铁路隧道毕业设计-开题报告_及论文摘要(中英文)、文献综述、参考文献及致谢
隧道工程-摘要-Abstract-参考文献-致谢
摘要经济的发展,科技的进步,生活水平的提高，人们对交通的要求也随之提高，隧道作为提高交通质量的关键因素也被广泛重视。
现代隧道在结构计算和施工方法上较以前都有了较大的飞跃。
本设计为公路隧道，重点研究结构计算和设计新奥法施工方案.隧道结构在工程特性、设计原则和方法方面与地面结构完全不同，隧道结构是由周边围岩和支护结构两者组成共同的并相互作用的结构体系。
目前，隧道结构设计主要有两种计算模型：一种是以支护结构作为承载主体，围岩作为荷载，同时考虑其对支护结构的变形约束的模型，即结构力学模型；一种是视围岩为承载主体,支护结构为约束围岩变形的模型，即岩体力学模型。
本设计采用前者。
新奥法施工是应用岩体力学理论,以维护和利用围岩的自承能力为基点，采用锚杆和喷射混凝土为主要支护手段，及时的进行支护,控制围岩的变形和松弛，使围岩成为支护体系的组成部分，并通过对围岩和支护的量测、监控来指导隧道设计和施工的方法和原则。
其核心目的是为了“保护围岩，调动和发挥围岩的自承能力”。
关键词：隧道；衬砌;结构计算；新奥法AbstractAs economic development，technological advances, improvements in living standards, people will also increase their requirements of traffic，the tunnel as a key factor in improving the quality of traffic gets a lot of attention。
Modern tunnels in the structure calculation and construction methods have a greater leap than before. The design is about highway tunnel, attention is paid to structural calculation and the construction of New Austrian Tunneling Method。
隧道施工外文文献及翻译
附录二外文参考文献及翻译NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major andConstruction TechnologyW.BroereI.The NATM Design Principle1.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development processSince the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand, thus the underground works of the study of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, all up in the excavation and retaining two key processes. How excavation, it will be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effectively ensure stability and facilitate the cavern excavation. This is the tunnels and underground works two promote each other and check each other's problems.Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems.A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional "load relaxation theory." Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shoring structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principe's and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the thinking is still widely used to.Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or "rock for the theory." Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their ownself-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more modern theory, it is already out of the ground works to consider the ideas, and underground works closer to reality, the past 50 years has been widely accepted and applied. demonstrated broad development prospects.Can be seen from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representation method.2. NATMNATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles.NATM concept of filibustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Professor age of 50. It was based on the experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete combination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other countries, many practical and theoretical study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground works with a very rapid development, have become modern tunnels new technologies landmark. Nearly 40 years ago, the railway sector through research, design, construction combining, in many construction of the tunnel, according to their own characteristics successfully applied a new Austrian law, made more experience, have accumulated large amounts of data, This is the application stage. However, in the road sector NATM of only 50%. Currently, the New Austrian Tunneling Method almost become weak and broken rock section of a tunnel construction method, technical and economic benefits are clear. NATM the basic points can be summarized as follows : （1）. Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. Tothis end, the construction of sub-section should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.（2）. In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supporting structural strength, Stiffness and its participation in the work of the time (including the closure of time) to control the deformation of the rock mass.（3）. In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration.（4）. Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day.（5）. To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the follow-up to load, use composite lining.（6）. Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security.NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : "less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight."3．With a spring to understand the principle NATM（1）. Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (stress self-respect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under compression in a state of equilibrium.（2）. Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of thepoor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to prevent landslides instability. Equivalent to the Spring of deformation u, in the role of PE is now in the midst of a state of equilibrium.（3）. By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium; Spring in the event of deformation u, PE in the role they will be in equilibrium, assuming spring elasticity of K, were : P0=PE+KuDiscussion :(1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic;(2) when u ↑, PE ↓; When u ↓, PE ↑. That is, rock deformation occurred, the release of some of the load (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity for self. Is an economic support measures, the rock self-stability P=P0-PE=Ku;(3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe.4. Points（1）. Rock cavern excavation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials.（2）. Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground.（3）. Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.II. The new Austrian highway construction in the basic methodNATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the project and supporting structure of the economy and so on. The author of commitments (Chengde) Chek (Chifeng) East Maojingba Tunnel NATM basic construction method for investigation concluded, synthesis of a newhighway tunnel Natm the selection of different types and the basic characteristics of the construction methods and tips.1. A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and engineering quality at the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors to consider in selection.When choosing the method for tunnel construction on the surrounding environment negatively affected, should also be a tunnel, the environmental conditions as the method to choose one of the factors, taking into rock changes the method and the applicability of the possibility of change. Tunnel project to avoid mistakes and unnecessary increase investment in public works. NATM new construction, we should also consider the entire process of construction of auxiliary operations and changes in the surrounding rock to measure control methods and the tunnel through special geological lots of construction means for a reasonable choice.2. New Austrian Tunneling Method program New Austrian Tunneling Method used all methods can be divided into sections, Division level and the three major types of excavation method and some changes in the program.(1) Full-face method. That whole section excavation method is based on the design of an excavation face excavation molding. Excavation order is its full face excavation, steel bracing, pouring concrete lining. Often choose to IV-VI Class Rock Hard Rock Tunnel, which can be used blasting deep hole.Excavation whole section of the law is a larger space operations, introducing supporting large mechanized operations, improving the speed and process small, less interference and facilitate the construction organization and management. Excavation is due to shortcomings in the larger, lower relative stability of rock, and with each cycle of the relatively large workload, it requires the construction units should have a strong excavation, transport and slag out and support capability, Maojingba VI : Class V rock used in the full-face excavation to achieve the desired results.Full-face excavation face, drilling and blasting construction more efficient use of deep focus to accelerate the excavation blasting speed, and the rock blasting vibration frequency less conducive to a stable transfer rocks. The drawback is every deep hole blasting vibration larger. Therefore require careful drilling and blasting design and strict control of blasting operations.Full-face excavation method is the main process : the use of mobile carts (or platforms), the first full-face a bored, and installed a line, and then drilling platform car outside 50m back to a safe place and then detonate, Blasting to make a shape out after drilling Jardine car again moved to the excavation face in place, began a cycle of drilling and blasting operations, Anchor sprayed simultaneously supporting or after the first arch wall lining.(2) step method. Step method of design is generally divided into sections on the half-section and the lower half section two excavation molding. Excavation order is its first half excavation arch bolt jet concrete bracing, arch lining, the central part of the second half of excavation, sidewall of excavation, concrete wall jet bolt support and lining. The more applicable to the II, III and soft joint development of the surrounding rock, which were used Tim change program.Long-step method : The next stage distance away, on the general level above 50m ahead, Construction can be assigned to the Department of next larger machine with parallel operations, when mechanical deficiencies can be used interchangeably. When the case of a short tunnel, the upper section will be all dug later, and then dug under the section, the construction of which less interference, single process can work.Short step method : on the stage length 5-50m apply to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock can be shortened Invert closing time, Supporting improve early stress conditions, but larger construction interference, in the event of Soft Rock need to consider carefully, Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the excavation excavation face, in order to ensure the safety of construction.Ultrashort step method : The only step ahead 3-5m, section closed faster. The method used for the high level of mechanization of various rock section, in the event of the siege soft rock when required careful consideration. Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the construction excavation face to ensure the safety of construction.Excavation level of character is the first step to using light excavation drilling machine drill a hole, rather than through large drilling platform car. Two step method of excavation operations with sufficient space and a faster rate of construction. Level is conducive to the stability of excavation face. Especially Excavation in the upper, lower operational safety. Three step method of excavation is the next shortcomings of operations interfere with each other. It should be noted at the bottom of the upper operational stability, level of excavation will increase the number of country rock.(3) Segment excavation method. Excavation Law Division can be divided into five changes in the program : Excavation Division level, from top to bottom hole lead, heading advance on the excavation, single (double) and lateral pit method. Excavation will be conducted Section Division excavation by the Ministry of shape, and to advance some of excavation, it may be called derivative ahead excavation pit method.Law Division level : general application or soil collapse easily lots of soft rock, with its advantages - stage method, height can be lengthened, the two-lane tunnel for a hole-fold, cycling Road Tunnel - hole 2 times; rather than single (double) PENDANTS Heading a high degree of mechanization, can accelerate the progress of the projects.The next heading advance excavation method (that is guided pit wall first arch) : This Act applies to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock. in the soft ground tunneling, to be adopted next general guide advance excavation pit wall first arch Act. Its advantages are : Heading advance excavation, the use of proven geological conditions in advance to facilitate change in the method. Face to facilitate started procedures applicable to the labor arrangements for the use of small machinery and construction. The drawbacks : The next section will guide small, slow construction and construction processes more, construction and management difficult.Unilateral-arm pit Law : rock instability, the tunnel span larger, ground subsidence is difficult to control when using this method. Its characteristics are : a positive step and arms Heading Act advantages.Bilateral arm Heading law : in large-span shallow tunnels, surface subsidence require strict, especially poor rock used. Advantages of this method are : Construction of safe, reliable, but slow construction, high cost.III.The main tunnel construction technology1. Cave construction :（1）excavation slope around :Lofting total station measurements, the use of excavators from top to bottom, paragraph by paragraph excavation, not the amount of excavation or the end of next overlapping excavation, remove pits with the above may slump topsoil, shrubs and rock slopes, rock strata of slope excavation needs blasting, Discussion should focus mainly loose blasting. Also partial artificial finishing, when excavation and inspection slope of slope, if sliding and cracking phenomenon and slowing down due slope.（2）.Cheng Tung-supporting :Yang Brush Singapore Singapore after the completion of timely inspection plate slope gradient, the gradient to pass the inspection, the system set up to fight time anchor, and the exposed bolt heads, hanging metal based network expansion and bolt welding into first overall. Linked network immediately after the completion of shotcrete and repeatedly jet until it reaches the thickness of the design so far.（3）.as of gutter construction :Yang slope away from the groove 5 meters excavation ditch interception, interception gutter mainly mechanical excavation, artificial finishing, after dressing, 7.5# immediately masonry made of mortar and stones, and the floor surface with mortar.2. Auxiliary construction :（1）A long pipe roof :Sets arch construction : construction Lofting, template installation, assembling reinforcement, the guidance of lofting 127 installation guide, concrete pouring.Pipe specifications : Heat Nazarbayev Seamless Steel Tube ￠108 mm and a thickness of 6 mm, length of 3 m, 6 m;N pipe from : Central to the distance 50 cm;N Inclination : Elevation 1 ° (the actual construction works by 2 °), the direction parallel with the Central Line;N pipe construction error : Radial not more than 20 cm;N tunnel longitudinal joints within the same section with more than 50% adjacent pipe joints staggered at least a meter.A. pipe roof construction method :Lofting accurate measurement personnel, marking the centerline and the vault out of its hole elevation, soil excavation reserved as a core pipe roof construction work platform Excavation footage of 2.5 meters, after the end of excavation, artificial symmetrical on both sides of excavation (Commodities H) platform, level width of 1.5 meters, 2.0 meters high, as construction sets and pipe arch shed facilities drilling platform. Pipe-roof design position should be and it should be a good hole steel tube, grouting after playing non-porous tube steel, non-porous tube can be used as pipe inspection, Grouting quality inspection, drill vertical direction must be accurately controlled to guarantee the opening hole to the right, End each drilling a hole is a pipe jacking, drilling should always use dipcompass drilling pipe measuring the deflection, found that the deflection over design requirements in a timely fashion. Pipe joints using screw connection, screw length 15 cm, to stagger the pipe joints, odd-numbered as the first section of the introduction of three-meter steel pipes and even numbered the first section of pipe using 6 meters, After each have adopted six-meter-long steel pipe.B. pipe roof construction machinery :N drilling machinery : XY-28-300 equipped with electric drill, drilling and pipe jacking long shelf;N grouting machine : BW-250/50-injection pump two Taiwan;N using cement-water glass slurry. Mud and water volume ratio 1:0.5; water glass slurry concentration of water-cement ratio 1:1 silicate 35 Baume; The efficacy silicate modulus pressure grouting pressure early pressure 2.0MPA 0.5~1.0MPA; end.（2）. a small catheterA. small catheter used ahead diameter of 42 mm and a thickness of 3.5 mm thermal Nazarbayev seamless steel tubes, steel pipe was front-tip, Welding on the tail ￠6 stiffening brace and the wall around the drilling hole grouting 8 mm, but the tail of a meter without grouting holes and Advance Construction of a small catheter, the tubes and the lining of the centerline parallel to 10 ° -30 ° Chalu into the rock arch. penstocks to 20-50 cm spacing. Each was over a steel tubes, should be closed immediately shotcrete excavation face and then grouting. After grouting, erecting steel Arch, Supporting the early completion of every (2-3 meters, and the paper attempts to be) another one for steel tubes, Advance small catheter general lap length of 1.0 meters.B. Grouting parameters :N water slurry and water glass volume : 1:0.5;N slurry water-cement ratio 1:1N 35 Baume concentration of sodium silicate; The efficacy silicate modulusN grouting pressure 0.5~1.0MPA; if necessary, set up only orifice Pulp Cypriots.（3）. bolting ahead : The Chalu must be greater than 14 degrees, grouting satiated and lap length is not less than 1 meter.3.Correcting construction :Embedded parts used by the Design Dimensions plank make shape design, installation in contrast snoop plate car, and position accuracy (error ± 50CM), the firm shall not be fixed, you must be in possession of the wire through the middle wear.4. Leveling ConstructionInstallation templates, at the request of both sides leveling layer calibration position to install template. Side-channel steel templates used [10#, top elevation with a corresponding length of the road elevation unanimously to allow deviation ±2mm. adjusted using the standard measurement to determine elevation. Every template fixed a certain distance from the outside to ensure that no displacement, the joints template close comfort, not from a slit, crooked and formation, and the bottom connector templates are not allowed to leak plasma. Concrete before reperfusion, the bottom surface of concrete must be clean. When the concrete arrived at the construction site directly installed backward mode of the road bed, and using artificial Huabu uniform. Concrete paver should be considered after the earthquake destroyed the settlement. Unrealistically high can be 10% higher, Lan is the surface elevation and design line. Concrete earthquake destroyed at or anywhere near the corner with plug-Lan Lan pound for pound order; Flat-Lan pound for pound crisscross comprehensive Lan, Inside each location is no longer the time for concrete sinks, no longer emitted large bubbles, and the surface of cement mortar later. normally no less than 15 seconds, also should not be too long; Then Chun-pound beam along the longitudinal Lan-pound trailer, With redundant Chun-pound concrete beams were dragged shift Trim, Dixian Department should keep leveling Lan facts. Finally, the diameter 75~100mm rolling seamless steel pipe for further leveling. Just do prohibited in the surface spraying water, and threw cement.5. Water, cable duct constructionInstall groove wall reinforcement of location accuracy, the line must be linked to the construction. Install groove wall purity, the purity requirements of accurate location, a vertical line. Dyadic greatest degree of not more than 3 mm, and template-Ditch The top-pronged, pass the inspection before the concrete reperfusion, on the side of the original wall must pick hair, and embedded parts to the location accurately. Template using stereotypes purity.6.Gate ConstructionCleared the site for construction layout. By design size requirement dug-wall basis. M7.5# masonry made of mortar and stones.Template installation, location accuracy requirements purity, a vertical line, and timely inspection template slope. Concrete pouring 15 # Riprap concrete, concrete strength to be more than 70% for Myeongdong vault backfill.Myungdong vault backfill should hierarchical compaction said. The typical thickness of less than 0.3M, both backfill surface height difference of not more than 0.5M. restored to the vault after the pack to design hierarchical compaction high, the use of machines rolling, Ramming must manually filled to vault over 1.0M before mechanical compaction .7 .Construction safety and environmental controlEntrance to wear helmets to prevent crashes, in which the speed limit 5KM, lighting must be a 10-meter lights reckless goods stored material must be standardized and distributed under special guard.Spoil venues must be smooth drainage, and must be masonry retaining wall to prevent flooding, debris flow forming.8. The construction process has to tackle the problems :Construction of two liner after water seepage treatment :Small cracks with acrylic, water or slurry coating of epoxy resin and other caulking, a good effect; On the larger cracks, available on the 10th of cement mortar or cement mortar expansion caulking more appropriate and effective;Large cracks (crack width greater than 5MM), (if leakage of water, available along the cutting machine cutting a wide cracks around 2~4CM small groove depth approximately 10CM above the water, Cutting a 5 × 5CM Cube holes room, then insert a pipe 4 × 4CM MF7 plastic Blind groove, Cutting together into good pressure tank, the introduction of vertical water drains, Finally, cement and water Glass closed mixed mortar cutting groove) withoutseepage, it is appropriate epoxy mortar, or grouting, Reinforced concrete and other reinforced jet.IV. Example projectsNATM is from the introduction of the bolt and shotcrete a category of "active" support the new technology to promote the use began. Soon, the Chinese engineer on the tunnel not only in substance but also in terms of acceptance of the new Austrian law. To be held in China in the tunnel and underground engineering academic meeting, the new Austrian capital has become a hot topic.Engineers of the new Austrian law relishes is justified : the use of new Austrian law, has been successful in soft rock and difficult conditions of the construction of various types of underground works.Built on loose sand gravel stratum of Beijing Subway allowed back of the tunnel is a typical example. The tunnel is located in the main street-256, 358m long, the largest excavation section 9m high, 14.5m wide coverage stratigraphic top of the tunnel only minimum thickness 9.0m. Tunnel boring machine of excavation, strengthen the grid arch shotcrete initial support and advance small catheter care, Without prejudice to ground transportation, underground pipelines to ensure the safety of construction success.In the works is the experience, knowledge of the Chinese engineers, the use of new Austrian law principles can be used in the Mountain Tunnel Mine Act to expand the scope of application of the soft rock, even in the fourth strata of municipal shallow tunnel to replace the traditional method of digging or shield. In China, such a method called "shallow mining method."Following allowed back lane tunnel, gravel in the same folder of alluvial gravel layer is shallow mining method used to build the span of 21.67m in the Xidan MTR stations.Changan Avenue in the construction of the new Beijing metro line projects, shallow mining method has been selected as the main method of construction. For example, the Tiananmen Square in Beijing Metro West Point, 226m long, for two double-pole structure.Guangzhou Metro East is shallow mining method used in the construction. Experience shows that from the ground environmental protection, surface subsidence of the dug system。
隧道专业毕业设计文献综述
隧道病害防治综述摘要：在我国铁路隧道修建已有近100年的历史，许多隧道都已经进入高维修管理阶段，隧道的病害防治已越来越成为人们重视的问题，随着生产力的发展，越来越多的新技术被运用在隧道病害防治上。
关键词：隧道，隧道病害防治，新技术，衬砌1 、前言近年来随着我国公路建设的快速发展，由8.5万公里构成的“7918”高速公路网即将形成，有关部门正在规划和完善国家高速公路网络，以满足人们出行和经济发展的需求。
由于高速公路线形的技术指标高，当其进入山区或重丘区时，就不可避免地需要采用隧道来穿越山岭。
隧道是铁路、道路、水渠、各种管道等遇到岩、土、水体障碍时开凿的穿过山体或水底的内部通道，是“生命线”工程。
据来自于各方面的统计资料表明，到2005年年底，我国大陆即已建成铁路隧道7500座，总延长4300公里，将在“十一五”（2006~2010年）发展期间为我国的经济建设与发展起到积极的推动作用。
但是，我国地域自然条件差异较大，隧道穿越的山体工程地质条件、气候条件、水文地质和设计、施工、运营的条件复杂多变，早期修建的隧道经常各方面的病害，形成重大的安全隐患。
文献《黄土岭隧道病害成因分析及处治设计》（作者：金文良，公路隧道，2011）]1[指出二十一世纪“我国将从土建大国变成修缮大国”，在我国铁路隧道修建已有近100年的历史，许多隧道都已经进入高维修管理阶段，维修管理费用将大幅度增长。
本文以铁路隧道、公路隧道和地铁隧道为对象，对隧道中主要出现水害、冻害、衬砌裂损和腐蚀四种病害的防治进行综述。
2 、主题2.1 隧道的水害及其防治2.1.1隧道水害的类型及其成因1、类型(1)按部位和流量：拱部有渗水、滴水、漏水成线和成股射流四种，边墙有渗水、淌水两种，少数隧道有隧道涌水病害。
它受漏水、涌水规模以及隧道结构、牵引类型、地质条件等的影响。
(2)按水源补给情况，又分为地下水补给和地表水补给两种。
文献《隧道漏水与水害整治》（作者：开永旺，哈尔滨铁道科技，2002）]2[认为根据漏水处水量和水压的大小，隧道漏水的状况大致可为如下几种：①渗润：衬砌表面呈湿润状态，并象冒汗一样出现水珠。
隧道开题报告
衬砌设计参数只能参考经验或套用规范。
2.施工中围岩动态信息反馈技术较差, 预报的准确率较低；喷射混凝土回弹率仍较高, 影响工程进度, 清理困难, 材料浪费较大。
3.对地下水探测手段落后, 施工防排水技术亦较落后, 隧道渗漏水情况还普遍存在。
设计资料
本设计是某地隧道设计。
1）设计标准
(1) 道路等级: 山岭重丘高速公路；
(2) 洞内设计车速: 80 km/h；
(3) 设计交通量: 28096辆/日（小汽车）。
2）工程概况
某丘陵隧道为双洞四车道公路双连拱隧道, 设计行车速度80km/h。进口桩号为K93+165, 出口桩号为K93+350, 隧道全长185米；隧道设计纵坡为2.6%, 里程由大到小为下坡。
(1)第四系（Q）
①残坡积层（Q4dl+el）: 亚粘土, 暗紫色, 可塑, 厚度0.80m左右。主要分布在进洞口段斜坡上。
②崩坡积层（Q4c+dl）：块碎石土、砂土, 棕黄色, 土体松散, 厚度1.50米左右, 主要分布在出洞口段斜坡的局部地段。
（2) 侏罗系
中统下沙溪庙组砂岩（J2xs-ss）: 灰白色, 中细粒结构, 厚层状构造, 主要成分石英、长石, 次云母等, 泥质、钙质胶结, 弱风化层岩石质硬, 强风化层厚2.50-4.00m。分布于隧道西侧斜坡（出洞口）, 地表可见其露头, 完整系数0.83-0.84, 完整性好, 为
人类很早就知道利用自然洞穴作为住处。当社会发展到能制造挖掘工具时, 就出现了人工挖掘的隧道。近代隧道兴起于运河时代, 从17世纪起, 欧洲陆续修建了许多隧道。
国内外隧道施工中形成了两大理论体系：一种是20世纪20年代提出的传统“松弛荷载理论”, 其核心内容是稳定的围岩有自稳能力, 对隧道不产生荷载, 而不稳定的岩体则可能产生坍塌, 需要用支护结构予以支承岩体荷载。这样, 作用在支护结构上的荷载就是围岩在一定范围内由于松弛并可能坍塌的岩体重力。另一种是20世纪50年代提出的“岩承理论”。其核心内容是隧道围岩稳定显然是岩体自身有承载自稳能力, 不稳定围岩丧失稳定是具有一个过程的, 如在这个过程中提供必要的支护或限制, 则围岩仍然能够保持稳定状态。“岩承理论”则是在新奥法设计施工的基础上提出来的。
土木工程专业毕业论文--时速200km及以上铁路隧道设计与施工+任务书+开题报告+外文翻译
毕业设计任务书毕业设计开题报告摘要合武线卢家山二号隧道是时速350km的高速铁路隧道。
该隧道属于大断面的短隧道。
主要设计内容包括：各级围岩荷载计算、利用有限元软件进行二衬的内力计算、开挖方法设计、爆破设计、复合式衬砌设计、防水以及监测等。
本设计中采用了新奥法施工，尽量保护围岩，发挥围岩的自承能力。
进口和出口段采用明挖法修建拱式明洞；洞身段III级围岩段采用台阶法进行施工，爆破开挖；IV级围岩段采用台阶法预留核心土进行施工，机械开挖；V级围岩段采用了CRD 法进行施工，机械开挖，同时采用超前锚杆进行超前预支护。
设计中介绍了开挖方法的具体施工流程。
施工工艺方面，整个施工过程中进行监控量测，保证施工安全和施工质量。
施工期间还采用地质雷达法和超前钻探取芯法进行超前预报，进一步保证了施工的安全进行。
此外设计中还给出了初期支护、二次衬砌和防排水施工工艺的措施和方案。
关键词：高速铁路隧道新奥法结构计算爆破设计监控量测AbstractNo.2 Lujiashan railway tunnel is between Hefei and Wuhan,it is the high-speed rail tunnel as 350km per hour. The tunnel is a large sections tunnel and belong to short tunnel. In this article, main design contents include: calculation of different surrounding rock load , calculation of internal force in the second lining , design of excavation , design of blasting , design of composite linings , design of waterproof and monitoring, etc.NATM is adopted in this design , with the purpose of try to protect the surrounding rock. Open cut tunnle is built at the entrance and exit of the tunnle by open and cover method. For III levelsurrounding rockmass in this tunnel，steps method is used and blasting excavation；for level IV surrounding rock , three steps reserve core soil is used and mechanical excavation;for V level surrounding rock, CRD method is adopted and mechanical excavation ,meanwhile,advanced bolt is built over the V level surrounding rock .In this article ,the clear method and construction process is introducd.Construction technology is introduced in the article. During the course of construction , monitoring measurements must conducted From beginning to end ,in order to ensure construction safety and construction quality. During construction period ,Geological radar cooperate advanced drilling core to ensure the safty. In addition, primary support , secondary lining and waterproof and drainage construction craft are introduced.Keywords: High speed Railway tunnel NATM Structure calculation Blasting design Monitoring measurement目录第1章绪论 (1)1.1 研究背景 (1)1.2 国内外研究现状 (1)1.3本设计主要内容 (2)第2章卢家山二号隧道概况 (3)第3章结构计算 (4)3.1 二衬结构计算原理 (4)3.2荷载计算 (4)3.2.1荷载计算公式 (4)3.2.2荷载计算 (6)3.3衬砌内力计算 (7)3.4二次衬砌强度检算及配筋 (11)3.4.1强度检算公式 (11)3.4.2强度检算及配筋 (13)3.5隧道的结构形式以及支护参数 (14)第4章隧道施工 (16)4.1 总体方案 (16)4.2 开挖方法和工序 (16)4.2.1 明挖法 (16)4.2.2 CRD法施工 (17)4.2.3台阶法施工 (19)4.3爆破设计 (19)4.3.1 Ⅲ级围岩段爆破设计 (19)4.3.2 Ⅳ级围岩段爆破设计 (22)4.3.3钻爆施工 (25)4.4 装渣与运输 (26)第5章施工工艺 (27)5.1 超前地质预报 (27)5.2 监控量测 (27)5.2.1 量测目的 (27)5.2.2 监控量测项目 (27)5.2.3 监控量测的主要设备 (28)5.2.4 监控量测流程 (28)5.2.5监控量测测点布置、量测断面 (29)5.2.6 围岩压力和两层衬砌间压力量测 (31)5.2.7数据分析与反馈 (31)5.3超前注浆小导管 (31)5.3.1 超前小导管设计参数 (32)5.3.2 超前小导管施工 (32)5.4初期支护 (32)5.4.1 喷射混凝土 (32)5.4.2 锚杆 (34)5.4.3 钢筋网 (36)5.4.4 格栅钢架 (37)5.5二次衬砌 (38)5.5.1二次衬砌施工概述 (38)5.5.2二次衬砌施工准备工作 (39)5.5.3混凝土的灌注、养护与拆模 (40)5.6 隧道防排水设计 (40)5.6.1 洞口防排水 (40)5.6.2 洞内防排水 (40)第6章结论 (44)参考文献 (45)致谢 (46)附录A 外文翻译资料 (47)A.1英文 (47)A.2译文 (51)附录B 图纸 (55)第1章绪论1.1 研究背景随着我国社会、经济的高速发展，全社会客运量和货运量都成倍增长。
铁路隧道开题报告
铁路隧道开题报告铁路隧道开题报告一、引言铁路隧道作为现代交通建设的重要组成部分，具有重要的经济和社会意义。
本文将围绕铁路隧道的建设与发展进行探讨，分析其意义、技术难题以及未来发展方向。
二、背景铁路隧道作为铁路线路的重要组成部分，能够克服地理条件限制，提高铁路运输效率，缩短运输距离，减少能耗和环境污染。
然而，随着经济的快速发展和人口的增长，现有铁路隧道已经面临运能不足、安全隐患等问题。
因此，加强铁路隧道的建设与改造势在必行。
三、意义1. 促进区域经济发展：铁路隧道的建设可以连接不同地区，促进经济协同发展，提高区域内外的交通便利性，推动产业转型升级。
2. 提升交通运输效率：铁路隧道的建设可以缩短运输距离，提高运输效率，降低物流成本，促进货物流通和人员流动。
3. 保障交通安全：铁路隧道的建设可以减少交通事故的发生，提高行车安全性，保障人民生命财产安全。
4. 保护生态环境：铁路隧道的建设可以减少对自然环境的破坏，保护生态系统的完整性，促进可持续发展。
四、技术难题1. 地质条件：铁路隧道建设需要充分考虑地质条件，如地层稳定性、地下水位等因素，避免地质灾害的发生。
2. 设计与施工：铁路隧道的设计与施工需要充分考虑隧道的结构安全性、通风与照明等问题，确保隧道的正常运行。
3. 环境保护：铁路隧道的建设需要充分考虑对周边环境的影响，采取相应的环境保护措施，减少噪音和震动对周边居民的影响。
五、未来发展方向1. 利用新技术：随着科技的不断进步，铁路隧道建设可以借助新材料、新工艺和智能化技术，提高施工效率和隧道的使用寿命。
2. 探索地下空间利用：随着城市化进程的加快，地下空间的利用已成为一种趋势。
铁路隧道可以与地下商业、停车场等设施相结合，实现空间的多元化利用。
3. 加强运维管理：随着铁路隧道的建设数量增加，加强运维管理变得尤为重要。
建立完善的监测系统和维护机制，及时发现和处理隧道运行中的问题，确保隧道的安全运行。
六、结论铁路隧道的建设与发展对于促进经济发展、提高交通运输效率、保障交通安全和保护生态环境具有重要意义。
铁路隧道毕业设计
铁路隧道毕业设计随着城市化进程的加快，交通拥堵问题日益严重，铁路交通作为一种高效、快速的交通方式备受关注。
而在铁路建设中，隧道作为重要的组成部分，对于确保列车运行的安全和顺畅起着至关重要的作用。
因此，我选择了铁路隧道作为我的毕业设计课题。
在进行铁路隧道设计之前，首先需要对隧道的功能和要求进行全面的了解。
隧道的主要功能是为列车提供通行的通道，同时还需要考虑到防灾、防洪、通风等方面的要求。
此外，根据列车的运行速度和载重量，还需要对隧道的结构强度进行合理的设计。
隧道设计的第一步是确定隧道的位置和线路走向。
这需要综合考虑地质条件、环境因素以及交通需求等多个方面的因素。
地质勘探是确定隧道位置的重要依据，通过对地质构造、岩层性质等进行详细的调查和分析，可以确定隧道的最佳位置。
隧道的地质条件对于设计和施工来说至关重要。
不同地质条件下的隧道设计有着不同的要求。
例如，在岩石地层中，隧道的设计可以更加简单，但需要考虑到岩层的稳定性和固结等问题；而在软土地层中，隧道的设计则需要考虑到土体的沉降和变形等问题。
隧道的结构设计是保证隧道安全和可靠运行的关键。
隧道的结构主要包括洞口、洞身和洞顶等部分。
洞口设计需要考虑到洞口的宽度和高度，以及进出口的坡度等因素。
洞身设计需要考虑到隧道的净宽、净高和净距等参数，以及隧道的强度和稳定性等问题。
洞顶设计需要考虑到隧道的排水和通风等问题。
在进行隧道设计时，还需要考虑到隧道的施工工艺和施工方法。
隧道的施工工艺包括开挖、支护和衬砌等工序，需要根据具体的地质条件和隧道的要求来确定。
隧道的施工方法包括盾构法、爆破法和钻孔法等，需要根据隧道的长度、地质条件和施工周期等因素来选择。
隧道的运行和维护是保证隧道安全和可靠运行的关键。
隧道的运行需要考虑到列车的运行速度和频率等因素，以及隧道的通风和照明等设施。
隧道的维护需要定期进行巡检和维修，及时处理隧道内的故障和损坏。
总之，铁路隧道作为现代铁路交通的重要组成部分，对于确保列车运行的安全和顺畅起着至关重要的作用。
高速铁路隧道毕业设计
毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。
尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。
对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期：使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。
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除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。
对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。
本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。
作者签名：日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。
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涉密论文按学校规定处理。
作者签名：日期：年月日导师签名：日期：年月日注意事项1.设计（论文）的内容包括：1）封面（按教务处制定的标准封面格式制作）2）原创性声明3）中文摘要（300字左右）、关键词4）外文摘要、关键词5）目次页（附件不统一编入）6）论文主体部分：引言（或绪论）、正文、结论7）参考文献8）致谢9）附录（对论文支持必要时）2.论文字数要求：理工类设计（论文）正文字数不少于1万字（不包括图纸、程序清单等），文科类论文正文字数不少于1.2万字。
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天津大学仁本科生毕业设计（论文）开题报告XX隧道施工组织设计摘要施工组织设计的编制始终按照技术可靠、措施得力、确保安全的原则，确定施工方案，把安全措施落实到位，确保万无一失的前提下组织施工。
本文综合分析施工进度的多方面控制因素，充分协调组织好本标段工程施工力量配置，客观地预计各工序作业时间，采用成熟、先进的控制及优化方法，明确满足要求的施工进度计划及保证计划的人员、设备、物资的配置。
根据招标文件对本隧道的工期要求，编制科学合理、周密的施工方案，采用信息化技术，合理安排工程进度，搞好工序衔接，实施进度监控，确保实现工期目标，满足业主要求。
关键词：客运专线、XX隧道、施工、组织XX Tunnel construction organization and designsummaryThe construction organization design of compiling always according to the technical measures strength; ensure reliable, safe principle, determine the construction plan and safety measures implementation, to ensure continued operation under the premise of organization construction.This article comprehensively analyzed the construction progress of various control factors, fully coordinated organization good this section of engineering construction power allocation, objectively expected various processes homework time, adopting mature, advanced control and optimization method, clear meet the requirements of the construction schedule and ensure planning personnel, equipment, material configuration. According to this tunnel project bidding documents demands, formulate scientific and reasonable, careful construction plan, the information technology, reasonable arrangement project schedule, improving process cohesion, implementing progress monitoring, ensure realization period goal, satisfy customers requirements.Keywords: special passenger line, in tunnel, construction, shipment.welcome organization施工组织设计文献综述施工组织设计产生于计划经济年代，是施工企业对施工项目进行技术管理的重要文件。
如今，建筑市场依照国际惯例。
工程施工的发包和承包实行工程招投标制和合同管理制。
工程的管理实行业主责任制、项目经理责任制和工程建设监理制等。
新制度的施行。
使项目管理的模式也相应发生了根本性的变化。
因此，施工组织设计的创新是施工企业必须面对和重视的问题。
1 、施工组织设计地位和作用的变化施工组织设计是投标书的重要组成部分。
是为取得工程承包而编制的，它的主要作用已不只是用于指导工程施工，还有以下两个方面的作用：一是论证作用。
在技术上、组织上和管理手段上论证投标书中投标报价、施工工期和施工质量三大目标的合理性和可行性：二是承诺和要约作用。
对招标文件提出的要求(要约)做出明确、具体的承诺，对工程承包中需要业主提供的条件提出要求(要约)。
施工组织设计在投标阶段即已形成(即投标施工组织设计)。
但合同签定后。
承包商还需根据合同文件的要求和具体的施工条件。
对其进行修改、充实、完善，形成实施性的施工组织设计。
无论是FIDIC合同文件。
还是我国的《建设工程施工合同》示范文本。
均将投标书列为工程承包合同的组成部分，而施工组织设计的修改、充实、完善，是经监理工程师(业主代表)审核同意。
并经双方反复协商、达成一致后确定的，整个过程具备合同订立的要约与承诺的特征。
因此。
施工组织设计是工程承包合同的组成部分。
施工组织设计主要用于指导施工。
但由于具有承包合同的地位。
其作用不限于施工。
其具体表现在以下三个方面：一是工程结算的依据，工程造价的一个重要特点是造价与施工方案有关。
同一项工程采用不同的施工方案。
其工程量和造价都不一样。
工程投标报价往往是单价的套用和实际工程量的计算。
则应依据批准的施工组织设计确定：二是施工组织设计是工程索赔的依据。
若业主未按承诺提供施工条件(施工图、施工场地等)，若由此造成施工工期延误，施工企业可提出工期索赔，若造成工料及其他经济损失。
可提出经济索赔。
索赔的依据包括施工组织设计：三是监理对象。
施工组织设计应用于施工全过程。
集技术、安全质量管理和环水保管理与一体，是一分全面的施工计划。
因此，监理工程师将其视为重要的监理对象。
严格监督其实施。
严格控制承包商对施工组织设计的变更和修改，将擅自变更和修改的行为视为违约行为。
2 、施工组织设计编制与应用的创新2．1 内容创新。
过去，施工组织设计是按技术需要编制的，其主要内容仅限于工程概况、施工方案、施工进度计划、施工平面图、保证施工质量及安全的技术和组织措施。
在市场经济体制下。
施工组织设计作为工程承包合同的一部分，其内容不仅要考虑技术上的需要，更要考虑履行合同的需要，应编成一份集技术、经济、管理、合同于一体的项目管理规划性文件、合同履行的指导性文件、工程结算和索赔的依据性文件，因此，施工组织设计的内容应增加。
应向项目管理规划方向发展。
施工组织设计内容的创新应体现在以下两个方面：一是业主应提供的条件。
施工组织设计作为工程承包合的组成部分。
规定的义务应是承发包双方的。
工程承包合同文件虽有通用条件和专用条件规定业主应尽的义务，但在施工组织设计中应列出业主应提供的施工图、施工场地、水电供应、材料设备、报批手续等施工条件。
并列表说明提供施工条件的时间、地点、数量和质量。
这样，则更具体、更明了、更易于操作，更重要的是有利于日后的索赔；二是工程分包。
工程分包分为承包商分包和业主分包。
我国法律对工程分包有严格的限制。
承包商分包应在业主允许的情况下在投标书中做出声明。
而且承包商要对分包工程承担所有责任。
因此，施工组织设计中应包括承包商分包工程的施工组织设计。
2．2 应用技术和手段创新。
网络计划技术可以通过时间参数计算对计划进行工期、费用和资源的优化。
可以根据计划的执行情况和条件的变化对计划进行动态的调整控制。
使计划目标得以实现。
网络计划技术的应用要实现以下三个转变：一是由静态的网络图向动态的网络计划转变。
静态的网络图随着实际施工进度与计划进度发生偏差及施工环境的改变。
很快就会失去使用价值。
必须根据实际进度定期或不定期对网络计划进行检查和调整，对施工进度进行控制。
以实现工目标：二是由单纯的施工进度计划向施工进度计划、资源计划和成本计划等综合性计划转变。
单纯的施工进度计划只能保证工期的实现。
而不能实现资源的合理利用。
且在资源使用不均衡不合理的条件下。
施工工期也难以保证；三是由满足型计划向效益型计划转变。
计划工期是为了满足合同工期要求；资源的计划使用是受资源的条件所限制。
合理计划利用虽然重要，但并不能带来高效益，只有同时对施工费用、成本进行优化。
才能实现效益的最大化。
这正是项目管理的主要目标。
计算机和计算机网络在施工组织设计中的应用主要有以下三个方面：一是应用计算机编制施工组织设计，应用计算机可以加快编制速度，提高编制质量，有利于及时修改；二是利于计算机进行施工进度计划的优化、检查、调整和控制。
三是利于计算机网络及时获取、处理和利用各种有利信息。
信息的内容来自于项目部内外。
当日完成的工程量、企业内部现有和已占有的资源信息是项目内部的信息：有关法规、政策等是企业外部的信息。
这些信息都可通过计算机网络进行传输。
企业和项目经理部应建立自己的计算机局域网和管理信息系统。
以便及时收集有关信息。
依据收集的信息对施工组织设计进行及时的调整。
以使项目适应环境的变化。
确保项目按计划完成。
建筑业是一个涉及面很广的行业，施工组织设计作为其中的一门学科，有着它独特的地位和作用，施工组织设计不但是施工企业投标的重要文件，而且是项目管理的总体规划。
既然它产生于计划经济时代，它就应该顺应时代的潮流，一改过去教条冗长的模式，真正做到与时俱进。
要编制出切实可行合理的施工组织设计(或方案)应具备很多方面的知识，特别是实践中的经验，只有这样，才能编制出更具有指导性的工程文件，用来指导施工。
参考资料及文献：1、XX隧道设计图(中国中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司)2、铁道部铁路工程建设参考图3、现行的国家有关方针政策及国家和铁道部有关标准、规范、验标及施工指南；4、《XX铁路建设“六位一体”管理文件；5、《新建XX铁路GGTJ-5标段实施性施工组织设计》6、XX铁路公司筹备组《指导性施工组织设计》及《答疑书》7、现场踏勘调查资料8、加强铁路施工的组织与管理中小企业管理与科技(上旬刊) 2009/03 中国期刊全文数据库9 、高等级铁路施工组织设计和工程造价探析铁道工程学报 2009/04 中国期刊全文数据库10、开发铁路施工组织管理信息系统的探讨科技资讯 2009/16 中国期刊全文数据库11、汉口—宜昌铁路施工组织方案优化探讨铁道建筑 2009/06 中国期刊全文数据库12 、铁路施工组织管理系统的研究科技资讯 2008/2413 、山区高速铁路施工组织设计与工程造价铁路工程造价管理 2004/02 中国期刊全文数据库14 、铁路施工组织设计的CAD系统铁道建筑技术 2001/04 中国期刊全文数据库15 、铁路施工组织方案比选的层次分析法铁路工程造价管理 2000/01 中国期刊全文数据库16、铁路施工组织设计分类新方案的构想华东交通大学学报 1999/04 中国期刊全文数据库17、高速铁路施工组织设计与概算编制问题的探讨铁路工程造价管理 1999/03 中国期刊全文数据库18 、计算机辅助铁路施工组织进度控制铁路计算机应用 1998/02 中国期刊全文数据库19 、浅谈西南地区铁路施工组织设计的体会铁路工程造价管理 1995/02 中国期刊全文数据库20 、试论铁路施工组织设计方案比选铁路工程造价管理 1993/03 中国期刊全文数据库21、新建铁路施工组织网络设计的自动化铁道学报 1990/04 中国期刊全文数据库22 、铁路施工组织方案比选方法研究铁道工程学报 1987/04 中国期刊全文数据库23 、铁路施工组织方案比选方法问题的研究铁道科学与工程学报 1987/01 中国期刊全文数据库24 、铁路施工组织设计经济效果的评价铁道工程学报 1986/01 中国期刊全文数据库致谢通过这一阶段的努力，我的毕业论文《XX隧道施工组织设计》终于完成了，这意味着大学生活即将结束。