2018年同等学力教育综合真题与答案及解析(部分)
【精品】(有参考答案)2018年同等学力人员申请硕士学位经济学综合全国统一考试真题
2018年同等学力人员申请硕士学位经济学综合全国统一考试一、单项选择题1.( )指行为人对财产加以控制的可能性A占有权B使用权C收益权D处分权答案：A解析:占有权能,指人对财产直接加以控制的可能性,是所有者与他人之间因对财产进行实际控制而产生的权利义务关系。
使用权能,是指不改财产的所有和有的性依其用途而对其加以利用的可能性,是人与人之间利用财产而产生的权利义务关系。
收益权能,是指获取基所有者财产而产生的经济利益的可能性,是人们因获取追加财产而产生的权利义务关系。
处分职能，是指法律所保障的改变财产的经济用途或状态的行为的可能性,他所反映的是人在变更财产过程中所产生的权利义务关系。
2总供给曲线向右移动的因()A货币供给增加B斯阳老我育C技术进步D法定准备金下调答案：C解析:考题中垂直的总供给曲线向右移动,说明此时的总供给为潜在产出水平下的总供给,要想使得供给曲线向右移动,需依赖于技术进步(内部突破)提高劳动生产率提高资源的利用率来提高产量3.可选择性货币政策工具不包括( )A再贴现率B存款准备金政策C公开市场业务D不动产信用控制答案：D解析:三大货币政策工具包括存款准备金政策,再贴现政策,公开市场业务政策。
4.关于公共物品的属性正确的是( )A公共产品具有排他性公共产品不具有排他性,容易造成免费搭车现象C公共产品不具有消费排他性,生产上具有竞争性D. (选项内容缺省)答案：B解析:公共物品是指由政府部门(公共部门)提供的、用来满足社会公共需要的物品和服务公共物品的基本特征是非排他性非竞争性。
非排他性是指无法排除他人从公共物品获得利益这一特征意味着可能形成免费搭车现象。
免费搭车行为是指不承担任何成本而消费或使用公共物品的行为。
非竞争性是指在生产水平既定的情况下,增加一个消费者减少其他消费者的消费数量5.以下符合基尼系数的选项是()A基尼系数越接近1越趋于平等B基尼系数越接近1越趋于不平等C基尼系数越接近0越趋于平等D.基尼系数越接近05越趋于平等。
2018 年同等学力英语真题及答案
2018 年同等学力英语真题及答案一卷部分Paper One (100 minutes)Part I Oral Communication (10 points) Section ADirections: In this section there are two incomplete dialogues and each dialogue has three blanks and three choices A, B and C, taken from the dialogue. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the Answer sheet.Dialogue OneHow about you?Wanna join us?It’s a long weekend.Tina: I’m so glad the weekend’s finally here.Lewis: Me too. Imagine! 1 c We’ve got three days in a row.Tina: So, where’re you going?Lewis:I don't have any plan yet. I’ll just play it by ear.2 ATina: We’re going to go hiking and camping in the mountains.Lewis: That sounds exciting!Tina: 3.BLewis: Hm, let me think about it. I’ll let you know later.Dialogue TwoAnd I’d like the cheapest flight available.What is your destination?And when will you be returning?Travel Agent: Freedom Travel. How can I help you?Caller: Yes, I’d like to make a flight reservation for the twenty-third of this month.Travel Agent: Okay. 4 B .Caller: Well. I’m flying to Helsinki, Finland.Travel Agent: Okay. Let me check what flights are available. 5 CCaller: Uh, well, I’d like to catch a return flight on the twenty-ninth. 6ATravel Agent: Okay. Let me see. Um, that’s flight 1070 from Salt Lake City to New York, Kennedy Airport, transferring to flight 90from Kennedy to Helsinki. It’s only $980.Caller: Alright, let’s go with that.Section BDirections: In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and four choices A, B, C and D, taken from the interview. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and mark your answer on the Answer sheet.I think the big difference is,What have you done to make this yours?how they look in the Oval Office.you don’t need so much heart.On Donald Trump’s 100th day as U.S. president，he spoke with “Face the Nation”host and Chief Washington Correspondent John Dickerson.Dickerson: What’s the difference between negotiating in Washington versus negotiating in business?Trump: Well, 7A for what we’re doing here, Washington, you really need heart, becauseyou're talking about a lot of people. Whereas business, 8DYou want to make a good deal. Dickerson: Every president makes the Oval Office theirs. 9BTrump: Well, a lot of things. We had these incredible flags including the American flags. The Coast Guard flag over here. And I said，“Well, let’s see 10C So the flags were up. The picture of Thomas Jefferson I put up. The picture of Andrew Jackson I put up because they said his campaign and my campaign tended to mirror each other. So we did a lot of—actually we did a lot of work. It’s--it s a much different—look than it was previously.Part II Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.11. According to the minister, measures are being taken to introduce more diversity into the education system.答案：DA. differenceB. adversityC. unityD. variety12. He would once in a while lose his temper when he found himself involved in an argument.答案：CA. rarely B .often C. occasionally D. seldom13. Intuition is something that cannot be proven, but many people believe in it and use it for decision making.答案：AA. InstinctB. IntelligenceC. RationalityD. Experience14.Aglobal company must be sensitive to the cultures and customs of the countries where it operates.答案：DA. patientB. generousC. emotionalD. responsive15. At last John Smith stepped down as the company's CEO and returned to his roots in software research.答案：Bretired B. resigned C. revived D. reacted16. Immersed in their experiment, they had no idea what happened just outside their lab.答案：CA. ConcentratedB. AddictedC. AbsorbedD. Committed17. Last month the government initiated a public debate on the future direction of the sport policy.答案：DA. transmittedB. followedC. promotedD. launched18. My beard started to grow, and I unwillingly complied with the order to shave it off.答案：DA. consideredB. questionedC. supportedD. observed19. As the fighting intensified , the chances of any peace deal diminished答案：AA. decreasedB. changedC. disappearedD. expanded20. However superficially appealing such an idea might appear, it was irrational and reckless.答案：BA. possiblyB. seeminglyC. apparentlyD. practicallyPart III Reading Comprehension (25 points) Section ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneAlice Paul Tapper was on a fourth-grade field trip last year when she noticed something that bothered her. The girls were standing in the back of the room, listening politely as the guide spoke. The boys crowded together in the front. They raised their hands to respond to questions, even if they didn't know the answer.Alice, 10, often doesn’t raise her hand in class, even if she’s pretty sure she knows the answer She’s nervous she’ll get it wrong and fed embarrassed. On that field trip, she figured a lot of other girls were probably keeping quiet, too.Alice told her mom what she saw. They talked about how girls are often told to be quiet and polite, while boys are encouraged to be bold and assertive. Alice and her mom talk about that kind of thing a lot. She wants boys and girls to have the same opportunities. “Girls are important, and their ideas are important，”Alice says. “They should be heard.”Alice’s mom is the leader of Alice’s Girl Scout troop ，in Washington, D.C. She and Alice brought the issue up at their next Girl Scout meeting. Alice found she was right. The other girls said they, too, sometimes hesitated to raise their hands, and they worried that this could hold them back in life. Alice wanted to change that. If a girl raises her hand, it’s one step toward becoming a great leader，”she says.Alice’s troop decided to ask the Girl Scouts organization to create a new patch. The newpatch was introduced in October 2017. It is called the Raise Your Hand patch. To earn it, a girl has to do three things. She must pledge to raise her hand in class when she thinks she knows the answer--even if she's not 100% sure. She must recruit three girls to make the same pledge. And she must talk about how raising her hand makes her feelSo far, more than 5,400 girls have earned the Raise Your Hand patch. They live in every state in the U.S., plus Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Ireland. “Girls are powerful,”Alice says. “They should raise their hands so they can release the power inside them.”21. What bothered Alice on her field trip last year?答案：DA.The guide was impolite to the girls.B.There were more boys than girls.C.The boys made trouble as the guide spoke.D.The girls were less responsive than the boys.22. Girls often don't raise their hands in class because they______ .答案：CA.don't know the answer pretty wellB.don't want to get too much attentionC.are taught to be quiet and politeD.are given fewer chances than boys23. The Raise Your Hand patch was created to ______.答案：AA.encourage girls to speak upB.improve girls’talent for organizationC.call for more support from girlsD.highlight the importance of girls 24.The Raise Your Hand patch _____.答案：DA.has helped girls become leadersB.is popular in some states in the U.S.C.is spreading all over the worldD.has attracted thousands of girls25. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?答案：BA. Show of HandsB.Campaign for EqualityC.The Girl Scouts OrganizationD.The Story of a New PatchPassage TwoStephen Having was born on 8 January. 1942 and grew up in St Albans ，the eldest of four brothers and sisters. His father was a research biologist and his mother a medical research secretary, so it was not surprising that he was interested in science. As a student he was drawn to physics and maths as he believed they offered the most fundamental insights into the world. But nothing marked him out as special from his classmates or in his first terra at Oxford University. Stephen got first in Physics from Oxford, and started a PhD at Cambridge. His own private universe expanded when he proposed to his future wife. Jane was also from St Albans , and was a modem languages undergraduate. She had met Hawking at a New Year’s party, before his diagnosis. The couple decided to marry quickly, because they did not know how long Stephen bad to live. As Stephen’s health deteriorated, he took to walking with stick.Hacking escaped the limits of his disability by training his mind to work in a new way. As he started to lose the use of his limbs, he developed a way of visualizing problems in his mind to reach a solution instead of by writing equations .Some of his colleagues have suggested that this way of thinking has led to his greatest discoveries. Hawking was now working on one of science’s most bizarre ideas-black holes, an extreme prediction of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Hawking’s work on black boles helped prove the idea of a “Big Bang”at the birth of the Universe. Developed in the 1940s, Big Bang theory was still not accepted by all scientists. Working with mathematician Roger Penrose. Hawking realized that black holes were like the Big Bang in reverse—and that meant the maths he'd used to describe black boles also described theDig Bang. It was a key moment in showing the Big Bang really happened. As his body deteriorated, Hawking’s career was taking off.26. Hawking developed an early interest in science because______ .答案：DA.his brothers and sisters loved itB.he took related lessons as a kidC.he excelled in maths and physicsD.his parents influenced him27.What can be learned about Hawking's wife Jane?答案：AA.She and Hawking came from the same place.B.She and Hawking went to the same school.C.She married Hawking on New Year’s Day.D.She didn’t know of his disease before their marriage. 28. Hawking’s self-trained way of working______ .答案：CA.helped the recovery of his healthB.required a lot of equation writingC.relied heavily on mental imagesD.was copied by his colleagues29. The following statements about the Big Bang theory are true EXCEPT______ .答案：AA.Hawking was its founderB.it was connected with black holesC.Hawking’s research supported itD.not all scientists agreed with it30. As a leading figure in science, Hawking_____.答案：DA.lived for fifty-five yearsB.wrote many best-selling novelsC.led some organizations for the disabledD.fought against his disease most of his lifePassage ThreeImagine that you’re a fly. You’re just looking for a place to rest, when you see a nice pink leaf. That looks like a nice place to land. As you rest your feet on the leaf, you notice something strange .This leaf is hairy. You begin to make your move, but you trigger the plant’s reaction. Snap! In one-tenth of a second, you are caught in the Venus fly trap. You will be digested in five to twelve days.Out of about 391,000 plant species in the world, only 600 or so are carnivorous. We call them this because they attract, trap, and eat bugs. Like other plants, they get energy from the sun. But unlike other plants, they get their nutrients from their prey ( 猎物）.Carnivorous plants live in places where the soil lacks nutrients. Most plants get nutrients from the soil. Carnivorous plants have turned to other sources.Pitcher plants trick their prey into landing on them. They offer nectar (花蜜）bribes to thefoolish insects that would take them. True to their name, pitcher plants have deep chambers. Their landing surface is slippery. They have inward pointing hairs, making it hard to escape. The fly lands on the pitcher plant to eat but slips into a pit filled with digestive fluids.Corkscrew plants have inviting stems. Curved hairs line the inside of these stems. These hairs allow insects to go up the stems, but not back. Going forward leads to the plant's stomach. Bugs who wander into the corkscrew plant find that they are unable to escape. They must march to their own death.And then there are the bladderworts. They live in water and float near the surface. Their traps are like small bladders(囊状物)hidden beneath the water. Only their flowers are visible from the surface. When bugs swim into the trigger hairs, the plant reacts. The bladder sucks up the prey and the water surrounding it. The prey will be digested within hours.31. The word “carnivorous”（Para. 2) is closest in meaning to “_____”.答案：BA.nutritiousB.bug-eatingC.plant-eatingD.attractive32. Which statement would the author most likely agree with?答案：CA.There are too many species of carnivorous plants.CThere are too few plant species in the world.C.Only a small number of plant species are carnivorous.D.The majority of plants are carnivorous.33. Carnivorous plants get their nutrients mainly from.答案：DA.OtherB. plantsC.the soilD.the sun34. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the third paragraph?答案：BA.There are many studies of carnivorous plants.B.The pitcher plant tricks bugs into its stomach.C.The pitcher plant kills its prey in various ways.D.Some plants attract bugs by offering them nectar.35.As can be inferred，the corkscrew’s chamber for digestion is located .答案：BA.somewhere towards its rootB.somewhere towards its topC.inside its flowersD.inside its leavesPassage FourSerenity (宁静）is difficult to find in today’s fast-paced world. A moment of complete calm seems to be a rare and wonderful find. For me, those precious moments occur on a boat. As legendarysailor Vito Dumas once said: “It’s out there at sea that you are really yourself.”On deck, enjoying awe-inspiring views, the cares of everyday life blown away on the sea breeze, you can appreciate his point.Flying is a misery. From airport chaos to the confined space of an aircraft, nothing about commercial aviation appeals to my sense of adventure—or comfort. Favouring boat travel isn't just about managing flight fear, though. Whether I’m on a short ferry crossing or a cruise, the sea provides a true sense of travel, from the impressive physical shift of a ship leaving port to its navigation of the open water. “We are tied to the ocean,”John F. Kennedy said. As my ship steers towards an exciting new destination, I feel that affinity.And I’m not alone. “The journey is part of the holiday,”says travel writer Helen Ochyra. I’ll stand out on deck, whatever the weather, and watch the ropes being untied, the boat slipping away from the dock and the landscape drifting farther and farther away.”Tom Bourlet ，founder of the Spaghetti Traveller blog, agrees: “On a plane ，it’s difficult to make out much more than grassland; on the ferry, there is something exciting about seeing land slowly getting closer.”For Cathy Winston, travel editor, is about the sense of adventure. “Even on a fairly simple journey from A to B, she says, “wide wide, open sea makes it feel like you could be off to discover new lands. There’s a certain romance you don’t get on a plane or on a motorway.”Winston also values the family-friendly aspects of sea travel. “There's something so relaxing about being on the water, especially with kids,”she says.Whether it’s for kid-happy convenience or sheer romance, boats will always be the preferred mode of transport for many travellers. A boat gets me where I want to go, avoiding the rush—and terror—of air travel. And out on the waves, as reality melts away, I always rediscover my own passion for the sea.36. Which aspect of sea travel is emphasized in the first paragraph?答案：CA.Extraordinary view.plete freedom.C.Peace of mind.D.Sense of adventure.37.The word “affinity”（Para. 2)is closest in meaning to “答案：BA.strong emotionB.close connectionC.sheer excitementD.impressive moment38. Who is deeply impressed while watching the boat leaving the dock?答案：AA. Helen Ochyra.B. Vito Dumas.C. Cathy Winston.D. John F. Kennedy.According to Tom Bourlet, sea travel is better than air travel in that it答案：DA.enables people to engage in deeper thoughtB.gives passengers a better chance to relaxC.provides a more comfortable environmentD.offers a clearer view of the landscape40. According to the last two paragraphs, sea travel has all the following benefits EXCEPT.答案：CA.being family-friendlyB.satisfying an adventurous heartC.promoting a healthy lifestyleD.providing relaxationSection BDirections: In this section, you are required to read one quoted blog and the comments on it. The blog and comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answer A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.At SXSW, the tech and culture conference in Austin, London Mayor Sadiq Khan criticized big tech companies and regulators for failing to stem the spread of hate, misinformation and radical viewpoints online.The mayor said that governments have been in “dereliction of duty”when it comes to passing regulations to combat the ways technology has negatively affected society. “One of the biggest problems over the last few years is that politicians and governments have just been passive—sitting on their hands—while the tech revolution has happened around them,”Khan said in his remarks.Ultimately, he said, it’s up to governments to work with technology businesses and leaders to make sure that technological advancement has the proper checks.Social media firms are already under new regulatory pressure in Europe, thanks to Germalaws enacted in January that will fine companies that don't take down problematic content within 24 hours of it being reported.Khan did not call for this type of regulation but warned that even stricter regulation could be on its way if companies don't respond to government concerns. “Ultimately—there must be greater responsibility taken by some tech companies for the impact they’re having on the world.”Comment 1:Looking at this from the point of view of “industry regulation”is simply flawed. At the core of this, it is individuals who are making choices to “post”each and every time. What our society seems to have lost is a sense of personal responsibility.Comment 2:It’s not exactly easy to implement laws that targets content online. The bigger issue is that law enforcement simply doesn’t have the resources to act on all these crimes happening on the Internet.Comment 3：1 agree that technology has failed us in at least one very important way: Twitter, Facebook, et al, published and continues to publish untruths and fake “news”, that some people assume are accurate. They must do something.Comment 4:The companies at issue promote the content being objected to. That is the content that drives their revenues and profits. So self-regulation just never works without the threat of harshregulation.Comment 5:Information and Communications Technology (ICT), through its evolution, has generally been perceived as beneficial, furthering progress and the common good. But, ICT has not had the foresight to see how the evolving industry can produce unintended consequences. It’s time for ICT to step up41.The word“dereliction”（Para. 2) probably means “__________”.答案：AA.deliberate neglectB.potential abuseC.constant misjudgmentD.apparent misunderstanding42. What does Khan emphasize with his remarks in the last paragraph?答案：DA.Strict British regulation.B.German-style regulatory laws.ernment-industry cooperation.D.Self-regulation of the industry.43. According to Comment 1, who is to blame for the spread of misinformation?答案：BA.Businesses.B.Individuals.ernment officials.D.Industry leaders.44.Which of the comments favors strict government regulation?答案：Cment 2.ment 3.ment 4.ment5.45. Which comments agree with Khan on the role of tech companies?答案：Dments 1and 4.ments 2and 3.ments 4 and 5ments 3 and 5.Part IV Cloze(10points)Directions: In this part, there is a passage with ten blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Every day, they slowly accumulate. Plates covered in sauces and bread pieces. Bowls with a fine layer of who-knows-what. Forks, knives, and spoons all stuck with bits of this and that. At the end of a long day of work, cooking, cleaning, and, for many, negotiating with small children, acouple has to 46Cthe big question: Who is going to do the 47 D?A recent report on family dynamics suggests that the answer to that question can have a significant impact 48Athe health and long lasting of a relationship .The study examined avariety of different household tasks, 49 B shopping, laundry and housecleaning, and found that, for women in families, it’s more important to 50D the responsibility of doing the dishes than any other task. Women who wash the vast majority of the dishes themselves report 51 D relationship conflict and less relationship satisfaction than women with husbands 52Bhelp. Women are happier about sharing dishwashing 53 A than they are aboutsharing any other household task.What is it about dishes? Dan Carlson, assistant professor of family and consumer studies atthe University of Utah, and the lead author of the study, offers his own observations: “Doing dishes is gross. 54C, unlikesome other household tasks such as cooking or gardening ,doing dishes well does not 55B praises.”46. A. make B. ask C. face D. deal47. A. cooking B. laundry C. homework D. dishes48. A. on B. for C. to D. at49. A. requiring B. including C. undertaking D. organizing50. A. exchange B. shoulder C. take D. Share51. A. less B. fewer C. further D. more52. A. which B. who C. what D. whom53. A. duties B. problems C. questions D. troubles54. A. Seemingly B. However C. Besides D. Finally55. A. demand B. generate C. mention D. providePart V Text Completion (20 points)Directions: In this part, there are three incomplete texts with 20 questions(Ranging from 56 to75).Above each text there are three or four phrases to be completed. First, use the choices provided in the box to complete the phrases. Second, use the completed phrases to fill in the blanks of the text. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Text OneA. so plentifulB. showered withC. exchange ringsPhrases:A.the bride and groom often 56CB. where the food is 57AC. the couple is often 58Bhandfuls of uncooked riceWedding ceremonies in the United States vary as much as the people do. But many weddings, no matter where or how they are performed, include certain traditional customs. For instance, 59 A at the ceremony. The rings are usually worn on the fourth finger of the left hand, and are exchanged in the middle of the ceremony.After the ceremony, 60C by friends and family. Rice, as we know, shows productivityand harvest. And then, there is often a party, 61B that it almost takes the attention away from the peopleText TwoPhrases:A. whoB. onlyC. the wayA.That number62BincreasesB.they change 63Ctheir brains workC. children 64Ause too much technologyMore than a third of children under the age of two use mobile media. 65A as children age, with95% of teens 12-17 spending time online.The time spent with technology doesn't just give kids novel ways of doing things; it can lead to distraction and decreased memory. For example, while video games may condition the brain to pay attention to multiple stimuli 66B Children who always use search engines may become very good at finding information—but not very good at remembering it. In addition, 67Cmay not have enough opportunities to use their imagination or to read and think deeply about the material.Text ThreeA. temperatureB. specialC. thinkD. otherPhrases:have created a 68BtechniqueB. 69Cof eating the peelat a freezing cold 70A similar to 71Dcountries It almost seems too hard to believe, but there is now a banana that has an eatable peel. Most people would never 72Bof a banana. However, banana farmers in Japan 73Afor growing bananas with a peel we can eat. Farmers in Okayama, in the west of Japan, keep their banana trees 74Cof -60°C. The farmers then replant the trees in 27℃temperatures. The huge change in temperature makes the tree suddenly grow too quickly for the peel to fully mature. This makes the skin thin, soft and sweet enough to eat. Bananas are the most popular fruit in Japan.75D, Japan imports most of its bananas. About 99% of bananas in Japanese stores are imported. The new technique could mean Japanese people eat more home-grown bananas.二卷部分Paper Two (50 minutes)Part VI Translation (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet. It’s harder and harder to find peace and, especially, quiet. Even in the most remote parts of Alaska the sound of a jet crossing overhead is all too common. Scientists set off across the U.S. to study the audio ecology. They recorded more than a million hours of sound from various sources. They found that noise pollution is not good for people and it’s even worse for animals with more sensitive ears. And the problem is not confined to land but echoes across the seas as well, where human-produced noise interferes with the live of various ocean dwellers. These days on Earth it’s rare to hear “silence”.参考译文：寻求安宁越来越难，想要安静更难。
2018年同等学力申硕《心理学学科综合水平考试》考试历年真题及详解
输入答案内容... 【答案】
（4）正态分布是一簇分布。它随随机变量的平均数、标准差的大小与单位 不同而有不同的分布形态。如果平均数相同，标准差不同，这时标准差大的正态 分布曲线形式低阔；如果标准差小，则正态曲线的形式高狭。所有正态分布都可 以通过 Z 分数公式非常容易地转换成标准正态分布。
（5）在正态分布曲线下，标准差与概率（面积）有一定的数量关系。正负 1 个标准差之间，包括总面积的 68.26%；正负 1.96 个标准差之间，包含总面积 的 95%；正负 2.58 个标准差之间，包含总面积的 99%；正负 3 个标准差之间，包 含总面积的 99.73%。 4. 情绪和情感对人类生活的功能。
B． 57 C． 58 D． 59 【答案】 B 【解析】 实验被试分成三组，即 p 等于 3。每组 20 人，n＝20。所以 df＝p（n－1）＝57。 14. 测量的两个要素是（ ）。 A． 区分度和难度 B． 信度和效度 C． 参照点和单位 D． 题目和准确答案 【答案】 C 【解析】 任何测量都必须具备两个基本要素，即测量的参照点和测量的单位。在测量工作 中，必须有一个量的起点。这个起点就叫作测量的参照点。要使两个测量结果能 够相互比较，必须使这两个测量建立在同一个参照点上。不同测量所用的单位是 不同的。理想的测量单位应当具备两个条件：一是要有确定的意义，即对同一单 位，所有的人的理解都是相同的，不允许作出不同的解释。二是要有相等的价值， 即第一个单位与第二个单位之间的距离等于第二个单位与第三个单位之间的距 离。 15. 发明智力测验常模量表的心理学家是（ ）。 A． 卡特尔 B． 比纳 C． 高尔顿 D． 艾宾浩斯 【答案】 【解析】
2018年同等学力(工商管理)学科综合水平真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2018年同等学力（工商管理）学科综合水平真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 多项选择题 3. 名词解释 4. 简答题 5. 论述题6. 案例分析单项选择题1．被称为企业“宪法”的是( )。
A．管理制度B．企业基本制度C．个人规范D．业务规范正确答案：B解析：A．管理制度是比企业基本制度层次略低的制度规范。
它是用来约束集体性行为的成体系的活动和行为规范，主要针对集体而非个人。
在组织管理的体系中，相当一部分就是管理制度，它是单独分散的个人行为整合为有目的的集体化行为的必要环节，是管理赖以依托的基本手段。
B．企业基本制度是企业的“宪法”。
它是企业制度规范中具有根本性质的，规定企业形成的组织方式，决定企业性质的基本制度。
它规定了企业的所有者，经营管理人员，企业组织成员各自的权利、义务和相互关系；确定了财产的所有关系和分配方式；制约着企业活动的范围和性质；是涉及企业所有层次、决定企业组织根本的制度。
C．个人规范是所有对个人行为起制约作用的制度规范的统称。
它是企业组织中层次最低，约束范围最宽，但也是最具基础性的制度规范。
个人行为规范是组织中对行为和活动约束的第一个层次，其效果好坏、程度如何往往是更高层次约束能否有效实现的先决条件。
D．业务规范是针对业务活动过程中那些大量存在、反复出现，又能摸索出科学处理办法的事务所制定的作业处理规定。
业务规范大都有技术背景，以经验为基础，是概括和提高了的工作程序和处理办法，如安全规范、服务规范、业务规程、操作规范，等等。
2．提出期望值理论的是( )。
A．亚当斯B．马斯洛C．弗鲁姆D．斯金纳正确答案：C解析：A．权衡激励模式的理论基础源于美国管理学家亚当斯提出的公平理论。
亚当斯认为，在企业环境中，员工更为关注的不是报酬的绝对值的大小，而是报酬的分配是否公平合理，以及自己是否受到公平的对待。
B．马斯洛提出的“需要层次论”的应用价值在于，管理者可以根据五种基本需要对员工的多种需要加以归类和确认；然后针对未满足的或正在追求的需求提供诱因，进行激励；同时更加注重高层次需要的激励作用。
2018年同等学力英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2018年同等学力英语真题及详解Paper One试卷一(100 minutes)PartⅠOral Communication(10points)Section ADirections:In this section, there are two incomplete dialogues and each dialogue has three blanks and three choices A, B and C, taken from the dialogue.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the dialogueand mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue OneA. How about you?B. Wanna join us?C. It’s a long weekend.Tina: I’m so glad the weekend’s finally here.Lewis: Me too. Imagine! (1) _____ We’ve got three days in a row.Tina: So, where’re you going?Lewis: I don’t have any plan yet. I’ll just play it by ear. (2) _____Tina: We’re going to go hiking and camping in the mountains.Lewis: That sounds exciting!Tina: (3) _____Lewis: Hm, let me think about it. I’ll let you know later.1. ____【答案】C【解析】结合上下文，根据Tina在上一句提到的“I’m so glad the weekend’s finally here”以及后文中的“We’ve got three days in a row”（我们这次可以连续休三天的假），可知Lewis要说的应该是“这周的周末真够长的”。
2018年同等学力法学真题和答案
2018年同等学力法学真题和答案推荐文章2018同等学力考试法学真题答案热度：深圳普法学法考试题库的题目是什么热度：法学教育与律师素养的养成热度：北大考研法学考试科目有哪些热度：北大非法学法硕就业方向是什么热度：同等学力法学是属于学位教育的，现在很多的考生都已经是处理备考阶段，准备迎接2018年的考试。
以下是店铺为你整理的同等学力法学真题和答案相关资料，希望大家喜欢!同等学力法学的选择题1、宪法规定，任何人不得利用宗教进行破坏( )A.社会秩序B.正常生产生活秩序C.损害公民身体健康D.妨碍国家教育制度2、减刑的适用条件包括( )。
A.减刑只适用于被判处拘役和徒刑的犯罪分子。
B.可减刑的实质条件是犯罪分子在刑罚执行期间，认真遵守监规，接受教育改造，确有悔改表现或者立功表现。
C.判处有期徒刑的，经过一次或多次减刑后，不能少于原判刑期的1/3。
D.判处无期徒刑的，经过一次或多次减刑后，不能少于15年。
3、骗取出口退税罪的特征包括( )。
A.犯罪客体是国家的税收管理制度B.主观方面为故意C.犯罪主体为自然人主体D.客观方面表现为偷税的行为4、关于诉讼时效的表述，下列选项正确的是( )。
A.当事人可以对债权请求权提出诉讼时效抗辩，但法律规定的有些债权请求权不适用诉讼时效的规定B.当事人不能约定延长或缩短诉讼时效期间，也不能预先放弃诉讼时效利益C.当事人未提出诉讼时效抗辩的，法院不应对诉讼时效问题进行阐明及主动适用诉讼时效的规定进行裁判D.当事人在一审、二审期间都可以提出诉讼时效抗辩5、共同侵权行为的特征包括( )。
A. 主体的复合性B. 行为的共同性C. 结果的单一性D. 后果的严重性6、效力待定合同的特征是( )。
A.合同已经成立B. 合同自身有瑕疵C. 合同效力处于不确定状态D. 合同最终效力的确定取决于有追认权的第三人的行为参考答案：1、ACD2、B3、AB4、ABC5、ABC6、ABCD同等学力法学的名词解析1. 不成文法。
2018年同等学力申硕工商管理真题及答案解析回忆版
2018 年同等学力申硕工商管理真题及答案解析（回忆版）一、单项选择题（总分10 分，每题 1 分）1、被称为企业“宪法”的是（B）A、管理制度B、企业基本制度C、个人规范D、业务规范2、提出期望值理论的是（C）A、亚当斯B、马斯洛C、弗鲁姆D、斯金纳3、关系市场营销是建立在企业与顾客之间的（D）。
A、关注B、关联C、反馈D、信任4、市场细分的本质是因顾客（B）A、个性B、差异化C、共性D、同质性5、在现有企业的行业中，影响进入壁垒高低的因素是（B）A、行业竞争结构B、行业规模C、进入壁垒的大小D、顾客讨价还价的能力6、企业的战略管理过程不包括（C）A、战略形成B、战略分析C、战略变革D、战略实施7、业务经理管理售前售后等工作属于价值链的（A）A、基本活动B、财务活动C、支持活动D、经营活动8、企业的β系数是2，市场的平均报酬率是9%，无风险报酬率是4%，计算企业的必要报酬率（D）。
A、4%B、10%C、8%D、14%9、以下属于企业短期偿债能力的指标是（C）A、所有者权益比率B、资产负债率C、速冻比率D、利息周转倍数10、以下对于认股权证表述正确的是（D）A、认股权证不能自由转让B、认股权证股东有权参与股利分配C、期权性D、可分离性二、多项选择题（总分8 分，每题 2 分）1、管理过程流派一直致力于研究和说明（AB）。
A、管理的职能B、如何行使管理职能C、组织和管理的基础D、管理研究中的方法论E、管理的经验2、垂直整合战略包括（ABD）A、前向于终端产品的终端使用者B、后向于资源的供应者C、前向于资源的供应者D、扩展了原来同行业的竞争范围E、后向于终端产品的终端使用者3、顾客关系管理的主要功能包括（ABD）A、顾客获取B、顾客开发C、顾客规模D、顾客保持E、顾客分布4、以下属于贴现现金流量指标的是（CDE）A、投资回收期B、平均报酬率C、净现值D、内部报酬率E、利润指数三、名词解释（总分12 分，每题 3 分）1、沟通：是为了设定的目标、凭借一定的符号载体，在个人与群体间传达思想、交流情感与互通信息的过程。
2018年同等学力申硕考试《法学》历年真题及解析
2018年同等学力申硕《法学》真题及答案解析1.【不定项选择题】作为国家治理方式，法治与人治的区别主要表现在_________。
A.是否具备完备的法律体系B.是否有专门的法律实施组织和程序C.权力是否必须服从法律D.法律是否体现民主、自由、平等和人权等价值目标【答案解析】正确答案：C,D人治与法治的区别：第一,“法治”与民主相容,“人治”与专制相合第二,“法治”强调“权自法出”,人治强调“法自权出”。
第三,“法治”强调“法大于权”,“人治”强调“权大于法”。
第四,“法治”强调法律至上,“人治”强调领袖至上。
总之,“法治”与“人治”的本质区别在于国家权力是否严格依法运作。
2.【不定项选择题】法律行为的内在方面包括_________。
A.行为动机B.行为目的C.行为方式D.行为认知【答案解析】正确答案：A,B,D法律行为的内在方面包括行为目的、行为动机、行为目的。
3.【不定项选择题】法社会学通常采用的研究方法是_________。
A.价值分析方法B.逻辑分析方法C.实证研究方法D.文本分析方法【答案解析】正确答案：A,B,C文本分析法不属于法社会学的研究方法4.【不定项选择题】我国民事诉讼法规定：“因合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由被告住所地或者合同履行地的人民法院管辖”。
这一规定属于_________。
A.任意性规则B.委任性规则C.调整性规则D.相对确定性规则【答案解析】正确答案：D授权性规则和义务性规则所谓授权性规则，是指规定人们有权做一定行为或不做一定行为的规则，即规定人们的“可为模式”的规则。
它又可分为权利性规则和职权性规则。
所谓义务性规则，是指在内容上规定人们的法律义务，即有关人们应当做出或不做出某种行为的规则。
它也分为两种：（1）命令性规则。
（2）禁止性规则。
2．确定性规则、委任性规则和准用性规则所谓确定性规则，是指内容本已明确肯定，无须再援引或参照其他规则来确定其内容的法律规则。
在法律条文中规定的绝大多数法律规则属于此种规则。
2018同等学历英语真题及答案
2018同等学历英语真题及答案1、_______ your help, I passed the English exam. [单选题] *A. ThanksB. Thanks to(正确答案)C. Thank youD. Thank to2、Will you be able to finish your homework _______? [单选题] *A. by the timeB. in time(正确答案)C. once upon a timeD. out of time3、The paper gives a detailed（）of how to create human embryos (胚胎)by cloning. [单选题] *A. intentionB. description(正确答案)C. affectionD. effort4、_______ travelers come to visit our city every year. [单选题] *A. Hundred ofB. Hundreds of(正确答案)C. Five HundredsD. Five hundred?of5、—How do you find（）birthday party of the Blairs? —I should say it was __________ complete failure．[单选题] *A．a; aB. the ; a(正确答案)C．a; /D．the; /6、51．People usually ________ the prices before they buy something. [单选题] *A．receiveB．payC．spendD．compare(正确答案)7、Nick has always been good _______ finding cheap flights. [单选题] *A. at(正确答案)B. forC. withD. to8、Finally he had to break his promise. [单选题] *A. 计划B. 花瓶C. 习惯D. 诺言(正确答案)9、18．Who is staying at home now? ________, all of them are out. [单选题] * A．NoneB．No one(正确答案)C．EveryoneD．Nothing10、This species has nearly （）because its habitat is being destroyed. [单选题] *A. used upB. died out(正确答案)C. gone upD. got rid of11、22．Will there ________ any schools in the future? [单选题] *A．isB．areC．amD．be(正确答案)12、The rain is very heavy _______ we have to stay at home. [单选题] *A. butB. becauseC. so(正确答案)D. and13、______this story, and you will realize that not everything can be bought with money. [单选题] *A. ReadingB. ReadC. To readD.Being read(正确答案)14、（）of the twins was arrested because I saw them both at a party last night. [单选题] *A. NoneB. BothC. Neither(正确答案)D. All15、She is a girl, _______ name is Lily. [单选题] *A. whose(正确答案)B. whoC. whichD. that16、Mary is interested ______ hiking. [单选题] *A. onB. byC. in(正确答案)D. at17、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?? ? ? --like peaches best. [单选题] *A. fruit(正确答案)B. vegetablesC. drinkD. plants18、He usually ________ at 6:30 a.m. [单选题] *A. gets toB. gets up(正确答案)C. gets overD. gets in19、_______ a busy afternoon! [单选题] *A. HowB. What(正确答案)C. WhichD. Wish20、I always get ______ grades than he does, so maybe I should help him more.（）[单选题] *A. bestB. better(正确答案)C. goodD. well21、—______ do you play basketball?—Twice a week.（）[单选题] *A. How often(正确答案)B. How muchC. How manyD. How long22、The children are playing wildly and making a lot of?_______. [单选题] *A. cryB. voicesC. noises(正确答案)D. music23、We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend. [单选题] *A. thatB. whatC. whoD. why(正确答案)24、Experts are making an investigation on the spot. They want to find a way to（）the tower. [单选题] *A. Restore(正确答案)B. resumeC. recoverD. reunite25、2．I think Game of Thrones is ________ TV series of the year. [单选题] * A．excitingB．more excitingC．most excitingD．the most exciting (正确答案)26、85．You’d better? ? ? ? ? a taxi, or you’ll be late. [单选题] * A．take(正确答案)B．takingC．tookD．to take27、She found her wallet（）she lost it. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whenC. in whichD.that28、59．—Can I talk to the manager?—Please wait ________ minute. [单选题] * A．anB．a(正确答案)C．theD．/29、25．—I ______ Beijing for a holiday.—________. [单选题] *A．will go；GoodbyeB．will go；Have a good time(正确答案)C．will go to；Have a good timeD．am going to；Have a fun30、Our school is beautiful. How about _______? [单选题] *A. theirs(正确答案)B. theirC. theyD. them。
2018年同等学力(经济学)学科综合水平真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2018年同等学力（经济学）学科综合水平真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 名词解释 3. 简答题 4. 论述题 5. 计算与证明单项选择题1．( )指行为人对财产加以控制的可能性。
A．占有权B．使用权C．收益权D．处分权正确答案：A解析：占有权指行为人对财产直接加以控制的可能性，是所有者与他人之间因对财产进行实际控制而产生的权利义务关系。
2．总供给曲线向右移动的原因是( )。
A．货币供给增加B．个人所得税降低C．技术进步D．法定准备金下调正确答案：C解析：总供给曲线研究的是在一定的价格水平下，所对应的社会产品和劳务的总供给量。
其向右移动，意味着在相同的价格水平上，总产出增加，即“线动点也动”。
新古典增长理论认为，技术进步是推动经济增长的重要因素，因此选C。
A、B、D为政府政策，实施过程中会带来价格水平和总产出的同时变动，即所谓的“点动线不动”。
3．可选择性货币政策工具不包括( )。
A．再贴现率政策B．变动法定存款准备率C．公开市场业务D．不动产信用控制正确答案：D解析：央行可选择的货币政策工具包括再贴现率政策、变动法定存款准备率、公开市场业务及道义劝告，不包括D。
4．关于公共物品的属性正确的是( )。
A．公共物品具有排他性B．公共物品不具有排他性，容易造成“免费搭便车”的现象C．公共物品不具有消费排他性，生产上具有竞争性D．公共物品具有排他性，但是不具有非竞争性正确答案：B解析：公共物品具有两个特征，即非排他性与非竞争性。
公共物品的非排他性也称为消费上的非排斥性，是指一个人在消费这类物品时，无法排除他人也同时消费这类物品。
非竞争性是指该物品被提供出来以后，增加一个消费者不会减少任何一个人对该物品的消费数量和质量。
由于其以上的两个特点，在公共物品的使用过程中会出现“免费搭便便车”的现象。
5．以下符合基尼系数的是( )。
A．基尼系数越接近1越趋于平等B．基尼系数越接近l越趋于不平等C．基尼系数越接近0越趋于平等D．基尼系数越接近0．5越趋于平等正确答案：B解析：基尼系数是指国际上通用的、用以衡量一个国家或地区居民收入差距的常用指标。
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A 教学计划
B 教学大纲
C 教科书
D 教案
答案：C
解析：教育学原理—课程（p118）教科书简称课本，它是依据教学大纲系统阐述
学科内容的教学用书。教科书是教学大纲的具体化。
4.现阶段我国教学工作的基本组织形式是（ ）
A 个别教学
B 分组教学
C 班级教学
D 自主学习
答案：C
解析：中外教育史—中国近代教育制度（p190）
解析：教育学原理—教育、社会与人（P33）。教育具有什么性质，这是由该社会
的社会政治经济直接决定的。教育的历史证明：有什么样的社会关系就有什么样
的教育。欧洲古代中世纪教育的神学性是由于宗教僧侣对教育的垄断；近代资本
主义的物质生活方式则决定了资本主义教育的阶级性。
3.既是课二、简答题
1.教学评价的类型（p136） （1）按评价的基准（价值标准）可分为相对评价、绝对评价和个体内差异
评价； （2）按评价功能可分为诊断性评价、形成性评价和总结性评价； （3）按参与评价的主体可分为自我评价和外部评价； （4）按评价的方法可分为定量评价和定性评价。
2.美国公立学校运动的产生以及特点（p254） （1）公立学校运动的产生：19 世纪以前的美国学校许多都是私立或教会办
8. 中国历史上主张“性善论”的教育家是（ ）
A 孟子
B 老子
C 孔子
D 荀子
答案：A
解析：中外教育史—中国教育思想的发展与演变（p194）。孟子认为人人具有先
验的“良知”、“良能”，提倡性善论
9.17 世纪英国出现了由非国教派创办的一种新的学校形式称为（ ）
A 学园
B 星期日学校
C 导生制学校
D 修道院学校
（3）“思想自由”、“兼容并包”：对于各家学说，认为应依各国之通例，循 思想自由原则，兼容并包。无论何种学派，苟其言之有理，持之有故，尚不达自 然淘汰之运命，即使彼此相反，也听他们自由发展。
（4）论教育独立：教育是帮助被教育的人，给他能发展自己的能力，完成 他的人格，于人类文化上能尽一份子的责任；不是把被教育的人，造成一种特殊 器具，给抱有他种目的的人去应用的。所以，教育事业当完全交与教育家，保有 独立的资格，毫不受各派政党或各派教会的影响。
2018 年同等学力教育综合真题与答案及解析（部分）
一、单项选择题
1.反映孔子教育思想的历史文献是（ ）
A《论语》
B《孟子》
C《大学》
D《中庸》
答案：A
解析：中国教育史—中国教育思想的发展与演变（p191）
2.社会政治经济制度决定着（ ）
A 教育的结构
B 教育的内容
C 教育的性质
D 教育的方法
答案：C
石支持改革太学，创立“三舍法”，即在太学外分立外舍、内舍、上舍三个等级，
制定系统的“三舍升补法”。
7.明清科举考试中，会试录取后被称为（ ）
A 秀才
B 贡士
C 进士
D 举人
答案：B
解析：中外教育史—中国教育制度的发展与演变（p183）。“会试”是中央级的考
试，由礼部主持，在乡试的第二年在京城举行，会试录取后被称为“贡士”。
计划、有组织地对受教育者身心施加影响，把他们培养成为一定社会服务的人的 活动。学校教育是一种制度化教育，它由各级各类学校来实施。
学校教育有六个明显的特点，即学校教育职能的专门性；学校教育作用的主 导性；学校教育组织的严密性；学校教育内容的全面性；学校教育活动的有效性； 学校教育形式的稳定性。（p49） 2. 论述蔡元培的教育思想（p215）
公立教育运动最初发生在初等教育领域。其主要特点是：一是建立地方税收 制度，兴办公立小学；二是颁布义务教育法，实行强迫入学，强迫入学的年龄和 入学的时间随着义务教育的推行逐步延长；三是采用免费教育的手段促进普及义 务教育运动的开展。随着公立初等教育的发展，也相应地促进了美国师范学校的 发展。 3.动机在人的行为活动中的功能（p339）
答案：A
解析：中外教育史—外国近现代教育制度（p244）。由于非国教派（清派）受到
国教派压制，17 世纪英国出现了由非国教派创办的一种新的学校形式，称为“学
园”。
二、名词解释
1. 教育：教育的定义有广义和狭义之分，广义的教育一般是指凡是增进人们的 知识和技能，影响人们思想品德的活动都是教育；狭义的教育主要针对“学校教 育”，指教育者根据一定的社会或阶级的要求，遵循受教育者身心发展的规律， 有目的有计划有组组地对受教育者身心施加影响，把他们培养成一定社会或阶级 所需要的人的活动。（p22） 2. 察举制度：汉代选官取士制度，是由地方官根据一定的科目和标准考察选拨， 层层推荐，最后向朝廷荐举，经皇帝亲自策问，按成绩高下授予不同官职的选官 制度。（p180） 3. 观察学习：班杜拉的社会学习理论试图解释社会行为的获得。班杜拉认为， 儿童通过观察他们生活中重要人物的行为而习得社会性行为。这种通过观察他人 的行为及其后果而发生的替代性学习就是观察学习，它是社会学习的一种最重要 的形式。（p321） 4. 教育科学的历史研究方法：历史研究涉及对过去发生事件的了解和解释。它 的目的在于通过对以往事件的原因、结果或趋向的研究，帮助解释目前事件和预 测未来事件。（p453）
问卷调查是以书面提出问题的方式搜集资料的一种研究方法。研究者将所要 研究的问题编制成问题表格，以邮寄方式、当面作答或追踪访问方式填答。问卷 调查的优点：方便、省时、花钱少；可以不署名，某种情况次啊结论较客观；能 搜集大样本信息；便于整理归类，进行量的统计。
四、论述
1.论述学校教育的特点 学校教育是指教育者根据一定社会的要求和个体身心发展规律，有目的、有
（5）“尚自然、展个性”的思想：“教育者，与其守成法，毋宁尚自然，与 其求划一，毋宁展个性”。他反对注入式教育，提倡发展儿童个性，要学生自动、 自学、自助。教师的责任只是在学生感到困难时去帮助他们。他提倡研究教育科 学，尤其研究儿童心理学、教育心理学和教材教法等。 3. 课题论证中需要回答的主要问题
（1）论德、智、体、美和谐发展的教育方针：“军国民主义、实利主义、 德育主义三者，为隶属于政治之教育”，“世界观、美育主义二者”为超轶政治之 教育，“五者，皆今日之教育所不可偏废者也”；
（2）关于普通教育的宗旨，他定义为：①养成健全的人格；②发展共和精 神。所谓健全人格，内分四育，即体育、智育、德育、美育，提出德智体美四育 和谐发展的教育方针。
动机在人的行为活动中，有三大功能：（1）激发功能，动机能激发个体产 生某种行为。这里，动机是引起行为的原动力，对行为起着始动作用。（2）指向 功能，动机能使个体的行为指向某一目标。这里，动机是引导行为的指示器，对 行为起着导向作用。（3）维持功能，动机能使个体的行为维持一段时间。这里， 动机是维持行为的续动力，对行为起着续动作用。 4.问卷调查的优点（p489）
的。随着美国工业化和城市化的发展，以及大量外来移民的增加，19 世纪 30 年 代美国掀起了一场普及公立学校的运动，这也是一次重要的义务教育运动。在这 场运动中，贺拉斯·曼（1796-1859）等人成为重要的推动者。
（2）公立学校运动的特点：公立学校运动主要是指依靠公共税收维持，由 公共教育机关管理，面向所有公众的免费义务教育运动。
5.在道德教育理论上，认知结构主义学派的代表人物是（ ）
A 杜威
B 班杜拉
C 涂尔干
D 柯尔伯格
答案：D
解析：教育学原理—德育（p150）柯尔伯格的道德教育思想属于认知结构主义学
派。
6.主持宋代第二代“熙宁兴学”，创立“三舍法”的人物是（ ）
A 宋神宗
B 胡瑗
C 王安石
D 范仲淹
答案：C
解析：中外教育史—中国教育制度的发展与演变（p172）宋神宗熙宁年间，王安
课题论证是为了避免选题的盲目性，它依据详实的资料，并以齐全的参考文 献和精细的分析来对选定问题进行分析、预测和评价。通过课题论证也可以进一 步完善课题方案，创设落实的条件。课题的论证主要回答以下问题：（1）研究 问题的性质和类型（2）本课题研究的迫切性和针对性，具有理论价值和实践意 义（3）本课题领域以往的研究水平和发展动向（4）本课题的理论、事实依据及 限制，研究的可能性，研究的基本条件（包括人员结构、任务分配、物资设备及 经费预算等），能否取得实质性进展（5）课题研究策略、步骤及成果形式的妥当 性。 4.案例分析题 心理学原理： 李明有什么问题及以后的可能影响