Power distribution design for high

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Power distribution design for high-rise building fire

Power distribution d esign for high-rise building fire [Abstract] This paper analyzes China's current power supply and distribution of tall buildings in several fire design, combined with specification and engineering examples for the distribution of the current high-rise building design to explore the problems and propose appropriate solutions.[Key words] high-rise building fire Supply Emergency Power Supply Power Supply As China's national economic development, building more and more land, more and more precious land resources, prompting the development of various types of construction to the high-level, so high-rise building fire safety is increasingly a cause-oriented. For the characteristics of high-rise building fires, high-rise building fire safety design should be based on self-defense self-help, while the fire service for the distribution is to ensure the normal operation of the key fire-fighting facilities, directly related to high-rise building fire safety. Therefore, this article from the fire power configuration, fire distribution, fire electrical wiring for high-rise building power supply and distribution reliability analysis, propose appropriate solutions to ensure high-rise building fire safety standards.1. High-rise building fire power scheme1.1 specification power supply requirements for fireAccording to "fire protection design of tall buildings" (hereinafter referred to as "high regulation") provides high-rise building fire power should be the current national standard "for power distribution system design specifications," the requirements of the design, a class of construction by a load of required power supply, second-class high-rise buildings should be two power load requirements. According to "civil electrical specifications" (JGJ/T16-92) provides a load consists of two power supply, when a power failure, the other at the same time the power outage Buzhi Yu; a load is especially important in load, in addition to the above-mentioned two power supplies, theMust also be an additional emergency power supply of the third power; 2 load power should make sure that when the power transformer failure or circuit common failure, without interruption of power supply (or the rapid recovery after the interruption), the load is relatively small or regional power supply The difficult conditions, the two loads can be more than a return to 6KV dedicated overhead power lines or cables.1.2 The composition of high-rise building fire powerFire power is to ensure that high-rise building and fire normally fire-fighting equipment under normal electricity supply. Generally considered the main power supply and pose a fire emergency power supply. When the main power failure, emergency power supply can continue to supply to the fire-fighting equipment. Commonly used in emergency power supply are: (1) independent of the normal power-generating units (2) power supply network, independent of the normal power supply dedicated feeder circuit. (3) battery; (4) dry batteries.1.3 common Fire Power1.3.1 Dual Power high-voltage single-supply bus is not sub -Dual power high-voltage power supply section is not a single bus, two-loop high-voltage power supply at the same time, prepare a normal one to use, in this way to reduce contact between cabinets and a voltage transformer cabinet, saving infrastructure investment, reducing the high voltage distribution Electric room building area is beneficial to both, this approach requires two-way are guaranteed 100% of the load of electricity, when the cleaning bus or bus failure will cause all the power outages, poor reliability of their electricity supply is generally not used in high-rise construction.1.3.2 Dual Power high-voltage single-supply busbar sectionDual power supply high-pressure single-busbar sub-way, two-loop high-voltage power supply at the same time, each other back. High reliability of this approach, particularly for electrical equipment, fire two power requirements at the last and easy to implement the provisions of a switch, which is relatively common wiring.1.3.3 3 power supply high-pressure single-bus sub -Three sub-power high-voltage single power supply bus, three-loop high-voltage powersupply, the normal dual-use when a preparation, this approach has a high reliability, suitable for a larger load capacity of the important users.1.3.4 a main high voltage power supply, 380V power supply for the city, emergency power supply networkSmaller building, was not by the consumption, the local access to two power supplies and difficult, in the vicinity have 380V power supply when the main power supply can be used a high-voltage power supply, 380V power supply for emergency power supply. If the economy can also be allowed if the use of diesel generator sets for emergency power supply.1.4 plus the idea of diesel-powered generator setsAt present high-rise buildings, international and domestic universal power supply is based on the dual-power supply was equipped with a diesel generator as an emergency power supply, which is especially important to meet a load of power supply load requirements (Figure 1 does not include the dotted line part of the ). However, dual power plus the power supply of diesel generating sets in most parts of northern China are still subject to weather conditions. As a long time in the north in winter, the temperature low. As an emergency power supply diesel generator sets at low temperatures is difficult to immediately start power supply, and some even two or three minutes can not start.The dual power supply in most parts of 10KV substation quoted from the same strict sense, its essence is a power failure when the substation, the two power supplies also failed, causing power supply system completely paralyzed. In fire cases, this will expand the fire, causing serious losses is not allowed. Therefore, I envisage the dual power on diesel generator sets based on the season, plus a power supply, G 柴油发电机组季节电源图1 三电源加柴油发电机组供电方式and enable it to their own independent power supply.In the case of low winter temperatures, reducing the reliability of diesel generators, we will connect the power this season, for increasing theElectric system reliability. When the temperatures rise, we stopped the season to the power supply department reported that power supply, you can save running costs. And this season there are three power options: First, quoted all the way from the substation 10KV high voltage power supply as the season (Figure 1), the advantage of high reliability power supply, the shortfall is that the higher investment in infrastructure; second is from a nearby high-rise buildings along 10KV transformer high-voltage end of the quoted or cited all the way low end of the season as a 380/220V power supply; third all the way from the city network cited as the season 380/200V power supply.1.5 Building Configuration Thinking of diesel generator sets"High regulation" fire-fighting equipment supply should be provided "for the power distribution system design specifications" GB50052-95 requirements of the design, and the specification of a load is especially important in load did not involve the fire load in their fire power as long as there two power supplies can meet the requirements of "high regulation" also requires a class of high-rise building fire load electricity requirements should be a power supply, and a distribution box office in the final automatic switching device to ensure that fire safety facilities in When the fire power and reliable, able to function properly. In the "high regulation" is not clearly defined one, second-class high-rise buildings need to configure the diesel generators.Thus in recent years, newly emerging high-rise building fire load does not require allocating additional diesel generators. However, the specific power supply design, the vast majority of high-rise buildings from the electricity grid connection of two-way line of 10KV power into electricity, which can not meet the specifications where two power supply requirements. System blackout caused either by an internal fault, some caused by power failures, as a regional power grid in the main grid voltage of the upper part is a grid, so the user either from electric power lineto take a few back into the line also can not be in the strict sense of the two an independent power supply, power grid failures can cause a variety of all the power into the line at the same time a result of loss of power supplyBlackout. In fact, the Road 10KV high voltage power supply taken from a different substation is very difficult, and diesel generating sets to configure a small investment, the use of good results and will comply with regulatory requirements, so the design of high-rise building shall be fitted with diesel-powered generator sets. I think that explicit requirements specification which can be high-rise buildings should be equipped with diesel generators.2. High-rise building fire distribution2.1 common Fire Distribution ProgramFire distribution methods are commonly used in radiation type, tree type, chain, four kinds of hybrid(1) The radial distribution of the failure of any one line to each other affect each other, the equipment is easy to manage a high supply reliability. However, more than qualifying non-ferrous metals consumed in large quantities, switching equipment, and more investment in higher operating costs for a single piece of equipment of large capacity, power supply reliability high. (Figure 2 a)(2) The trunk-type distribution when the route failure, a larger sphere of influence, but coupled with alternate routes and to achieve switching to improve power supply reliability for a more uniform distribution of places. (Figure 2 b)(3) chain and the trunk-type is basically the same, but the low-reliability than the trunk, when the middle of a piece of equipment failures associated equipment in the back will lose power. (Figure 2 c)（）放射式树干式（）链式（）混合式图2 常用配电方式(4) Mixed type, including two kinds of radiation type and tree-type distribution method is the victory of more high-rise building in a ligand distribution method. (Figure 2 d)2.2 The current issue of widespread distribution(1) of the fire electrical equipment such as fire control room, fire pump fire power instead of using a dedicated power supply, while the use of general load on the socket for the power lines, so that in case of fire in the building off the main power supply After the fire power the device's power also will be without electricity and fire-fighting equipment paralyzed, its fire immeasurable loss.(2) Some spare each other, such as fire pumps, fire fighting equipment at the end of the focus on two power each vote, there is no use of the equipment are radiation from the fire power supply power distribution room, but from the power distribution room leads to a main line, in the Preparation of the end of each parallel equipment. The result is that once the main line causing the problem (and the main line caused a great chance of failure) in each stand to lose power devices are unable to start, without achieving the desired results.(3) sharing power distribution equipment, fire linkage, there is no requirement of the end of the distribution box is located two-way automatic switching devices, or automatic switching devices of poor quality, low reliability. In the fire case,the standby power can not automatically switch to emergency power supply, power supply interruption. Some use the manual switch, when the firefighters reached the scene and then look for the power switching devices to switch, which will delay aircraft, resulting in heavy losses.2.3 The solution to the problem(1) Normal working power supply and emergency power supply shall be self-made system, independent distribution. When the power supply and lighting separately, then the power and lighting should be available to work the power distribution system and emergency power distribution system. Ensure that a class load of fire, electricity and other conditions in the fire, by the emergency power supply a continuous power supply, second-class load to ensure two-loop switching power supply.(2) In the fire power distribution design and installation of electricity, the power consumption of the large or a higher concentration of fire power equipment, such as fire control room, fire pumps, power distribution room should be the introduction of radial supply, and to ensure that the main equipment and standby equipment, power lines independent of each other.(3) Fire system equipment, power distribution share should be in the most power distribution boxes located at the end of two-way automatic switching device, and install high-quality power supply automatic switching devices. If you are installing a manual switching device, it is desirable that the equipment room distribution box. So that in case of emergency fire personnel can be easy to find and achieve in a short time to switch.3. Guanfang Hotel Fire Design and Analysis of Power Supply and Distribution3.1 Basic InformationGuanfang Hotel is located in Lijiang City, Snow Mountain Road, basement, ground floor 21, is a five-star hotel, belongs to a class of tall buildings. 10kv high voltage power supply to its dual-supply single-bus sub-power supply, auto-switching. Normal working hours, while two-way power supply, each other back and each shoulder 50% of the load. Power failure the way, another way for the full load power. No dieselgenerator sets. Route high-pressure system and low-voltage power distribution systems approach basically uses radiology systems, floor distribution system is a composite style, power distribution wiring the main trunk with Caine wells.Set up their fire power devices are used end of the dual power automatic switch device.3.2 Reliability Analysis of Power Supply and DistributionAccording to the "high regulation" in requiring the construction of tall buildings is a class, according to "civil construction for the distribution design standards" should be equipped with two power supplies to power. In the actual design and construction which uses a dual-supply single-busbar sub-10kv power supply, the fire control room, fire and other fire-fighting equipment lift the power supply distribution box office at the last one set up automatic switching device. Seems to meet the specification requirements, but the two power substations with the quote from Xiangshan, its essence is a grid of two loops, rather than two separate power supplies. When the substation failure on the entire power supply system is paralyzed. The Lijiang city alone, within a substation, from another independent quoted a power substation is very difficult, plus Lijiang Xiangshan substation is Daito hydropower electricity, hydroelectric power supply by the seasonal impact of the dry season, a power generation a small amount of the allocation of power followed by scoring city, stopped a battery compartment for a time. This will significantly affect the building power supply system reliability.At the same time as two-way 10kv power supply, spare each other, according to the capacity of transformers included in the regular standby fire pumps, spray pumps and other fire-fighting facilities to choose the load, while the building's fire load of about 900kw, non-fire load of about To 3000kw, its infrastructure investment in high operating cost more. This is just one company rather than a compliant design of the economy.In the power supply system installed in an automatic removal of loading device, when the system automatically removed when the fire with the fire of non-electrical equipment, transformer fire on a bus load of electrical equipment to prevent thespread of fire and fire electric shock accident occurred.The building is divided into 8 by function power partitions, each partition also on the electrical load level, the function of each layer according to power, lighting, two separate power distribution systems. The fire district for each power supply are two power supply electrical equipment, and a distribution box office at the last auto-switching, so that the design complied with the specifications, in the case of fire, firefighters in time understand the fire parts of the site-specific, accurate and starting the fire pump, sprinkler pump and other fire-fighting facilities, the timely removal of parts of the fire power.3.3 The improved design of the programWas equipped with an auto-start diesel generators as an emergency power supply. The two parts to the fire-fighting equipment from the power supply, the first part is from the mains supply, the second part of the power supply from diesel generators, and the last one automatically switch distribution box office. When the main power fails, by diesel-powered generator sets to the entire building. As the working electric power supply and power backup power, diesel generators only power supply and backup power at work when no electric starter. This will greatly enhance the power supply system reliability.Two-way 10kv power supply can be designed into the way to work all the way back. Power Supply by line consideration, according to the work of standby power after the power failure to maintain the main building elevator, room lighting load calculation. When a fire removal of non-fire power, auto-connected to fire pumps, sprinkler pump and other fire-fighting facilities. This will reduce the transformer capacity, was equipped with diesel generator set up for supply reliability. Such infrastructure investment, high economic efficiency.In various fire-fighting equipment of the power supply on the power distribution according to the respective features, fire pumps, spray pumps, fire lifts, fire control room, smoke fans, etc. due to large capacity, high reliability requirements, can be designed dual power supply, radial distribution, and at the end automatic switching; fire, emergency lighting, fire linkage control equipment, fire alarmcontroller, etc. are widely distributed, and distributed evenly, can be designed dual power supply, tree-type distribution.4. High-rise building fire safety equipment, electrical wiring4.1 specification for electrical equipment, fire safety requirements of power distribution linesAccording to the "high regulation" provides that the fire distribution lines shall meet the following requirements:(1) When using dark laying should be laid without burning body structure, and the protective layer thickness of not less than 30mm.(2) When using the laying out, they should use metal pipe or metal trunking painted fire-resistant coating to protect.(3) When the use of insulation and sheath extension for non-fuel materials, cables, may from time to wear a metal pipe protection, but it should be laid in cable wells.4.2 Common Fire wiring methods4.2.1 Protection of fire-resistant coatingExterior painted in an ordinary fire retardant coating to protect cables, the most commonly used fire coatings, such as T60-1 decorative fireproof coatings.4.2.2 PVC protection for surfaceWear of metal pipe or PVC plastic pipe out deposited in the wall, the outer wall of fire-resistant coating to protect brushing.4.2.3 PVC protection, ConcealedWear of metal pipe or PVC plastic pipe is located in the dark without burning body structures.4.2.4 use of fire-resistant, fire-retardant insulationWire insulation layer or jacket with a high oxygen index (usually "30) of flame-retardant material or the use of a non-combustible inorganic materials as fire-resistant type insulation.4.3 high-rise building fire electrical wiring problems and solutions4.3.1 Electrical circuit conductor selection based on the lack of securityAs the current "high regulation" on the fire limits of distribution lines and timelimits of high-temperature requirements are not clearly defined, which led to the construction unit will be an opportunity, in order to get some small interest, we chose to buy ordinary wires, the fire performance greatly reduced , and even to buy counterfeit goods for wiring installation.4.3.2 Electrical wiring while ignoring its fire-resistant coating is validThe most common wiring is painted fire-resistant coating fire protection, fire-resistant coating, but the general validity of short, often a few years will lose fire resistance. The related specifications are not provided in this regard, therefore, whether merchants or functional departments are not taken seriously enough, over the past few years, virtually on its fire risk increases.4.3.3 Electrical wiring systems use products do not meet the requirements. Designers according to design specifications is generally selection. The problem is a small number of fake and shoddy products, either on the wire itself or circuit switching equipment, are lower than the national standard, in practice there is a systematic operation of fire danger.From the above analysis of the problems, mainly because the relevant provisions of the specification is inadequate. Therefore, specifications should clearly define the limits of the fire wiring for high-temperature and time limit put forward corresponding measures. For in terms of investment in construction businesses, the entire investment in wiring the fire relative to total investment is minimal, but the incident caused the loss of wiring is immeasurable, so the configuration should be of high quality wire & cable, and lines to carry out regular maintenance maintenance.第11 页共11 页。

高层住宅楼供配电毕业设计论文

序论近几年来，随着我国国民经济的快速发展，电能需求量越来越大，其中城市用电量更是急剧增加。

目前，我国一般大、中型城市的市中心地区每平方公里的负荷密度平均已达左右，有些城市市中心局部地区的负荷密度甚至高达上万千瓦，乃至几万千瓦，且有继续增长的势头。

不但如此，随着经济的发展和建筑技术的进步，我国的高层建筑发展也越来越快，1992~1994年间，我国仅建设部系统每年建成的10层以上建筑就达800~900万㎡，加上其它部门，估计每年建成10层以上建筑在1000万㎡以上。

目前，全国已建成的高层建筑约为1亿㎡，一万幢左右，而且这种趋势仍在继续发展。

相应的，高层建筑的电气设计则会增加许多新内容，而首当其冲的则是高层建筑的供配电设计。

供配电设计，就是要完成对电力的供应和分配的设计问题。

电力是现代工业生产、民用住宅、及企事业单位的主要能源和动力，是现代文明的物质技术基础。

没有电力，就没有工业现代化，就没有整个国民经济的现代化。

现代社会的信息化和网络化，都是建立在电气化的基础之上的。

做好供配电工作，对于保证企业生产的正常进行和实现工业现代化，保证正常的工作、学习、生活都具有十分重要的意义。

民用建筑的供配电设计主要包括：高压供配电系统，低压供配电系统，动力照明干线系统，配电箱系统，电缆导线的敷设，各种电器设备的选型，安装，建筑防雷接地等等。

它的基本要求为：可靠，间接，安全，可选择性。

高层配电设计要求在满足国家有关经济技术效果的前提下，还必须严格按照供配电有关技术规定和相关原则进行设计。

其相关原则概括如下：1．必须遵守有关国标，认真贯彻执行国家的技术经济政策，并做关于保障人身和设备安全，供电可靠，电能质量合格，技术先进和经济合理方面的针对性设计。

2．根据工程特点，规模和发展规划，正确处理近期建设和远期发展的关系，做到远近期结合，以近期为主，考虑到扩建。

3．必须从全局出发，统筹兼顾，按照负荷的性质，用电容量，工程特点和地区供配电条件，合理确定设计方案，满足供配电要求。

53255资料

R (ON) IO (OFF) VF VR II-O tON tOFF tR tF θJC
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.27 250 4.20 1 8.0 3 6.0 2.0
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Micropac Industries cannot assume any responsibility for any circuits shown or represent that they are free from patent infringement. Micropac reserves the right to make changes at any time in order to improve design and to supply the best product possible. MICROPAC INDUSTRIES, INC. HYBRID MICROELECTRONICS PRODUCTS Dபைடு நூலகம்VISION • 905 E. Walnut St., Garland, TX 75040 • (972) 272-3571 • Fax (972) 494-2281 E-MAIL: hybridsales@ 05/16/01
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53255 400VDC – 10A Solid State Relay RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS: Parameter Output Voltage Continuous Output Current Input Current (on) Input Voltage (off) Operating Case Temperature Symbol VO (OFF) IO (ON) IF (ON) VF (OFF) TC 5 0 -40 Min. Max. 400 10 15 1 85 Units VDC A mA VDC °C

PST2001_20100910

PART NUMBER PST2001ETS
Available Options of the PowerSiliconTech Power Switches
PART NUMBER PST2001ETS CH 1 ENABLE Active High Rds(ON) 90mΩ Current Limit ADJ MAX IOUT (DC) 1.7A P2P COMPATIBLE AAT4614H PACKAGES SOT23-6
Hale Waihona Puke Electrical Characteristics
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(VIN = +5.0V, TA = -40 C to 85 C, typical values at TA=25 C, unless otherwise stated) Symbol Parameter Test Conditions Min VIN Input Voltage Range 2.7 VUVLO ISHDN IQ RDS(ON) ILMT Input UVLO Input Shutdown Quiescent Current Input Quiescent Current /Channel Switch on-resistance /Channel Minimum Current Limit Disabled, VEN=0V, OUT floating or shorted to ground Enabled, VEN=VIN, IOUT= 0 o VIN = 5V, IOUT= 0.6A, TA=25 C o VIN = 3.3V, IOUT= 0.6A, TA=25 C SET pin open (floating) SET pin open (floating) RSET=40.2kΩ RSET=13.6kΩ RSET=8.87kΩ RSET=6.8kΩ RSET=4.64kΩ 1.8

毕业论文外文翻译-高层建筑供配电系统设计

毕业论文外文翻译-高层建筑供配电系统设计Design of Power Supply and Distribution System for High-rise BuildingsAbstractPower supply and distribution system is the lifeline of high-rise buildings. The design of power supply and distribution system is based on the characteristics of high-rise buildings, which requires not only reliable supply of power, but also the safety of electricity utilization and efficient energy consumption. In this paper, the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings is discussed, focusing on the selection of power supply mode, the design of power distribution system, the design of grounding system, the selection of electrical equipment and the design of lightning protection system. The application of advanced technologies such as distributed power supply, energy management and control system, and intelligent electrical equipment can improve the energy efficiency and utilization of high-rise buildings, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and promote the development of green buildings.Keywords: high-rise buildings; power supply and distribution system; energy efficiency; green buildingsIntroductionHigh-rise buildings are an important symbol of urban development and represent the trend of modern architecture. With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, the demand for high-rise buildings is increasing. Power supply and distribution system is an essential part of high-rise buildings, which plays a crucial role in the operation and maintenance of buildings. The design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings needs to consider many factors, such as technical performance, safety and reliability, energy efficiency, economic benefits and environmental protection, etc. In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy and advanced technology, the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings has undergone significant changes, which focus on improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions. This paper analyzes the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings, summarizes the selection principles and design methods of various systems, and explores the application of new technologies to improve energy efficiency and promote the development of green buildings.1. Selection of Power Supply ModeThe power supply mode is the basic foundation of power supply and distribution system of high-rise buildings. In the selection of power supply mode, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of the building and the surrounding environment, and ensure the reliability and safety of power supply. Currently, the main power supply modes for high-rise buildings are grid-connected power supply and distributed power supply.1.1 Grid-connected Power SupplyGrid-connected power supply is a traditional power supply mode, which is widely used in high-rise buildings. It has the advantages of reliable power supply, convenient operation and maintenance, and stable voltage and frequency. However, grid-connected power supply is vulnerable to natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes, and may cause power outages, which will affect the normal life and work of residents. Moreover, the development of distribution network is limited by the capacity of the grid, which may cause overloaded operation and reduce the energy efficiency of high-rise buildings.1.2 Distributed Power SupplyDistributed power supply is a new power supply mode, which can improve the energy efficiency of high-rise buildings and reduce the dependence on the grid. Distributed power supply includes combined heat and power (CHP), solar power, wind power and other renewable energy sources. CHP is a highly efficient power generation technology, which can generate electricity and heat at the same time, and utilize the waste heat for air conditioning and domestic hot water. Solar power and wind power are clean energy sources, which have the advantages of zero emissions and long service life. Distributed power supply can reduce the transmission and distribution losses of power supply, and improve the energy efficiency of high-rise buildings. However, the initial investment of distributed power supply is relatively high, and the technical level of electrical equipment and maintenance management is demanding.2. Design of Power Distribution SystemThe power distribution system is responsible for the power transmission and distribution of high-rise buildings, which should ensure the safety and reliability of the power supply. The design of power distribution system includes the selection of power distribution equipment, the layout of power distribution room, and the calculation of power load.2.1 Selection of Power Distribution EquipmentThe selection of power distribution equipment should meet the requirements of technical performance, safety and reliability, and energy efficiency. The main power distribution equipment includes switchgear, transformer, busbar, distribution panel, etc. The switchgear should have the function of over-current protection, short-circuit protection and earth leakage protection, and should have the advantages of small volume, low noise and high reliability. The transformer should be selected according to the capacity and voltage level, and should have the advantages of low loss, high efficiency and small size. The busbar should have the advantages of high strength, good conductivity and low resistance. The distribution panel should have the functions of metering, control, protection and communication, and should be easy to operate and maintain.2.2 Layout of Power Distribution RoomThe layout of power distribution room should be reasonable and convenient for operation and maintenance. The power distribution room should be located near the power supply entrance, and should have the advantages of good ventilation, dry, clean and spacious. The power distribution room should be equipped with the necessary security measures, such as fire prevention, explosion-proof, and lightning protection.2.3 Calculation of Power LoadThe calculation of power load is the key to the design of power distribution system. The power load includes lighting load, air conditioning load, power load and special load, etc. The calculation of power load should take into account the diversity of load, the possibility of peak load, and the capacity of power supply equipment. The primary consideration is to ensure the safety and reliability of power supply, and then to improve the energy efficiency of power utilization.3. Design of Grounding SystemThe grounding system is an important safety measure for high-rise buildings. The design of grounding system should meet the requirements of electrical safety and electrostatic discharge protection.3.1 Electrical SafetyThe grounding system should have the functions of lightning protection, over-voltage protection, over-current protection and earth leakage protection, etc. The grounding resistance should be less than the specified value, and the grounding wire should have good conductivity and corrosion resistance. The grounding system should be comprehensively tested and maintained regularly.3.2 Electrostatic Discharge ProtectionThe electrostatic discharge protection is to prevent the accumulation of static electricity and the damage of electrical equipment. The design of electrostatic discharge protection includes the selection of anti-static grounding material, the setting of anti-static floor, and the installation of anti-static equipment. The electrostatic discharge protection is especially important for data centers and sensitive electrical equipment.4. Selection of Electrical EquipmentThe selection of electrical equipment is an important part of the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings. The selection of electrical equipment should meet the requirements of technical performance, safety and reliability, environmental protection and energy efficiency.4.1 Technical PerformanceThe electrical equipment should meet the relevant national and international standards, and have the characteristics of high efficiency, low noise, long service life and easy maintenance. The electrical equipment should have the functions of protection, control, measurement and communication, and should be compatible with the automation system.4.2 Safety and ReliabilityThe electrical equipment should have the functions of over-current protection, short-circuit protection, ground connection protection and lightning protection, etc. The electrical equipment should be installed and maintained by qualified personnel, and should be tested and checked regularly to ensure the safety and reliability of power supply and distribution system.4.3 Environmental Protection and Energy EfficiencyThe electrical equipment should have the advantages of environmental protection and energy efficiency, and should meet the requirements of green building standards. The electrical equipment should have the functions of power monitoring, energy management and control, and should be able to optimize the energy utilization and reduce the energy consumption.5. Design of Lightning Protection SystemThe lightning protection system is an important safety measure for high-rise buildings, which can prevent the damage of lightning to electrical equipment and human life. The design of lightning protection system includes the selection of lightning protection device, the installation of lightning rod, the connection of grounding wire, and the calculation of lightning protection zone.5.1 Selection of Lightning Protection DeviceThe lightning protection device should have the functions of lightning protection, over-voltage protection, surge protection and electromagnetic pulse protection, etc. The lightning protection device should be reliable and durable, and should meet the relevant national and international standards.5.2 Installation of Lightning RodThe lightning rod should be installed on the roof of high-rise buildings, and should be connected with the grounding system. The lightning rod should be placed in a high position, and should be made of light and strong materials, such as aluminum alloy or stainless steel. The lightning rod should be inspected regularly to ensure its effectiveness.5.3 Connection of Grounding WireThe grounding wire should be connected with the lightning rod, the grounding system, and the electrical equipment. The grounding wire should have the advantages of low resistance, good conductivity and corrosion resistance. The grounding wire should be tested and checked regularly to ensure its effectiveness.5.4 Calculation of Lightning Protection ZoneThe calculation of lightning protection zone is the basis for the design of lightning protection system. The lightning protection zone includes the direct lightning strike zone and the induced lightning zone. The direct lightning strike zone is the area covered by the lightning rod, and the induced lightning zone is the area beyond the direct lightning strike zone. The calculation of lightning protection zone should consider the characteristics of lightning, such as the stroke current, the distance from the lightning source, and the soil resistivity.ConclusionThe design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings is a complex and important work. The selection of power supply mode, the design of power distribution system, the design of grounding system, the selection of electrical equipment, and the design of lightning protection system are the main aspects of the design of power supply and distribution system. The application of advanced technologies such as distributed power supply, energy management and control system, and intelligent electrical equipment can improve the energy efficiency and utilization of high-rise buildings, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and promote the development of green buildings. The design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings should adhere to the principles of safety, reliability, energy efficiency, economic benefits and environmental protection, and strive to create a better living and working space for residents.。

高速电路板LAYOUT及匹配设计技术

Application Notes
High-Speed Board Design Techniques
INTRODUCTION
The most important factor in the design of many systems today is speed. 66-MHz thru 200-MHz processors are common; 233 and 266-MHz processors are becoming readily available. The demand for high speed results from: a) the requirement that systems perform complex tasks in a time frame considered comfortable by humans; and b) the ability of component manufacturers to produce high-speed devices. An example of a) is the large amount of information that must be processed to perform even the most rudimentary computer animation. Currently, Programmable Array Logic (PAL®) devices are available with propagation delays of 4.5 ns, and complex PLDs such as MACH® have propagation delays of 5 ns. While this might seem fast, it is not the propagation delay that creates the potential for problems, but rather the fast edge rates needed to obtain the fast propagation delays. In the future, much faster devices will become available, with correspondingly faster edge rates. Designing high-speed systems requires not only fast components, but also intelligent and careful design. The analog aspect of the devices is as important as the digital. In high-speed systems, noise generation is a prime concern. The high frequencies can radiate and cause interference. The corresponding fast edge rates can result in ringing, reﬂections, and crosstalk. If unchecked, this noise can seriously degrade system performance. This application note presents an overview of the design of high-speed systems using a PC-board layout. It covers:

高速数字设计英文版pdf

高速数字设计英文版pdfTitle: High-Speed Digital Design English Version PDFIntroduction:In the rapidly advancing field of digital design, it is essential to stay updated with the latest techniques and practices. One valuable resource for acquiring knowledge in this area is the High-Speed Digital Design English Version PDF. This article aims to provide an accurate and comprehensive overview of the content covered in this PDF. The structure of the article will include an introduction, main body with six major points, and a conclusion.Main Body:1. Importance of High-Speed Digital Design:1.1 Understanding the significance of high-speed digital design in modern electronic systems.1.2 Exploring the challenges and complexities associated with high-speed digital design.1.3 Recognizing the impact of design choices on signal integrity, power consumption, and performance.2. Signal Integrity:2.1 Explaining the concept of signal integrity and its importance in high-speed digital design.2.2 Discussing techniques for minimizing signal degradation, such as impedance matching and controlled impedance routing.2.3 Highlighting the role of transmission lines, terminations, and decoupling capacitors in maintaining signal integrity.3. Power Distribution and Grounding:3.1 Addressing the significance of proper power distribution and grounding techniques.3.2 Exploring the impact of power and ground noise on signal quality.3.3 Discussing strategies for minimizing power and ground noise, including power plane design and decoupling capacitors.4. High-Speed PCB Layout:4.1 Describing the key considerations for high-speed PCB layout, including component placement and trace routing.4.2 Discussing the importance of controlled impedance traces and differential signaling.4.3 Exploring techniques for reducing crosstalk and electromagnetic interference (EMI).5. Clock and Timing:5.1 Understanding the challenges associated with clock and timing signals in high-speed digital design.5.2 Exploring techniques for minimizing clock skew and jitter.5.3 Discussing the use of clock distribution networks and phase-locked loops (PLLs) for precise timing control.6. EMI and EMC Considerations:6.1 Explaining the concepts of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC).6.2 Discussing the importance of shielding, grounding, and proper PCB layout for EMI/EMC compliance.6.3 Highlighting the role of EMI filters and ferrite beads in reducing electromagnetic emissions.Conclusion:In conclusion, the High-Speed Digital Design English Version PDF provides valuable insights into the complexities and challenges associated with high-speed digital design. It covers various aspects, including signal integrity, power distribution, PCB layout, clock and timing, and EMI/EMC considerations. By understanding and implementing the principles discussed in this PDF, engineers can enhance the performance, reliability, and efficiency of their high-speed digital designs.Note: Unfortunately, as an AI language model, I cannot provide the actual PDF. However, you can search for it using the title mentioned in this article.。

工程师英语面试题目(3篇)

9. Explain the concept of fluid mechanics and its application in chemical engineering.
10. How would you conduct a risk assessment for a chemical plant?
7. How would you design a scalable system for handling millions of users simultaneously?
8. What is the role of a database in a web application, and what are some common database technologies?
6. How would you conduct a geotechnical investigation for a construction project?
7. Describe the process of designing a water distribution system.
8. What is the significance of structural analysis in civil engineering?
3. Explain the operation of a diode and a transistor.
4. How would you design a power distribution system for a residential area?
5. What is the importance of power factor correction in electrical systems?

Cyberex Remote Power Panel (RPP) 产品介绍说明书

—PRODUC T BROCHURECyberex® Remote Power Panel (RPP) Power distribution system2C Y B E R E X® R PP P OW ER D IS TR I B U TI O N R EM OTE P OW ER PA N EL—The RPPABB is an innovative leader in critical powerswitching and distribution, provides its customerswith the most advanced RPP lineup in the industry.Cyberex RPPs utilize technology leading circuitprotection components and a wide array ofadvanced circuit management options. Multipleframe options are available to fit the footprint andaccess parameters for your data center needs.—Cyberex® – power distributionRemote Power Panel (RPP)With constantly evolving demands and the increasing need to store critical information, data center systems continue to be pushed to their limits. Industry dependence on the continuity of service dictates heightened electrical system requirements kept online by multiple sources of conditioned power. The method for power distribution and circuit protection within a data center must also be taken into consideration as a key factor in system uptime.The Cyberex family of remote power panels (RPPs)provides power distribution solutions designed tomanage the most mission critical of applications.Inherent design benefits including: currentlimitation, selective coordination, safety, andreliability have become the standard in CyberexRPPs and should be demanded as a standard in allyour critical distribution systems.3—Power distribution – RPP seriesProduct features • P anelboard options: Up to 240V, up to 400A, up to 168 circuits – panelboards by ABB or GE • I nput connections: main lug only or main circuit breaker • T op or bottom entry – 24" cabinets are bottom exit only and 38" cabinets are top/bottom exit • M ultiple input capability and traditionalconfigurations – up to 4 sources, 4 panelboards and 4 main circuit breakers • M ultiple footprint options – sizing as small as a 2' x 2' square raised floor tile • C ircuit management system provides enhanced power data collection • R emote monitoring interface to building management system • W elded frame door, door-in-door hinged dead front • O ptional seismic rated floor stands available • O ptional integrated IR port solutions to identify potential system issuesProduct specificationsElectrical Input/output 3-phase, 4-wire + ground Input/output voltage 208/120V, 415/240V, 480/277V Input amperage 150/225/400APanelboards ABB ProLine or GE, up to (4) 42 circuit output panelboards Source breakers Up to 4Neutral rating 200%Dimensions/weight RPPWidth: 24" (61 cm)Depth: 26" (66.04 cm) or 38" (96.5 cm)Height: 77.75" (197.484 cm)Weight: 500–550 lbs (227–249 kg)GeneralNatural convection cooledHinged dead-front panel – split panel Single point ground Communications Modbus RTU (RS-485)Modbus TCP Webserver OptionsCurrent limiting circuit breakers Local 6.5" color, touchscreen HMI Branch circuit monitoring Main-feed circuit monitoring Surge protective devicesPlug-in or bolt-on branch circuit breakers Plug-in or fixed mount front source breakers Input junction boxes Isolated ground IR ports StandardsNEMA and CETL listed to CSA C22.2 No. 14ETL listed to UL 508A FCC compliant (part 15)4C Y B E R E X® R PP P OW ER D IS TR I B U TI O N R EM OTE P OW ER PA N EL—Cyberex® RPP withABB ProLine panelboardsFlexibility – reliability – safetyThe Cyberex® RPP with ABB ProLine panelboard provides a flexible, reliable, and safe solution for electrical distribution on the data center floor. The RPP’s integral panelboard features touch safe, plug-in branch circuit breakers, designed for themost mission critical applications.The ABB circuit breakers are current limitingbranch breakers and provide the highest level ofprotection for sensitive downstream IT loads andthe mitigation of arc flash hazard for workers.Along with providing superior short circuit currentprotection, these current limiting breakers areeasily coordinated with upstream ABB circuitbreakers, helping to eliminate the risk of cascadingfaults and unnecessary outages to critical loads.Flexibility and future proofing are also inherentbenefits of the RPP. The panel’s touch safe plug inbreakers allow for quick changes or replacementwith minimal impact to the rest of the system. TheRPP allows system owners to design in provisionsto replace branch breakers and increase protectionas their power demands increase on the rack.Proper foresight may allow system designers anddata center owners to build in electricalinfrastructure to support IT refreshes without theneed for extended downtime.Cyberex® RPP features• U L listed current limiting branch circuit breakers• I P20 touch safe• V oltage ratings: 208/120V, 415/240V, 480/277V• C urrent ratings: 225A, 400A• 1 to 100A branch breakers at 208V• 1 to 25A branch breakers at 480V• I nterrupting ratings: 35kA at 208V, 14kA at 480V• M ain/branch breaker coordination up to 28.6kAat 208V, 14kA at 480V• I nsulating resin encased bus• P luggable breaker with non-energized bolt onscrew5—Demand performanceCurrent limitationABB's utilization of current limiting circuit breakers brings a whole new level of protection and peace of mind to the distribution of electrical power on the data center floor. Two of the most notable benefits of current limitation are increased protection for downstream system components and themitigation of arc flash hazard for workers. Both mechanical and thermal forces are drasticallyreduced through current limitation, which in a data center, means less potential damage or strain on the sensitive and expensive IT equipment. This heightened protection helps remove worries of extended downtime due to repairs or replacing of damaged equipment. Current limitation is also the driving factor to reducing the energy released during an arc flash event.Selective coordinationSelective coordination defines a system’s ability to isolate a fault and increase system reliability. If a fault was to occur in a selectively coordinatedsystem (Figure A) the overcurrent protective device closest to the fault will clear the fault and leave the rest of the system undisturbed. If the system was not selectively coordinated, (Figure B) like the majority of standard RPPs, the breaker closest to the fault may or may not clear the fault before upstream breakers start to open causing unnecessary loss of power to critical loads.shock hazard, the use of current limiting breakers significantly reduces the arc flash potential to which a worker could be exposed. Both benefits help users comply with NPFA 70E guidelines and OSHA standards.PDUPDU6C Y B E R E X ® R PP P OW ER D IS TR I B U TI O N R EM OTE P OW ER PA N EL—Cyberex ® HPP withABB ProLine panelboardsThe Cyberex HPP helps remove the electricalconcerns that come along with high density data centers. As voltage increases on the data center floor so does the potential for electrical dangers. Cyberex’s HPP with current limiting branch circuit breakers, helps mitigate the risk of arc flash and provides the highest level of protection for IT equipment. The resin encased bus design and touch safe plug in branch breakers reduce shock hazard and increase flexibility after installation. Inherent coordination up to moderate fault levels reduces risk of cascading faults keeping power to critical loads.• U L listed current limiting branch circuit breakers • T ouch safe • V oltage ratings: 208/120V, 415/240V, 480/277V • C urrent rating: 225A, 400A • 1 to 25A branch breakers at 480V • I nterrupting rating: 14kA • M ain/branch breaker coordination up to 14kA at 480V—High density solutionsCyberex offers the complete current limiting, selectively coordinating solution for your high power, high efficiency data centerThe industry demand to increase data centerefficiency and push the limits of power density at the rack has introduced new design trends. While one proposed solution, raising the distribution voltage in the whitespace, helps meet thesedemands, data center systems designed at higher voltages (415V, 480V) provide system owners and designers with a new set of challenges and concerns to overcome. Selective coordination, increased arc flash potential, protecting sensitive IT equipment and complying with SCCR and IR code requirements take center stage. Theseheightened concerns are mainly driven by the removal of a transformer and the potentialincrease in available fault current when compared to traditional 208V designs. With the high available fault currents, average main and branch breaker combinations will not allow branch breakers to trip independently of the main, forcing the shutdown of an entire panelboard to clear an overcurrent on a branch circuit. This lack of coordination will in turn cause unnecessary downtime to critical server loads.—Cyberex HPP with ABB ProLine panelboards7Take your distribution equipment to the next level by managing your critical loads at the individual branch circuit level. Rely on Cyberex ® PowerView circuit management solutions to monitor and alert your staff of potential problems before they occur. Understanding load profiles is the key toproactively managing your data center distribution system and avoiding unnecessary downtime.• B ranch circuit management – Up to six (6) 42 circuit panelboards (252 circuits)• S ub-feed circuit management – Up to (65), 3-wire or (60), 4-wire sub-feed breakers • M ain-feed circuit management – Up to four (4) sources in multi-fed RPPs can be monitored: phases, neutral and ground—Cyberex ® PowerView monitoring systemDesigned for performance, flexibility and usabilityKey features • R evenue grade metering accuracy (<=1% error)• C omplies with ANSI C12.1 standards • A bility to customize main breaker, sub-feed breaker, panelboard, or branch circuit breaker names and/or numbers • M odular chassis design allows for simple additions for future expansionsAdvanced communication • C ommunicate valuable system data to building management systems (BMS) or local display • P rotocols available: Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP, and web serverMonitor system parameters including:• V oltage-current (RMS)• M IN current • M AX current • k W (power)• k VA-load • P ower factor (PF)• T otal harmonic distribution (THD)Configure system warnings and alarms including:• O ver/under current • O ver/under voltage • O ver kW • O ver THD • L ow PF • P hase loss—PowerView chassisService your Cyberex equipment with superior service solutionsSignature services • E xtended warranty • P reventative maintenance plans • B reak fix plan • S pare parts replenishment • G uaranteed response times (24, 8, 4 hr)• 24 x 7 x 365 emergency support Professional services • S tart up and commissioning services • R eliability enhancements • B ranch circuit monitoring (retrofit)• P roject management • O n-site training power academy—ServicesMinimize downtime and ensure optimal performanceB R O -R P P -M K -0013 121718Additional informationWe reserve the right to make technical changes to the product and to the information in this document without notice. The agreed conditions at the time of the order shall apply. ABB assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions that may appear in this document. We reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein.Without prior written approval from ABB, reproduction, disclosure to third parties or use of any information, in whole or in part, is strictly forbidden.© Copyright 2018 Thomas and Betts Power Solutions, LLC. All rights reserved.Specifications subject to change without notice.—Power Protection5900 Eastport BoulevardRichmond, VA 23231-4453 USA Tel: +1 800 292 3739Fax: +1 804 236 /ups****************.com。

高层住宅小区供配电系统的设计

高层住宅小区供配电系统的设计作者：孙超来源：《今日自动化》2021年第03期[摘要]随着我国经济的不断发展，建筑工程建设也迅速发展，高层住宅小区的建设十分常见。

在这些住宅小区建设过程中，供配电系统的建设非常重要。

主要针对高层住宅小区供配电系统的设计，从供电电源、中低压供电系统、计量采集等系统组成方面，以及从负荷分级、负荷计算、设备选型等技术要求方面进行了分析，旨在从设计角度满足高层小区的供配电系统安全、可靠、经济运行的要求，使高层住宅小区能够给用户带来更好的生活体验。

[关键词]高层住宅小区;供配电系统;设计[中图分类号]TU976.1 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]2095–6487（2021）03–00–03[Abstract]With the continuous development of China's economy， construction engineering is also developing rapidly， and the construction of high-rise residential quarters is very common. In the construction process of these residential areas， the construction of power supply and distribution system is very important. This paper mainly focuses on the design of power supply and distribution system in high-rise residential area， analyzes the system composition of power supply， medium and low voltage power supply system， metering collection， etc.， and analyzes the technical requirements of load classification， load calculation， equipment selection， etc.， so as to meet the requirements of safe， reliable and economic operation of power supply and distribution system in high-rise residential area from the perspective of design， So that high-rise residential areas can bring better life experience to users.[Keywords]high rise residential district; power supply and distribution system; design1 工程概述本文主要针对某大型住宅小区进行分析，该大型住宅小区的规划总用地面积约为71 039 m2，总建筑面积约为232 501 m2，其中地上建筑面积为177 533 m2，地下建筑面积为64 968 m2。

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