中美文化比较英语论文
中国和美国之间的文化差异英语作文
中国和美国之间的文化差异英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Cultural Differences Between China and the United StatesIntroductionChina and the United States are two of the world's biggest economic powers with rich cultural heritages. However, they have stark differences in their culture, traditions, customs, and behavior patterns. In this essay, we will explore the cultural differences between these two nations and how they impact various aspects of their societies.1. Individualism vs. CollectivismOne of the biggest cultural differences between China and the United States is the concept of individualism vs. collectivism. In the United States, individualism is highly valued, and people are encouraged to express their opinions, stand out from the crowd, and pursue their personal goals. On the other hand, China is a collectivist society where the needs of the group are prioritized over individual desires. People in China are expectedto adhere to social norms, maintain harmony within the community, and show respect to authority figures.2. Communication StylesChinese communication style is often indirect and implicit, with people using subtle gestures, facial expressions, and body language to convey their messages. In contrast, Americans tend to be more direct, explicit, and assertive in their communication. They value clarity, transparency, and openness in their interactions, and are more likely to express their thoughts and feelings without hesitation.3. Work EthicAnother significant difference between China and the United States is their work ethic. Chinese people are known for their strong work ethic, dedication, and perseverance. They often work long hours, prioritize career advancement, and are willing to make personal sacrifices for the success of their organization. On the other hand, Americans value work-life balance, prioritize leisure time, and are more likely to switch jobs for better opportunities or personal fulfillment.4. Family ValuesIn China, family is the cornerstone of society, and filial piety is deeply ingrained in the culture. Children are expected to obey their parents, take care of them in old age, and uphold family honor and traditions. In contrast, American families tend to be more nuclear and individualistic, with parents encouraging their children to be independent, pursue their dreams, and make their own choices in life.5. Food and Dining EtiquetteChinese cuisine is famous for its diversity, flavors, and regional specialties. Dining in China is a communal and social activity where people share dishes, use chopsticks, and show respect to the host and elders at the table. In contrast, American cuisine is more casual, with a focus on convenience, fast food, and large portion sizes. Dining in the United States is often informal, with people using forks, knives, and their hands to eat, and paying separately for their meals.ConclusionIn conclusion, the cultural differences between China and the United States are vast and profound, impacting various aspects of their societies. While both nations have their unique strengths and values, it is essential to understand and appreciate these differences to foster mutual understanding, respect, andcooperation between them. By embracing cultural diversity and learning from each other, China and the United States can build stronger relationships and create a more harmonious world for future generations.篇2Cultural Differences Between China and the United StatesChina and the United States are two major global powers that have significant cultural differences. These differences can be seen in various aspects of life such as communication style, social interactions, work ethic, and values. Understanding these differences is crucial for people from both countries to bridge the gap and build strong relationships.One of the most noticeable cultural differences between China and the United States is their communication style. In China, communication tends to be more indirect, and people often use nonverbal cues to convey their messages. On the other hand, Americans tend to be more direct and explicit in their communication, preferring clear and straightforward language. This difference can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts if not acknowledged and addressed.Social interactions also differ between the two countries. In China, relationships are based on hierarchy and respect for authority. People tend to value group harmony over individual autonomy and will often sacrifice their own needs for the greater good. In contrast, Americans value individuality and independence, placing a high importance on personal freedom and self-expression. This difference can lead to cultural clashes, especially in collaborative work environments or social settings.Work ethic is another area where China and the United States have distinct cultural differences. In China, there is a strong emphasis on hard work, discipline, and dedication to one's job. People are expected to put in long hours and show loyalty to their employers. On the other hand, Americans value work-life balance and prioritize personal time and leisure activities. This difference can lead to misunderstandings in the workplace, with Chinese employees viewing American counterparts as lazy or uncommitted, while Americans might see Chinese colleagues as workaholics.Values also play a significant role in shaping cultural differences between China and the United States. Chinese culture places a high value on tradition, family, and community harmony. People are expected to adhere to social norms andmaintain strong relationships with their family and community. In contrast, American culture values individualism, innovation, and diversity. People are encouraged to think independently, challenge norms, and pursue their own goals and ambitions. This contrast in values can create tensions in cross-cultural interactions, as each side may have different expectations and priorities.Despite these cultural differences, both China and the United States have much to offer each other in terms of collaboration, innovation, and mutual understanding. By acknowledging and respecting each other's cultural differences, people from both countries can build strong relationships and find common ground. Cultural exchange programs, intercultural training, and cross-cultural communication skills can help bridge the gap and foster positive interactions between Chinese and American individuals and businesses.In conclusion, the cultural differences between China and the United States are significant and can present challenges in cross-cultural interactions. By understanding and respecting each other's communication style, social interactions, work ethic, and values, people from both countries can build strong relationships and foster mutual understanding. Embracingdiversity and promoting cultural awareness are key steps towards bridging the gap and building a more connected and inclusive global community.篇3Cultural Differences Between China and the United StatesCultural differences between China and the United States are vast and deeply rooted in history, values, beliefs, and societal norms. These differences shape the way people from each country think, behave, and interact with one another. Understanding these differences can help individuals navigate cross-cultural interactions more effectively and respectfully.One of the most noticeable differences between Chinese and American culture is the concept of collectivism versus individualism. China is a collectivist society, valuing harmony within the group and prioritizing the needs of the community over individual desires. In contrast, the United States is an individualist society, placing emphasis on personal freedom, independence, and self-expression.This difference in cultural values can be seen in various aspects of daily life. For example, Chinese people tend to make decisions based on what is best for the group, while Americansare more likely to consider their own needs and desires. In business settings, Chinese employees may be more inclined to seek consensus and avoid conflict, while American workers may be more assertive and competitive.Another key cultural difference between China and the United States is the concept of face. In Chinese culture, face, or mianzi, refers to one's reputation, social status, and dignity. Saving face, or maintaining one's honor and pride, is of utmost importance in Chinese society. In contrast, Americans value direct communication, honesty, and transparency, even if it means risking embarrassment or confrontation.This difference in the importance of face can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunication in cross-cultural interactions. Chinese individuals may be more indirect in their communication and decision-making to avoid causing offense or losing face, while Americans may perceive this indirectness as dishonesty or insincerity.Additionally, the role of hierarchy and authority differs between Chinese and American culture. In China, respect for authority figures, such as elders and leaders, is deeply ingrained in society. Showing deference and obedience to those in positions of power is expected and valued. In the United States,however, there is a greater emphasis on equality, individual rights, and challenging authority when necessary.These cultural differences can impact various aspects of communication, decision-making, and collaboration incross-cultural settings. Understanding and respecting these differences can foster more effective and harmonious relationships between individuals from China and the United States.In conclusion, the cultural differences between China and the United States are vast and complex, encompassing values, beliefs, social norms, and communication styles. By recognizing and respecting these differences, individuals from both countries can navigate cross-cultural interactions with greater empathy, understanding, and mutual respect. Embracing diversity and cultural differences can lead to more enriching and meaningful relationships between people from different backgrounds.。
中美差异英文作文
中美差异英文作文英文：When it comes to the differences between China and the United States, there are many aspects to consider. In terms of culture, the two countries have very different values and customs. For example, in China, filial piety is highly valued, while in the United States, individualism is emphasized. This can be seen in the way families are structured, with many Chinese families living in multi-generational households, while American families tend to be more nuclear.Another difference is in the way education is approached. In China, there is a strong emphasis on academic achievement and success, with students often studying long hours and participating in extracurricular activities to build their resumes. In the United States, there is more of a focus on a well-rounded education, with students encouraged to explore different subjects andpursue their passions.In terms of business, the two countries also have different approaches. In China, relationships and connections are very important, with many deals being made through personal connections rather than formal contracts. In the United States, contracts and legal agreements are the norm, with a focus on protecting individual rights and interests.Overall, the differences between China and the United States are vast and complex, and cannot be fully capturedin just a few examples. However, by understanding and appreciating these differences, we can build stronger relationships and work towards a more interconnected world.中文：谈到中美之间的差异，有很多方面需要考虑。
中美文化的异同英文作文
中美文化的异同英文作文英文：The cultural differences and similarities between China and the United States are both fascinating and complex. One of the biggest differences is the concept of individualism versus collectivism. In the United States, individualism is highly valued, and people are encouraged to express their unique identities and pursue their own goals. On the other hand, in China, collectivism is more prominent, and thereis a strong emphasis on family and community harmony. For example, in the US, it's common for young adults to move out of their parents' homes and live independently, whilein China, it's more common for multiple generations to live together under one roof.Another significant difference is the communication style. In the US, people tend to be more direct andexplicit in their communication, often saying exactly what they mean. In contrast, in China, there is a greateremphasis on indirect communication and saving face. For example, if a Chinese person is asked for their opinion on something, they might be more likely to give a vague ornon-committal answer in order to avoid causing any embarrassment or conflict.Despite these differences, there are also many similarities between the two cultures. For instance, both China and the US have a strong emphasis on education and the value of hard work. In both countries, parents encourage their children to study hard and pursue higher education in order to have a better future. Additionally, both cultures have a rich tradition of celebrating holidays and festivals, although the specific customs and traditions may vary.中文：中美两国的文化差异和相似之处都是非常迷人和复杂的。
英语论文中西方传统节日文化的差异
Culture Differences of Chinese and Western TraditionalFestivalAbstractTraditional festivals are the historical products of a nation’s development. Whether in China which has a long history of more than five thousand years or in the newborn America, the origination of traditional festivals in the two countries is similar. Most traditional festivals originated from people’s expectation for harvest in the agricultural production, the worship towards the gods and the nature, sacrifices to the historical characters and etc. After the long-term evolution, traditional festivals have become an indispensable part of the national culture. Through traditional festivals, the distinct cultural characteristics of a people and the national spirits can be observed. Since the ancient time, China has been a large agricultural country, the small-scale economic mode known as “The men plough and the women weave” initiated the agricultural civilization of Chinese characteristics. Chinese traditional festivals are deeply rooted in the agricultural civilization and greatly influenced by Confucianism. To some extent, Chinese traditional festivals have relieved from the primitive taboos and tended to be happy festivals which reflect the concept of harmony and integration in Confucianism. In America, religion plays a very important role in people’s life. With various branches, the religious system of America is quite complicated, among which Christianity is of the greatest importance. Some American traditional festivals are the direct products of Christianity and most festivals haveevolved into the religious festivals later. This paper is designed to discuss the differences in customs, origins and other aspects of traditional festivals with the similar cultural connotation, then analyze the reasons lying behind the differences and finally reflect the cultural differences of the two nations. The paper also analyzes the mutual fusion in tradtional holidays between China and the west.Key words: Traditional festivals; Chinese and American culture; cultural differences; causes; mutual fusion.中西方传统节日文化的差异摘要传统节日是一个民族发展的历史产物。
(英语毕业论文)中美文化冲突与融合-以《喜福会》中的母女关系为例
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English and Chinese by Analyzing Brand Names104 浅谈企业形象广告设计105 疯女人的呐喊——《简爱》中失语疯女人的解析106 简析诚信在对外贸易中的作用107 简.奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度108 从贫穷到堕落——解读嘉莉妹妹中嘉莉的奋斗历程109 动物词在中英文化中的喻义及其翻译110 英语报刊新闻标题的特点及解读111 诸神形象折射中西方价值观不同112 从关联理论看科技英语的汉译113 论中国古典诗歌意象和意境英译——基于萨皮尔-沃夫假说114 基于会话含义理论分析电影《飘》中女主角郝思嘉的性格特征115 浅析《小妇人》中乔的女性意识及其成长过程116 英语谚语的民族性及其艺术特色117 论英语习语的文化内涵及其翻译策略118 公共标识语翻译失误分析119 Translation Strategy on Culturally-loaded Expressions in Prison Break120 从目的论角度看企业推介材料的中译英技巧－以家具产品介绍为例121 中西方常用标语分析122 Social Features and Language Characteristics in Pride and Prejudice123 荒诞与抵抗——《局外人》中莫尔索的荒诞表现之原因分析124 身势语在小学英语教学中的运用125126 《榆树下的欲望》和《雷雨》中悲剧性的差异127 论商务谈判口译员的角色128 Analysis of Dialect Translation from Perspective of Functionalist Skopos Theory129 排比的修辞功能在政治演讲辞中的应用130 中英植物词语隐喻的文化对比131 从电影《阿甘正传》看二战后美国价值观132 中西跨文化交际中的礼貌问题之比较分析133 《儿子与情人》中扭曲的爱134 从节日习俗分析东西方文化差异——以春节和圣诞节为例135 论简爱与凯瑟琳性格与命运之异同136 Influence of Western Food Culture upon Chinese People137 交际式语言测试在初中英语课堂中的应用138 女性意识的觉醒——评《雨中的猫》中的人物对比描写139 On the Chinese Loanwords from English140 交际教学法在初中英语教学中的运用141 透过《傲慢与偏见》中四位女性的性格分析她们的不同婚姻142 一场失败革命的反思——《动物庄园》的主题浅析143 何以苦难——《荆棘鸟》中女性悲剧的缘由144 旅游翻译中的文化差异和处理策略145 透过《马丁.伊登》看杰克伦敦对超人哲学的矛盾心态146 从《道连葛雷的画像》角色看王尔德147 英语新词的形成特征148 《女勇士》中美国华裔身份危机的探寻149 《红字》中的象征主义150 英文电影中俚语的翻译策略151 从小说《德克拉》试论吸血鬼文化152 Analysis of the Personality Changes of the Characters in The Grapes of Wrath153 女孩与玫瑰—《秘密花园》中生态女性主义解读154 澳洲土著语言的演变及原因155 浅析奥利奥品牌在国际营销中的跨文化策略156 A Script-based Study of the Female Theme in Scent of a Woman157 《蝇王》中象征意义浅析158 《红字》中不可缺少的珠儿159 An Analysis of Dick Diver’s Tragedy in Tender Is the Night Based on Adler’s Individual Psychology160 外语词汇磨蚀及对外语教学的启示161 母语负迁移对中学英语写作的影响162 浅谈西方情人节及其对中国文化的影响163 从奥运菜单看中式菜肴英译名规范化程度164 A Discussion of the Cultural Similarities and Differences of Color Terms in English and Chinese165 动机理论在英语教学中的应用166 《红楼梦》中文化内容的翻译研究167 How to Arouse the Students’Interests in English Learning168 浅析《小王子》的象征与哲学169 从性别歧视浅析两位复仇女性之困境——美狄亚及莎乐美170 从《阿Q正传》译本看民族文化的可译性171 从《小公主》看童话对于当今的现实意义172 奥巴马竞选总统获胜演讲的文体分析173 浅议英汉习语翻译中文化语境的制约作用174 《呼啸山庄》爱情悲剧根源分析175 分析《天使，望故乡》的精神主题176 对《雾季的末日》主题的解读177 论《金色笔记》的多元主题178 目的论指导下的导游词英译策略研究179 论《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义180 论谭恩美《喜福会》中文化身份迷失与探寻181 科技英语的语言特点及翻译方法182 教师的态度对初中学生英语学习的影响183 《了不起的盖茨比》和美国现代社会184 论《冰与火之歌》中角色视点手法的运用185 探讨英语翻译教学中的问题及改进186 《达洛维夫人》死亡意识解读187 从奈达的功能对等看句式转换在《青铜女像》译本中的应用188 论初中英语教学中的情景创设189 浅析翻译中的文化缺省及其补偿策略190 《厄舍古屋的倒塌》中哥特式文学特点分析191 从关联-顺应理论视角研究旅游文本英译192 An Analysis of Hardy’s Optimism in Jude the Obscure193 网络环境下英语自主学习模式的调查194 论《苔丝》中女性意识与社会现实之间的冲突195 A Brief Study on the Language Features of International Business Contracts196 浅谈英汉文化差异对称呼语的影响197 The Application and V alue of Formative Assessment to English Teaching and Learning (ETL) in Middle Schools198 英汉文化差异与由此产生的不可译性199 Verification of Soft Term in Letter of Credit200 广告英语的翻译。
英语论文-论文化差异对中美商务谈判的影响
摘要文化是跨文化交际的根基,中美文化差异主要表现在语言沟通、非语言沟通等诸方面。
在跨文化商务交际中,交际者为达到交际目的,应积极地采取必要对策。
目前中美两国间经贸发展较快,双方商务谈判越来越频繁。
美国是世界上最大的经济实体,也是我国最大的贸易伙伴。
商务谈判在双方经贸往来中扮演着重要角色。
由于两国文化差异对商务谈判的各个方面都有直接的影响, 对文化差异缺乏敏感的人用自己的文化模式为依据来评价另一种文化中人们的行动、观点、风俗,往往会导致文化冲突。
中美双方在商务谈判中必须增强文化差异的敏感性,了解在语言沟通、非语言沟通和谈判风格上的差异,为达成协议打下基础。
在语言交际方面，文化对语言交际的影响主要体现在不同文化中词的内涵意义和比喻意义不同；在非语言交际方面，对手势、面部表情、目光接触等行为的不同理解都会影响谈判；在谈判风格方面，从各个案例可见，中美谈判者对待人际关系的态度、决策方式、时间观念和对待冲突的态度都有所不同。
针对以上差异，从跨文化交际的角度对中美谈判者提出了利于和谐交际的建设性意见。
关键字：文化差异；商务谈判；语言交际；非语言交际；谈判风格ABSTRACTCulture is the basic element in intercultural communication. The cultural differences between China and the United States mainly lie in verbal and nonverbal communication, and so on. In intercultural business communications, people should take necessary measurements actively to achieve effective purpose. At present, the business conducted between the two countries grows rapidly and business negotiations are conducted more and more frequently. The United States is the largest economic entity, and is also the biggest business partner of China. Business negotiation plays an important role in their business interaction. Because the cultural differences have direct influence on every aspects of the negotiation, to evaluate the action, ideas, and custom of people from another culture with one’s own assumption may cause culture conflicts. Both the Chinese and the Americans should enhance the awareness of cultural differences, try to understand the differences in verbal, nonverbal communication and negotiating styles, and make preparation for successful negotiations. In terms of verbal communication, the culture impact on negotiation mainly lies in the difference of words’ connotation and figurative meaning in different culture. About nonverbal communication, the different understandings of such behaviors: gesture, facial expression and eye contact can also influence the result of negotiation. In the aspect of negotiation styles, we can see that Chinese and American negotiators have different attitudes toward interpersonal relationship, different decision-making patterns, different time concepts and different attitudes toward confrontations. Considering the above differences, we put forward some proposal from the perspective of cross-cultural communication for the negotiators from both China and the United States.Keywords: cultural differences; business negotiation; verbal communication;nonverbal communication; negotiation stylesContentsIntroduction ........................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
美国文化与中国文化的不同英语作文
美国文化与中国文化的不同英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Differences Between American Culture and Chinese CultureCulture plays a significant role in shaping each country's people, behaviors, values, and traditions. The United States and China are two vastly different countries with distinct cultures that influence various aspects of daily life. In this essay, we will explore the differences between American culture and Chinese culture in terms of food, language, family values, and social etiquette.One of the most noticeable differences between American culture and Chinese culture is in their cuisine. American cuisine is known for its diversity and fast-food culture, with popular dishes like hamburgers, hot dogs, and pizza. In contrast, Chinese cuisine is rich in flavors and variety, incorporating ingredients like rice, noodles, vegetables, and meats. Chinese meals are often eaten communally, with dishes placed in the center of the table for sharing, while American meals are typically served in individual portions.Another difference between American culture and Chinese culture is in their language. The United States predominantly speaks English, while Chinese is the most widely spoken language in China. The English language uses the Latin alphabet, while Chinese characters are ideographic symbols that convey meaning through strokes and radicals. Additionally, Chinese is a tonal language, with different tones altering the meaning of a word, whereas English relies on intonation for emphasis.Family values also differ significantly between American culture and Chinese culture. In the United States, individualism is highly valued, and people often prioritize personal goals and achievements over family obligations. In contrast, family plays a central role in Chinese culture, with strong emphasis on filial piety, respect for elders, and collective decision-making. Chinese families are known for their close-knit relationships andmulti-generational households, while American families are more likely to be nuclear or blended.Social etiquette is another area where American culture and Chinese culture diverge. In the United States, casual dress and behavior are generally accepted, and personal space and privacy are respected. Punctuality is valued, and direct communication is preferred in business and social interactions. In China, however,formal attire and manners are important, and hierarchical relationships dictate behavior and communication. Saving face, maintaining harmony, and showing respect are essential components of Chinese social etiquette.In conclusion, American culture and Chinese culture are distinct in their food, language, family values, and social etiquette. These differences reflect each country's unique history, values, and traditions, shaping the way their people interact and perceive the world. By understanding and appreciating these cultural differences, we can foster mutual respect, empathy, and cooperation between the United States and China.篇2Differences Between American Culture and Chinese CultureCulture plays a significant role in shaping the values, beliefs, and behaviors of a society. American culture and Chinese culture, being two of the most prominent and influential cultures in the world, exhibit distinct differences that reflect their unique histories, traditions, and social structures. In this essay, we will explore some of the key differences between American culture and Chinese culture.One of the most noticeable differences between American culture and Chinese culture is the emphasis on individualism versus collectivism. American culture is characterized by individualism, which values personal independence, autonomy, and self-expression. In contrast, Chinese culture is rooted in collectivism, which prioritizes the needs of the group over the desires of the individual. This difference is evident in various aspects of both cultures, such as the importance of personal achievement in American society versus the emphasis on social harmony in Chinese society.Another significant difference between American culture and Chinese culture is the concept of time. In American culture, time is viewed as a commodity to be used efficiently and productively. Punctuality is highly valued, and individuals are expected to adhere to deadlines and schedules. On the other hand, Chinese culture has a more flexible attitude towards time, with a greater emphasis on relationships and interpersonal connections than strict adherence to time constraints.Cultural attitudes towards family also differ between American culture and Chinese culture. In American culture, the nuclear family (consisting of parents and their children) is typically the primary source of emotional support andsocialization. In contrast, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on the extended family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. Family relationships are highly valued in Chinese culture, and individuals are expected to prioritize the needs of their family members above their own.Religion is another area where American culture and Chinese culture diverge. While religion plays a significant role in American society, with a majority of Americans identifying as Christian, Chinese culture has historically been influenced by Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. These belief systems emphasize different values and principles than Christianity, shaping the moral and ethical frameworks of their respective cultures.Food and cuisine also reveal differences between American culture and Chinese culture. American cuisine is diverse and varied, reflecting the country's status as a melting pot of different cultures and ethnicities. Fast food, such as burgers and pizza, is prevalent in American culture, with an emphasis on convenience and affordability. In contrast, Chinese cuisine is characterized by its use of fresh ingredients, complex flavors, and traditional cooking methods. The importance of food in Chineseculture is evident in the elaborate feasts and banquets that accompany important celebrations and holidays.In conclusion, American culture and Chinese culture are distinct in many ways, reflecting their unique histories, traditions, and social values. From attitudes towards individualism and collectivism to views on time, family, religion, and food, these differences shape the behaviors and beliefs of people in both societies. By understanding and appreciating these cultural differences, we can foster greater cross-cultural understanding and cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.篇3Differences Between American Culture and Chinese CultureIntroductionCulture plays a vital role in shaping the identity of a nation. It reflects the values, beliefs, traditions, and practices of a society. The United States and China are two major countries with unique cultural backgrounds that have been developed over centuries. This essay will explore the differences between American culture and Chinese culture in various aspects such as social norms, values, communication styles, and traditions.Social NormsOne of the key differences between American culture and Chinese culture lies in their social norms. In American culture, individualism is highly valued, and people are encouraged to express their opinions, pursue their own goals, and strive for personal success. This reflects the American Dream, which emphasizes freedom, equality, and opportunity for all. On the other hand, in Chinese culture, collectivism is prominent, and people prioritize the needs of the group over their individual desires. Respect for authority, elders, and ancestors is also emphasized in Chinese society.ValuesAnother notable difference between American culture and Chinese culture is their values. In the United States, values such as independence, equality, diversity, and innovation are highly esteemed. Americans value personal freedom, equal rights, and the pursuit of happiness. This is evident in the country's democratic system, human rights, and vibrant multiculturalism. In contrast, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on tradition, family, harmony, and hierarchy. Respect for elders, filial piety, and loyalty to one's family and community are deeply ingrained in Chinese values.Communication StylesCommunication styles in American culture and Chinese culture also differ significantly. Americans tend to be more direct, assertive, and individualistic in their communication. They value open and honest dialogue, express their opinions freely, and appreciate assertiveness and directness in communication. In contrast, Chinese communication is often indirect, implicit, and context-dependent. Chinese people value harmony, saving face, and maintaining relationships, so they may use nonverbal cues, gestures, and context to convey their messages.TraditionsTraditions are an integral part of culture and play a significant role in shaping societal customs, rituals, and celebrations. American culture and Chinese culture have rich and diverse traditions that reflect their historical, religious, and cultural heritage. In the United States, traditions such as Thanksgiving, Independence Day, Christmas, and Halloween are widely celebrated and cherished. These traditions highlight American values of gratitude, freedom, diversity, and community spirit. In China, traditions such as the Chinese New Year,Mid-Autumn Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and Qingming Festival hold special significance. These traditions reflect Chinesevalues of family unity, prosperity, respect for ancestors, and harmony with nature.ConclusionIn conclusion, American culture and Chinese culture are distinct in their social norms, values, communication styles, and traditions. While both cultures have unique characteristics that define their identity, they also share common values such as respect, kindness, and the pursuit of happiness. Understanding and appreciating the differences between American culture and Chinese culture can help foster cultural awareness, mutual understanding, and cross-cultural communication in today's globalized world.。
中美差异对比的英文作文
中美差异对比的英文作文In China, people tend to value collectivism and group harmony, while in America, individualism is highly emphasized.Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on respect for authority and tradition, while American culture values independence and innovation.In China, the concept of "face" is extremely important, and people often go to great lengths to avoid losing face in front of others. In America, people are more open to expressing their opinions and are less concerned about saving face.Chinese communication tends to be more indirect, with people often using nonverbal cues and subtle hints to convey their message. In contrast, American communication is often more direct and to the point.In China, there is a strong emphasis on hierarchy and seniority in the workplace, with younger employees expected to show deference to their older colleagues. In America, there is a more egalitarian approach to the workplace, with less emphasis on age or seniority.Chinese cuisine tends to be more diverse and regional, with a focus on fresh ingredients and balanced flavors. American cuisine, on the other hand, is often more influenced by fast food and convenience, with a wide range of international influences.In China, the education system places a strong emphasis on memorization and rote learning, with a focus on exams and academic achievement. In America, there is a greater emphasis on critical thinking, creativity, and hands-on learning experiences.In terms of social etiquette, Chinese people often place a strong emphasis on politeness and humility, with a focus on saving face and maintaining harmony. In America, there is often a greater emphasis on individual expressionand assertiveness, with less concern for maintaining social harmony.。
中美文化差异,英语作文
中美文化差异,英语作文篇一：中西文化差异比较(英文)The difference between chinese and western cultureWith the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows.First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive.This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shapeof a round. On the opposite, some English-speaking contries, most of the people like to seat in two rows, two people face to face. They have their own plate. On the aspect of table manners, there are many differences between chinese and English-speaking people. For example, in some Englishi-speaking countries, Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from themain plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use the knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. They should not start eating before your host does or instructs to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. When finished, place the knife and fork together at five o’clock with the fork on the left. It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If need to take an urgent call, excuse self and go outside. Try to eat all the food you are served. But in China, the table manners are different. Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always beabove the edge of the bowl. The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank youand tap fingers on the table to show appreciation. When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect.Secondly, the way of communication. Form birth to death, communication plays an integral part in our life. There are some language problems, including the different styles of using language such as direct, indirect; expansive, succinct; argumentative, conciliatory; instrumental, harmonnizing; and so on. These different styles can lead to wrong interpretations of intent and evaluation of insincerity, aggreeiveness, deviousness, or arrogance, among other. The misinterpretation nonverbal signs and symbols such as gestures, postures, and other body movements. It is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable message,usually in informal rather ways. It is more difficult to understand the less obvious unspoken codes of the other cultures. Language, as the carrier of culture, is created during the process of human beings’productive labor and serves as the toolof communication to convey the message between people. However, it has been endowed with magic and power in particular language acts. As the old saying goes, troubles come out of the tongue. Superstitious people think that the language itself can bring about fortune or misfortune so that taboos to restrict the use of language are created. Anyone who violates them will get punishment, whereasthose who faithfully obey the restrictions of language taboo will get protection. Furthermore, linguistic taboos change with the development of society .The paper firstly analyzes the evolution of linguistic taboo. It is indicated in the paper that linguistic taboo exists in almost every aspect of people’s life and is a universal social phenomenon in China and Britain. Both Chinese andEnglish cultures are in agreement about linguistic taboos such as pronunciation taboo, and vocabulary taboo. However, influenced by different cultural backgrounds, ideologies and the concepts of value, Chinese and English linguistic taboos also have differences, as is discussed in the paper from the aspects of taboo subjects, taboo numbers and names. At last, this paper puts forward two effective ways of avoiding taboo, that is, using euphemism and having a good knowledge of the taboo culture. And this discussion would help English learners improve their ability of cross-culturalcommunication and achieve better communicational effects. For example, During the feudal times, people were not equal to the rulers and were suppressed by their superiors. The distinction between the upper and the lower classes was also reflected in the evaluation of the language used by them respectively. The words of upper class used were considered good and elegant while those used by the lower class were regarded as vulgar and indecent and should be avoided in the speech of ladies and gentlemen. In modern society, as a result of the development of science and technology, many natural phenomena are no longer mysterious. Human beings not only constantly improve their abilities to exploit the world where they are living through their great wisdom and knowledge, but also make efforts to explore the extraterrestrial world. Science has much more say in today’s society. Thereby, the superstitious elements in linguistic taboos decrease while those reflecting spiritual civilization increase.In short, by comparison, we can find that both Chinese and English communication reflect people’s psychology for good will, for safety and fortune and pleasantness. The Chinese and English people restrict their words and deeds through taboos, trying to keep a harmonious relationship between human and nature, or between people and society. They are a reflection of people’s pursuit offreedom and equality.The most important, the different way of family structure, family values and family education. Family structure is the big difference between east and west, traditional chinese, amony many other Asians, repect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. Children repay their parents` sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. In contrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous burden in the English-speaking countries, where aging and family support are not honored highly. In some English-speaking countries are still extrmely family-oriented. They are dedicated to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an edcuation. In turn, the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who go away and leave the country for the economic reasons typically send large parts of their salary home to their parents and the rest of the family. Or in some Asia, any decisions or actions are done from family consideration, not individual desires. Peope`s behavior is judged on whether itbrings shame or pride to the family. The children are trained to rely on their families, to honor elderly people, and to fear foreigners. And many of them think that their actions in this life will influencetheir status in the next life.The way of family edcation is also the different. We all know the family education is the elementary education for children. Many serious problems have appeared in our education system in recent years. Almost everyone has realized the importance of solving these problems and many people have presented a lot of valuable suggestions. There are many types of family education in the world and each of them shows distinctive features and is closely responsive to its culture. And American family education is the most famous one among them. There are great differences in the concepts of education, methods of education and results of education between East family education and West family education. In some English-speaking countries, parents’aims are to train their children to have the ability of adapting to environmental variety and the ability of living independently. Based on this concept, most American parents emphasize more to train their children’s ability of independence once they are born. They generally believe that children’s growth must rely on their own experiences, because they think that children should form a self-supporting will and the capacity to live independently since their childhood. And the capacity comes from the training in the early age. The so-called training contains many aspects, such aswork, temper will, patience, the spirit of hard work, etc. However, the most fundamental training is the ability of adapting to hard conditions. Through the process of work, children will form the labor sense, learn some work skills and form a habit of labor. Besides, children can learn how to overcome difficulties, temper their willpower, develop their talents and skills, rich their knowledge, and form a habit of hard work and thrifty by working in hard conditions. It is just in the unconsciously process that children will obtain the independent survivability and take the responsibilities for the society. Compared with some English-speaking countries, Chinese parents have a very different concept of children’s education. Some parents in China only care about whether the children have a promising future, a good job, a good life or not. Based on these expectations, the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future. Chinese parents would like to provide everything what they can for their children in the process of children’s growth. In short, they would like to sacrifice anything if their children can live better with their help. Therefore, in the process of children’s growth, the most important thing the parents concerning is to developing their children’s intellect, except forcaring children’s daily life. In order to make their children have a good performance in study, become outstanding, or even become a famous person in the future, they would not let children do anything except studying. As for the children’s independence, civic awareness and their ability adapting to thesociety in the future, they consider little or not at all. From these aspects we can find the obvious differences of family education between America and China.When we faced with those difference between West and East, we should give some advice to solve these problems. According to the three big difference that pointed, we should find some way to deal with these problems.We can study other languages and learn to expect in nonvwebal forms and other cultural aspects. We can train ourselves to meet intercultural encounters with more attention to situation details. We can use an investigative approach rather than stereotypes and preconceptions. We can gradually expose ourselves to differences so that they become less threatening. We can even learn to lower our tension level when needed to advoid triggering defensive reactions. The overall goal should be to achieve intercultural communication competence.So the ideal solution to reduce the problems are to shareknowledge with others in communication. This is why it is easiest to communicate with other members of the same group. This is why people so often gather together socially with others who are very much like them. Since intercultural communication is communication with members of different cultual groups, and therefore, because we do not share knowledge, assumptions, values, and forms of discourse with them, we must expect there to be problems of interpretation. We must look for these problems, anticipate where they will arise out of our differences, and then plan our aommunications to be as effective as possible. However, we have to remember that, most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of dfferent cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same tings in different manners, even though we can not understand ,we should show the respect. I believe this is the best way to make our life become more comfortable and make the world more harmonious.篇二：中美文化对比(大学英语作文)Chinese Education Is SuperiorThe born of a baby is considered as a blessing to a family, while the family education will in turn leave a brand on the baby’s future. I was born in a Chinese family with western education system. I’mwell respected. I’m growing up without any fence. But reflecting on my personal upbringing, I can tell you with certainty that Chinese Education is superior.Firstly, in a regulated Chinese family, the rules for family are the core of its education system, which could ensure children staying away from some bad habits. The rules Chua set up contributed to her children’s promising victory over long turn. But in my family, there is no such notion. At my formative year, I could stay up late enough to embrace the suise. Consequently, I always suffered from drowsiness at class. Worse still, my poor eyesight due to it has become a handicap to me. Therefore, Chinese strict rules are necessary, especially for a young child.Secondly, grade, nowadays, is an important scale to value a student’s ability. Chua never allowed here children to get any grade less than an A. The pressure from the parent pushed her children to absorbedly focus on their study so that they could meet withher expectation. Gradually, her children would enjoy the privilege of mastering all the subjects. By way of contrast, when I failed in my exam, my parents feigned nonchalance about the result of the exam. No blame. No punishment. I still could read my comic book like a carefree girl. Taking their infinite tolerance for granted, I didn’t even feel sorry for my poor grades next time.Thirdly, it is common for me to complain about everything. Why there is so much homework? Why I should take the exams? Why my efforts refuse to pay off? It seemed that I couldn’t bear the whole world. But Chua said No complain, which means her children must be decisive and independent enough to push their way through all the difficulties. Traditional Chinese education tells us you fight or you die. That is the essence of life.All in all, Chinese education is superior, because it equips children with armor before the war, which has been proved to be the best way to protect them from self-defeating in the battlefield.Words count：381篇三：中美文化差异英语作文Differences Between Chinese Culture and American CultureI have been living in China for twenty years. I was born in JiangSu province, and also grew up in there. My family members were from different parts of China. My mom’s hometown is at the Huabei plain which is the north side of The Yellow River. However, my father grew up in Nanjing, the famous city which locates beside the Yangzi River.Most of people in southern China are used to have rice as their daily main food resource, but northern China mostly has wheat. But no matter which part of China, meat is not the major food for us.Chinese people always believe that rice, wheat, vegetable, fruit are the best for our health. In contrast, meat would give more troubles to our health, for example, heart attack, high blood pressure, and etc.But people in America, mostly have meat as their food resource. The most important is that they mostly have beef, chicken, shrimp, turkey, instead of pork and lamb. In restaurants, you can easily find hamburger, steak, ribs with a little rice and a piece of bread. I believe that the food style gives American people much more energy than we have. They are much stronger than us. That is the fact!I have heard of an interesting story about Yao Ming, who is one of the famous NBA player right now. During his first season in NBA, millions of people are attracted by his height and his cute smile. However, he is not strong enough to play NBA game yet! He ever told the reporter that he likes to have soup that his mom makes for him. Soup could not help him, only steak, cheese, butter could make him stronger and gives him more energy. In order to increase his competition, he has to be used to American food style!“Custom is the great guide of human life”, wrote Scottish philosopher David Hume. Knowing the customs of a country is, in effect, a guide to understanding the soul of that country and itspeople. As a foreign language leaner, we should know the culture in our target language’s country. Only in this way, we can really learn the language well.People express their culture through traditions in food, clothing, recreation, and ceremonies; through the education system and institutions of learning, including museums and libraries; and through the arts, encompassing the visual, literary, and performing arts. As a result, we will talk about the differences from some aspects.First, I will mention the addressing. In China, we will put the family names before our given names, and then in order to express our politeness, we would like to add “sir”or “lady”or their title after the name. On contrast, in America, people would like to put their family names after their given names and first names and they will put Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms, Dr. orProf. before their names. It is foremost and first for us to know these differences so that we won’t make misunderstandings.And then we will talk about time conceptions. In America, their living beat is quite fast, so they consider time is quite precious. So, when they accept an invitation, they would try their best not to be late, but they also don’t go early to the inviters’, as this is considered to be impolite, and it seems to disturb the inviters’preparation. In China, we should also not be late for the inviters. However, in order to show our thanks and politeness, we would go to the inviters’house to help them prepare the meals and then we will have a happy time together.To open a conversation, people in different countries have different ways. In China, when people meet their friends by chance, they will say.”Where are you going?”or “have you eaten?”and then they will go on talking about other things. But if you do this in America, you will be misunderstood that you want to invite him or her. Americans would like to say,”beautiful day, isn’t it?”to open a conversation even sometimes it is raining. It is not because the Americans can predict the weather but for the sake of customs.Let me come to the aspect of eating. Chopsticks are used for all meals in China. Food is placed at the center of the table and may include more than one type of main dish to be eaten with rice. All the food will be shared by all the persons and won’t be divided into several helps. While in America, they would use forks and knives for their meals. Every person has his own dishes and they won’t share one dish together. They think this is quite hygienic and they will enjoy their meals comfortably. However, what they eat is not so healthy, because they would like to eat a lot of meat and something with high calorie. Maybe it is good for them to obtain more fibersand keep a healthy body.Finally, I would like to mention something about the difference in marriage. Besides the ceremony for marriage has obvious difference----Americans will hold it in a church, while Chinese will hold it in a hotel inviting their relatives and friends to have dinner----their marriage notion has quite a lot of differences, too. From all these aspects, we can think of many differences in values, such as the notion of social statues, collectivism and socialism, the treatments to children and so on. In fact, we cannot say which one is right, which one is wrong, as we all know Americans and Chinese are not in the same group, people on the opposite side of the globe can never achieve the thousandth part of the group on the other side of the globe. What we should do is to learn the difference, and then we can really learn the difference well.。
(英语毕业论文)广告语中的中西方文化价值观的差异
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摘要：中美文化有其共通之处，但也有很多的差异。
中国有着悠久的历史，经过长时间的文化积淀逐渐形成具有中国特色的传统文化。
美国虽然历史不长，但是美国文化已经成为世界的主流文化之一。
今天我们将从教育、宗教、饮食等方面来对比中美文化之间的异同，提高我们跨文化交际的能力。
关键字：中国，美国，文化异同，教育，宗教，饮食AbstractThere are some similarities between Chinese and American culture，but also kinds of differences。
China is a country that has a long history，in the long period cultural accumulation，the traditional culture with Chinese characteristics came into being。
Although the United S tates don’t have such a long history，American culture has become one of the mainstream culture in the world。
Today we’ll Compare the similarities and differences between Chinese and American cultures from three aspects:religion，education and food。
In this way，we can improve our ability of cross-culture communication。
Key words：China,America,similarities,differences,education,religion,food Differences between the Chinese and American cultures As we know ,there are many differences between Chinese and American cultures. If we desire to learn about U.S or communicate with Americans in proper way ,it is necessary for us to know about cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural communication (also referred to as intercultural communication) is a field of study that focus on how people from different cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. Only if we are familiar with the similarities and differences can we avoid cultural conflicts and get along well with foreign friends. When you are conc erned about what you can do and what you can’t, your foreign friends will show respect for your national culture and there is no doubt that you can enhance the level of cross-culture communication .In the essay,I’ll talk about similarities and differences in three aspects between Chinese and American culture :religion ,food and festival.1.religionAmerica is remarkable now, as in the past,for its attachment to the principle of freedom of belief or disbelief . –The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States indicates that "Congress shall make no law establishing religion, orprohibit the free exercise thereof."So you can choose your indivisualrelision.According to the research, The largest religion in the US is Christianity, practiced by the majority of the population (76% in 2008)；Speaking in general terms, the contemporary American is a Christian country. A research indicates that most Americans believe the existence of Santa Clous, Christ Jesus and angel even after they have received edu cation and become adults. It’s easy to see the ingrained status of Christianity in the United States of America. Christianity has the ideathat people have original sin, because human ancestors, Adam and eva had sinned, corrupt moral invaded their body, and transmitted to their descendants, the result is that all mankind have sin. Obviously, Christianity preached that man and God, the separation of man and nature. China is a multi-religious country, and Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christian are the main religions in the country. Incomplete statistics show that there are more than 100 million religious followers in China with over 85 000 religious sites, over 3000 religious groups and some 74 religious colleges. Chinese people also enjoy the freedom of religious belief according to law, and regular religious activities are protected by the Constitution. All religious believers and non-religious people in the country respect for each other in beliefs and customs and live together in harmonies. While Chinese religion would emphasize that the harmony between man and nature, issues of life within a confined themselves, to solve problems with people- oriented. It’s quite different from the Christianity.2.foodGenerally speaking, we Chinese think food is very important to man. People often associate food with important holidays and the chance to meet distinguished guests. The Chinese food not only is very delicious and tasty but also very pleasing to your senses and many of dishes have very beautiful and fancy names. The Chinese have the food culture of our own which are quite different from westerners. In the west, people pay more attention to the nutrition of food rather than the looks of it. The cuisine and table manners are quite different from ours in a great extent.It is a very common practice we Chinese people say "Have you had your meal?" when they meeteach other around the time before or after meals. In fact, it is a kind of greeting to communicate with each other. But foreigners cannot understand that because they think why you ask me this. They tend to think you want to invite me to dinner or I am not rich enough to feed myself regularly but that is my business not yours. Chinese think food is very important and essential to people so it shows some care and concern about you. Very often it puzzles foreigners a lot that we ask and talk so much when we order our food in the restaurant. One reason is we ask what the food or the dish is and try to clarify it because you sometimes never know what the food is just according the name of the food until it is put on your table in the restaurant just. While most of western food has a simple and clear name and you know what it is when you hear the name. For instance, there is a traditional food call "fish and chips" in the UK. You see it is very obvious it is fried fish and potato chips. The reason for this in China is on the one hand to try to tell you the way it cooks such as cook, fry, grill and broil in the name and on the other it has beautiful good names so that you have a good imagination and association to let you have a good appetite.Generally speaking, we don't use much tableware when we have our meal in China. Mainly we have bowl, dishes, chopsticks and spoons, which we don't use very often. In serving English meals, they use so much tableware with different kinds and sizes. The Chinese do not know how to use them properly when they are invited to dinner in English family. For example there are different kinds of names for glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl. You can see tableware also show the food culture of different countries.cationUs’s higher education was considered as the best education in the world. Comparing the elementary education between American and China, people's universal view will be: China's elementary education aims to build the foundation of education with more study and less thought; while US's education aims to bulid such an education to raise the creativity with less study and more thought. the Chinesestudents study more, actually pay little attention to the practice, and cannot study for the purpose of 's education pays more attention to raise student'sself-confidence,independence,spirit of supporting oneself, but China's education emphases on training the students to be strict,rigorous spiritual. When American school inspects the result of student, they emphasize more on the ability to analyze and solve the question but not the ability of memory or description. The American students donot need the mechanical memorizing, but display creative thought as far as possible; This can cultivate student's study interest, raise the ability of doing it byself and make the study be one kind of creative action.Conclusion:Chinese culure is broad and profound,but American culture also has its unique and style.After learning this class,I have a general impression on American culture,there are quite differences between Chinese and American culture.I think that it’s beneficial to be familiar to this differences for our cross-cultual communication.References[1]Luther S.Luedtke<The Society and Culture of the United States>America:United States information Agency,2003[2]托马斯﹒里克纳《美式家庭——品质教育家长对策》海南：海南出版社，2001年(2)[3]章创生《美国爸爸中国爸爸——向美国家长学教子》重庆：重庆出版社，2011(6)[4]董小川《美国文化概论》.北京：人民出版社，2006[5]铁梅《道教——中国道家文化百科999问》青海：青海人民出版社，2012(1)[6]赵林《西方宗教文化》武昌：武汉大学出版社，2011年(6)[7]学晏《佛家与管理》北京：社会科学文献出版社，2012年(6)[8]徐怀启《古代基督教史》上海：上海人民出版社，2012（6）[9]（美）米拉德﹒丁.艾利克森《基督教神学导论》上海：人民出版社，2012（6）[10]李维冰《中国饮食文化概论》北京：中国商业出版社，2006（6）[11]美国饮食文化，/view/2143412.htm。