language and society
社会语言学
an imaginary world a real but exotic world a real and familiar world
1. An imaginary world
Everybody in this society has exactly the same language. They know the same constructions and the same words, with the same pronunciation and the same range of meanings for every single word in the language.
2. A real but exotic world
Two crucial facts to be remembered about this community.
First, each tribe speaks a different language—sufficiently different to be mutually incomprehensible and, in some cases, genetically unrelated (not descended from a common parent language). Indeed, the only criterion by which tribes can be distinguished from each other is by their language. The second fact is that all the tribes are exogamous (i.e. a man must not marry a woman from the same phratry or tribe). Putting these two facts together, it easy to see the main linguistic consequence: a man‟s wife must speak a different language from him.
lecture 11 English andSociety
Sociolinguistics
English, of course, is quite able to make the same distinctions: fine snow, dry snow, soft snow, and so on, but in Eskimos this sort of distinction is lexicalized --- mad e b y means o f i n d i v i d u a l w o r d s .
2.1.1 Regional dialect Regional dialects are linguistic varieties used by people living in different regions.
North: You need your hair cutting. South: You need your hair cut
Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers.
Chapter9LanguageandSociety语言和社会：社会语言学
Chapter9LanguageandSociety语言和社会：社会语言学Chapter 9 Language and Society①Questions for discussion:1. How are culture and language related to each other?2. How do different social factors, like age and gender, affect language use?3. How do people talk differently in different situations?4. What are the other varieties of language besides regional dialects?5. Can you imagine two standard languages used in one nation?9.1 Sociolinguistics9.1.1 Definition(p160) ★Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the the social structures in which the users of language live.Metaphorically, language is regarded as a mirror of society, through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better.Functionally, society provides language with a suitable context of use, in which we can enjoy aspects fo language vividly and truthfully.9.1.2 Two Fundamental Concepts★Speech community: a group of people who form a community (e.g. a village, a region, a nation) and share the same lanugage or a particular variety of a language. Speech variety (language variety): any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker (e.g. idiolect) or a group of speakers (dialect, sociolect).9.1.3 Two approaches/perspectives(p160)◆Micro-sociolinguistics (sociolinguistic study of language): the study of potential social factors for a description and explanation of some linguistic variations, e.g.regional dialects, social dialects, Pidgin and Creole.Macro-sociolinguistics (sociolinguistic study of society): the study of language use to know more about a given society or community, e.g. bilingualism, language planning, language standardization, etc.Questions for discussion:1. What disciplines/studies have close relevance to the study of sociolinguistics?2. Can feel the differences between micro- and macro- sociolinguistics?9.2 Language Variation —Sociolinguistic Study of Language①本章内容拆自教材第七章，并融入了很多其他语言学教材的相关内容。
语言社会文化
Register
Register
Linguistic Repertoire In any speech community there is hardly any speaker who sticks to one style of speaking all the time. A competent native speaker of a language is in possession of a variety of ways in using the language. The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic repertoire.
Sociolinguistics
A
sub-field of linguists that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
Sociolect
Sociolect is a linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. (e.g. Received Pronunciation) Accent is an important marker of sociolect. A case in point is the so-called “Received Pronunciation”.
语导课chapter8
Mode of discourse It mainly refers to the means of communication. It is concerned with "how" communication is carried out.
Example: a lecture on biology in a technical college
③ Register: a speech variety (style) that is appropriate for different situations (e.g. formal vs. casual). Different registers may be thought of as different grammars within a single person's brain.
② Sociolect a language variety caused by different social conditions. It is spoken by a group that share social features such as occupation, age, class, race, etc.
Tenor of discourse It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. It answers the question of 'to whom' the speaker is communicating.
高英：语言与社会(7)
语言与社会
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1. Sociolinguistics
社会语言学
It is sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
• 语式（ mode）：话语方式，是指进行交际的手段---主要是通过 口语或者书面体。
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• Degree of formality：
intimate （亲密体）-- casual（随便体）-- consultative（询议体） -- formal（正式体）-- frozen（刻板体）
• Varieties related to the use
dialects
registers
对于语言使用者来说，语言变体 就表现为 方言；Biblioteka …语言的使用…，……
语域
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4. Dialect
• Regional dialect 地域方言 • Sociolect 社会方言 ： it has to do with separation (social-class dialect) brought about by different social conditions. • Idiolect 个人方言 • Ethnic dialect 种族方言
社会语言学
Sociolinguistics --- the study of the relation between language and societyRelatedness between language and societyLanguage can be used to fulfill social functions.Language can indicate one‟s geographical background.Language can indicate one‟s social s tatus.What is sociolinguistics about?social significance of language variation andlanguage use in different speech communitiesIncluding regional, ethnic and social groups.Sociolinguistics is also concerned with theimpact of extra linguistic factors on languageuse, such as age, gender, profession, and socialStatus.Section 1 Survey1The scope of enquiry 研究范畴•the relation between language and society between the uses of language and the social structure (in which language users live)Sociolinguistics and related disciplines Sociolinguistics is related to other disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, education and planning as it has drawn a lot (e.g. taking concepts and findings) from the work done by anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, educators and planners who also use much work of sociolinguistics to help their studies.Primary task: to map linguistic variation on social conditions变异现象(variation)1 synchronic共时的variation (variation at a single point of time)2 diachronic 历时的variation (variation over time) or language change语体：语言的功能变体,是以语言交际功能为标准所划分的语言风格类型。
Chapter 8 Language and Society
8.1.1 The relatedness between language and society
1. the definition of sociolinguistics
2. (optional) The inter-relationship between language and society: (1) Language is used to establish and maintain social relationships; (2) The language used by speakers is in part determined by their social backgrounds. And language reveals information about its speaker;
entirely social.
8.1.2 Speech community and speech variety 1. the definition of speech community 2. the definition of speech variety
8.1.3 Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies
1. macro-sociolinguistics vs. micro-sociolinguistics 2. (True or false) Macro-linguistics refers to a bird’s
eye view of the language used in society.
8.2.1 Dialectal varieties
5. The most striking difference in language use between
The Relationship between Language and Society
- 226-校园英语 / 语言文化研究The Relationship between Language and Society辽宁工业大学外国语学院/彭丹丹 井思元It is a fact that there is a close relationship between language and culture. Looking back briefly at what has happened in the field of linguistics, we will find some evidence to support this idea.a) Language is a special social phenomenonLanguage is a special social phenomenon, an important communication tool. Like natural phenomena, language also has a process of product, development and death. Its product and development are related closely to society. On one hand, language cannot exist without society. Language develops and dies as society develops and dies. On the other hand, society cannot exist without language. There is a close relationship between language and society. Language is not only a basic communication tool, but also a special social phenomenon. Its special is that as a tool for people’s communication, language serves for the whole society equally. This tool enables people to understand and adjust all their work in human activities.b) Language depends on societyFirstly, Language is the product of human society. There is not language without society. To ensure their existence, people must change, adjust to and take advantage of the nature. They work together and constitute the human society. Human language is produced through work. In fact, what kind of language atmosphere he lives, he will obtain and use what kind of language. If an English child grew up in a Chinese atmosphere, he will get the ability to speak Chinese instead of English and vice versa.Secondly, the progress of society promotes the development of language. With the development of the society, language needs to change to adjust to it. The language is getting more and more accurate, such as the dictionary.c) The development of society causes the development of languageLanguage develops and evolutes with the development and evolution of the society. But language changes slowly, it is difficult to observe. The evolution of language usually begins in a certain area or a group of people. In a small and connected society, the spread of language is rarely blocked. But if the region is separated, the evolution of language cannot spread throughout society. With the popularity of the Internet, and the progress of human science and technology, a series of new words arises at the historic moment, such as “nong min gong”, who come from his hometown to the city to earn money are called “nong min gong” because of his position. Language is a mirror to society. Looking through this piece of mirror, people can see all aspects of the social lives.d) Language is a necessary condition for social developmentLanguage is one of the powers of promoting the development of the society. The product of the language enables the human society to develop from the low level to the high. Without the important communication tool, all activities of the society will stop and even breakdown. During the long history of the human society, people have taken advantages of the language to record and spread their living experience and knowledge to their descendant. So, people can create endless material treasure.Language plays the promoting role in social product. There are two parts in the social product：material one and psychic one. As we know, material product is always the activity that people work together. During this activity, language is essential. Without language, there is no doubt that society production will stop and collapse. With the development of productive force, the approach to the language spreading changes all the time, which promotes the development of the society product in return. Now let us talk about the psychic part.Language and Science：Without language, there would be no thoughts or science. Thanks to the language, every invention, imagination adjustment, foresight and analysis would come true.Language and Literature：”The first factor of literature is the language.” This is a famous saying of Gorky, which makes clear the relationship of language and literature. In the world of literature arts, all types of language play the important role. Its phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics anthropological and etc, form its own style.In a word, language comes from the society lives, changes with the changes of the society lives, develops with the development of the society lives. Language cannot exist without society is like that society cannot exist without language. There is a close connection between the language and society.作者简介：彭丹丹(1995-)，女，河南漯河人，大学本科，英语专业。
Chapter 8 Language and Society
8.1 The scope of sociolinguistics 8.1.1 The relatedness between language and society i. Definition: Sociolinguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
I. Speech community 2. feature: A speech community may distinguish itself from other speech communities by the educational background, the occupation, the gender, the age, or the ethnic affiliation of its members, etc.
I. Speech community 3. Examples: Members of a profession with a specialized jargon: High school students: Hip hop fans: Share holders: blue chip; common stock Netizens:
I. Speech community 1. Definition: a group of people who form a community, share the same language or a particular variety of a language, have the opportunity to interact with each other and share linguistic norms.(understanding, values and attitudes about language varieties)
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The relationship between language and society has for long been a subject of interest for scholars and still continuous to be so. The present study discusses the relationship between one specific area language use, namely linguistic etiquette, and socio-cultural relatives of the Hindi-speaking community. These are two findings of the present study, which are worth noting: (A) the use of the linguistic etiquette system reflects social stratification and (b) social change brings about a corresponding change in the system of linguistic etiquette. On the basis of these, the study supports the view that the relationship between society and language, at least one aspect of it, is causal.
In the way of introduction the first chapter outlines the objective of the study and defines its nature and scope. The second chapter describes the methodology used in the present study. It explains why in spite of its limitations, the study adopted the diachronic approach. It describes the corpus, identifiers the politeness strategies which are used in Hindi, chose a few from these for derailed study in the dissertation, and outlines in brief, in the manner of introductions, the social science descried in each of the novels in the corpus. The third chapter is a detailed analysis of the collected linguistic data; the aim of the analysis being to show that at a particular period of time the use of the system of linguistic etiquette reflects the social structure of a given community. The fourth chapter studies the use of the system of linguistic etiquette in relation to social change and shows how significant social change influence the system of linguistic etiquette, the last chapter tries to argue that detailed studies of politeness strategies of a language may have significant application value the field of second /foreign language technique involving that language.。