Zjglux新托福词汇分类突破71-100

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Eohsovq新托福词汇分类突破71-100

七夕，古今诗人惯咏星月与悲情。

吾生虽晚，世态炎凉却已看透矣。

情也成空，且作“挥手袖底风”罢。

是夜，窗外风雨如晦，吾独坐陋室，听一曲《尘缘》，合成诗韵一首，觉放诸古今，亦独有风韵也。

乃书于纸上。

毕而卧。

凄然入梦。

乙酉年七月初七。

-----啸之记。

071Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for the feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals. Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasps and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed, antennae and an indented abdomen that forms a narrow waist.o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 复杂的o shelter [5FeltE] n. 遮蔽处o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o h ymenoptera [7haimi5nCptErE] n. 膜翅目o sawfly [5sR:flai] n. 叶蜂o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o in that [in] [TAt]conj. 因为o distinguish [dis5tiN^wiF] v. 区别o bent [bent] adj. 弯曲的o elbowed [5elbEud] adj. 像肘一样弯曲的o antenna [An5tenE] n. 触须o indented [in5dentid] adj. 锯齿状的o abdomen [5AbdEmEn] n. 腹部o waist [weist] n. 昆虫腹部的较窄部位072Members of an ant colony typically fall into categories known as castes, each with a different role. The majority of colony members are female worker ants that are unable to mate. Worker ants do not have wings and perform most of the work of the colony, including searching for food,nursing young, and defending the colony against ants from other colonies. Queens are larger than worker ants and are the only females of the colony capable of mating. Queens are born with wings, which they break off after mating. They mate with winged male ants, later using the sperm from the mating to produce fertilized eggs, which hatch to produce more worker ants and a new generation of queens.o caste [kB:st] n. 有社会组织的昆虫的阶级o mate [meit] v. 交配，繁殖o perform [pE5fC:m] v. 执行o nurse [nE:s] v. 看护o capable of [5keipEbl] [Ev]adj. 有能力o sperm [spE:m] n. 精子o fertilized egg [5fE:tElaizd] n. 受精卵o hatch [hAtF] v. 孵化073Insects and diseases are a continuing menace to forests. Various insects, such as the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the spruce budworm, devastate extensive areas by defoliation. Other insects serve as carriers for the causative agents of diseases that destroy trees. Parasitic tree diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, or by such parasitic plants as the mistletoe or dodder. Noninfectious diseases of trees include sunscald; drought injury; root drowning, or suffocation; nutritional excesses or deficiencies; winter injury; and injury from smoke, gases, and fumes.o menace [5menEs] n. 威胁o gypsy moth [5dVipsi] [mCW]n. 舞毒蛾o tussock moth [5tQsEk] [mCW]n. 毒蛾o spruce budworm [spru:s] [5bQdwE:m]n. 云杉蚜虫o devastate [5devEsteit] v. 糟蹋o defoliation [7di:fEuli5eiFEn] n. 落叶o causative agent [5kC:zEtiv] [5eidVEnt]n. 病原体o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌o virus [5vaiErEs] n. 病毒o nematode [5nemEtEud] n. 线虫o mistletoe [5misltEu] n. 槲寄生，一种欧亚寄生灌木o dodder [5dCdE] n. 菟丝子o sunscald [5sQnskR:ld] n. 日灼病o drought injury [draut] n. 旱害o root drowning [ru:t] [5drauniN]n. 根部溺死o suffocation [7sQfE5keiFEn] n. 窒息o nutritional [njU:5triFEnEl] adj. 营养的o deficiency [di5fiFEnsi] n. 缺乏o fume [fju:m] n. 浓烟074Birds are the only animals with feathers, collectively called plumage, although some other animals, such as insects and bats, also have wings. Nearly all birds can fly, and even flightless birds, such as ostriches and penguins, evolved from flying ancestors. Many characteristics and behaviors of birds are distinct from all other animals, but there are some similarities. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded— having a relatively constant body temperature that enables them to live in a wide variety of environments. Like reptiles, birds develop from embryos in eggs outside of the mother’s body.o plumage [5plu:midV] n. (鸟的)全身羽毛o ostrich [5astritF] n. 鸵鸟o penguin [5peN^win] n. 企鹅o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o distinct [dis5tiNkt] adj. 截然不同的o similarity [7simE5lArEti] n. 相似之处o chamber [5tFeimbE] n. 腔o warm-blooded [wC:m5blQdid] adj. 恒温的(动物)o constant [5kCnstEnt] adj. 恒定不变的o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o embryo [5embriEu] n. 胚胎075The main component of feathers is keratin, a flexible protein that also forms the hair and fingernails of mammals. Feathers provide the strong yet lightweight surface area needed for powered, aerodynamic flight. They also serve as insulation, trapping pockets of air to help birds conserve their body heat. The varied patterns, colors, textures, and shapes of feathers help birds to signal their age, sex, social status, and species identity to one another. Some birds have plumage that blends in with their surroundings to provide camouflage, helping these birds escape notice by their predators. Birds use their beaks to preen their feathers, often making use of oil from a gland at the base of their tails. Preening removes dirt and parasites and keeps feathers waterproof and supple. Because feathers are nonliving structures that cannot repair themselves when wornor broken, they must be renewed periodically. Most adult birds molt—lose and replace their feathers — at least once a year.o keratin [5kerEtin] n. 角质o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 柔韧的o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o aerodynamic [7eErEudai5nAmik] adj. 空气动力学的o insulation [7insju5leiFEn] n. 绝缘，绝热o trap [trAp] v. 捕捉o conserve [kEn5sE:v] v. 保存o texture [5tekstFE] n. 质地o social status [5sEuFEl] [5steitEs] n. 社会地位o blend in [blend] [in]v. 与(环境等)协调o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o predator [5predEtE] n. 捕食者o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o preen [pri:n] v. (鸟)用嘴整理o gland [^lAnd] n. 腺o tail [teil] n. 尾o parasite [5pArEsait] n. 寄生生物o waterproof [5wC:tEpru:f] adj. 防水的o supple [5sQpl] adj. 柔软的o worn [wC:n] adj. 用旧了的，磨破了的o periodically [7piEri5CdikEli] adj. 周期的，定期的o molt [mEult] v. 换毛076Bird wings are highly modified forelimbs with a skeletal structure resembling that of arms. The shape of a bird’s wings influences its style of flight, which may consist of gliding, soaring, or flapping. Flight muscles are located in the chest and are attached to the wings by large tendons. The breastbone, a large bone shaped like the keel of a boat, supports the flight muscles.o forelimb [5fC:lim] n. 前肢o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o glide [^laid] v. 滑行o soar [sC:] v. 翱翔o flap [flAp] v. 振翅飞行o chest [tFest] n. 胸部o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o keel [ki:l] n. 龙骨：船的主要结构部件077Nearly all birds have a tail, the paired flight feathers of which, called rectrices, extend from the margins of a bird’s tail. Tails may be square, rounded, pointed, or forked, depending on the lengths of the rectrices and the way they terminate.o tail [teil] n. 尾o rectrix [5rektriks] n. (plural: rectirces [5rektrEksiz])舵羽：鸟尾巴上主要几支硬羽毛的一支，用于掌握飞行方向o square [skweE] adj. 正方形的o forked [5fC:kt] adj. 叉状的o terminate [5tE:mineit] v. 中止，结束078Birds have two legs; the lower part of each leg is called the tarsus. Most birds have four toes on each foot, and in many birds, including all songbirds, the first toe, called a hallux, points backwards. Bird toes are adapted in various species for grasping perches, climbing, swimming, capturing prey, and carrying and manipulating food.o tarsus [5tB:sEs] n. 跗骨o toe [tEu] n. 趾o songbird [5sRNbE:d]n. 鸣禽o hallux [5hAlEks] n. (鸟)后趾, (人)大拇趾o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o perch [pE:tF] n. 栖木：供鸟栖息的枝条o manipulate [mE5nipjuleit] v. 处理079Instead of heavy jaws with teeth, modern birds have toothless, lightweight jaws, called beaks or bills. The eyes of birds are protected by three eyelids: an upper lid resembling that of humans, a lower lid that closes when a bird sleeps, and a third lid, called a nictitating membrane, that sweeps across the eye sideways, starting from the side near the beak. This lid is a thin, translucent fold of skin that moistens and cleans the eye and protects it from wind and bright light.o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o bill [bil] n. 啄o eyelid [5ailid] n. 眼睑o nictitating membrane [5niktiteitiN] [5membrein] n. 瞬膜：鸟类、爬行动物和一些哺乳动物的内生透明眼睑，闭上可保护和滋润眼睛o translucent [trAnz5lu:snt] adj. 半透明的o moisten [5mCisn] v. 使潮湿080For breeding, most birds build nests, which help them to incubate, or warm, the developing eggs. Nests sometimes offer camouflage from predators and physical protection from the elements. Nests may be elaborate constructions or a mere scrape on the ground.o breed [bri:d] v. 繁殖；育种o nest [nest] n. 巢o incubate [5inkjubeit] v. 孵化o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o element [5elEmEnt] n. 环境o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 精心制作的o scrape [skreip] n. 浅坑081Among the best-known birds are the birds of prey. Some, including hawks, eagles, and falcons, are active during the daytime. Others, notably owls, are nocturnal, or active at night. Birds of prey have hooked beaks, strong talons or claws on their feet, and keen eyesight and hearing. Scavengers that feed on dead animals are also considered birds of prey.o bird of prey [bE:d] [Ev] [prei]n. 猛禽，食肉鸟o hawk [hC:k] n. 鹰o falcon [5fAlkEn] n. 隼o owl [aul] n. 猫头鹰o nocturnal [nCk5tE:nl] adj. 夜间的o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o talon [5tAlEn] n. 爪o scavenger [5skAvindVE] n. 食腐动物082Migrating birds use a variety of cues to find their way. These include the posit ions of the sun during the day and the stars at night; the earth’s magnetic field; and visual, olfactory, and auditory landmarks.o migrate [5mai^reit] v. 迁徙o cue [kju:] n. 提示o magnetic field [mA^5netik] [fi:ld]n. 磁场o olfactory [Cl5fAktEri] adj. 嗅觉的o auditory [5C:dEtEri] adj. 听觉的083Except in combinations such as waterfowl and wildfowl, in modern usage the word fowl usually is restricted to the common domestic fowl, or chicken. In poultry markets, fowl commonly means a full-grown female bird. Young birds of both sexes, such as broilers and fryers, are called chickens. On poultry farms, male chickens are called roosters or cocks; females, especially those more than a year old, are called hens; females less than a year old are called pullets; very young chickens of either sex are called chicks; and castrated males are called capons.o combination [7kCmbi5neiFEn] n. 组合o waterfowl [5wC:tEfaul] n. 水鸟o wildfowl [5waildfaul] n. 野禽o fowl [faul] n. 家禽o domestic [dE5mestik] adj. 驯养的o poultry [5pEultri] n. 家禽o broiler [5brCilE] n. 适于烤焙的嫩鸡o fryer [fraiE] n. 适于油炸的小鸡o rooster [5ru:stE] n. 公鸡o pullet [5pulit] n. 小母鸡o chick [tFik] n. 小鸡o castrate [kAs5treit] v. 阉割o capon [5keipan] n. 阉鸡084All fishes are vertebrates(animals with backbones) with gills for breathing, and most of them have fins for swimming, scales for protection, and a streamlined body generally with a pointed snout and posterior and a broad propulsive tail for moving easily through the water.o vertebrate [5vE:tEbrEt] n. 脊椎动物o backbone [5bAkbEun] n. 脊椎o gill [dVil] n. 腮o fin [fin] n. 鳍o scale [skeil] n. 鱼鳞o streamlined [5stri:mlaind] adj. 流线型的o snout [snaut] n. 口鼻部o posterior [pCs5tiEriE] n. 后部o propulsive [prEu5pQlsiv] adj. 有推进力的085The term fishery is also used to describe the species of fish being harvested(because most of them are edible), which include familiar finned fish species, like cod and flounder; mollusks, including oysters and squid; and crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs. Lesser-known fisheries include echinoderms, like sea urchins; some amphibians, including frogs; and cnidarians, such as jellyfish. even the harvest of whales is usually considered a fishery.o fishery [5fiFEri] n. 食用鱼类，捕鱼业o harvest [5hB:vEst] v. 收获，捕获o edible [5edEbl] adj. 可食用的o cod [kad] n. 鳕鱼o flounder [5flaundE] n. 比目鱼o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o oyster [5CistE] n. 牡蛎o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o crustacean [krEs5teiFEn] n. 甲壳纲动物o shrimp [Frimp] n. 虾o crab [krAb] n. 螃蟹o echinoderm [i5kainE7dE:m] n. 棘皮动物o sea urchin[si:] [5E:tFin] n. 海胆o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o cnidarian [nai5di E ri E n] n. 刺细胞动物o jellyfish [5dVelifiF] n. 水母o whale [weil] n. 鲸086angling refers to fishing for sport, recreation and relaxation. a fishing rod is a long, straight, flexible pole made of bamboo, fiberglass, or graphite that an angler uses to cast hook with bait or lures into the water.o angling [5AN^liN] n. 垂钓o fishing [5fiFiN] n. 钓鱼o recreation [rekri5eiFEn] n. 消遣o fishing rod [5fiFiN] [rCd]n. 钓竿o straight [streit] adj. 直的o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 弹性的o pole [pEul] n. 杆o bamboo [bAm5bu:] n. 竹子o fiberglass [5faibE^lB:s] n. 玻璃纤维o graphite [5^rAfait] n. 石墨o angler [5AN^lE] n. 钓鱼者o cast [kB:st] v. 抛o hook [huk] n. 鱼钩o bait [beit] n. 饵o lure [luE] n. 诱饵087C oral reefs are built up by limestone skeletons of coral, and are found only in tropical saltwater where bright sunlight can penetrate, because corals cannot exist without the symbiotic algae that live in coral tissues and require sunlight for photosynthesis.o coral [5kCrEl] n. 珊瑚o reef [ri:f] n. 礁o build up [bild] [Qp]v. 堆积o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o skeleton [5skelEtEn] n. 骨骼o tropical [5trCpikl] adj. 热带的o saltwater [5sR:lt7wR:tE] n. 盐水o penetrate [5penEtreit] v. 穿透o symbiotic [7simbi5Rtik] adj. 共生的o algae [5AldVi:] n. 藻类, 海藻(singular: alga [5AlgE])o tissue [5tisju:] n. 组织o photosynthesis [7fEutEu5sinWEsis] n.光合作用088S quids are carnivorous mollusks belonging to the same class as the cuttlefish, and octopus. The body of squids, stiffened by an interior cartilaginous skeleton, is spherical or cigar-shaped, with two lateral fins. around the mouth are eight sucker-bearing arms and two contractile tentacles with spatulate tips; on the latter are four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous(horny) hooks. The contractile tentacles, longer than the rest, are used to seize the prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it to be torn by strong jaws shaped like a parrot's beak. Squid can swim faster than any other invertebrate by rapidly expelling water from the mantle cavity through the “funnel”. Many deep-sea squid are bioluminescent. They shoot out a cloud of dark ink when pursued; one genus secretes luminescent ink.o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o carnivorous [kB:5nivErEs] adj. 食肉类的o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o cuttlefish [5kQtlfiF] n. 墨鱼, 乌贼o octopus [5CktEpEs] n. 章鱼o stiffen [5stifnd] v. 使僵硬o interior [in5tiEriE] adj. 内部的o cartilaginous [7kB:tE5lAdVEnEs] adj. 软骨(质)的o spherical [5sferikEl] adj. 球形的o cigar-shaped [si5^B:] [Feipt]adj. 雪茄形的o lateral fin [5lAtErEl] [fin]n. 侧鳍o sucker-bearing [5sQkE] [5beEriN]adj. 长着吸盘的o contractile [kEn5trAktl] adj. 会收缩的o tentacle [5tentEkl] n. 触须、触角o spatulate [5spAtFjulit] adj. 竹片状的o row [rEu] n. 行，排o suction cup [5sQkFEn] [kQp]n. 吸盘o chitinous [5kaitEnEs] adj. 壳质的o horny [5hC:ni] adj. 角状的o seize [si:z] v. 抓住o prey [prei] n. 被掠食者，战利品o torn [tC:n] n. (tear的分词)撕o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚, 颌o parrot [5pArEt] n. 鹦鹉o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o invertebrate [in5vE:tEbrEt] n. 无脊椎动物o expel [iks5pel] v. 喷出, 发射o mantle cavity [5mAntl] [5kAvEti]n. 外套腔o funnel [5fQnEl] n. 漏斗，漏斗形物o bioluminescent [5baiEu7lu:mE5nesEt] adj. 发(冷)光的o pursue [pE5su:] v. 追赶, 追踪o genus [5dVi:nEs] n. 种, 类o secrete [si5kri:t] v. 分泌089A mphibians have moist, hairless skin through which water can pass in and out, and were the first animals with backbones to adapt to life on land. they are the ancestors of reptiles, which in turn gave rise to mammals and birds. all amphibians belong to one of three main groups: the caudata, or tailed amphibians, which includes the sirens, salamanders, and newts; the anura n, or tailless amphibians, which includes frogs and toads; and the gymnophiona, which is made up of the wormlike caecilians.o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o moist [mCist] adj. 潮湿的o adapt [E5dApt] v. 适应o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o caudata [5ka:deitE] n. 有尾目o siren [5sairin] n. 土鳗o salamander [5sAlEmAndE] n. 火蜥蜴o newt [nu:t] n. 蝾螈o anura n [E5njuErEn] n. 无尾目o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o toad [tEud] n. 蟾蜍o gymnophiona [5dVimpfina] n. 无足目o make up of [meik] [[Qp] [Ev]v. 组成、构成o caecilian [si:5siliEn] n. 蚓螈090Paleontologists recognize several mass extinctions in the past 500 million years, which occurred in Ordovician, Devonian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic, and Cretaceous Period, respectively. The most recent mass extinction was at the end of Cretaceous Period, and resulted in the loss of 76% of all species, most notably the dinosaurs.o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o mass extinction [mAs] [iks5tiNkFEn] n. 大量消亡o Ordovician[7C:dE5viFEn] n. 奥陶纪，是指古生代第二纪的一段地质时间o Devonian [di5vEuniEn] n. 泥盆纪o Paleozoic [peiliE5zEuik] n. 古生代o Mesozoic [7mezEu5zEuik] n. 中生代o Triassic [trai5Asik] n. 三叠纪o Cretaceous [kri5teiFEs] n. 白垩纪o respectively [ri5spektivli] adv. 分别地o species [5spi:Fiz] n. 物种o dinosaur [5dainEsC:] n. 恐龙091In mass extinctions, entire groups of species—such as families, orders, and classes—die out,creating opportunities for the survivors to exploit new habitats. In their new niches, the survivors evolve new characteristics and habits and, consequently, develop into entirely new species.o family [5fAmEli] n. 科o order [5C:dE] n. 目o class [klB:s] n. 纲o survivor [sE5vaivE] n. 幸存者o exploit [5eksplCit] v. 开拓o habitat [5hAbEtAt] n. 栖息地o niche [nitF] n. 合适的环境o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化092As the sum of all species living in the world's ecosystems, known as biodiversity, dwindles, so too go many of the resources on which we depend. Humans use at least 40,000 different plant, animal, fungi, bacteria, and virus species for food, clothing, shelter, and medicines. In addition, the fresh air we breathe, the water we drink, cook, and wash with, and the many chemical cycles—including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle, so vital to sustain life—depend on the continued health of ecosystems and the species within them.o ecosystem [i:kEu5sistEm] n. 生态系统o biodiversity [7baiEudE5vEsiti] n. 生物多样性o dwindle [5dwindl] v. 减少o plant [plAnt] n. 植物o animal [5AnEmEl] n. 动物o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌类(singular: fungus)o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌(singular：bacterium)o virus [5vairEs] n. 病毒o chemical cycle [5kemikEl] [5saikl]n. 化学循环o nitrogen cycle [5naitrEdVEn][5saikl] n. 氮循环o carbon cycle [5kB:bEn][5saikl] n. 碳循环o vital [5vaitl] adj. 至关重要的o sustain [sEs5tein] v. 维持093A central, and historically controversial, component of evolutionary theory is that all living organisms, from microscopic bacteria to plants, insects, birds, and mammals, share a common ancestor.o controversial [7kCntrE5vE:FEl] adj. 争议的o component [kEm5pEunEnt] n. 组成部分o evolutionary [7evE5lU:FEnEri] adj. 进化的o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o microscopic [maikrE5skRpik] adj. 极微小的o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先094Hostility as to evolutionary theory gave way to acclaim as scientists vigorously debated, explored, and buil t on Darwin’s theory of natural selection. As the 20th century unfolded, scientific advances revealed the detailed mechanisms missing from Darwin’s theory. Study of the complex chemistry of all organisms unveiled the structure of genes as well as how they are duplicated, altered, and passed from generation to generation. New molecular biology techniques compare the genetic structures of different species, enabling scientists to determine heretofore undetectable evolutionary relationships between species. Today, evolution is recognized as the cornerstone of modern biology. Uniting such diverse scientific fields as cell biology, genetics, paleontology, and even geology and statistics, the study of evolution reveals anexquisitely complex interaction of the forces that act upon every life form on Earth.o hostility [hCs5tiliti] n. 反对o give way to [^iv] [wei] [tE]v. 退让o acclaim [E5kleim] n. 称赞o vigorously [5vi^ErEsli] adv. 竭力地o unfold [Qn5fEuld] v. 展开o reveal [ri5vi:l] v. 揭示o unveil [Qn5veil] v. 揭示o gene [dVi:n] n. 基因o duplicate [5du:plikeit] v. 复制o alter [5C:ltE] v. 改变o genetic structure [dVE5netik] [5strQktFE]n. 遗传结构o heretofore [7hiEtE5fC:] adv. 迄今为止o undetectable [7Qndi5tektEbl] adj. 未被发现的o cornerstone [5kC:nEstEun] n. 基础o cell biology [sel] [bai5ClEdVi]n. 细胞生物学o genetics [dVi5netiks] n. 遗传学o paleontology [7peiliCn5tClEdVi] n. 古生物学o geology [dVi5ClEdVi] n. 地质学o statistics [stE5tistiks] n. 统计学o exquisitely [ek5skwizit] adv. 非常地095Fossils are most commonly found in limestone, sandstone, andshale(sedimentary rock). Remains of organisms can also be found trapped in natural asphalt, amber, and ice. The hard, indigestible skeletons and shells of animals and the woody material of plants are usually preserved best. Fossils of organisms made of soft tissue that decays readily are more rare. Paleontologists use fossils to learn how life has changed and evolved throughout earth’s history.o fossil [5fasl] n. 化石o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o sandstone [5sAndstEun] n. 砂岩o shale [Feil] n. 页岩o sedimentary rock [sedE5mentEri] [rCk] n. 沉积岩o remains [ri5meins] n. 遗体o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o trap [trAp] v. 困住o asphalt [5AsfC:lt] n. 沥青o amber [5AmbE] n. 琥珀o indigestible [7indi5dVestEbl] adj. 不被吸收的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨架o shell [Fel] n. 外壳o woody material [5wudi] [mE5tiEriEl]n. 木质材料o preserve [pri5zE:v]v. 保存o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o decay [di5kei] v. 腐烂o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化096Basic Human Anatomy: Musculoskeletal SystemThe human skeleton consists of more than 200 bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments. The different parts of the body vary greatly in their degree of movement, which are effected by contractions of the skeletalmuscles, to which the bones are attached by tendons. Thus, the arm at the shoulder is freely movable, whereas the knee joint is definitely limited to a hingelike action, and the bones composing the skull are immovable.o anatomy [E5natEmi] n. 人体解剖o musculoskeletal [7mQskjulEu5skelEtEl] adj. 肌肉与骨骼的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨骼o bind [blaind] v. 绑定，缔结o tough [tQf] adj. 坚硬的o inelastic [7inE5lAstik] adj. 无弹性的o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o ligament [5li^EmEnt] n. 韧带o vary [5veEri] v. 不同，变化o contraction [kEn5trAkFEn] n. 收缩o muscle [5mQsl] n. 肌肉o skeletal muscle [5skelitl] [5mQsl]n. 骨骼肌o attach [E5tAtF] v. 缚上, 系上, 贴上o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o shoulder [5FEuldE] n. 肩o knee joint [ni:] [dVCint]n. 膝关节o hinge [hindV] adj. 枢纽; 门枢; 节点o compose [kEm5pEuz] v. 组成o skull [skQl] n. 头骨097There are two main types of bone. Compact bone, which makes up most of the bone of arms and legs, is very dense and hard on the outside. The structural units of compact bone are osteons, elongated cylinders that act as weight-bearing pillars, able to withstand any mechanical stress placed on the bone. The center of each osteon contains a hollow canal that acts as a central passageway for blood vessels and nerves.o compact bone [5kRmpAkt] [bEun]n. 密质骨o make up [meik] [Qp]v. 组成o dense [dens] adj. 密度大的o osteon [5RstiRn] n. 骨单位(密质骨构造的基本单位)o elongated [5i:lCN^eitid] adj. 被拉长的o cylinder [5silindE] n. 圆柱体o pillar [5pilE] n. 柱状物o withstand [wiT5stAnd] v. 经受得住o canal [kE5nAl] n. 导管o passageway [5pAsidVwei] n. 出入口098In some bones, internal to the compact bone is spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, composed of a honeycomb network of bones that act as supporting beams. Spongy bone is designed to bear stress from several directions, such as that exerted on the pelvis in bending or stretching. The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow containing the blood vessels that nourish spongy bone. Spongy bone is found in bones of the pelvis, ribs, breastbone, vertebrae, skull, and at the ends of the arm and leg bones.o spongy bone [5spQndVi] [bEun]n. 松质骨o cancellous[kAn5selEs] adj. 网状骨质的: 具有间隙的、格子状的或多孔结构的o cancellous bone [kAn5selEs] [bEun] n. 松质骨o honeycomb [5hQnikEum] n. 蜂窝状物o beam [bi:m] n. 梁o pelvis [5pelvEs] n. 骨盆o bend [bend] v. 使弯曲o stretch [stretF] v. 伸展o trabecula [trE5bekiElE] n. 小梁：任何结缔组织的支撑纤维，伸入一器官之中并构成该器官构架的一部分o marrow [5mArEu] n. 骨髓o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o vertebra [5vE:tEbrE] n. 脊椎骨099The nervous system has two divisions: the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system, including all neural tissue of motor and sensory systems. Impulses go to the central nervous system through sensory nerves and are carried away from it by the motor nerves. The motor system is further divided into the somatic (or skeletal)nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic motor system allows voluntary control over skeletal muscle with a few exceptions. The autonomic nervous system is largely involuntary and controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.o nervous system [5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 神经系统o division [di5viVEn] n. 部分o central nervous system [sen5trEl][5sistEm] n. 中枢神经系统o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓o peripheral nervous system [pE5rifErEl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 周围神经系统o neural tissue [5njuErEl] [5tisu:]n. 神经组织o motor [5mEutE] n. 运动肌o sensory system [5sensEri][5sistEm] n. 感觉系统o impulse [5impQls] n. 神经脉冲o somatic nervous system[sEu5mAtik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 体神经系统o skeletal nervous system [5skelitl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 骨骼神经系统o autonomic nervous system [7C:tE5namik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 自主神经系统o voluntary [5vRlEntEri] adj. 自主的o cardiac [5kB:diAk] n. 心脏的o smooth muscle [smu:T] [5mQsl]n. 平滑肌100Voluntary movement of head, limbs, and body is caused by nerve impulses arising in the motor area of the cortex of the brain and carried by cranial nerves or by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord to connect with skeletal muscles.o limb [lim] n. 肢o arise [E5raiz] v. 起，兴起；发生o cortex [5kC:teks] n. 大脑皮层o cranial nerve [5kreiniEl] [nE:v]n. 颅神经o emerge from [i5mE:dV] [frCm]v. 自……出现o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓。

(完整版)托福必背高频词汇

托福必背高频词汇1. a matter of speculation =supposition n.推断2. a solicitation of =an invitation of n. 垦求;垦请3. abandoned= left a. 被遗弃的4. aberrant= abnormal a. 脱离常轨的,5. abort= quit v. 夭折;中止6. abruptly= suddenly ad. 突然地;意外地7. absorb =appeal v. 吸收;被…吸引8. absorb= learn(学习) v. 吸收9. absorb= take in v. 吸收;被…吸引10. abstract= not concrete a. 抽象的;非实际的11. absurd= ridiculous a. 荒谬的;可笑的12. abundance= large amount n. 大量13. abundance= great number n. 大量14. abundant = affluent a. 丰富的;大量的15. abundant= ample a. 丰富的;大量的16. abundant= numerous a. 丰富的;大量的17. abundant= plentiful a. 丰富的;大量18. abundant= substantial a. 丰富的;大量的19. abundantly= plentifully ad. 丰富地;大量地20. access =reach v. 接近21. accessible =reachable a. 可接近的22. accessible =easy to reach a. 易接近的23. accidental =unexpected a. 意外的;偶然的24. accommodate= provide for v. 提供25. accomplished =achieved a. 实现完成的26. accomplished =skilled a. 熟练的27. account= description n. 说明28. account for= explain v. 说明29. accumulate =collect v. 积累;聚集30. accumulate =pile up v. 积累;聚集聚集31. accurate =correct a. 正确的32. accurately= correctly ad. 正确地33. acknowledge= recognize v. 承认34. actually= in fact ad. 事实上35. added =extra a. 附加的;额外的36. adept =skilled a. 熟练的37. adherent= supporter n. 拥护者38. adjacent =nearby a. 毗连的39. adjacent =neighboring a. 毗连的40. adjust= modify v. 调整;改变…以适应41. administer = manage v. 管理42. admit= let in v. 准许进入43. adopt= enact v. 采用44. advance= improvement n. 发展;增长45. advent= arrival n. 出现;到来46. advent= beginning n. 出现;到来47. affair= matter n. 事件;事情48. afford= provide v. 提供;给予49. aggravate= increase v. 加重;增剧50. aggravate =annoy v. 使恼火51. aggregate= overall a. 聚集的;合计的52. aggregate= combined a. 聚集的;合计的53. agile= astute a. 灵活的;敏捷的54. agile= clever a. 灵活的;敏捷的55. agile= quick and active a. 灵活的;敏捷的56. agile= move and act quickly a. 灵活的;敏捷的57. air= feeling n. 气氛58. alarm= sound v. 警报59. alarm= warning n. 警告60. albeit= although conj. 尽管;虽然61. albeit =even though conj. 尽管;虽然62. allow= enable v. 允许63. allude= suggest v. 暗示64. allude to= refer to phrv. 提到65. ally with= link to v. 结盟66. alter= change to v. 改变67. amazing= remarkable/replacement a.令人惊讶的/非凡的68. ambiguous =vague a. 不明确的69. ambivalent =mixed a. 矛盾的70. ample= plentiful a. 充足的;丰富的71. ample =spacious a. 宽敞的72. anchor= hold in place v. 使固定73. ancient= old a. 古老的74. ancient =antique a. 古老的75. annihilate= destroy v. 消灭76. annihilate =completely remove v. 消灭77. annually= yearly ad. 每年78. anomaly= irregularity n. 异常的人或物79. antagonist =competitor n. 对手;敌手80. anticipate= expect v. 预期81. antiseptic =clean a. 抗菌的82. antithesis= opposite n. 对立面83. antler =horn n. 鹿角84. anxiety =worry n. 忧虑;担心85. apart from= exception phr. 除了…之外86. apart from =except for phr. 除了…之外87. apparatus= equipment n. 仪器;设备88. apparent =obvious a. 显然的89. apparently= clearly ad. 显然地90. appeal= attraction n. 吸引力91. appealing =attractive a. 有吸引力的92. appear= seem v. 似乎93. appearance= rise n. 出现94. appearance= arrival n. 出现95. appearance= showing up n. 出现96. application= use n. 应用97. appreciable= noticeable a. 相当可观的98. approach =method n. 方法99. approach= move toward v. 接近100. approximately= roughly ad. 大约地101. architecture= structure n. 构造102. archive= record v. 存档103. archive= stock v. 存档104. archive= store v. 存档105. arduous= difficult a. 艰巨的106. arid =dry a. 干旱的107. arise= emerge v. 出现108. arrangement= configuration n. 安排;布置109. array=range n. 一系列110. article= item n. 物品111. article= object n. 物品112. as a rule =in general phr. 通常113. assert= declare v. 断言;宣称114. assertion= strong statement n. 断言;主张115. asset= advantage n. 资产;有利条件116. assimilate= combine v. 同化117. assistance= help n. 帮助;协助118. assorted= various a. 各式各样的119. assume= believe v. 假定;设想120. assume= suppose v. 假定;设想121. assume= take on v. 承担122. assumption= premise n. 假设123. astonishing= amazing a. 惊人的124. astute= clever a. 敏锐的125. at random= without a definite pattern phr. 随便地; 任意地126. attachment to= preference for n. 依恋127. attain =achieve v. 达到;获得128. attainment =achievement n. 达到;获得129. attendant= accompanying a. 伴随的130. attest to =confirm v. 证实131. attribute= accredit v. 归于;认为132. attribute =characteristic n. 特点133. attribute to =credit with v. 归于; 认为134. attribution =character n. 属性135. augment= increase v. 增加;提高136. available =obtainable a. 可获得的137. avenue= method n. 途径;手段138. avenue =means n. 途径;手段139. avid= enthusiastic a. 热中的140. barely = just ad. 仅仅121. assume= take on v. 承担122. assumption= premise n. 假设123. astonishing= amazing a. 惊人的124. astute= clever a. 敏锐的125. at random= without a definite pattern phr. 随便地; 任意地126. attachment to= preference for n. 依恋127. attain =achieve v. 达到;获得128. attainment =achievement n. 达到;获得129. attendant= accompanying a. 伴随的130. attest to =confirm v. 证实查看全部：托福必背高频词汇大全(完整版)131. attribute= accredit v. 归于;认为132. attribute =characteristic n. 特点133. attribute to =credit with v. 归于; 认为134. attribution =character n. 属性135. augment= increase v. 增加;提高136. available =obtainable a. 可获得的137. avenue= method n. 途径;手段138. avenue =means n. 途径;手段139. avid= enthusiastic a. 热中的140. barely = just ad. 仅仅141. barge= boat n. 驳船142. barrier= obstacle n. 障碍143. barrier =impediment n. 障碍144. battle= struggle n. 搏斗;奋斗145. be inclined =tend v. 倾向146. be accustomed to= get used to phrv. 习惯147. be aware of =familiar with phrv. 了解148. be beforehand= foreordain v. 预先149. be closer resemblance to= be more like phr. 非常相似150. be consistent with= be compatible with phr. 一致的151. be entitled to= have the right phrv. 有…权利152. beckon= invite v. 招唤;引诱153. become extinct= die out phrv. 灭绝154. being= creature n. 生命155. beneficial =advantageous a. 有益的156. blossom= flourish v. 兴旺157. blossom= thrive v. 兴旺158. boast= puff v. 吹嘘159. boast= exaggerate v. 吹嘘160. bombard= assail v. 炮击;轰击161. bombard =assault v. 炮击;轰击162. bombard =strike v. 炮击;轰击163. boom= expansion n. 激增;爆涨164. boon= great benefit n. 利益165. boost= raise v. 增加;提高166. boundary= periphery n. 边界167. branch =division n. 分支168. breed= reproduce v. 繁殖;饲养169. brilliant= bright a. 光辉的;明亮的170. brittle= breakable a. 脆弱的171. brittle= fragile a. 脆弱的172. broad appeal =wide popularity a. 广泛的吸引力173. broadly =generally ad. 大体上174. broadly= extensively ad. 大体上175. bulk= majority n. 大部份176. bulk= large part n. 大部份177. bulk =major part n. 主体178. bulk= large portion n. 大部份179. bulk= great quantity n. 大部份180. burgeon= expand v. 急速成长181. bustling= lively a. 活跃的182. camouflage= disguise v. 伪装183. camouflage =hide v. 伪装184. camouflage= decorate(装饰) v. 伪装185. camouflage= blend with circumstances v. 伪装186. cardinal= fundamental a. 基本的187. cargo= shipment n. 船货;货物188. celebrated= famous a. 着名的189. central= essential a. 主要的190. certain= specified a. 指定的191. chancy =risky a. 冒险的查看全部：托福必背高频词汇大全(完整版)192. channel =provide v. 提供帮助193. channel =direct v. 引导194. channel =guide v. 引导195. chaotic= disorganized a. 混乱的196. cherish =value v. 珍爱197. chief= major a. 主要的198. chisel =carve v. 刻;凿199. choose= opt v. 选择200. chronic= persistent a. 长期的;不断的201. chronic =confirmed a. 长期的;不断的202. chronic= habitual a. 长期的;不断的203. chronic =inveterate a. 长期的;不断的204chronically=constantly ad. 长期地205. circuitous =indirect a. 迂迴的206. circumstance= condition n. 环境;情况207. cite= quote v. 引用208. cite =refer to v. 引用209. classic =typical a. 典型的210. clear =visible a. 容易看见的211. clear= apparent a. 显然的212. cling to= attach to v. 附着213. close= careful a. 严密的;周密的214. clue= hint n. 线索215. coating= cover n. 覆盖层216. coincide with= be as the same time as v.同时发生217. collaborate= cooperate v. 合作218. collaboration= joint effect n. 合作成果219. collect =gather v. 收集220. collide= hit each other v. 碰撞201. chronic =confirmed a. 长期的;不断的202. chronic= habitual a. 长期的;不断的203. chronic =inveterate a. 长期的;不断的204chronically=constantly ad. 长期地205. circuitous =indirect a. 迂迴的206. circumstance= condition n. 环境;情况207. cite= quote v. 引用208. cite =refer to v. 引用209. classic =typical a. 典型的210. clear =visible a. 容易看见的211. clear= apparent a. 显然的212. cling to= attach to v. 附着213. close= careful a. 严密的;周密的214. clue= hint n. 线索215. coating= cover n. 覆盖层216. coincide with= be as the same time as v.同时发生217. collaborate= cooperate v. 合作218. collaboration= joint effect n. 合作成果219. collect =gather v. 收集220. collide= hit each other v. 碰撞221. collide with =run into v. 碰撞222. commemorate =celebrate v. 庆祝;纪念223. compact =concise a. 紧密的;简明的224. compact= compressed(结实的) a. 紧密的;简明的225. comparable= equivalent a. 可比较的226. comparative = relative a.相当的227. compel =push v. 强迫228. compelling= convincing a. 令人信服的229. compensate= reimburse v. 赔偿;补偿230. compensate for =balance phrv. 赔偿;补偿231. complaint =protest v. 抗议232. complement= supplement n. 补充物233. complement= add to v. 补充234. completely= totally ad. 完全地235. complex= elaborate a. 复杂的236. complex =system n. 复合物;综合体237. complicated =complex a. 复杂的238. complicated =made things more difficult a. 复杂的239. component= constituent a. 组成的240. composition= mixture n. 合成物241. comprehensive= understandable a. 能理解的242. comprehensive= complete a. 全部的243. comprise= form v. 组成244. comprise =make up v. 组成245. concern= interest v. 感兴趣246. conclusive= final a. 最后的247. conclusive= ultimate a. 最后的248. conducive= contributive a. 有助于...的249. configuration= arrangement n. 布局;结构250. configuration= form n. 佈局;结构251. confine =limit/boundary v. 限制252. confront= face v. 面临253. congeal= solidify v. 使凝结254. consecutive= successive a. 连续的255. consequence= result n. 结果;重要性256. consequence =importance n. 结果;重要性257. consequent= later a. 随后的258. consequent= resultant a. 作为结果的259. consequent =resulting a. 作为结果的260. consequential= significant a. 重要的261. consequently= therefore ad. 因此262. consequently= thus ad. 因此263. conserve= save v. 保存264. consider =think as v. 考虑;认为265. consider =view as v. 考虑;认为266. consider =think about v. 考虑;认为认为267. considerable= substantial/significant a. 相当大的268. consist of =compose of v. 由…组成269. consistent= regular a. 一致的270. consistently=regularly ad. 一致地271. conspicuous= notable a. 明显的272. constant =stable a. 固定的;不变的273. constantly =always ad. 经常;不断地274. constellation =collection n. 一系列;一群275. constellation =combination n. 一系列;一群276. constitution= component n. 构造277. constrain =restrict v. 限制278. constraint= limit n. 限制279. constraint= restriction n. 限制280. consume= eat up v. 消耗;吃;喝吃;喝281. consumed= used up v. 消耗282. contemplate= consider v. 沉思283. contentious= disputed a. 好争吵的284. continual= constant a. 不间断的;连续的285. continuous =uninterrupted a. 连续的;持续的286. contrive= create v. 发明287. contrive= invent v. 发明288. conventional= customary a. 习惯的;惯例的289. conventional= traditional a. 习惯的;惯例的290. converging= concentrating a. 收缩的;会聚的291. convert =transform v. 使转变292. convert into= change to v. 转变成293. convict= condemn v. 宣判294. convict =sentence v. 宣判295. convict =doom(判决) v. 宣判296. conviction= belief n. 相信;信念297. conviction =strong belief n. 坚定的信念298. cope with= handle phrv. 应付;处理299. cope with= deal with phrv. 应付;处理300. copious= plentiful a. 丰富的;大量的281. consumed= used up v. 消耗282. contemplate= consider v. 沉思283. contentious= disputed a. 好争吵的284. continual= constant a. 不间断的;连续的285. continuous =uninterrupted a. 连续的;持续的286. contrive= create v. 发明287. contrive= invent v. 发明288. conventional= customary a. 习惯的;惯例的289. conventional= traditional a. 习惯的;惯例的290. converging= concentrating a. 收缩的;会聚的291. convert =transform v. 使转变292. convert into= change to v. 转变成293. convict= condemn v. 宣判294. convict =sentence v. 宣判295. convict =doom(判决) v. 宣判296. conviction= belief n. 相信;信念297. conviction =strong belief n. 坚定的信念298. cope with= handle phrv. 应付;处理299. cope with= deal with phrv. 应付;处理300. copious= plentiful a. 丰富的;大量的301. core =center n. 核心;要点302. correspondence= harmony n. 一致303. corroborate= confirm v. 证实;确证304. costly= expensive a. 贵重的;昂贵的305. counsel =advise v. 忠告306. countless= innumerable a. 数量很多的307. counter= oppose v. 反对308. counter of= in the opposite of a. 相反的309. counterpart= version(版本) n. 复本;副本310. counterpart= similitude(类似物) n. 复本;副本311. counterpart= equivalent(同等物) n. 复本;副本321. critical= essential a. 关键的322. criticize =debate(争论;辩论) v. 批评;责备323. crucial= important a. 重要的324. crucially= decisively ad. 关键地325. crushed =ground a. 碾碎了的326. cumbersome awkward a. 笨重的;麻烦的327. cumbersome= clumsy a. 笨重的;麻烦的328. cumbersome= unwieldy a. 笨重的;麻烦的329. curb= control v. 控制;遏止330. current =present a. 现在的331. dam= block v. 筑坝;控制341. delight= pleasure n. 高兴;愉快342. deluxe= lavish a. 奢华的343. demand= need n. 需要;需求344. demise =extinction n. 死亡345. demography= population n. 人口统计346. dense= crowded a. 稠密的;密集的347. dense= thick a. 稠密的;密集的348. depend= rely on v. 依赖;依靠依靠349. dependable= reliable a. 可信赖的350. depict= describe v. 描述351. depict= portray v. 描写;描绘352. depletion= drain n. 消耗;用尽353. deposit =accumulate v. 沉积354. deposit= lay down v. 放下;放置355. derive= arise v. 源于;导出356. design =create v. 设计357. designate= identify v. 命名;指定358. detractor= critic(批评者) n. 诽谤者;恶意批评者359. detrimental =harmful a. 有害的;不利的360. deviate= digress v. 偏离361. deviation= departure n. 背离362. devise= create v. 设计;发明363. devoid of= lack of a. 缺乏的364. devoid of= without(prep.) a. 缺乏的365. devoid of= scant of a. 缺乏的366. devoted =dedicated a. 虔诚的;专心致志的367. devoted to =concentrated on a. 虔诚的;专心致志的368.discernible = noticeable a. 可感知到，可注意到的369. dictate= determine v. 口授;命令370. dictate= order v. 命令371. differential= uneven a. 差别的;独特的372. diffuse =travel v. 扩散;散布373. diffuse= spread(out) v. 扩散;散布374. diligent= careful a. 勤奋的375. diligently= carefully ad. 勤奋地376. dilute= reduce v. 稀释;使薄弱377. dim= decrease v. 变暗淡378. disassemble= break apart v. 拆开379. disassemble =break up v. 拆开380. disband =dismiss v. 解散;遣散381. discard= throw away v. 摒弃;丢弃382. discard= throw up v. 摒弃;丢弃丢弃383. discernible= noticeable a. 可辨别的384. discernible= discriminating a. 可辨别的385. discharge= release v. 释放386. disentangle =disband v. 解开387. disgust= distaste v. 厌恶388. disintegrate= break apart v. 分解;碎裂389. disintegrate =fall apart v. 分解;碎裂390. disintegrate= tear apart v. 分解;碎裂391. dismantle =demolish v. 拆开;拆除392. disorder= anarchy n. 混乱393. dispensable= not necessary a. 非必要的394. dispersal =distribution n. 散布;驱散395. displace= move out of position v. 迫使(人)离开396. disposition= temperament n. 性格;性情397. dispute= contention n. 争论;争执398. dispute =argument n. 争论;争执399. dissipate= disperse v. 驱散400. dissipated =dispersed a. 分散的401. dissuade =discourage v. 劝阻402. distinct= clear and recognizable a. 清楚的;明确的403. distinction= difference n. 差别404. distinction= honor n. 荣誉405. distinction= excellence n. 优秀;卓越406. distinctive= characteristic a. 有特色的407. distinguish= notice from the difference v. 区别; 识别408. distribute= spread v. 分配;散布409. distribution= dispersion n. 散布410. distribution =geographic range n. 分布区域411. disturb= upset v. 打乱;扰乱412. diverse= distinct a. 不同的413. diversification= emergence of many varieties n. 多样化414. diversity =variety n. 多样性415. divest =deprive v. 剥夺416. divest =get rid of v. 剥夺417. domestic= home a. 家庭的;国内的418. dormant= hibernated a. 休眠的;不活动的419. dormant= inactive a. 休眠的;不活动的420. dramatically= greatly ad. 戏剧性地421. drastic= extreme a. 激烈的;极端的422. drastically =obviously ad. 大大地;彻底地423. drastically =severely(严重地) ad. 大大地;彻底地424. dual =double a. 双的;双重的425. duplicate= copy v. 复制426. duplicate= repeat n. 复本427. durable= lasting a. 经久的;持久的428. earn= acquire v. 赚得;赢得429. ease= facilitate(使容易) v. 使减轻;使缓和430. eccentric= erratic a. 古怪的;反常的431. eccentric =strange a. 古怪的;反常的432. efface= eliminate v. 消去433. elaborate =detailed a. 精巧的;详尽的434. elaborate= dainty a. 精巧的;详尽的435. elapsed =passed a. 过去的;经过的436. element =weather condition n. (恶劣的)天气437. eliminate= remove v. 排除;消除438. elusive =difficult to catch a. 难懂的;难捉摸的439. emanate= emerge v. 散发;产生440. embark on=start v. 从事(着手)441. embed= insert v. 插入;植入442. embed= implant v. 插入;植入443. embed =enclose v. 插入;植入444. emergence= appearance n. 出现445. emergency =crisis n. 紧急情况446. emergent =developing a. 新兴的447. employ= use v. 利用448. enable =allow v. 使能够449. enactment= establishment n. 制定450. encapsulate= state briefly v. 概述451. encourage= stimulate v. 激励;刺激452. endangered= not abundant a. 濒临绝种的453. endeavor= enterprise n. 努力454. endow= bestow v. 捐赠455. engulf= swallow v. 吞没456. enhance= improve v. 提高;增强457. enhance= intensify v. 提高;增强458. enjoy =experience v. 经历459. enlist= obtain v. 谋取(支持、赞助等)460. enormous= great a. 巨大的461. enrich= enhance v. 使富足462. ensue= result v. 因…产生463. ensuing= subsequent a. 接着发生的464. ensure= guarantee v. 保证;担保465. entail=l involve v.牵涉466. enthusiastic= eager a. 热情的467. environment= setting n. 环境468. ephemeral =short-lived a. 短暂的469. ephemeral =transient a. 短暂的470. episode= event n. 事件471. equilibrium= balance n. 平衡472. era =period n. 时代;年代473. eradicate= remove completely v. 根除;消灭474. erect =build v. 建立475. erratic= unpredictable a. 不稳定的;古怪的476. erratic= irregular a. 不稳定的;古怪的477. escalate= extend v. 逐步扩大478. essential= crucial a. 极重要的479. established =qualified a. 已制定的480. establishment =formation(构成) n. 建立;创立481. estimate= projection n. 估计482. estimation =evaluation n. 估计483. euphoric= extremely happy a. 心情愉快的484. evaluate= judge v. 评价485. eventual= later a. 最后的486. eventually= later ad. 最后487. eventually= ultimately ad. 最后488. evidence= proof n. 证据489. evident= apparent a. 明显的490. evident =obvious a. 明显的491. evoke= arouse v. 唤起;引起492. evoke= draw v. 唤起;引起493. evoke=produce v. 唤起;引起494. evoke= promote v. 唤起;引起495. evoke= stimulate v. 唤起;引起496. evoke =create in the mind v. 唤起; 引起497. exaggerate =overstate v. 夸张;夸大498. excavate =dig out v. 挖掘499. excavation =dug-out n. 挖掘500. exceed= surpass v. 超越;胜过501. exceed =beyond above v. 超越;胜过胜过502. exceedingly =extremely ad. 极其;非常503. excess =go beyond n. 超越; 胜过504. exclusively= only ad. 专门地;独占地505. excrete= expel v. 排泄;分泌506. exercise =use v. 运用507. exhausted= tired a. 精疲力竭的508. exhausted= used up a. 耗尽的;用完的509. exhibit =demonstrate v. 展示;陈列510. exhibit =display v. 展示;陈列511. expand= stretch v. 展开;增长512. expand =increase v. 展开;增长513. expanse= area n. 一大片区域514. expansive= large a. 广阔的515. expediency= convenience n. 方便;利己516. expediency= advantage(优势;利益) n.方便;利己517. expedient= fitting a. 权宜的;方便的518. expend= use v. 耗尽519. explicit =obvious a. 明确的;清楚的520. explicitly= clear ad. 明确地521. exploit= utilize v. 利用522. exploit= take advantage of v. 利用523. exploit= make use of v. 利用524. explore= investigate v. 探测;探索525. expose to= subject to (遭受) v. 使经历526. express= communicate v. 表达527. extant= existing a. 现存的;尚存的528. extant =remaining a. 现存的;尚存的529. extant= not extinct a. 现存的;尚存的530. extend= stretch v. 延伸531. extend= reach v. 延伸532. extol =praise v. 赞美533. extraneous= inessential a. 无关的;外来的534. extraneous= from outside a. 无关的;外来的535. extraordinary= exceptional a. 异常的536. exude= release v. 渗出;发散537. exude= give off v. 渗出;发散538. fabricate= produce v. 制造539. far-reaching= extensive a. 深远的;广泛的540. far-reaching= broad a. 深远的;广泛的541. fascinating= extremely attractive a. 迷人的542. fashion= make v. 形成;造543. fashion= way n. 样子;方式544. fashionable =popular a. 流行的;时尚的545. feasible= achievable a. 可实行的546. feasible= practical a. 可实行的547. feast= eating n. 盛宴548. ferry= transport n. 渡轮549. fertile= reproductive a. 肥沃的;多产的550. fertile= productive a. 肥沃的;多产的551. figure out =map(详细规划) phr. 计算出;解决552. finding= discovery n. 发现553. first and foremost =above all phr. 首先;首要地554. flake =fragment n. 小薄片555. flattery= praise n. 恭维556. flee= run away from v. 逃走557. flexible= adaptable a. 易适应的558. float= stay on the top v. 漂浮559. float =upward rise phrv. 浮起560. flourish =prosper v. 繁荣;兴旺561. flourish= thrive v. 繁荣;兴旺562. flourishing= prosperous a. 繁荣的563. flow= movement n. 流动564. fluctuate= change v. 变动565. fluctuation= variation n. 变动;起伏566. focal= point centre area n. 焦点567. follow= track v. 跟随568. for instance= for example phr. 例如569. forage= feed n. 饲料570. forage =search for food v. 觅食571. formidable =excessive a. 巨大的572. foster= encourage v. 鼓励573. foster= urge v. 培养;促进574. foster =promote the development of v.培养;促进575. foul= pollute v. 污染576. fragment= break up v. 使成碎片577. fragmentation= break n. 破裂578. fragmentize= break up v. 使成碎片579. frankly =openly ad. 坦白地580. frankly= sincerely ad. 真诚地581. friction= conflict n. 争执;不合582. function= operation n. 效用;作用583. function= utility n. 效用;作用584. fundamental =basic a. 基础的585. funds= money n. 资金586. furthermore= in addition ad. 此外587. gap= opening n. 缺口;裂口588. gear =adjust v. 使适合589. generate= produce v. 产生590. genuinely =actually ad. 真诚地591.get accustomed to= become used to phrv.习惯592. give rise to= produce phrv. 引起593. given =particular a. 规定的;特定的594. govern= regulate v. 统治;管理595. govern= control v. 统治;管理596. grasp =understand v. 领会;理解597. groom= clean v. 装扮;使整洁598. groom =make up v. 装扮;使整洁使整洁599. groundless =unfounded a. 无根据的600. grounds =reasons n. 根据;理由601. groundwork= base n. 基础602. groundwork= basis n. 基础603. groundwork= foundation n. 基础604. grudging= unenthusiastic a. 勉强的605. guarantee= ensure v. 保证;担保606. hallmark= characteristic n. 戳记，标志607. hamper =district v. 防碍;束缚608. hamper= restrict v. 防碍;束缚609. hamper =make difficulty v. 防碍;束缚610. handy= convenient a. 便利的;灵活的611. haphazard= random a. 随意的612. harness= use v. 利用613. harness= utilize v. 利用614. harsh= drastic a. 严厉的;严酷的615. hasty= hurried a. 匆匆的;急忙的616. haul= pull v. 拉617. have nothing to do with= in no relation to phrv. 不相干618. havoc= destruction n. 浩劫619. hazard =danger n. 危险620. heed= notice v. 留心;注意621. heighten= increase v. 增加;提高622. heir= inheritor n. 继承人;后继者623. hence= therefore ad. 因此624. heritage =legacy n. 遗产;传统625. heritage= tradition n. 遗产;传统626. heterogeneous= varied a. 由不同种类组成的627. hide= conceal v. 隐藏628. hinder= interfere with v. 妨碍629. hint= clue n. 暗示;迹象630. hint= implication n. 暗示;迹象631. hint= indication n. 暗示;迹象632. hint= lead n. 暗示;迹象633. hire= employ v. 雇用634. hobby= pastime n. 嗜好635. hold =support v. 支撑;保持636. hold= keep up v. 支撑;保持保持637. hollow= an empty space n. 中空638. homogeneous =uniform a. 同种的639. host of =great number n. 大量640. however =yet conj. 然而641. hub= center n. 中心642. huge= large a. 巨大的643. hurdle =fence v. 用篱笆围644. hypothetical =supposed a. 假设的;假定的645. ice sheet= glacier(冰河) n. 冰原646. identical= the same a. 同样的647. idiosyncrasies =peculiarity n. 特性648. ignite= set on fire v. 点燃649. illusion= impression(印象) n. 错觉;幻像650. immediately= closest ad. 接近;紧接着651. immense= great a. 巨大的652. immense= huge a. 巨大的653. immense= vast a. 巨大的654. immensely= extremely ad. 非常655. immigration= movement n. 移居656. immobile= fixed a. 固定的;静止的657.immobility= absence of motion n. 固定;静止658. immoral= indecent a. 不道德的659. immoral= improper a. 不道德的660. impermeable= impenetrable a. 不能渗透的661. impermeable =impervious a. 不能渗透的662. impetus= stimulus v. 刺激;促进663. impetus= incentive n. 刺激;促进664. implausible= unbelievable a. 难以置信的665. implement= tool n. 工具666. imply= indicate v. 意味667. imposing= impressive a. 给人深刻印象的668. imprecise= inexact a. 不精确的669. improbable= unlikely a. 不像会发生的670. in fact= actually phr事实上671. in great demand =in popularity phr. 普遍672. in respect to= in term of phr. 就…而言673. inaccessible= unreachable a. 难接近的674. inadvertently= unintentionally ad. 非故意地675. inadvertently =without knowing ad. 非故意地676. inauspicious= unfavorable a. 不吉利的677. incidentally= by the way ad. 顺便一提678. inclement =unfavorable a. (气候)严酷的679. inconceivable= unimaginable a. 难以置信的680. inconclusive= without result(毫无结果) a. 不确定的681. incorporate= include v. 包含682. incorporate= merge v. 吸收;併入683. incursion= invasion n. 入侵684. indicate= demonstrate v. 指示;指出685. indigenous =native a. 本土的;土生土长的686. indispensable =essential a. 不可缺少的687. indispensable= necessary a. 不可缺少的688. indispensable= needed a. 不可缺少的689. indispensable= required a. 不可缺少的690. indispensable= vital a. 不可缺少的691. indispensable= significant(重要的) a.必不可少的692. induce =bring v. 引起693. induce =cause v. 引起694. ineffectively= without any result ad. 无效地695. inert= motionless a. 迟缓的;惰性的696. inert= motiveless a. 迟缓的;惰性的697. inevitable= unavoidable a. 不可避免的698. inference= conclusion n. 推断的结果699. infirm= weak a. 不坚定的;衰弱的700. inflate= expand v. 膨胀;扩大701. infrastructure= foundation n. 基础建设702. ingenious= very clever a. 心灵手巧的703. ingenuity= cleverness n. 心灵手巧;独创性704. ingenuity= creativeness n. 心灵手巧;独创性705. ingenuity= inventiveness n. 心灵手巧;独创性706. ingenuity= resourcefulness n. 心灵手巧;独创性707. inherent= essential a. 内在的;固有的708. inherent= internal a. 内在的;固有的709. inherent= instinctive a. 与生俱来的710. inherent= in characteristic of a. 与生俱来的711. inherently =essentially ad. 固有地712. inhibit =hinder v. 约束;抑制713. inhospitable= unfavorable a. 冷淡的;不适宜的714. inhospitable= adverse a. 冷淡的;不适宜的715. initial= first a. 最初的716. initially =originally ad. 最初;开头717. initiate= begin v. 开始;创始718. initiate =start v. 开始;创始719. innovation =new n. 革新;创新720. innovative= new a. 创新的721. inordinate= excessive a. 过度的722. install= put in place v. 放置，安置723. instant= moment n. 片刻;瞬间724. instantaneous= immediate a. 即刻的725. instigate= incite v. 唆使;煽动726. instructive= informative v. 富有教育意义的727. insufficient= inadequate a. 不足的728. intact= untouched a.完好的729. intangible =nonmaterial a. 无形的730. intangible= immaterial a. 无形的731. integral= essential a. 构成整体所需要的732. intense =strong a. 强烈的733. intentionally= deliberately ad. 有意地;故意地734. intermediate= in-between a./n. 中间的;媒介735. intimate =close a. 亲密的736. intricate= complex a. 复杂的737. intricate =carefully shaped a. 复杂的738. intrigue= interest v. 引发…兴趣。

新托福词汇分类突破_整理版

新托福iBT词汇分类突破李笑来o masonry wall [ ❍♏♓♦☜⏹❒♓] [♦●]n. 砖墙，砖瓦墙o cohere [ ☜◆♒♓☜] v. 粘合o mortar [ ❍♦☜] n. 砂浆，灰浆o profusion [☐❒☜♐◆✞☜⏹] n. 大量(a profusion of: 大量的)oo anodized coating[ ✌⏹☜♎♋♓] [ ☜◆♦♓☠]n. 电镀层，电镀膜(anodize v.阳极氧化: 用电解方式给(金属面)镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物)o cladding [ ●✌♎♓☠] n. 覆层：在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层o Gothic [ ♈♓] adj. 哥特式的o architecture [ ☜♦♏♦☞☜] n. 建筑, 建筑学o span [♦☐✌⏹] v. (桥,拱等)横跨o post-and-lintel [☐☜◆♦♦] [✌⏹♎] [ ●♓⏹♦●] n. 抬梁式(在立柱上架梁，梁上又抬梁, 在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用)，框架(结构)o vault [ ●♦] n. 拱(不连柱的)o skyscraper [ ♦♋♓♦❒♏♓☐☜] n. 摩天大楼o facilitate [♐☜♦♓●☜♦♏♓♦] v. 提供便利o interior design [♓⏹♦♓☜❒♓☜] [♎♓♋♓⏹]n. 室内设计o blind [♌●♋♓⏹♎] n. 窗帘（尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘）o niche [⏹♓♦☞] n. 壁橱o ledge [●♏♎✞] n. 壁架o grate [♈❒♏♓♦] n. 壁炉o terrace [ ♦♏❒☜♦] n. 阳台o façade[♐☜♦♎] n. (建筑物的)外立面，尤指正面oo lease [●♓♦] n. 租约ooo lessor [ ●♏♦] n. 出租人o tenant [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹♦] n. 房客o lessee [●♏♦♓] n. 承租人o sprawl [♦☐❒●] n. (城市的)无计划扩展o commuter [ ☜❍◆♦☜] n. 通勤者(定期从一地到另一地旅行的人，如从郊区到城市并回来)o deem [♎♓❍] v. 视为o conurbation [ ♋⏹☜♌♏♓☞☜⏹] n. (连带卫星城镇和市郊的)大都市o megalopolis [ ❍♓♈☜●♋☐☜●☜♦] n. 特大城市oo hygienic[♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹♓] adj. 卫生学的(hygiene [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹]卫生学)oo agent [ ♏♓♎✞☜⏹♦] n. 媒介o feces [ ♐♓♦♓] n. 粪便ooo sullage [ ♦✈●♓♎✞] n. (房屋,街道等排出的)污物o greywater [ ♈❒♏♓♦♦☜] n. 生活污水o latrine [●☜♦❒♓⏹] n. 公共厕所o septic tank [ ♦♏☐♦♓] [♦✌☠]n. 化粪池o personal hygiene practice [ ☐☜♦☜⏹●] [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹] [ ☐❒✌♦☜♦]v. 个人卫生习惯o infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施ooo pipeline [ ☐♋♓☐●♋♓⏹] n. 管道, 输送管道o node [⏹☜◆♎] n. 中转站oo seaport [ ♦♓☐♦] n. 港口ooo code [ ☜◆♎] n. 法规oo toll [♦☜◆●] n. 通行费oooooo secure to [♦♓◆☜] [♦◆]v. 固定在…o crossbeam [♊❒♦♌♓❍] n. 横梁o tie [♦♋♓] n. 枕木o gauge [♈♏♓♎✞] n. 轨距o alignment [☜●♋♓⏹❍☜⏹♦] n. 直线排列o ballast [ ♌✌●☜♦♦] n. 道碴ooo capital-intensive [ ✌☐☜♦☜●] [♓⏹♦♏⏹♦♓]adj. 资本密集型的o logistics [●☜◆♎✞♓♦♦♓♦] n. 物流o freight [♐❒♏♓♦] n. 货物oo retailing [ ❒♓♦♏♓●♓☠] n. 零售o postal service [ ☐☜◆♦♦☜●] [ ♦☜☜♦]n. 邮电业ooo liberalization [ ●♓♌☜❒☜●☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 自由化o deregulation [♎♓❒♏♈◆●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 撤销(价格,费用方面的)管制规定o privatization [ ☐❒♋♓☜♦☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 私有化o infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施o distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦] v. 分配o monopolistic [❍☜⏹☐☜♊●♓♦♦♓] adj. 垄断的oooo apprentice [☜☐❒♏⏹♦☜♦] n. 学徒o journeyman [ ♎✞☜⏹♓❍☜⏹] n. 学徒期满的职工ooo guild [♈♓●♎] n. (中世纪的)行会oo bazaar [♌☜] n. 集市o clientele [ ●♋♓☜⏹♦♏●] n. 顾客oo fine [♐♋♓⏹] adj. (区别)微小的；细微的oooooo interlace [ ♓⏹♦☜●♏♓♦] v. 使交织o warp [♦☐] n. 织物上纵的方向的纱或线o weft [♦♏♐♦] n. 织物上横的方向的纱或线oo parallel [ ☐✌❒☜●♏●] adj. 平行的oooo treadle loom [ ♦❒♏♎●][●◆❍] n. 脚踏织布机ooo plait [☐●✌♦] v. 打褶oo reed [❒♓♎] n. 芦苇o cane [ ♏♓⏹] n. 藤条o rush [❒✈☞] n. 灯心草o sisal [ ♦♋♓♦☜●] n. 波罗麻：一种分布在墨西哥和中美洲的植物oo ash-wood [✌☞] [♦◆♎]adj. 梣木的o splint [♦☐●♓⏹♦] n. 薄木条o twist [♦♦♓♦♦] v. 捻oo hemp [♒♏❍☐] n. 大麻纤维o ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的o knotting [ ⏹♦♓☠] n. 结形花边(流苏)oo linen [ ●♓⏹☜⏹] n. 亚麻布o jute cord [♎✞◆♦] [ ♎]n. 黄麻绳ooooooo liner [ ●♋♓⏹☜] n. 衬里o stitch [♦♦♓♦☞] v. 缝合Many useful objects can be fashioned from leather, using such special tools as leather shears, punches for carving thick leather, thonging chisels, and lacing needles.o fashion [ ♐✌☞☜⏹] v. 制造o leather [ ●♏❆☜] n. 皮革o shear [☞♓☜] n. 剪刀o punch [☐✈⏹♦☞] n. 打孔器o carve [ ] v. 切割o thong [ ☠] v. 给…装上皮带子o chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子o lace [●♏♓♦] v. 穿线o needle [ ⏹♓♎●] n. 针Ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand or thrown on a potter's wheel. When the clay hardens, it is fired in a high-temperature oven, or kiln, to strengthen it. To make the object waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again.o ceramic [♦☜❒✌❍♓] adj. 陶器的o mold [❍☜◆●♎]v. 塑造o throw [ ❒☜◆] v. 在陶轮上形成o potter's wheel [ ☐♦☜] [♦♓●] n. 陶轮o clay [ ●♏♓] n. 粘土o oven [ ✈☜⏹] n. 烤炉o kiln [ ♓●⏹] n. 窑o waterproof [ ♦♦☜☐❒◆♐] adj. 防水的o glaze [♈●♏♓] n. 釉料Such basic woodworking techniques as sawing, joining, and finishing can be employed to make a wide variety of useful and ornamental objects, from jewelry boxes to picture frames.o woodworking [ ♦◆♎♦☜♓☠] adj. 木工的o sawing [ ♦♓☠] n. 锯o joining [ ♎✞♓⏹♓☠] n. 拼接o finishing [ ♐♓⏹♓☞♓☠] n. 抛光o ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的o picture frame [ ☐♓♦☞☜] [♐❒♏♓❍]n. 相框Carpenter tools include saws, planes, flat-edged chisels, semicircular gouge, boring tools such as brace, drills, and measuring tools such as steel rules, C-clamp, squares and trisquare, etc.o carpenter [ ☐♓⏹♦☜] n. 木匠o saw [♦] n. 锯o plane [☐●♏♓⏹] n. 刨o chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子o gouge [♈♋◆♎✞] n. 半圆凿o boring [ ♌❒♓☠] n. 钻(孔)o brace [♌❒♏♓♦] n. 手摇曲柄钻o drill [♎❒♓●] n. 钻孔机o C-clamp [ ●✌❍☐] n. C型夹o square [♦♦♏☜] n. 直角尺o trisquare [ ♦❒♋♓♦♦♏☜] n. 曲尺The tenon, a rectangular or square projection from the end of one member, fits snugly into the mortise cut in the second member, thus joining the two perpendicularly.o tenon [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹] n. 榫o projection [☐❒☜♎✞♏☞☜⏹] n. 凸出物o snugly [ ♦⏹✈♈●♓] adv. 紧紧地o mortise [ ❍♦☜♦] n. 榫眼o perpendicularly [ ☐☜☐☜⏹♎♓◆●☜●♓] adv. 垂直地Finishes serve to protect and preserve the wood and to bring out the beauty of the grain. Pieces are finished with rasps, files, and sandpaper. Common finishes include waxes, oils, bleaches, fillers, stains, shellac, varnish, lacquer, sealers, and paints, including enamels.o bring out [♌❒♓☠] [♋◆♦]v. 显示出o grain [♈❒♏♓⏹] n. 纹理图案o rasp [❒♦☐] n. 粗锉：一种有锋利，突出，尖锐凸起的钝锉o file [♐♋♓●] n. 锉刀o sandpaper [ ♦✌⏹♎☐♏♓☐☜] n. 沙纸o wax [♦✌♦] n. 石蜡o bleach [♌●♓♦☞] n. 漂白o filler [ ♐♓●☜] n. 填料：，用于在完工前将木头、塑料或其它建筑表面填入孔、裂缝或洞o stain [♦♦♏♓⏹] n. 着色剂：能够渗透表层并着深色的一种液体物质，尤用于木头上o shellac [☞☜●✌] n. 虫胶清漆：用于涂饰木料o varnish [ ⏹☜☞] n. 清漆：用于把表面涂成坚硬的，有光泽的透明的膜o lacquer [ ●✌☜] n. 天然漆：一种用作表面涂层的光滑的树脂般的物质o sealer [ ♦♓●☜] n. (油漆)封底层：一种密封物质，比如用来给平面上胶的油漆或清漆的底层o paint [☐♏♓⏹♦] n. 油漆o enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层Paints are formed by mixing a pigment and a binder, a fluid vehicle, such as linseed oil, that solidifies when exposed to air. A varnish is a transparent solution that solidifies into a protective coating. Opaque and colored varnishes are called lacquers.o pigment [ ☐♓♈❍☜⏹♦] n. 色素o binder [ ♌●♋♓⏹♎☜] n. 粘合剂o vehicle[ ♓♓●] n. 调漆料：与油漆混合在一起以供使用的一种物质，如润滑油等o linseed oil [ ●♓⏹♦♓♎] [ ♓●]n. 亚麻油o solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v. (使)凝固o expose [♓♦☐☜◆] v. 暴露o transparent [♦❒✌⏹♦☐♏☜❒☜⏹♦] adj. 透明的o solution [♦☜●◆☞☜⏹] n. 溶液o coating [ ☜◆♦♓☠] n. 涂层o opaque [☜◆☐♏♓] adj. 不透明的Cookery involves a diverse array of cuisines. Food may be immersed in liquids such as water, stock, or wine(boiling, poaching, stewing); immersed in fat or oil (frying); exposed to vapor(steaming and, to some extent, braising); exposed to dry heat(roasting, baking, broiling); and subjected to contact with hot fats (sautéing).o cookery [ ◆☜❒♓] n. 烹饪o diverse [♎♋♓☜♦] adj. 不同的o cuisine [ ♦♓♓⏹] n. 烹饪法o immerse [♓❍☜♦] v. 浸没o stock [♦♦] n. 浓汤o wine [♦♋♓⏹] n. 酒o boil [♌♓●] v.煮o poach [☐☜◆♦☞] v. 水煮o stew [♦♦◆] v. 炖：用小火烧或慢慢地煮沸来烹饪(食物)o fat [♐✌♦] n. 油脂o fry [♐❒♋♓] v. 油炸o vapor [ ♏♓☐☜] n. 蒸汽o steam [♦♦♓❍] v. 蒸o braise [♌❒♏♓] v. 炖:先用油炒，然后在有盖容器中炖o dry heat [♎❒♋♓] [♒♓♦]n. 干热o roast [❒☜◆♦♦] v. 烘烤o bake [♌♏♓] v. 烘焙o broil [♌❒♓●] v. 烤o subject to [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] [♦◆]v. 使经受o contact [ ⏹♦✌♦] n. 关联o sauté [♦♦♏♓] v. 炒Essential modern kitchen equipment includes the following: a stove, or range; sink; work surface; various knives, pots and pans; such utensils as spatulas, whisks, specialized spoons, and rolling pins; a more highly specialized array of gear for producing pastries and other baked goods; and more recent sophisticated equipment such as blenders, food processors, and microwave ovens.o kitchen [ ♓♦☞♓⏹] n. 厨房o stove [♦♦☜◆] n. 炉子o range [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] n. 火炉o sink [♦♓☠] n. 水槽o work surface [♦☜] [ ♦☜♐☜♦]n. 工作台o knife [⏹♋♓♐] n. 刀子o pot [☐♦] n. 锅o pan [☐✌⏹] n. 平底锅o utensil [ ◆♦♏⏹♦●] n. 器具o spatula [ ♦☐✌♦☞☜●☜] n. (调拌用的)刮铲o whisk [♦♓♦] n. 搅拌器o spoon [♦☐◆⏹] n. 匙o rolling pin [ ❒☜◆●♓☠] [☐♓⏹]n. 擀面杖o gear [♈♓☜] n. 设备o pastry [ ☐♏♓♦♦❒♓] n. 点心o sophisticated [♦☜♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎] adj. 复杂精巧的o blender [ ♌●♏⏹♎☜] n. 搅拌器o microwave oven [ ❍♋♓❒☜◆♦♏♓] [ ✈☜⏹] n. 微波炉In ancient times mosaics were a form of floor decoration made of small pebbles and later of cut or shaped pieces of marble, hard stone, glass, terra-cotta, mother-of-pearl, and enamels. The shaped pieces, in the form of small cubes, are called tesserae. The tesserae are embedded in plaster, cement, or putty to hold them in place.o mosaic [❍☜◆♏♓♓] n. 镶嵌工艺o pebble [ ☐♏♌●] n. 鹅卵石o marble [ ❍♌●] n. 大理石o terra-cotta [♊♦♏❒☜] [ ♋♦☜]n. 赤陶o mother-of-pearl [ ❍✈❆☜] [☜] [☐☜●]n. 珍珠母o enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层o cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体o tessera [ ♦♏♦☜❒☜] n. 镶嵌物o embed [♓❍♌♏♎] v. 镶嵌o plaster [ ☐●♦♦☜] n. 石膏o cement [♦♓❍♏⏹♦] n. 水泥o putty [ ☐✈♦♓] n. 油灰o in place [♓⏹] [☐●♏♓♦]adv. 在适当的位置Molten glass was tinted in a wide range of colors with metal oxides and then poured on a flat surface such as a marble slab to form a disk of colored glass; this was scored with a sharp tool and broken into strips and cubes.o molten [ ❍☜◆●♦☜⏹] adj. 熔化的o tint [♦♓⏹♦] v. 给. . 着色o a wide range of [♏♓] [♦♋♓♎] [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] [☜] adj. 广泛的o metal oxide [ ❍♏♦●] [ ♦♋♓♎] n. 金属氧化物o pour on [☐❒] [ ⏹]v. 把. . 倾泻在. . 上o flat [♐●✌♦] adj. 扁平的o marble slab [ ❍♌●] [♦●✌♌] n. 大理石板o score [♦] v. 刻痕o strip [♦♦❒♓☐] n. 条o cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体Portraits can be executed in any medium, including sculpted stone and wood, oil, painted ivory, pastel, encaustic on wood panel, tempera on parchment, carved cameo, and hammered or poured metal.o portrait [ ☐♦❒♓♦] n. 肖像o sculpt [♦✈●☐♦] v. 雕刻o ivory [ ♋♓☜❒♓] n. 象牙o pastel [☐✌♦♦♏●] n. 彩色蜡笔画o encaustic [♓⏹♦♦♓] n. 蜡画o tempera [ ♦♏❍☐☜❒☜] n. 蛋彩画o parchment [ ☐♦☞❍☜⏹♦] n. 羊皮纸o cameo [ ✌❍♓☜◆] n. 浮雕o hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] v. 锤打o pour [☐❒] v. 浇注Sculpture(from Latin, “to carve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.o sculpture [ ♦✈●☐♦☞☜] n. 雕刻o mass [❍✌♦] n. 质量o volume [ ●☜❍] n. 体积o principal [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐☜●] adj. 主要的o freestanding [ ♐❒♓♦♦✌⏹♎♓☠] adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的o in the round [♓⏹] [❆☜] [❒♋◆⏹♎] adj. 雕刻成立体(的)，栩栩如生的，表现无余的o relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕Sculpture(from Latin, “to carve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.o sculpture [ ♦✈●☐♦☞☜] n. 雕刻o mass [❍✌♦] n. 质量o volume [ ●☜❍] n. 体积o principal [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐☜●] adj. 主要的o freestanding [ ♐❒♓♦♦✌⏹♎♓☠] adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的o in the round [♓⏹] [❆☜] [❒♋◆⏹♎] adj. 雕刻成立体(的)，栩栩如生的，表现无余的Pitch depends upon the rate of vibration, or frequency, of sound waves that produce a particular tone. Most Western music was based on 12 equivalent intervals per octave, however, a great deal of Western folk music conforms to pentatonic scale, the best-known form of which contains no half steps.o pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高o vibration [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 振动o frequency [ ♐❒♓♦☜⏹♦♓] n. 频率o tone [♦☜◆⏹] n. 音调o equivalent interval [♓♦♓☜●☜⏹♦] [ ♓⏹♦☜☜●]n. 等间隔的音程o octave [ ♦♏♓] n. 八度音程（音阶）o folk [♐☜◆] adj. 民间的o conform [ ☜⏹♐❍] v. (to, with)遵照，依照o pentatonic [ ☐♏⏹♦☜♦⏹♓] adj. 五声音阶的o scale [♦♏♓●] n. 音阶o step [♦♦♏☐] n. 音级o relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕Rhythm is the way music uses time, which includes characteristics such as duration of tones and silences, and patterns of duration.o rhythm [ ❒♓❆☜❍] n. 节奏o characteristic [ ✌❒♓♦☜❒♓♦♦♓] n. 特性o duration [♎◆☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 持续时间The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches that overlap withone another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit well together, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.o style-defining [♦♦♋♓●] [♎♓♐♋♓⏹♓☠]adj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的o overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] v. 与. . 重叠o chord [ ♎] n. 和弦o harmony [ ♒❍☜⏹♓] n. 和声o simultaneously [♦♋♓❍☜●♦♏♓⏹♓☜♦●⍓] adv. 同时地o melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调o occupy [ ♋◆☐♋♓] v. 占用，填满o register [ ❒♏♎✞☜♦♦☜] n. 音域o distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] adj. 截然不同的o rhythmic patterns [ ❒♓❆❍♓] [ ☐✌♦☜⏹]n. 有节奏的模式o contour [ ♋⏹♦◆❒] n. （音调或声调的）升降曲线；变化方式The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches that overlap with one another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit well together, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.o style-defining [♦♦♋♓●] [♎♓♐♋♓⏹♓☠]adj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的o overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] v. 与. . 重叠o chord [ ♎] n. 和弦o harmony [ ♒❍☜⏹♓] n. 和声o simultaneously [♦♋♓❍☜●♦♏♓⏹♓☜♦●⍓] adv. 同时地o melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调o occupy [ ♋◆☐♋♓] v. 占用，填满o register [ ❒♏♎✞☜♦♦☜] n. 音域o distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] adj. 截然不同的o rhythmic patterns [ ❒♓❆❍♓] [ ☐✌♦☜⏹]n. 有节奏的模式o contour [ ♋⏹♦◆❒] n. （音调或声调的）升降曲线；变化方式Orchestra, ensemble of musical instruments; in the narrowest sense, the characteristic ensemble of Western music, having as its core a group of bowed-string instruments of the violin family, augmented by woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments.o orchestra [ ☜♦♦❒☜] n. 管弦乐o ensemble [♋⏹♦❍♌●] n. 合奏o musical instruments [ ❍◆♓☜●] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 乐器o core [ ] n. 中心o bowed-string [♌♋◆♎] [♦♦❒♓☠]adj. 演奏弦乐的o violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴o augment [  ♈❍♏⏹♦] v. 增补，扩充o woodwind [ ♦◆♎♦♓⏹♎] n. 木管乐器o brass [♌❒♦] n. 铜管乐器o percussion [☐☜✈☞☜⏹] n. 打击乐器Percussion instruments are referred to as membranophones if they produce sound through the vibrations of a stretched skin or other membrane. They are called idiophones if they produce sound through their natural resonance when struck, rubbed, plucked, or shaken. Drums are membranophones; hollowed logs, bells, gongs, xylophones, and pianos are examples of idiophones.o membranophone [❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 膜鸣乐器o stretched [♦♦❒♏♦☞♎] adj. 有弹性的o membrane [ ❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹] n. 膜o idiophone [ ♓♎♓☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 体鸣乐器o resonance [ ❒♏☜⏹☜⏹♦] n. 共振o strike [♦♦❒♋♓] v. 敲击o rub [❒✈♌] v. 摩擦o pluck [☐●✈] v. 拨(弦)o shake [☞♏♓] v. 摇晃o drum [♎❒✈❍] n. 鼓o hollowed log [ ♒♋●☜◆♎] [●♈]n. 中空的原木o bell [♌♏●] n. 铃、钟，或钟琴o gong [♈☠] n. 锣o xylophone [ ♋♓●☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 木琴o piano [☐♓⏹☜◆] n. 钢琴Wind instruments, or aerophones, produce sound by vibration, which may be produced by performers’lips (brass), a column of air split across a sharp edge(flutes, pipes, whistles), or by one or two reeds, as with instruments such as the clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon.o wind instrument [♦♓⏹♎] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦]n. 管乐器o aerophone [ ♏☜❒☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 管乐器o column [ ●☜❍] n. 柱o split [♦☐●♓♦] n. 裂缝o edge [♏♎✞] n. 边缘o flute [♐●◆♦] n. 竖笛，横笛o pipe [☐♋♓☐] n. 风笛o whistle [♦♓♦●] n. 口哨o reed [❒♓♎] n. 簧片o clarinet [ ●✌❒☜⏹♏♦] n. 单簧管，黑管o saxophone [ ♦✌♦☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 萨克斯管o oboe [ ☜◆♌☜◆] n. 双簧管o bassoon [♌☜♦◆⏹] n. 低音管，巴松The string, or chordophone, family has several branches. In one branch, which includes the zither, dulcimer, strings are stretched across a flat body. In a second branch, each instrument has a neck, for example the lute, guitar, or violin. A third branch includes plucked instruments with multiple strings, such as the lyre or the harp, where each string produces only one pitch.o string [♦♦❒♓☠] n. 琴弦o chordophone [ ♎☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 弦乐器o zither [ ♓❆☜] n. 齐特琴（与中国的“筝”相似）o dulcimer [ ♎✈●♦♓❍☜] n. 洋琴o neck [⏹♏] n. 琴颈o lute [●◆♦] n. 琉特琴o guitar [♈♓♦] n. 吉他o violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴o lyre [ ●♋♓☜] n. 里拉，(古希腊的)七弦竖琴(古希腊的一种弦乐器)o harp [♒❒☐] n. 竖琴The modern pianoforte has six major parts: (1) The frame is usually made of iron. At the rear end is attached the string plate, into which the strings are fastened. In the front is the wrest plank, into which the tuning pins are set. Around these is wound the other end of the strings, and by turning these pins the tension of the strings is regulated. (2) The soundboard, a thin piece of fine-grained spruce placed under the strings, reinforces the tone by means of sympathetic vibration. (3) The strings, made of steel wire, increase in length and thickness from the treble to the bass. The higher pitches are each given two or three strings tuned alike. The lower ones are single strings made heavier by being overspun— that is, wound around with a coil of thin copper wire. (4) The action is theentire mechanism required for propelling the hammers(wrapped with felt) against the strings. The most visible part of the action is the keyboard, a row of keys manipulated by the fingers. The keys corresponding to the natural tones are made of ivory or plastic ; those corresponding to the chromatically altered tones, of ebony or plastic. (5) The pedals are levers pressed down by the feet. The damper, or loud pedal, raises all the dampers so that all the strings struck continue to vibrate even after the keys are released. The use of these pedals can produce subtle changes in tone quality. (6) According to the shape of the case, pianos are classified as grand, square, and upright. Grand pianos are built in various sizes, from the full concert grand, 2.69 m long, to the parlor or baby grand, less than 1.8 m long.o pianoforte [☐♓✌⏹☜◆♐♦♏♓] n. 钢琴o frame [♐❒♏♓❍] n. 骨架o rear [❒♓☜] adj. 后面的o attach [☜♦✌♦☞] v. 附加o fasten [ ♐✌♦⏹] v. 使固定；加固o plank [☐●✌☠] n. 支架（wrest plank: （校准弦音的）扭钥架）o tuning pin [ ♦◆⏹♓☠] [☐♓⏹]n. 调音弦轴o wind [♦♓⏹♎] v. 绕, 缠o tension [ ♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 压力, 张力o regulate [ ❒♏♈◆●♏♓♦] v. 调节, 校准o fine-grained [♐♋♓⏹] [♈❒♏♓⏹♎]adj. 纹理细腻、平整的o spruce [♦☐❒◆♦] n. 云杉质木材o reinforce [ ❒♓♓⏹♐♦] v. 加强o sympathetic vibration [ ♦♓❍☐☜♏♦♓] [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹]n. 共振o treble [ ♦❒♏♌●] n. 高音部分o bass [♌♏♓♦] n. 低音部分o pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高o overspin wire [ ☜◆☜♦☐♓⏹] [ ♦♋♓☜]n. 缠弦o coil [ ♓●] n. 一卷o action [ ✌☞☜⏹] n. 机械装置o mechanism [ ❍♏☜⏹♓☜❍] n. 机械装置o propel [☐❒☜☐♏●] v. 推动o hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] n. 音锤o felt [♐♏●♦] n. 毡制品o manipulate [❍☜⏹♓☐◆●♏♓♦] v. (熟练地)操作, 使用(机器等)o corresponding to [ ❒☜♦☐⏹♎♓☠] [♦◆] adj. 与……相应的o ivory [ ♋♓☜❒♓] n. 象牙o plastic [☐●♦♦♓] n. 塑料o chromatic [ ❒☜❍✌♦♓] adj. 半音(阶)的, 含半音的o chromatically [ ❒☜❍✌♦♓●♓] adv. 半音地o ebony [ ♏♌☜⏹♓] n. 乌木o pedal [ ☐♏♎●] n. 踏板o lever [ ●♏☜] n. 控制杆o damper [ ♎✌❍☐☜] n. 制音器o release [❒♓●♓♦] v. 释放o sustaining [♦☜♦♦♏♓⏹♓☠] adj. 支持的o subtle [ ♦✈♦●] adj. 微小的o grand [♈❒✌⏹♎] adj. 大的o square [♦♦♏☜] adj. 正方形的o upright [ ✈☐❒♋♓♦] adj. 立式的o various [ ♏☜❒♓☜♦] adj. 许多的o parlor [ ☐●☜] adj. 客厅的The main parts of the violin are the front, also called the belly, top, or soundboard, usually made of well-seasoned spruce; the back, usually made of well-seasoned maple ; and the ribs, neck, fingerboard, pegbox, scroll, bridge, tailpiece, and f-holes, or soundholes. The front, back, and ribs are joined together to form a hollow sound box. Thesound box contains the sound post, a thin, dowel-like stick of wood wedged inside underneath the right side of the bridge and connecting the front and back of the violin; and the bass-bar, a long strip of wood glued to the inside of the front under the left side of the bridge. The sound post and bass-bar are important for the transmission of sound, and they also give additional support to the construction. The strings are fastened to the tailpiece, rest on the bridge, and are suspended over the fingerboard, and run to the pegbox, where they are attached to tuning pegs that can be turned to change the pitch of the string. The strings are set in vibration and produce sound when the player draws the bow across them at a right angle near the bridge. Among the prized characteristics of the violin are its singing tone and its potential to play rapid, brilliant figurations as well as lyrical melodies. Violinists can also create special effects by means of the following techniques: pizzicato, plucking, tremolo, etc.o violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴o belly [ ♌♏●♓] n. (弦乐器的)面板o well-seasoned [♦♏●] [ ♦♓⏹♎]adj. 完全风干的o spruce [♦☐❒◆♦] n. 云杉o maple [ ❍♏♓☐●] n. 枫木o rib [❒♓♌] n. 琴骨o pegbox [ ☐♏♈♌♦] n. (弦乐器的)弦轴箱o scroll [♦❒☜◆●] n. 涡卷形头：提琴类乐器上的弯曲状饰头o tailpiece [ ♦♏♓●☐♓♦] n. 系弦钮o hollow [ ♒●☜◆] adj. 中空的o sound [♦♋◆⏹♎] n. 声音o post [☐☜◆♦♦] n. 杆o dowel [ ♎♋◆☜●] n. 暗榫o wedge [♦♏♎✞] v. 楔入o underneath [ ✈⏹♎☜⏹♓] prep. 在. . . 的下面o bass-bar [♌♏♓♦] [♌❒]n. 低音梁o strip [♦♦❒♓☐] n. 条o glue [♈●◆] v. 粘合o transmission [♦❒✌⏹♦❍♓☞☜⏹] n. 传播o fasten [ ♐✌♦⏹] v. 附着o suspend [♦☜♦☐♏⏹♎] v. 悬挂o tuning peg [ ♦◆⏹♓☠] [☐♏♑]n. 调音弦轴o pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音质o vibration [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 振动o draw [♎❒] v. 拉o bow [♌♋◆] n. 琴弓o prize [☐❒♋♓] v. 珍视o figuration [ ♐♓♈◆❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 用装饰音装饰o lyrical [ ●♓❒♓☜●] adj. 抒情的o melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调o pizzicato [ ☐♓♦♦♓♦☜◆] n. 拨奏乐曲o pluck [☐●✈] v. 拨o tremolo [ ♦❒♏❍☜●☜◆] n. 颤音Photography is based on principles of light, optics, and chemistry. For the purpose of producing a photograph, these silver salts are distributed in gelatin to make a mixture called an emulsion, which is applied to film or another supporting material in a thin layer. When the emulsion is exposed to light, the silver halide crystals undergo chemical changes and, after further processing, an image becomes visible. The stronger the light that strikes the crystals, the denser or more opaque that part of the film becomes. Most types of film produce a negative image, from which a positive final copy can be printed on sensitized paper. The dense (or dark) areas of the negative translate into light areas on the final photograph. Almost all modern photography relies on this negative-to-positive process.o photography [♐☜♦♈❒☜♐♓] n. 摄影o principle [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐●] n. 原则o optics [ ♋☐♦♓♦] n. 光学o silver salt [ ♦♓●☜] [♦●♦]n. 银盐o distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦] v. 分布，散布(over)o gelatin [ ♎✞♏●☜♦⏹] n. 凝胶o emulsion [♓❍☜●☞☜⏹] n. 感光乳剂o apply [☜☐●♋♓] v. 涂, 搽, 撒o film [♐♓●❍] n. 胶片o layer [ ●♏♓☜] n. 垫片，层o expose [♓♦☐☜◆] v. 曝光，暴露o halide [ ♒✌●♋♓♎] adj. 卤化物的o crystal [ ❒♓♦♦●] n. 晶体o undergo [ ✈⏹♎☜♈☜◆] v. 经历(变迁等)；遭受(苦难等)o processing [☐❒☜◆♦♏♦♓☠] v. 处理o image [ ♓❍♓♎✞] n. 影像o strike [♦♦❒♋♓] v. 照在..上o opaque [☜◆☐♏♓] adj. 不反射光线的o negative image [ ⏹♏♈☜♦♓] [ ♓❍♓♎✞]n. 底片(负像)o sensitized paper [ ♦♏⏹♦♓♦♋♓♎] [ ☐♏♓☐☜]n. 感光纸o translate into [♦❒✌⏹♦●♏♓♦] [ ♓⏹♦◆]v. 转化为o rely on [❒♓●♋♓] [ ⏹]v. 依赖，依靠In most cases the camera and its lens determine the appearance of the photographic image. Cameras work on the basic principle of the camera obscura. In both the camera obscura and the modern camera, light passes through a lens fitted into an otherwise lightproof box. Light passing through the lens casts an image of the camera’s subject—the object, person, or scene in front of the camera—onto the inside of the box, which in a modern camera contains film. The camera and lens control how much light strikes the film in what is called an exposure.o camera [ ✌❍☜❒☜] n. 照相机o lens [●♏⏹] n. 镜头o camera obscura [ ✌❍☜❒☜] [☜♌♦◆❒☜]n. 暗箱o otherwise [ ✈❆☜♦♋♓] adj. 别样的，另外一种的o lightproof [ ●♋♓♦☐❒✞♐] adj. 不透光o cast [ ♦♦] v. 投射o subject [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] n. 对象o scene [♦♓⏹] n. 景色o exposure [♓♦☐☜◆✞☜] n. 暴光Anthropologists and theater historians trace the origins of theater to myth and ritual found in dances and mimed performances by masked dancers during fertility rites and other ceremonies that marked important passages in life. Imitation, costumes, masks, makeup, gesture, dance, music, and pantomime were some of the theatrical elements found in early rituals.o anthropologist [ ✌⏹❒☜☐●☜♎✞♓♦♦] n. 人类学家o theater [ ♓☜♦☜] n. 戏剧o trace [♦❒♏♓♦] v. 追踪，探索o myth [❍♓] n. 神话o ritual [ ❒♓♦☞◆☜●] n. (宗教)仪式o mimed performance [❍♋♓❍♎] [☐☜♐❍☜⏹♦]n. 笑剧、闹剧表演o fertility rite [♐☜♦♓●♓♦♓] n. 丰收仪式o ceremony [ ♦♏❒☜❍☜◆⏹♓] n. 仪式o passage [ ☐✌♦♓♎✞] n. 转变o imitation [♓❍♓♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 道具o costume [ ♋♦♦◆❍] n. 装束o makeup [ ❍♏♓✈☐] n. 化妆品o gesture [ ♎✞♏♦♦☞☜] n. 造型o pantomime [ ☐✌⏹♦☜❍♋♓❍] n. 哑剧表演In addition to the actor and the audience in a space, other elements of theater include a written or improvised text, costumes, scenery, lights, sound, and properties(props). Most theatrical performances require the collaborative efforts of many creative people, including dramaturge, craftspeople, designer, composer, or choreographer and managers working toward a common goal: the production. The performance is very often a play—a tragedy, comedy, or musical—but it need not be. Theater performances include vaudeville, puppet shows, mime, and other forms of entertainment. Theatrical texts, often referred to as drama, usually provide the vital framework of a performance. In Aristotle's famous definition, drama is an imitation of an action that is whole, complete, and of a certain magnitude or scope.o audience [ ♎♓☜⏹♦] n. 观众o improvised [ ♓❍☐❒☜♋♓] adj. 即兴的o scenery [ ♦♓⏹☜❒♓] n. 舞台布景o property [ ☐❒☐☜♦♓] n. 道具o props [☐❒♋☐♦] n. 小道具o collaborative [ ☜●✌♌☜❒♏♓♦♓] adj. 协作的o dramaturge [ ♎❒❍☜♦☜♎✞] n. 剧作家o craftspeople [ ❒♋♐♦☐♓☐●] n. 道具师o composer [ ☜❍☐☜◆☜] n. 作曲家o choreographer [ ❒♓♈❒☜♐☜] n. 舞蹈指导o production [☐❒☜♎✈☞☜⏹] n. 作品，成品，电影制片o tragedy [ ♦❒✌♎✞♓♎♓] n. 悲剧o comedy [ ♋❍☜♎♓] n. 喜剧o vaudeville [ ♎☜♓●] n. 歌舞杂耍o puppet show [ ☐✈☐♓♦] [☞☜◆]n. 木偶剧o mime [❍♋♓❍] n. 笑剧o theatrical text [ ♓✌♦❒♓☜●] [♦♏♦♦]n. 戏剧文本o drama [ ♎❒❍☜] n. 戏剧o framework [ ♐❒♏♓❍♦☜] n. 结构o magnitude [ ❍✌♈⏹♓♦◆♎] n. 量值o scope [♦☜◆☐] n. 范围Theater can serve many ends. It can be designed to entertain, instruct, motivate, persuade, and even shock. But whatever the intentions of the director, performers, and crew, the result depends on the interaction with an audience. The audience affects the performance by providing the performers with immediate feedback, such as laughter, tears, applause, or silence. Each night there is continuous interaction between the auditorium and the stage. Ultimately, audiences make their opinions known through their attendance or nonattendance. They support what appeals to them and generally fail to support what they find distasteful, offensive, or incomprehensible.o serve [♦☜] v. 满足，服务o end [♏⏹♎] n. 目的o entertain [ ♏⏹♦☜♦♏♓⏹] v. 娱乐o instruct [♓⏹♦♦❒✈♦] v. 教导o motivate [ ❍☜◆♦☜♏♓♦] v. 激发o persuade [☐☜♦♦♏♓♎] v. 说服o shock [☞] v. 震撼o intention [♓⏹♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 意图，目的o director [♎♓❒♏♦☜] n. 导演o performer [☐☜♐❍☜] n. 表演者o crew [ ❒◆] n. 全体人员o interaction [ ♓⏹♦☜❒✌☞☜⏹] n. 相互作用。

托福的词汇表整理

托福的词汇表整理托福考试是一个重视词汇量的英语考试，因此扩大词汇量对于预备托福考试格外重要。

下面是一个大约包含1500个常用托福词汇的整理：A1. abandon-放弃2. ability-力量3. abolish-废除4. absorb-吸取5. abstract-抽象的6. absurd-荒谬的7. abundant-丰富的8. abuse-滥用9. accelerate-加速10. accessible-可接近的B11. bias-偏见12. bless-祝愿13. blend-混合14. boast-夸耀15. boundary-边界16. breed-繁殖17. brief-简短的18. brilliant-杰出的19. budget-预算20. bully-欺侮第1页/共11页C21. calculate-计算22. capable-能干的23. capture-捕获24. cautious-当心的25. celebrate-庆祝26. challenge-挑战27. charity-慈善28. clarify-澄清29. client-客户30. climate-气候D31. decade-十年32. decay-腐败33. decline-衰退34. decorate-装饰35. dedicate-奉献36. defend-保卫37. define-定义38. democracy-民主39. demonstrate-证明40. dense-密集的E41. eager-渴望的42. efficient-高效的43. eliminate-消退44. embrace-拥抱45. emerge-消灭46. emphasize-强调47. enable-使能够48. encounter-患病49. enhance-增加50. enormous-巨大的F51. facilitate-促进52. faithful-忠诚的53. former-前者的54. foundation-基础55. fraud-欺诈56. frustrate-使懊丧57. fundamental-基本的58. furthermore-此外59. furious-生气的60. fusion-融合G61. gender-性别62. generate-生成63. global-全球的64. gradual-渐渐的65. grant-授予66. greed-贪欲67. grief-哀痛68. guarantee-保证69. guide-指导第3页/共11页70. guilty-有罪的H71. habitat-栖息地72. harmony-和谐73. hazardous-危急的74. hence-因此75. hesitate-迟疑76. host-主持77. humble-虚心的78. hurricane-飓风79. hypothesis-假设80. identical-相同的I81. illustrate-说明82. immense-巨大的83. impact-影响84. implement-实施85. imply-示意86. inevitable-不行避开的87. infect-感染88. inferior-低劣的89. influence-影响90. innovative-创新的J91. jealous-嫉妒的92. justify-证明93. keen-热衷的94. launch-放射95. liberty-自由96. logic-规律97. loyal-忠诚的98. luxury-铺张品99. maximize-最大化100. motivate-激励K101. keen-热衷的102. pace-速度103. mirror-反映104. mutual-相互的105. objective-客观的106. patience-急躁107. persistent-长久的108. potential-潜力109. process-过程110. prompt-快速的L111. labor-劳动112. landscape-风景113. launch-放射114. leisure-休闲115. liberate-解放116. logic-规律117. luxury-铺张品118. maintain-维持第5页/共11页119. majority-大多数120. massive-大规模的M121. magnify-放大122. manipulate-操纵123. maximize-最大化124. medieval-中世纪的125. mercy-慈善126. mislead-误导127. modify-修改128. moral-道德的129. mystery-奇特130. negotiate-协商N131. neglect-忽视132. network-网络133. neutral-中立的134. nevertheless-然而135. noble-高尚的136. nourish-滋养137. numerous-很多的138. nurture-培育139. obstacle-障碍140. option-选择O141. objective-客观的142. obtain-获得143. obstacle-障碍144. omit-省略145. opinion-观点146. organize-组织147. overwhelming-压倒性的148. obvious-明显的149. modify-修改150. obligation-责任P151. perceive-感知152. persist-坚持153. perspective-观点154. precise-精确的155. prevail-流行156. principle-原则157. proclaim-宣布158. profound-深刻的159. progress-进步160. promote-促进Q161. qualify-使具备资格162. quality-质量163. quantity-数量164. quest-追求165. quote-引用166. urban-城市的167. reassuring-使人放心的第7页/共11页168. reflect-反映169. regime-政权170. render-使成为R171. random-随机的172. rational-理性的173. recent-最近的174. recover-康复175. remarkable-卓越的176. reliable-牢靠的177. renewable-可再生的178. represent-代表179. restore-恢复180. reveal-揭露S181. sacred-神圣的182. scale-规模183. scarce-稀缺的184. scheme-方案185. significance-重要性186. skeptical-怀疑的187. sophisticated-简单的188. strategy-策略189. substantial-大量的190. successor-继任者T191. technique-技术192. temporary-临时的193. terror-恐怖194. transform-转变195. transparent-透亮的196. tremendous-巨大的197. ultimately-最终地198. unique-独特的199. universe-宇宙200. utilize-利用U201. unanimous-全都的202. undergo-经受203. undermine-减弱204. uphold-支持205. uprising-起义206. urgent-紧急的207. utilize-利用208. utmost-极度的209. utter-说出210. undermine-减弱V211. vacant-空缺的212. valid-有效的213. vanish-消逝214. venture-冒险215. verify-核实216. versatile-多才多艺的第9页/共11页217. virtue-美德218. vision-视力219. vital-至关重要的220. vow-宣誓W221. welfare-福利222. whereas-然而223. wicked-邪恶的224. withdraw-撤退225. widespread-广泛的226. witness-目击者227. withstand-经受住228. worship-崇拜229. worthy-值得的230. yield-产生X231. xenophobia-仇外心理232. xenophilic-爱外国事物的233. xenology-外星学234. xenial-外国人的235. xenobiotics-外源性物质236. xenoloneliness-外地人的孤独237. xenolinguistics-外语学238. xenophilia-对外国人的宠爱239. xenodochial-好客的240. xenolith-岩石中的异质体Y千里之行，始于足下。

新托福独立写作必背话题词汇

可信的 adj. reliable/ trustworthy
道德准则 code of conduct
无处不在的 adj. ubiquitous/ prevalent
处在公众注意力的焦点 in the spotlight
传闻 n. gossip
四、Success 成功
决心 n. determination 座右铭 n. motto
of all proportions
公正客观的 objective and balanced
揭露 v. expose/ reveal
侵犯隐私 violate someone’s privacy
毁坏某人的名誉 tarnish one’s reputation
掩盖 v. cover up/ gloss over
过多的暴力与色情内容 excessive violent
and pornographic contents
有误导性的 adj. misleading/ distorted
报道非常详尽的细节 report sth. in detail
夸大事件 exaggerate things/ blow things out
名望 n. fame
不幸 n. misfortune
残疾的 adj. disabled 对手 n. rival
在某方面成功 succeed in sth.
态度 n. attitude 毅力 n. perseverance
逆境 n. adversity/ hardship
决定性的，有决断力的 adj. decisive
完全与世隔绝 entirely cut off from the

iBT新托福镇魂单词题全集(无老师)

1. a matter of speculation supposition n. 推断2. a solicitation of an invitation of n. 垦求;垦请3. abandoned left a. 被遗弃的4. aberrant abnormal a. 脱离常轨的,5. abort quit v. 夭折;中止6. abruptly suddenly ad. 突然地;意外地7. absorb appeal v. 吸收;被…吸引8. absorb learn(学习) v. 吸收9. absorb take in v. 吸收;被…吸引 10. abstract not concrete a. 抽象的;非实际的 11. absurd ridiculous a. 荒谬的;可笑的 12. abundance large amount n. 大量 13. abundance great number n. 大量 14. abundant affluent a. 丰富的;大量的 15. abundant ample a. 丰富的;大量的 16. abundant numerous a. 丰富的;大量的 17. abundant plentiful a. 丰富的;大量的 18. abundant substantial a. 丰富的;大量的 19. abundantly plentifully ad. 丰富地;大量地 20. access reach v. 接近 21. accessible reachable a. 可接近的 22. accessible easy to reach a. 易接近的 23. accidental unexpected a. 意外的;偶然的 24. accommodate provide for v. 提供 25. accomplished achieved a. 实现完成的 26. accomplished skilled a. 熟练的 27. account description n. 说明 28. account for explain v. 说明 29. accumulate collect v. 积累;聚集 30. accumulate pile up v. 积累;聚集聚集 31. accurate correct a. 正确的 32. accurately correctly ad. 正确地 33. acknowledge recognize v. 承认 34. actually in fact ad. 事实上 35. added extra a. 附加的;额外的 36. adept skilled a. 熟练的 37. adherent supporter n. 拥护者 38. adjacent nearby a. 毗连的 39. adjacent neighboring a. 毗连的 40. adjust modify v. 调整;改变…以适应 41. administer manage v. 管理 42. admit let in v. 准许进入 43. adopt enact v. 采用 44. advance improvement n. 发展;增长 45. advent arrival n. 出现;到来 46. advent beginning n. 出现;到来 47. affair matter n. 事件;事情 48. afford provide v. 提供;给予49. aggravate increase v. 加重;增剧50. aggravate annoy v. 使恼火51. aggregate overall a. 聚集的;合计的52. aggregate combined a. 聚集的;合计的53. agile astute a. 灵活的;敏捷的54. agile clever a. 灵活的;敏捷的55. agile quick and active a. 灵活的;敏捷的56. agile move and act quickly a. 灵活的;敏捷的57. air feeling n. 气氛58. alarm sound v. 警报59. alarm warning n. 警告60. albeit although conj. 尽管；虽然61. albeit even though conj. 尽管；虽然62. allow enable v. 允许63. allude suggest v. 暗示64. allude to refer to phrv. 提到65. ally with link to v. 结盟66. alter change to v. 改变67. amazing remarkable/replacement a. 令人惊讶的、非68. ambiguous vague a. 不明确的69. ambivalent mixed a. 矛盾的70. ample plentiful a. 充足的;丰富的71. ample spacious a. 宽敞的72. anchor hold in place v. 使固定73. ancient old a. 古老的74. ancient antique a. 古老的75. annihilate destroy v. 消灭76. annihilate completely remove v. 消灭77. annually yearly ad. 每年78. anomaly irregularity n. 异常的人或物79. antagonist competitor n. 对手;敌手80. anticipate expect v. 预期81. antiseptic clean a. 抗菌的82. antithesis opposite n. 对立面83. antler horn n. 鹿角84. anxiety worry n. 忧虑;担心85. apart from exception phr. 除了…之外86. apart from except for phr. 除了…之外87. apparatus equipment n. 仪器;设备88. apparent obvious a. 显然的89. apparently clearly ad. 显然地90. appeal attraction n. 吸引力91. appealing attractive a. 有吸引力的92. appear seem v. 似乎93. appearance rise n. 出现94. appearance arrival n. 出现95. appearance showing up n. 出现 96. application use n. 应用 97. appreciable noticeable a. 相当可观的 98. approach method n. 方法 99. approach move toward v. 接近 100. approximately roughly ad. 大约地 101. architecture structure n. 构造 102. archive record v. 存档 103. archive stock v. 存档 104. archive store v. 存档 105. arduous difficult a. 艰巨的 106. arid dry a. 干旱的 107. arise emerge v. 出现 108. arrangement configuration n. 安排;布置 109. array range n. 一系列 110. article item n. 物品 111. article object n. 物品 112. as a rule in general phr. 通常 113. assert declare v. 断言;宣称 114. assertion strong statement n. 断言;主张 115. asset advantage n. 资产;有利条件 116. assimilate combine v. 同化 117. assistance help n. 帮助；协助 118. assorted various a. 各式各样的 119. assume believe v. 假定;设想 120. assume suppose v. 假定;设想 121. assume take on v. 承担 122. assumption premise n. 假设 123. astonishing amazing a. 惊人的 124. astute clever a. 敏锐的 125. at random without a definite pattern phr. 随便地; 任意地 126. attachment to preference for n. 依恋 127. attain achieve v. 达到;获得 128. attainment achievement n. 达到;获得 129. attendant accompanying a. 伴随的 130. attest to confirm v. 证实 131. attribute accredit v. 归于;认为 132. attribute characteristic n. 特点 133. attribute to credit with v. 归于; 认为 134. attribution character n. 属性 135. augment increase v. 增加;提高 136. available obtainable a. 可获得的 137. avenue method n. 途径;手段 138. avenue means n. 途径;手段 139. avid enthusiastic a. 热中的 140. barely just ad. 仅仅 141. barge boat n. 驳船 142. barrier obstacle n. 障碍143. barrier impediment n. 障碍144. battle struggle n. 搏斗;奋斗145. be inclined tend v. 倾向146. be accustomed to get used to phrv. 习惯147. be aware of familiar with phrv. 了解148. be beforehand foreordain v. 预先149. be closer resemblance to be more like phr. 非150. be consistent with be compatible with phr. 一151. be entitled to have the right phrv. 有…权利152. beckon invite v. 招唤;引诱153. become extinct die out phrv. 灭绝154. being creature n. 生命155. beneficial advantageous a. 有益的156. blossom flourish v. 兴旺157. blossom thrive v. 兴旺158. boast puff v. 吹嘘159. boast exaggerate v. 吹嘘160. bombard assail v. 炮击;轰击161. bombard assault v. 炮击;轰击162. bombard strike v. 炮击;轰击163. boom expansion n. 激增;爆涨164. boon great benefit n. 利益165. boost raise v. 增加;提高166. boundary periphery n. 边界167. branch division n. 分支168. breed reproduce v. 繁殖;饲养169. brilliant bright a. 光辉的;明亮的170. brittle breakable a. 脆弱的171. brittle fragile a. 脆弱的172. broad appeal wide popularity a. 广泛的吸引力173. broadly generally ad. 大体上174. broadly extensively ad. 大体上175. bulk majority n. 大部份176. bulk large part n. 大部份177. bulk major part n. 主体178. bulk large portion n. 大部份179. bulk great quantity n. 大部份180. burgeon expand v. 急速成长181. bustling lively a. 活跃的182. camouflage disguise v. 伪装183. camouflage hide v. 伪装184. camouflage decorate(装饰) v. 伪装185. camouflage blend with circumstances v. 伪装 186. cardinal fundamental a. 基本的187. cargo shipment n. 船货;货物188. celebrated famous a. 着名的189.central essential a. 主要的 190.certain specified a. 指定的 191.chancy risky a. 冒险的 192.channel provide v. 提供帮助 193.channel direct v. 引导 194.channel guide v. 引导 195.chaotic disorganized a. 混乱的 196.cherish value v. 珍爱 197.chief major a. 主要的 198.chisel carve v. 刻;凿 199.choose opt v. 选择 200.chronic persistent a. 长期的;不断的 201.chronic confirmed a. 长期的;不断的 202.chronic habitual a. 长期的;不断的 203.chronic inveterate a. 长期的;不断的 204.chronically constantly ad. 长期地 205.circuitous indirect a. 迂迴的 206.circumstance condition n. 环境;情况 207.cite quote v. 引用 208.cite refer to v. 引用 209.classic typical a. 典型的 210.clear visible a. 容易看见的 211.clear apparent a. 显然的 212.cling to attach to v. 附着 213.close careful a. 严密的;周密的 214.clue hint n. 线线索 215.coating cover n. 覆盖层 216.coincide with be as the same time as v. 同时发生 217.collaborate cooperate v. 合作 218.collaboration joint effect n. 合作成果 219.collect gather v. 收集 220.collide hit each other v. 碰撞 221.collide with run into v. 碰撞 222.commemorate celebrate v. 庆祝;纪念 223.compact concise a. 紧密的;简明的 224.compact compressed(结实的) a. 紧密的;简明的 225.comparable equivalent a. 可比较的 226.comparative relative a. 相当的 227.compel push v. 强迫 228.compelling convincing a. 令人信服的 229.compensate reimburse v. 赔偿;补偿 230.compensate for balance phrv. 赔偿;补偿 231.complaint protest v. 抗议 232.complement supplement n. 补充物 233.complement add to v. 补充 234.completely totally ad. 完全地 235. complex elaborate a. 复杂的 236. complex system n. 复合物;综合体 237. complicated complex a. 复杂的 238. complicated made things more difficult a. 复239. component constituent a. 组成的 240. composition mixture n. 合成物 241. comprehensive understandable a. 能理解的 242. comprehensive complete a. 全部的 243. comprise form v. 组成 244. comprise make up v. 组成 245. concern interest v. 感兴趣 246. conclusive final a. 最后的 247. conclusive ultimate a. 最后的 248. conducive contributive a. 有助于...的 249. configuration arrangement n. 布局;结构 250. configuration form n. 佈局;结构 251. confine limit/boundary v. 限制 252. confront face v. 面临 253. congeal solidify v. 使凝结 254. consecutive successive a. 连续的 255. consequence result n. 结果;重要性 256. consequence importance n. 结果;重要性 257. consequent later a. 随后的 258. consequent resultant a. 作为结果的 259. consequent resulting a. 作为结果的 260. consequential significant a. 重要的 261. consequently therefore ad. 因此 262. consequently thus ad. 因此 263. conserve save v. 保存 264. consider think as v. 考虑;认为 265. consider view as v. 考虑;认为 266. consider think about v. 考虑;认为认为 267. considerable substantial/significant a. 相当268. consist of compose of v. 由…组成 269. consistent regular a. 一致的 270. consistently regularly ad. 一致地 271. conspicuous notable a. 明显的 272. constant stable a. 固定的;不变的 273. constantly always ad. 经常;不断地 274. constellation collection n. 一系列;一群 275. constellation combination n. 一系列;一群 276. constitution component n. 构造 277. constrain restrict v. 限制 278. constraint limit n. 限制 279. constraint restriction n. 限制 280. consume eat up v. 消耗;吃;喝吃;喝 281. consumed used up v. 消耗 282. contemplate consider v. 沉思283.contentious disputed a. 好争吵的 284.continual constant a. 不间断的;连续的 285.continuous uninterrupted a. 连续的;持续的 286.contrive create v. 发明 287.contrive invent v. 发明 288.conventional customary a. 习惯的;惯例的 289.conventional traditional a. 习惯的;惯例的 290.converging concentrating a. 收缩的;会聚的 291.convert transform v. 使转变 292.convert into change to v. 转变成 293.convict condemn v. 宣判 294.convict sentence v. 宣判 295.convict doom(判决) v. 宣判 296.conviction belief n. 相信;信念 297.conviction strong belief n. 坚定的信念 298.cope with handle phrv. 应付;处理 299.cope with deal with phrv. 应付;处理 300.copious plentiful a. 丰富的;大量的 301.core center n. 核心;要点 302.correspondence harmony n. 一致 303.corroborate confirm v. 证实;确证 304.costly expensive a. 贵重的;昂贵的 305.counsel advise v. 忠告 306.countless innumerable a. 数量很多的 307.counter oppose v. 反对 308.counter of in the opposite of a. 相反的 309.counterpart version(版本) n. 复本;副本 310.counterpart similitude(类似物) n. 复本;副本 311.counterpart equivalent(同等物) n. 复本;副本 312.countervail compensate v. 抵销;对抗 313.countervail oppose v. 抵销;对抗 314.couple associate v. 与…联系起来 315.covered included a. 隐蔽的;有盖的 316.crawl move v. 爬行;移动 317.create invent v. 创作;产生 318.creative inventive a. 创造的 319.crest peak n. 顶峰 320.critical crucial a. 关键的 321.critical essential a. 关键的 322.criticize debate(争论;辩论) v. 批评;责备 323.crucial important a. 重要的 324.crucially decisively ad. 关键地 325.crushed ground a. 碾碎了的 326.cumbersome awkward a. 笨重的;麻烦的 327.cumbersome clumsy a. 笨重的;麻烦的 328.cumbersome unwieldy a. 笨重的;麻烦的 329. curb control v. 控制;遏止 330. current present a. 现在的 331. dam block v. 筑坝;控制 332. dangle hang v. 悬摆;吊 333. daring bold a. 大胆的 334. debate argue v. 辩论;争论 335. decimate destroy v. 大量毁灭 336. decimation destruction n. 大量毁灭 337. degree extent n. 程度 338. degree measure n. 程度 339. delicate dainty a. 易碎的;精美的 340. delight please v. 使高兴 341. delight pleasure n. 高兴;愉快 342. deluxe lavish a. 奢华的 343. demand need n. 需要;需求 344. demise extinction n. 死亡 345. demography population n. 人口统计 346. dense crowded a. 稠密的;密集的 347. dense thick a. 稠密的;密集的 348. depend rely on v. 依赖;依靠依靠 349. dependable reliable a. 可信赖的 350. depict describe v. 描述 351. depict portray v. 描写;描绘 352. depletion drain n. 消耗;用尽 353. deposit accumulate v. 沉积 354. deposit lay down v. 放下;放置 355. derive arise v. 源于;导出 356. design create v. 设计 357. designate identify v. 命名;指定 358. detractor critic(批评者) n. 诽谤者;恶意批评者359. detrimental harmful a. 有害的;不利的 360. deviate digress v. 偏离 361. deviation departure n. 背离 362. devise create v. 设计;发明 363. devoid of lack of a. 缺乏的 364. devoid of without(prep.) a. 缺乏的 365. devoid of scant of a. 缺乏的 366. devoted dedicated a. 虔诚的;专心致志的 367. devoted to concentrated on a. 虔诚的;专心致志368. discernible noticeable a. 可感369. dictate determine v. 口授;命令 370. dictate order v. 命令 371. differential uneven a. 差别的;独特的 372. diffuse travel v. 扩散;散布 373. diffuse spread(out) v. 扩散;散布 374. diligent careful a. 勤奋的 375. diligently carefully ad. 勤奋地 376. dilute reduce v. 稀释;使薄弱377.dim decrease v. 变暗淡 378.disassemble break apart v. 拆开 379.disassemble break up v. 拆开 380.disband dismiss v. 解散;遣散 381.discard throw away v. 摒弃;丢弃 382.discard throw up v. 摒弃;丢弃丢弃 383.discernible noticeable a. 可辨别的 384.discernible discriminating a. 可辨别的 385.discharge release v. 释放 386.disentangle disband v. 解开 387.disgust distaste v. 厌恶 388.disintegrate break apart v. 分解;碎裂 389.disintegrate fall apart v. 分解;碎裂 390.disintegrate tear apart v. 分解;碎裂 391.dismantle demolish v. 拆开;拆除 392.disorder anarchy n. 混乱 393.dispensable not necessary a. 非必要的 394.dispersal distribution n. 散布;驱散 395.displace move out of position v. 迫使(人)离开 396.disposition temperament n. 性格;性情 397.dispute contention n. 争论;争执 398.dispute argument n. 争论;争执 399.dissipate disperse v. 驱散 400.dissipated dispersed a. 分散的 401.dissuade discourage v. 劝阻 402.distinct clear and recognizable a. 清楚的;明确的 403.distinction difference n. 差别 404.distinction honor n. 荣誉 405.distinction excellence n. 优秀;卓越 406.distinctive characteristic a. 有特色的 407.distinguish notice from the difference v. 区别; 识别 408.distribute spread v. 分配;散布 409.distribution dispersion n. 散布 410.distribution geographic range n. 分布区域 411.disturb upset v. 打乱；扰乱 412.diverse distinct a. 不同的 413.diversification emergence of many varieties n. 多样化 414.diversity variety n. 多样性 415.divest deprive v. 剥夺 416.divest get rid of v. 剥夺 417.domestic home a. 家庭的;国内的 418.dormant hibernated a. 休眠的;不活动的 419.dormant inactive a. 休眠的;不活动的 420.dramatically greatly ad. 戏剧性地 421.drastic extreme a. 激烈的;极端的 422.drastically obviously ad. 大大地;彻底地 423. drastically severely(严重地) ad. 大大地;彻底地 424. dual double a. 双的;双重的 425. duplicate copy v. 复制 426. duplicate repeat n. 复本 427. durable lasting a. 经久的;持久的 428. earn acquire v. 赚得;赢得 429. ease facilitate(使容易) v. 使减轻;使缓和 430. eccentric erratic a. 古怪的;反常的 431. eccentric strange a. 古怪的;反常的 432. efface eliminate v. 消去 433. elaborate detailed a. 精巧的;详尽的 434. elaborate dainty a. 精巧的;详尽的 435. elapsed passed a. 过去的;经过的 436. element weather condition n. （恶劣的）天气 437. eliminate remove v. 排除;消除 438. elusive difficult to catch a. 难懂的;难捉摸的439. emanate emerge v. 散发;产生 440. embark on start v. 从事(着手) 441. embed insert v. 插入;植入 442. embed implant v. 插入;植入 443. embed enclose v. 插入;植入 444. emergence appearance n. 出现 445. emergency crisis n. 紧急情况 446. emergent developing a. 新兴的 447. employ use v. 利用 448. enable allow v. 使能够 449. enactment establishment n. 制定 450. encapsulate state briefly v. 概述 451. encourage stimulate v. 激励；刺激 452. endangered not abundant a. 濒临绝种的 453. endeavor enterprise n. 努力 454. endow bestow v. 捐赠 455. engulf swallow v. 吞没 456. enhance improve v. 提高;增强 457. enhance intensify v. 提高;增强 458. enjoy experience v. 经历 459. enlist obtain v. 谋取（支持、赞助等） 460. enormous great a. 巨大的 461. enrich enhance v. 使富足 462. ensue result v. 因…产生 463. ensuing subsequent a. 接着发生的 464. ensure guarantee v. 保证;担保 465. entail involve v. 牵涉 466. enthusiastic eager a. 热情的 467. environment setting n. 环境 468. ephemeral short-lived a. 短暂的 469. ephemeral transient a. 短暂的 470. episode event n. 事件471. equilibrium balance n. 平衡 472. era period n. 时代;年代 473. eradicate remove completely v. 根除;消灭 474. erect build v. 建立 475. erratic unpredictable a. 不稳定的;古怪的 476. erratic irregular a. 不稳定的;古怪的 477. escalate extend v. 逐步扩大 478. essential crucial a. 极重要的 479. established qualified a. 已制定的 480. establishment formation(构成) n. 建立;创立 481. estimate projection n. 估计 482. estimation evaluation n. 估计 483. euphoric extremely happy a. 心情愉快的 484. evaluate judge v. 评价 485. eventual later a. 最后的 486. eventually later ad. 最后 487. eventually ultimately ad. 最后 488. evidence proof n. 证据 489. evident apparent a. 明显的 490. evident obvious a. 明显的 491. evoke arouse v. 唤起;引起 492. evoke draw v. 唤起;引起 493. evoke produce v. 唤起;引起 494. evoke promote v. 唤起;引起 495. evoke stimulate v. 唤起;引起 496. evoke create in the mind v. 唤起; 引起 497. exaggerate overstate v. 夸张;夸大 498. excavate dig out v. 挖掘 499. excavation dug-out n. 挖掘 500. exceed surpass v. 超越;胜过 501. exceed beyond above v. 超越;胜过胜过 502. exceedingly extremely ad. 极其;非常 503. excess go beyond n. 超越; 胜过 504. exclusively only ad. 专门地;独占地 505. excrete expel v. 排泄;分泌 506. exercise use v. 运用 507. exhausted tired a. 精疲力竭的 508. exhausted used up a. 耗尽的;用完的 509. exhibit demonstrate v. 展示;陈列 510. exhibit display v. 展示;陈列 511. expand stretch v. 展开;增长 512. expand increase v. 展开;增长 513. expanse area n. 一大片区域 514. expansive large a. 广阔的 515. expediency convenience n. 方便;利己 516. expediency advantage(优势;利益) n. 方便；利己 517. expedient fitting a. 权宜的;方便的 518.expend use v. 耗尽 519.explicit obvious a. 明确的;清楚的 520.explicitly clear ad. 明确地 521.exploit utilize v. 利用 522.exploit take advantage of v. 利用 523.exploit make use of v. 利用 524.explore investigate v. 探测;探索 525.expose to subject to (遭受) v. 使经历 526.express communicate v. 表达 527.extant existing a. 现存的;尚存的 528.extant remaining a. 现存的;尚存的 529.extant not extinct a. 现存的;尚存的 530.extend stretch v. 延伸 531.extend reach v. 延伸 532.extol praise v. 赞美 533.extraneous inessential a. 无关的;外来的 534.extraneous from outside a. 无关的;外来的 535.extraordinary exceptional a. 异常的 536.exude release v. 渗出;发散 537.exude give off v. 渗出;发散 538.fabricate produce v. 制造 539.far-reaching extensive a. 深远的;广泛的 540.far-reaching broad a. 深远的;广泛的 541.fascinating extremely attractive a. 迷人的 542.fashion make v. 形成;造 543.fashion way n. 样子;方式 544.fashionable popular a. 流行的;时尚的 545.feasible achievable a. 可实行的 546.feasible practical a. 可实行的 547.feast eating n. 盛宴 548.ferry transport n. 渡轮 549.fertile reproductive a. 肥沃的;多产的 550.fertile productive a. 肥沃的;多产的 551.figure out map(详细规划) phr. 计算出;解决 552.finding discovery n. 发现 553.first and foremost above all phr. 首先;首要地554.flake fragment n. 小薄片 555.flattery praise n. 恭维 556.flee run away from v. 逃走 557.flexible adaptable a. 易适应的 558.float stay on the top v. 漂浮 559.float upward rise phrv. 浮起 560.flourish prosper v. 繁荣;兴旺 561.flourish thrive v. 繁荣;兴旺 562.flourishing prosperous a. 繁荣的 563.flow movement n. 流动 564.fluctuate change v. 变动565.fluctuation variation n. 变动;起伏 566.focal point centre area n. 焦点 567.follow track v. 跟随 568.for instance for example phr. 例如 569.forage feed n. 饲料 570. forage search for food v. 觅食 571. formidable excessive a. 巨大的 572. foster encourage v. 鼓励 573. foster urge v. 培养;促进 574. foster promote the development of v. 培养;促进575. foul pollute v. 污染 576. fragment break up v. 使成碎片 577. fragmentation break n. 破裂 578. fragmentize break up v. 使成碎片 579. frankly openly ad. 坦白地 580. frankly sincerely ad. 真诚地 581. friction conflict n. 争执;不合 582. function operation n. 效用;作用 583. function utility n. 效用;作用 584. fundamental basic a. 基础的 585. funds money n. 资金 586. furthermore in addition ad. 此外 587. gap opening n. 缺口;裂口 588. gear adjust v. 使适合 589. generate produce v. 产生 590. genuinely actually ad. 真诚地 591. get accustomed to become used to phrv. 习惯 592. give rise to produce phrv. 引起 593. given particular a. 规定的;特定的 594. govern regulate v. 统治;管理 595. govern control v. 统治;管理 596. grasp understand v. 领会;理解 597. groom clean v. 装扮;使整洁 598. groom make up v. 装扮;使整洁使整洁 599. groundless unfounded a. 无根据的 600. grounds reasons n. 根据;理由 601. groundwork base n. 基础 602. groundwork basis n. 基础 603. groundwork foundation n. 基础 604. grudging unenthusiastic a. 勉强的 605. guarantee ensure v. 保证;担保 606. hallmark characteristic n. 戳记，标志 607. hamper district v. 防碍;束缚 608. hamper restrict v. 防碍;束缚 609. hamper make difficulty v. 防碍;束缚 610. handy convenient a. 便利的;灵活的 611. haphazard random a. 随意的 612. harness use v. 利用 613. harness utilize v. 利用 614. harsh drastic a. 严厉的;严酷的 615. hasty hurried a. 匆匆的;急忙的 616. haul pull v. 拉 617. have nothing to do with in no relation to ph 618.havoc destruction n. 浩劫 619.hazard danger n. 危险 620.heed notice v. 留心;注意 621. heighten increase v. 增加;提高 622.heir inheritor n. 继承人;后继者 623.hence therefore ad. 因此 624.heritage legacy n. 遗产;传统 625.heritage tradition n. 遗产;传统 626.heterogeneous varied a. 由不同种类组成的 627.hide conceal v. 隐藏 628.hinder interfere with v. 妨碍 629.hint clue n. 暗示;迹象 630.hint implication n. 暗示;迹象 631.hint indication n. 暗示;迹象 632.hint lead n. 暗示;迹象 633.hire employ v. 雇用 634.hobby pastime n. 嗜好 635.hold support v. 支撑;保持 636.hold keep up v. 支撑;保持保持 637.hollow an empty space n. 中空 638.homogeneous uniform a. 同种的 639.host of great number n. 大量 640.however yet conj. 然而 641.hub center n. 中心 642.huge large a. 巨大的 643.hurdle fence v. 用篱笆围 644.hypothetical supposed a. 假设的;假定的 645.ice sheet glacier(冰河) n. 冰原 646.identical the same a. 同样的 647.idiosyncrasies peculiarity n. 特性 648.ignite set on fire v. 点燃 649.illusion impression(印象) n. 错觉;幻像 650.immediately closest ad. 接近;紧接着 651.immense great a. 巨大的 652.immense huge a. 巨大的 653.immense vast a. 巨大的 654.immensely extremely ad. 非常 655.immigration movement n. 移居 656.immobile fixed a. 固定的;静止的 657.immobility absence of motion n. 固定;静止658.immoral indecent a. 不道德的659.immoral improper a. 不道德的 660.impermeable impenetrable a. 不能渗透的 661.impermeable impervious a. 不能渗透的 662.impetus stimulus v. 刺激;促进 663.impetus incentive n. 刺激;促进 664.implausible unbelievable a. 难以置信的 665.implement tool n. 工具 666.imply indicate v. 意味 667.imposing impressive a. 给人深刻印象的 668.imprecise inexact a. 不精确的 669.improbable unlikely a. 不像会发生的 670.in fact actually phr. 事实上 671.in great demand in popularity phr. 普遍 672.in respect to in term of phr. 就…而言 673.inaccessible unreachable a. 难接近的 674.inadvertently unintentionally ad. 非故意地 675.inadvertently without knowing ad. 非故意地 676.inauspicious unfavorable a. 不吉利的 677.incidentally by the way ad. 顺便一提 678.inclement unfavorable a. (气候)严酷的 679.inconceivable unimaginable a. 难以置信的 680.inconclusive without result(毫无结果) a. 不确定的 681.incorporate include v. 包含 682.incorporate merge v. 吸收;併入 683.incursion invasion n. 入侵 684.indicate demonstrate v. 指示;指出 685.indigenous native a. 本土的;土生土长的 686.indispensable essential a. 不可缺少的 687.indispensable necessary a. 不可缺少的 688.indispensable needed a. 不可缺少的 689.indispensable required a. 不可缺少的 690.indispensable vital a. 不可缺少的 691.indispensable significant(重要的) a. 必不可少的 692.induce bring v. 引起 693.induce cause v. 引起 694.ineffectively without any result ad. 无效地 695.inert motionless a. 迟缓的;惰性的 696.inert motiveless a. 迟缓的;惰性的 697.inevitable unavoidable a. 不可避免的 698.inference conclusion n. 推断的结果 699.infirm weak a. 不坚定的;衰弱的 700.inflate expand v. 膨胀;扩大 701.infrastructure foundation n. 基础建设 702.ingenious very clever a. 心灵手巧的 703.ingenuity cleverness n. 心灵手巧;独创性 704.ingenuity creativeness n. 心灵手巧;独创性 705. ingenuity inventiveness n. 心灵手巧;独创性 706. ingenuity resourcefulness n. 心灵手巧;独创性707. inherent essential a. 内在的;固有的 708. inherent internal a. 内在的;固有的 709. inherent instinctive a. 与生俱来的 710. inherent in characteristic of a. 与生俱来的 711. inherently essentially ad. 固有地 712. inhibit hinder v. 约束;抑制 713. inhospitable unfavorable a. 冷淡的;不适宜的 714. inhospitable adverse a. 冷淡的;不适宜的 715. initial first a. 最初的 716. initially originally ad. 最初;开头 717. initiate begin v. 开始;创始 718. initiate start v. 开始;创始 719. innovation new n. 革新;创新 720. innovative new a. 创新的 721. inordinate excessive a. 过度的 722. install put in place v. 放置，安置 723. Instant moment n. 片刻;瞬间 724. instantaneous immediate a. 即刻的 725. instigate incite v. 唆使;煽动 726. instructive informative v. 富有教育意义的 727. insufficient inadequate a. 不足的 728. intact untouched a. 完好的 729. intangible nonmaterial a. 无形的 730. intangible immaterial a. 无形的 731. integral essential a. 构成整体所需要的 732. intense strong a. 强烈的 733. intentionally deliberately ad. 有意地;故意地734. intermediate in-between a./n. 中间的;媒介 735. intimate close a. 亲密的 736. intricate complex a. 复杂的 737. intricate carefully shaped a. 复杂的 738. intrigue interest v. 引发…兴趣 739. intriguing fascinating a. 迷人的 740. intrinsic essential a. 本质的;内在的 741. intrinsic inherent a. 本质的;内在的 742. intrusive invasive a. 侵入的 743. invade move into v. 入侵;侵犯 744. invaluable highly useful a. 极宝贵的 745. Invariably always ad. 始终如一地;一贯地 746. invent devise v. 发明 747. inviolable withoutexception a. 不可违背的 748. inviolable allowing no attack a. 不可违背的 749. invoke appeal v. 垦求,祈求 750. irrecoverable permanent a. 不能挽回的 751. irreparable permanent a. 不能挽回的 752. isolated separated a. 孤立的;分离的753.jettison release v. 抛弃754.jolt shock v. 震动;震惊755.judge estimate v. 评判756.junction connection n. 连接;接合757.juncture connection n. 连接;接合758.justified right a. 正当的759.justify prove v. 证明...是正当的760.key significant a. 重要的;关键的ding cargo n. 货物ding shipment n. 货物ndscape scenery n. 风景;景色rge extensive a. 大的;大量的rgely mostly ad. 大部分;主要地unch initial v. 发起;发动unch initiate v. 发起;发动unch start v. 发起;发动769.legitimacy authority n. 合法性770.legitimately properly ad. 正当地;合法地771.leisure free time n. 闲暇772.leisurely slowly a. 悠闲的;从容不迫地773.lethal fateful a. 致命的774.lethal deadly a. 致命的775.liberal extensive a. 宽大的776.liken to compare v. 比较777.likewise similarly ad. 同样地778.linger wander v. 徘徊;漫步779.linger stroll v. 徘徊;漫步780.link connect v. 连接781.link consist of v. 连接;结合782.link put together v. 连接;结合结合783.listening advertent a. 留神听的784.livelihood means of support n. 生活;生计785.locale place n. 现场;场所786.locate find v. 找出787.lucrative profitable a. 有利益的788.luxuriant thriving a. 茂盛的789.magnify enlarge v. 放大790.magnitude extent n. 巨大;广大791.magnitude amount n. 量;大小792.maintain continue v. 维持;使继续793.majestic magnificent a. 壮观的794.make their way travel phrv. 前进795.malleable pliable a. 有延展性的;可塑的796.mandatory required a. 强制的;义务的797.mandatory obligatory a. 强制的;义务的798.manifest reveal v. 表明;显现799.manipulate control v. 操纵800.marked considerable a. 显着的801.markedly distinctly ad. 显着地802.mask cover v. 遮避;掩护;伪装803.mask disguise v. 遮避;掩护;伪装804.massive enormous a. 巨大的805.massive huge a. 巨大的806.mastery control n. 控制807.matter issue n. 问题;事件808.maximum greatest size n. 最大量809.mean average n. 平均值810.merely only ad. 仅仅811.merely simply ad. 仅仅812.merely no more than ad. 仅仅813.merge blend v. 合併;融合814.merge combine v. 合併;融合815.meticulously carefully ad. 小心地816.microbe germ n. 微生物;细菌estone significant event n. 里程碑; 划时代ky way galaxy n. 银河819.mimic imitate v. 模仿820.mimic copy v. 模仿821.miniature small a. 微型的822.minuscule tiny a. 微型的823.minute tiny a. 微小的824.minute very small a. 微小的825.minutely finely ad. 详细地;精密地826.minutely in detail ad. 详细地; 精密地827.mirror reflect v. 反映;反射828.misconception wrong idea n. 误解829.misleading erroneous a. 使人误解的830.misleading inaccurate a. 使人误解的831.misunderstanding wrong idea n. 误解832.misunderstanding FALSE idea n. 误解833.mock pretend v. 模仿834.modest limited(有限的) a. 适度的835.modest not too large (不大的) a. 适度的836.modification alteration n. 修改;改变837.momentous significant a. 重要的838.monitor observe v. 监控;监视839.monopolize dominate(支配) v. 独占；垄断840.monotone tedious a. 单调的;乏味的841.monotonous boring a. 单调的;无聊的842.moreover additionally ad. 此外843.moreover in addition ad. 此外844.motif pattern n. 图案845.mount climb v. 登上846.mount grow v. 增长。

(完整版)托福听力分类词汇完整版

新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition, fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓:university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院school 学院dean 院长principal 中学校长professor 教授associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授coordinator 班主任，协调人counselor 辅导员advisor 指导老师instructor 讲师tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人undergraduate 本科graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅cafeteria.自助餐厅administration building 行政大楼main building主楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hall assembly n.集合,集会hallcomputer lab 计算实验室，机房dining hall 食堂选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Attend class 上课Miss class 缺课Skip class逃课Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与杂semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus 教学大纲Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）,openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist 化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家作业：assignment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the iexam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography 参考书目title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程HypothesisAlternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey, questionnaireExperimentInterfere, influenceObservationAnalyze dataInterpret dataAnalysisAnalyticalSubjectSampleTreatment groupNon-treatmentControl group校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter of reference/recommendation CompetitiveBenefit future careerField researchCollect data for papersWaiter, waitress，BabysitterWork at the libraryQualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CVfinancial aid经济援助Scholarship FellowshipTeaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Membership 成员资格Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument; equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉range 煤气灶dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶refrigerator (freezer) 冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personalpossessions/property/belongings个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongsgarbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud泥土, soil土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化moltenGravity n.重心Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动V olcano, volcanic 火山，火山的V olcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸(explosion)boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩地球科学Earth’s interior 地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compression 压缩Shear（a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves）Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Density 密度Boundary边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continental plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate (地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack 裂缝Molten lava 融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic changes气候变化Consistent pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar energy太阳能Radiate 发射，放射Crude approximation 大概的猜测Speculation猜测Cooling down冷却Mechanism 机制Length of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin 快速旋转Minerals 矿物质Diverse 多样的Specimen，Sample样品Abundant 丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amazon stones天河石Firing vapor 炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out 根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Elevation 海拔，海拔增高Precise measurement精确的测量Global Positioning System全球定位系统Longitude 经度Latitude 维度Alternative sources of energy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap 困住Flame 火焰Potential 潜在的Model 模式Geological fault地质断层Crack 裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chunk 大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical 圆柱形的ground tilt measurement地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj. 沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业Insurance 保险Note 注意Contract合约Verbal agreement口头协议Repay 偿还Interest 利息Merchant 商人Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label 标签Contention 所持观点Inform 告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and demand供求Supply chain供应链Fluctuation 浮动Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and AristotleTheme 主题Logic 逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fundamental causes 基本原因Principles of the universe 宇宙的原则Perceive 看待，观察Perception 观点Sense 感觉Soul 灵魂spiritElement 组成成分Reasoning 推理Ration理性, rational有理性的Contemplation 沉思，思考Judgment判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明, justification 合理的理由Explicit 明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral 有道德的Ultimate truth终极真理Universal 普遍的Search for truth 追求真理Vary v.不相同Intrinsic 内部的Extrinsic 外部的Critic 评论家Old-fashioned 过时的Valuable 有价值的Survive 生存，存活Conservative 保守的Liberal 开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cognitive 认知的Weaken 削弱Diminish （影响力）减小Medieval 中世纪Renaissance 文艺复兴Doctrine教义,主义,学说Idealism 唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n. 认识论Metaphysics形而上学,玄学Reconcile和解,调停天文学astronomyconstellation星座zodiac （星象学的星座）planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星Venus金星Neptune海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space）Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体(rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen) Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos宇宙,cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响，形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群，星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术modern dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shotanalytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art抽象艺术landscape风景photography摄影exposure 曝光develop film 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、still life静物sculpture雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vividanthem国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj.与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Edition n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n.首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法Angle 角度Press/Publishing house出版社Acclaim v. 盛赞mirage海市蜃楼prolific多产Preserve v. 保存Extinct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist 小说家collection of short stories短篇小说集Allegory寓言Comparative literature比较文学Diary 日记Editorial 社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism 未来派Legend 传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose 叙述性散文Podium 讲台Prose 散文Realism 现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leading character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot 情节Poetry 诗歌Prologue前言Proverb谚语Surrealism 超现实主义美术Art gallery艺廊Calligraphy书法Imitating模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting油画Paste粘贴Crayon 蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigmentation 颜料Canvas 帆布Wax 蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait肖像Model模式，模特mural壁画Panorama全景Pastel drawing蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph手稿建筑Architecture建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style建筑风格Art deco 装饰艺术Art moderneGeometric patterns 几何图形Arch 拱门Castle 城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing结构Lobby n. 大厅(entrance hall) Elevator n. 电梯Façade n. 正面Stairs 楼梯Interior 内部的Exterior 外部的Impressionistic style印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Renaissance 文艺复兴Medieval中世纪Byzantine architecture 527 (Sofia)-1520音乐Accompaniment 伴奏Audition 试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music古典音乐Concerto 协奏曲Lullaby 催眠曲Duet 二重奏Harmony 和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Serenade 小夜曲Solo 独奏Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music 民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score 乐谱Note 音符Notation 乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics 歌词Tempo 节奏Melody 主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune 旋律Conduct 指挥Violin 小提琴Viola 中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clarinet单簧管krummhorn['krʌmhɔ:n]n. 变号(一种古双簧乐器)Harp 竖琴考古anthropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的anthropologist 生态人类学家archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘Scoop铲子ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品pottery 陶器(potter)Porcelain瓷器fossil 化石relic 遗物，文物Rock painting 岩石画antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull 颅骨Cranial颅骨的Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的Exhume 挖掘PaleoanthropologyPrehistoric史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biological agencyCalcium钙Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Fermentation 发酵Fungus 菌类Gene基因Genetic engineering 基因工程学Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Inflection传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe 微生物Nucleus 细胞核One-celled单细胞的Oxidation氧化Parasitic animal 寄生动物Parasite disease 寄生虫病Parasitology 寄生虫学Pathogen 病菌，病原体Protozoa 原生动物Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch 淀粉Sterilization 消毒Toxin 毒素Vaccine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast 酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium(pl.bacteria)细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rodent 啮齿类动物primate 灵长类动物ape 猿chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩gorilla 大猩猩monkey n. 猴子mammal 哺乳类动物dinosaur n.恐龙bat (ecolotion) 蝙蝠（声波定位）snowshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout (动物的)口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra眼镜蛇, rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n.昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed egg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming birdartery 动脉scale 鳞片claw爪, paw爪子horn 角hormone 荷尔蒙intestine 肠hive 蜂巢pollen n. 花粉pollinate v.授粉hibernate 冬眠migrate v. 迁徙communicate v. 交流camouflage 保护色evolve 进化evolution n. 进化endotherm n.温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n. 冷血动物beak 鸟嘴enzymes 酵母secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌pancreas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragrance scent smell)gland 腺体chromosome 染色体植物botany植物学botanist 植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel 月桂chestnut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga) 海藻organism 有机物birch tree (bark) 桦树crops 谷物corn 玉米maize 玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素amino acids 氨基酸protein 蛋白质nitrogen 氮photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用lichen 地衣,苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean 豆类植物nectar花蜜flower花floral 花的petal 花瓣bloom 开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss 苔藓herbicide 除草剂herb 草本植物herbivorous 食草的classification 分类hierarchy 级别hazardous 有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer 气压计current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb 吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze 微风Blast 大风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclone 旋风，飓风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风Monsoon 季风Sandstorm沙尘暴Dust storm沙尘暴tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风Tropical depression热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel 漏斗，漏斗云cumulonimbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v. 淹没drought 干旱Avalanche雪崩Balmy 温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保environmental protection 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v.保护，保存污染：pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminant n.污染物contaminate v.污染ecosystem生态系统ecology n.生态学antiseptic adj.防腐的atmospheric pollution大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill), recycle, reduce, reuse,dump回收:glass, paper, water,milk carton牛奶盒, tyre,aluminium cans铝罐,plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装, throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels矿石燃料:natural gas, coal, petroleumlimited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alternative energy替代能源,replace=substitute v.取代wind power, hydropower水电,solar (lunar) power太阳能,nuclear power核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约,污染: water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution土壤污染,noise pollutionsoil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution土壤污染stain n.污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n.烟，气味light pollution日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n.杀虫剂chemical waste化学废料congest v.使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎,damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地,rare breed稀有物种,endangered species濒危物种,extinct adj.灭绝(die out, disappear), animal rights activist动物权益保护者, natural reserve(giant panda大熊猫)自然保护区,protect wild life保护野生动物, preserve v.保护disastrous灾难性的, devastation破坏, have disastrous effect on…对。

TOEFLJunior小托福官方词汇表AZ81100词汇表拼读练习认知填空

本词汇训练方案采用托福官方公布的词汇表，每组包含20个单词。

训练共分为3个部分和5份练习，学校和工作室的实验表明，这套方案能显著提升学员的单词记忆效果。

适用人群：1.适合8~16岁参加托福Primary、托福Junior及托福考试的学员；2.适合需要系统积累词汇并在指导下进行训练的学员。

训练内容分为三部分：1.单词认知：学员需从单词拼读入手，掌握单词拼读、主要词性及其对应的基本中文含义；2.发音训练：根据单词元音和辅音的构成特点，对照训练发音部分的元音和辅音字母；3.练习应用：根据已掌握的单词词性和含义，将其正确填入对应的练习句中。

训练特点：1.第一部分强调单词拼读练习，以及词性和含义对照，为学员建立基础认知，包括发音、词性及中文含义；2.第二部分侧重对已学发音的对照训练，加强音节字母细节记忆；3.第三部分主要完成带有理解背景的单词认知，将所学词性应用到实例中，检验单词的语法和适用中文含义。

训练注意事项：1.第一部分要反复拼读单词，确保见到单词能流利拼读，并阅读对应词性及1~3个中文含义；2.第二部分务必熟练掌握每个单词发音，如有困难，先不要进行下一步。

在遮住原词的情况下，通过音标或含义填写缺失发音部分；第三部分包含约60个例句，分为三组，每组两页。

一份练习和一份答案。

句中缺失部分来自词汇表，可将第一部分的词汇表作为参考进行练习，填写完毕后对照答案。

2.agentˈeɪʤənt n. 代理人，代理商；（艺术界的）经纪人3.aggressiveəˈgrɛsɪv adj. 好斗的，挑衅的；积极进取的4.agileˈæʤəl adj. （动作）敏捷的，灵活的；（思维）机敏的5.agricultureˈægrɪˌkʌlʧər n. 农业，农学，农艺6.agriculturalˌægrəˈkʌlʧərəl adj. 农业的，与农业有关的；务农的7.albumˈælbəm n. 唱片，专辑；相册，影集，集邮册8.alcoholˈælkəˌhɑl n. 含酒精饮品，酒；酒精，乙醇；醇9.alcoholicˌælkəˈhɑlɪk adj. 酒精的，含酒精的；酒精中毒的n. 酗酒者，酒鬼10.alertəˈlɜrt adj. 警惕的，警觉的；机敏的，敏捷的v. 向……报警，使警觉；提示n. 警报，警示；警戒，警惕11.alertnessəˈlɜrtnəs n. 警戒；机敏12.algaeˈælʤi n. 水藻，海藻13.Algebraˈælʤəbrən. 代数；代数学14.alienˈeɪliənadj. 陌生的；外国的，异域的n. 外国人，侨民；外星人（或生物）v. 让渡，转让15.allergyˈælərʤi n. 过敏反应，过敏症；厌恶，反感16.allergicəˈlɜrʤɪk adj. 对……过敏的；过敏引起的，过敏性的17.allianceəˈlaɪəns n. 联盟，结盟；结盟团体，结盟国家18.allyˈælaɪn. 同盟国；盟友，支持者；辅助物v. 与……结盟，与……联合19.allocateˈæləˌkeɪt v. 分配，分派，划拨20.allowəˈlaʊv. 允许，准许；使有可能；任凭22.agentˈeɪʤənt n. 代理人，代理商；（艺术界的）经纪人_g_nt23.aggressiveəˈgrɛsɪv adj. 好斗的，挑衅的；积极进取的_ggr_ss_v_24.agileˈæʤəl adj. （动作）敏捷的，灵活的；（思维）机敏的_g_l_25.agricultureˈægrɪˌkʌlʧər n. 农业，农学，农艺_gr_c_lt_r_26.agriculturalˌægrəˈkʌlʧərəl adj. 农业的，与农业有关的；务农的_gr_c_lt_r_l27.albumˈælbəm n. 唱片，专辑；相册，影集，集邮册_lb_m28.alcoholˈælkəˌhɑl n. 含酒精饮品，酒；酒精，乙醇；醇_lc_h_l29.alcoholicˌælkəˈhɑlɪk adj. 酒精的，含酒精的；酒精中毒的n. 酗酒者，酒鬼_lc_h_l_c30.alertəˈlɜrt adj. 警惕的，警觉的；机敏的，敏捷的v. 向……报警，使警觉；提示n. 警报，警示；警戒，警惕_l_rt31.alertnessəˈlɜrtnəs n. 警戒；机敏_l_rtn_ss32.algaeˈælʤi n. 水藻，海藻_lg__33.Algebraˈælʤəbrən. 代数；代数学_lg_br_34.alienˈeɪliənadj. 陌生的；外国的，异域的n. 外国人，侨民；外星人（或生物）v. 让渡，转让_l__n35.allergyˈælərʤi n. 过敏反应，过敏症；厌恶，反感_ll_rg_36.allergicəˈlɜrʤɪk adj. 对……过敏的；过敏引起的，过敏性的_ll_rg_c37.allianceəˈlaɪəns n. 联盟，结盟；结盟团体，结盟国家_ll__nc_38.allyˈælaɪn. 同盟国；盟友，支持者；辅助物v. 与……结盟，与……联合_ll_39.allocateˈæləˌkeɪt v. 分配，分派，划拨_ll_c_t_40.allowəˈlaʊv. 允许，准许；使有可能；任凭_ll_w42.agentˈeɪʤənt n. 代理人，代理商；（艺术界的）经纪人a_e__43.aggressiveəˈgrɛsɪv adj. 好斗的，挑衅的；积极进取的a___e__i_e44.agileˈæʤəl adj. （动作）敏捷的，灵活的；（思维）机敏的a_i_e45.agricultureˈægrɪˌkʌlʧər n. 农业，农学，农艺a__i_u__u_e46.agriculturalˌægrəˈkʌlʧərəl adj. 农业的，与农业有关的；务农的a__i_u__u_a_47.albumˈælbəm n. 唱片，专辑；相册，影集，集邮册a__u_48.alcoholˈælkəˌhɑl n. 含酒精饮品，酒；酒精，乙醇；醇a__o_o_49.alcoholicˌælkəˈhɑlɪk adj. 酒精的，含酒精的；酒精中毒的n. 酗酒者，酒鬼a__o_o_i_50.alertəˈlɜrt adj. 警惕的，警觉的；机敏的，敏捷的v. 向……报警，使警觉；提示n. 警报，警示；警戒，警惕a_e__51.alertnessəˈlɜrtnəs n. 警戒；机敏a_e___e__52.algaeˈælʤi n. 水藻，海藻a__ae53.Algebraˈælʤəbrən. 代数；代数学A__e__a54.alienˈeɪliənadj. 陌生的；外国的，异域的n. 外国人，侨民；外星人（或生物）v. 让渡，转让a_ie_55.allergyˈælərʤi n. 过敏反应，过敏症；厌恶，反感a__e__y56.allergicəˈlɜrʤɪk adj. 对……过敏的；过敏引起的，过敏性的a__e__i_57.allianceəˈlaɪəns n. 联盟，结盟；结盟团体，结盟国家a__ia__e58.allyˈælaɪn. 同盟国；盟友，支持者；辅助物v. 与……结盟，与……联合a__y59.allocateˈæləˌkeɪt v. 分配，分派，划拨a__o_a_e60.allowəˈlaʊv. 允许，准许；使有可能；任凭a__o_1.Her ______________ goal is to become a doctor and help people.2.The ______________ of the old mansion was eerie and spooky.3.The chef used ______________ spices in the recipe to give it a genuine flavor.4.She ______________ the responsibility of caring for her younger siblings when her parents were away.5.The ______________ efforts of the volunteers helped clean up the community after the storm.6.The ______________ nurse stayed with the patient throughout the night.7.The ______________ scene after the accident was overwhelming and confusing.8.The ______________ hike to the top of the mountain required endurance and determination.9.The company's ______________ prices and high-quality products made it successful.10.The ______________ location of the hotel made it easy to explore the city.11.The construction crew worked ______________ to complete the project on time.12.The ______________ student asked the teacher for help with the math problem.13.The ______________ was finally caught after months of investigation.14.The ______________ gave the movie a rave review and praised the acting.15.The ______________ child asked many questions about the world around him.16.The ______________ teenager refused to follow the rules and got into trouble.17.The ______________ aroma of the freshly baked bread filled the entire room.18.The ______________ student was struggling to keep up with schoolwork and needed help.19.The ______________ athlete trained hard every day to win the championship.20.The ______________ storm caused widespread damage and left many people without power.1.Her (ambitious) goal is to become a doctor and help people. (她雄心勃勃的目标是成为一名医生，帮助人们。

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Zjglux新托福词汇分类突破71-100生命是永恒不断的创造，因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力，它不断流溢，越出时间和空间的界限，它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。

－泰戈尔071Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for the feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals. Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasps and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed, antennae and an indented abdomen that forms a narrow waist.o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 复杂的o shelter [5FeltE] n. 遮蔽处o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o h ymenoptera [7haimi5nCptErE] n. 膜翅目o sawfly [5sR:flai] n. 叶蜂o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o in that [in] [TAt]conj. 因为o distinguish [dis5tiN^wiF] v. 区别o bent [bent] adj. 弯曲的o elbowed [5elbEud] adj. 像肘一样弯曲的o antenna [An5tenE] n. 触须o indented [in5dentid] adj. 锯齿状的o abdomen [5AbdEmEn] n. 腹部o waist [weist] n. 昆虫腹部的较窄部位oo virus [5vaiErEs] n. 病毒o nematode [5nemEtEud] n. 线虫o mistletoe [5misltEu] n. 槲寄生，一种欧亚寄生灌木o dodder [5dCdE] n. 菟丝子o sunscald [5sQnskR:ld] n. 日灼病o drought injury [draut] n. 旱害o root drowning [ru:t] [5drauniN]n. 根部溺死o suffocation [7sQfE5keiFEn] n. 窒息o nutritional [njU:5triFEnEl] adj. 营养的o deficiency [di5fiFEnsi] n. 缺乏o fume [fju:m] n. 浓烟074Birds are the only animals with feathers, collectively called plumage, although some other animals, such as insects and bats, also have wings. Nearly all birds can fly, and even flightless birds, such as ostriches and penguins, evolved from flying ancestors. Many characteristics and behaviors of birds are distinct from all other animals, but there are some similarities. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded — having a relatively constant body temperature that enables them to live in a wide variety of environments. Like reptiles, birds develop from embryos in eggs outside of the mother’s body.o plumage [5plu:midV] n. (鸟的)全身羽毛o ostrich [5astritF] n. 鸵鸟o penguin [5peN^win] n. 企鹅o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o distinct [dis5tiNkt] adj. 截然不同的o similarity [7simE5lArEti] n. 相似之处o chamber [5tFeimbE] n. 腔o warm-blooded [wC:m5blQdid] adj. 恒温的(动物)o constant [5kCnstEnt] adj. 恒定不变的o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o embryo [5embriEu] n. 胚胎075The main component of feathers is keratin, a flexible protein that also forms the hair and fingernails of mammals. Feathers provide the strong yet lightweight surface area needed for powered, aerodynamic flight. They also serve as insulation, trapping pockets of air to help birds conserve their body heat. The varied patterns, colors, textures, and shapes offeathers help birds to signal their age, sex, social status, and species identity to one another. Some birds have plumage that blends in with their surroundings to provide camouflage, helping these birds escape notice by their predators. Birds use their beaks to preen their feathers, often making use of oil from a gland at the base of their tails. Preening removes dirt and parasites and keeps feathers waterproof and supple. Because feathers are nonliving structures that cannot repair themselves when worn or broken, they must be renewed periodically. Most adult birds molt —lose and replace their feathers — at least once a year.o keratin [5kerEtin] n. 角质o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 柔韧的o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o aerodynamic [7eErEudai5nAmik] adj. 空气动力学的o insulation [7insju5leiFEn] n. 绝缘，绝热o trap [trAp] v. 捕捉o conserve [kEn5sE:v] v. 保存o texture [5tekstFE] n. 质地o social status [5sEuFEl] [5steitEs] n. 社会地位o blend in [blend] [in]v. 与(环境等)协调o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o predator [5predEtE] n. 捕食者o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o preen [pri:n] v. (鸟)用嘴整理o gland [^lAnd] n. 腺o tail [teil] n. 尾o parasite [5pArEsait] n. 寄生生物o waterproof [5wC:tEpru:f] adj. 防水的o supple [5sQpl] adj. 柔软的o worn [wC:n] adj. 用旧了的，磨破了的o periodically [7piEri5CdikEli] adj. 周期的，定期的o molt [mEult] v. 换毛076Bird wings are highly modified forelimbs with a skeletal structure resembling that of arms. The shape of a bird’s wings influences its style of flight, which may consist of gliding, soaring, or flapping. Flight muscles are located in the chest and are attached to the wings by large tendons. The breastbone, a large bone shaped like the keel of a boat, supports the flight muscles.o forelimb [5fC:lim] n. 前肢o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o glide [^laid] v. 滑行o soar [sC:] v. 翱翔o flap [flAp] v. 振翅飞行o chest [tFest] n. 胸部o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o keel [ki:l] n. 龙骨：船的主要结构部件077Nearly all birds have a tail, the paired flight feathers of which, called rectrices, extend from the margins of a bird’s tail. Tails may be square, rounded, pointed, or forked, depending on the lengths of the rectrices and the way they terminate.o tail [teil] n. 尾o rectrix [5rektriks] n. (plural: rectirces [5rektrEksiz])舵羽：鸟尾巴上主要几支硬羽毛的一支，用于掌握飞行方向o square [skweE] adj. 正方形的o forked [5fC:kt] adj. 叉状的o terminate [5tE:mineit] v. 中止，结束078Birds have two legs; the lower part of each leg is called the tarsus. Most birds have four toes on each foot, and in many birds, including all songbirds, the first toe, called a hallux, points backwards. Bird toes are adapted in various species for grasping perches, climbing, swimming, capturing prey, and carrying and manipulating food.o tarsus [5tB:sEs] n. 跗骨o toe [tEu] n. 趾o songbird [5sRNbE:d]n. 鸣禽o hallux [5hAlEks] n. (鸟)后趾, (人)大拇趾o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o perch [pE:tF] n. 栖木：供鸟栖息的枝条o manipulate [mE5nipjuleit] v. 处理079Instead of heavy jaws with teeth, modern birds have toothless, lightweight jaws, called beaks or bills. The eyes of birds are protectedby three eyelids: an upper lid resembling that of humans, a lower lid that closes when a bird sleeps, and a third lid, called a nictitating membrane, that sweeps across the eye sideways, starting from the side near the beak. This lid is a thin, translucent fold of skin that moistens and cleans the eye and protects it from wind and bright light.o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o bill [bil] n. 啄o eyelid [5ailid] n. 眼睑o nictitating membrane [5niktiteitiN] [5membrein] n. 瞬膜：鸟类、爬行动物和一些哺乳动物的内生透明眼睑，闭上可保护和滋润眼睛o translucent [trAnz5lu:snt] adj. 半透明的o moisten [5mCisn] v. 使潮湿080For breeding, most birds build nests, which help them to incubate, or warm, the developing eggs. Nests sometimes offer camouflage from predators and physical protection from the elements. Nests may be elaborate constructions or a mere scrape on the ground.o breed [bri:d] v. 繁殖；育种o nest [nest] n. 巢o incubate [5inkjubeit] v. 孵化o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o element [5elEmEnt] n. 环境o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 精心制作的o scrape [skreip] n. 浅坑081Among the best-known birds are the birds of prey. Some, including hawks, eagles, and falcons, are active during the daytime. Others, notably owls, are nocturnal, or active at night. Birds of prey have hooked beaks, strong talons or claws on their feet, and keen eyesight and hearing. Scavengers that feed on dead animals are also considered birds of prey.o bird of prey [bE:d] [Ev] [prei]n. 猛禽，食肉鸟o hawk [hC:k] n. 鹰o falcon [5fAlkEn] n. 隼o owl [aul] n. 猫头鹰o nocturnal [nCk5tE:nl] adj. 夜间的o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o talon [5tAlEn] n. 爪o scavenger [5skAvindVE] n. 食腐动物082Migrating birds use a variety of cues to find their way. These include the positions of the sun during the day and the stars at night; the earth’s magnetic field; and visual, olfactory, and auditory landmarks.o migrate [5mai^reit] v. 迁徙o cue [kju:] n. 提示o magnetic field [mA^5netik] [fi:ld]n. 磁场o olfactory [Cl5fAktEri] adj. 嗅觉的o auditory [5C:dEtEri] adj. 听觉的083Except in combinations such as waterfowl and wildfowl, in modern usage the word fowl usually is restricted to the common domestic fowl, or chicken. In poultry markets, fowl commonly means a full-grown female bird. Young birds of both sexes, such as broilers and fryers, are called chickens. On poultry farms, male chickens are called roosters or cocks; females, especially those more than a year old, are called hens; females less than a year old are called pullets ; very young chickens of either sex are called chicks; and castrated males are called capons.o combination [7kCmbi5neiFEn] n. 组合o waterfowl [5wC:tEfaul] n. 水鸟o wildfowl [5waildfaul] n. 野禽o fowl [faul] n. 家禽o domestic [dE5mestik] adj. 驯养的o poultry [5pEultri] n. 家禽o broiler [5brCilE] n. 适于烤焙的嫩鸡o fryer [fraiE] n. 适于油炸的小鸡o rooster [5ru:stE] n. 公鸡o pullet [5pulit] n. 小母鸡o chick [tFik] n. 小鸡o castrate [kAs5treit] v. 阉割o capon [5keipan] n. 阉鸡084All fishes are vertebrates(animals with backbones) with gills for breathing, and most of them have fins for swimming, scales for protection, and a streamlined body generally with a pointed snout and posterior and a broad propulsive tail for moving easily through the water.o vertebrate [5vE:tEbrEt] n. 脊椎动物o backbone [5bAkbEun] n. 脊椎o gill [dVil] n. 腮o fin [fin] n. 鳍o scale [skeil] n. 鱼鳞o streamlined [5stri:mlaind] adj. 流线型的o snout [snaut] n. 口鼻部o posterior [pCs5tiEriE] n. 后部o propulsive [prEu5pQlsiv] adj. 有推进力的085The term fishery is also used to describe the species of fish being harvested(because most of them are edible), which include familiar finned fish species, like cod and flounder; mollusks, including oysters and squid; and crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs. Lesser-known fisheries include echinoderms, like sea urchins; some amphibians, including frogs; and cnidarians, such as jellyfish. even the harvest of whales is usually considered a fishery.o fishery [5fiFEri] n. 食用鱼类，捕鱼业o harvest [5hB:vEst] v. 收获，捕获o edible [5edEbl] adj. 可食用的o cod [kad] n. 鳕鱼o flounder [5flaundE] n. 比目鱼o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o oyster [5CistE] n. 牡蛎o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o crustacean [krEs5teiFEn] n. 甲壳纲动物o shrimp [Frimp] n. 虾o crab [krAb] n. 螃蟹o echinoderm [i5kainE7dE:m] n. 棘皮动物o sea urchin[si:] [5E:tFin] n. 海胆o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o cnidarian [nai5diEriEn] n. 刺细胞动物o jellyfish [5dVelifiF] n. 水母o whale [weil] n. 鲸086angling refers to fishing for sport, recreation and relaxation. a fishing rod is a long, straight, flexible pole made of bamboo, fiberglass, or graphite that an angler uses to cast hook withbait or lures into the water.o angling [5AN^liN] n. 垂钓o fishing [5fiFiN] n. 钓鱼o recreation [rekri5eiFEn] n. 消遣o fishing rod [5fiFiN] [rCd]n. 钓竿o straight [streit] adj. 直的o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 弹性的o pole [pEul] n. 杆o bamboo [bAm5bu:] n. 竹子o fiberglass [5faibE^lB:s] n. 玻璃纤维o graphite [5^rAfait] n. 石墨o angler [5AN^lE] n. 钓鱼者o cast [kB:st] v. 抛o hook [huk] n. 鱼钩o bait [beit] n. 饵o lure [luE] n. 诱饵087C oral reefs are built up by limestone skeletons of coral, and are found only in tropical saltwater where bright sunlight can penetrate, because corals cannot exist without the symbiotic algae that live in coral tissues and require sunlight for photosynthesis.o coral [5kCrEl] n. 珊瑚o reef [ri:f] n. 礁o build up [bild] [Qp]v. 堆积o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o skeleton [5skelEtEn] n. 骨骼o tropical [5trCpikl] adj. 热带的o saltwater [5sR:lt7wR:tE] n. 盐水o penetrate [5penEtreit] v. 穿透o symbiotic [7simbi5Rtik] adj. 共生的o algae [5AldVi:] n. 藻类, 海藻(singular: alga [5AlgE])o tissue [5tisju:] n. 组织o photosynthesis [7fEutEu5sinWEsis] n.光合作用088S quids are carnivorous mollusks belonging to the same class as the cuttlefish, and octopus. The body of squids, stiffened by an interior cartilaginous skeleton, is spherical or cigar-shaped, with two lateral fins. around the mouth are eight sucker-bearing arms and two contractile tentacles with spatulate tips; on the latter are four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous(horny) hooks. The contractile tentacles, longer than the rest, are used to seize the prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it to be torn by strong jaws shaped like a parrot's beak. Squid can swim faster than any other invertebrate by rapidly expelling water from the mantle cavity thro ugh the “funnel”. Many deep-sea squid are bioluminescent. They shoot out a cloud of dark ink when pursued; one genus secretes luminescent ink.o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o carnivorous [kB:5nivErEs] adj. 食肉类的o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o cuttlefish [5kQtlfiF] n. 墨鱼, 乌贼o octopus [5CktEpEs] n. 章鱼o stiffen [5stifnd] v. 使僵硬o interior [in5tiEriE] adj. 内部的o cartilaginous [7kB:tE5lAdVEnEs] adj. 软骨(质)的o spherical [5sferikEl] adj. 球形的o cigar-shaped [si5^B:] [Feipt]adj. 雪茄形的o lateral fin [5lAtErEl] [fin]n. 侧鳍o sucker-bearing [5sQkE] [5beEriN]adj. 长着吸盘的o contractile [kEn5trAktl] adj. 会收缩的o tentacle [5tentEkl] n. 触须、触角o spatulate [5spAtFjulit] adj. 竹片状的o row [rEu] n. 行，排o suction cup [5sQkFEn] [kQp]n. 吸盘o chitinous [5kaitEnEs] adj. 壳质的o horny [5hC:ni] adj. 角状的o seize [si:z] v. 抓住o prey [prei] n. 被掠食者，战利品o torn [tC:n] n. (tear的分词)撕o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚, 颌o parrot [5pArEt] n. 鹦鹉o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o invertebrate [in5vE:tEbrEt] n. 无脊椎动物o expel [iks5pel] v. 喷出, 发射o mantle cavity [5mAntl] [5kAvEti]n. 外套腔o funnel [5fQnEl] n. 漏斗，漏斗形物o bioluminescent [5baiEu7lu:mE5nesEt] adj. 发(冷)光的o pursue [pE5su:] v. 追赶, 追踪o genus [5dVi:nEs] n. 种, 类o secrete [si5kri:t] v. 分泌089A mphibians have moist, hairless skin through which water can pass in and out, and were the first animals with backbones to adapt to life on land. they are the ancestors of reptiles, which in turn gave rise to mammals and birds. all amphibians belong to one of three main groups: the caudata, or tailed amphibians, which includes the sirens, salamanders, and newts; the anura n, or tailless amphibians, which includes frogs and toads; and the gymnophiona, which is made up of the wormlike caecilians.o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o moist [mCist] adj. 潮湿的o adapt [E5dApt] v. 适应o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o caudata [5ka:deitE] n. 有尾目o siren [5sairin] n. 土鳗o salamander [5sAlEmAndE] n. 火蜥蜴o newt [nu:t] n. 蝾螈o anura n [E5njuErEn] n. 无尾目o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o toad [tEud] n. 蟾蜍o gymnophiona [5dVimpfina] n. 无足目o make up of [meik] [[Qp] [Ev]v. 组成、构成o caecilian [si:5siliEn] n. 蚓螈090Paleontologists recognize several mass extinctions in the past 500 million years, which occurred in Ordovician, Devonian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic, and Cretaceous Period, respectively. The most recent mass extinction was at the end of Cretaceous Period, and resulted in the loss of 76% of all species, most notably the dinosaurs.o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o mass extinction [mAs] [iks5tiNkFEn] n. 大量消亡o Ordovician [7C:dE5viFEn] n. 奥陶纪，是指古生代第二纪的一段地质时间o Devonian [di5vEuniEn] n. 泥盆纪o Paleozoic [peiliE5zEuik] n. 古生代o Mesozoic [7mezEu5zEuik] n. 中生代o Triassic [trai5Asik] n. 三叠纪o Cretaceous [kri5teiFEs] n. 白垩纪o respectively [ri5spektivli] adv. 分别地o species [5spi:Fiz] n. 物种o dinosaur [5dainEsC:] n. 恐龙091In mass extinctions, entire groups of species—such as families, orders, and classes —die out,creating opportunities for the survivors to exploit new habitats. In their new niches, the survivors evolve new characteristics and habits and, consequently, develop into entirely new species.o family [5fAmEli] n. 科o order [5C:dE] n. 目o class [klB:s] n. 纲o survivor [sE5vaivE] n. 幸存者o exploit [5eksplCit] v. 开拓o habitat [5hAbEtAt] n. 栖息地o niche [nitF] n. 合适的环境o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化092As the sum of all species living in the world's ecosystems, known as biodiversity, dwindles, so too go many of the resources on which we depend. Humans use at least 40,000 different plant, animal, fungi, bacteria, and virus species for food, clothing, shelter, and medicines. In addition, the fresh air we breathe, the water we drink, cook, and wash with, and the many chemical cycles —including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle, so vital to sustain life—depend on the continued health of ecosystems and the species within them.o ecosystem [i:kEu5sistEm] n. 生态系统o biodiversity [7baiEudE5vEsiti] n. 生物多样性o dwindle [5dwindl] v. 减少o plant [plAnt] n. 植物o animal [5AnEmEl] n. 动物o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌类(singular: fungus)o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌(singular：bacterium)o virus [5vairEs] n. 病毒o chemical cycle [5kemikEl] [5saikl]n. 化学循环o nitrogen cycle [5naitrEdVEn][5saikl] n. 氮循环o carbon cycle [5kB:bEn][5saikl] n. 碳循环o vital [5vaitl] adj. 至关重要的o sustain [sEs5tein] v. 维持093A central, and historically controversial, component of evolutionary theory is that all living organisms, from microscopic bacteria to plants, insects, birds, and mammals, share a common ancestor.o controversial [7kCntrE5vE:FEl] adj. 争议的o component [kEm5pEunEnt] n. 组成部分o evolutionary [7evE5lU:FEnEri] adj. 进化的o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o microscopic [maikrE5skRpik] adj. 极微小的o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先094Hostility as to evolutionary theory gave way to acclaim as scientists vigorously debated, explored, and built on Darwin’s theory of natural selection. As the 20th century unfolded, scientific advances revealed the detailed mechanisms missing from Darwin’s theory. Study of the complex chemistry of all organisms unveiled the structure of genes as well as how they are duplicated, altered, and passed from generation to generation. New molecular biology techniques compare the genetic structures of different species, enabling scientists to determine heretofore undetectable evolutionary relationships between species.Today, evolution is recognized as the cornerstone of modern biology. Uniting such diverse scientific fields as cell biology, genetics, paleontology, and even geology and statistics, the study of evolution reveals an exquisitely complex interaction of the forces that act upon every life form on Earth.o hostility [hCs5tiliti] n. 反对o give way to [^iv] [wei] [tE]v. 退让o acclaim [E5kleim] n. 称赞o vigorously [5vi^ErEsli] adv. 竭力地o unfold [Qn5fEuld] v. 展开o reveal [ri5vi:l] v. 揭示o unveil [Qn5veil] v. 揭示o gene [dVi:n] n. 基因o duplicate [5du:plikeit] v. 复制o alter [5C:ltE] v. 改变o genetic structure [dVE5netik] [5strQktFE]n. 遗传结构o heretofore [7hiEtE5fC:] adv. 迄今为止o undetectable [7Qndi5tektEbl] adj. 未被发现的o cornerstone [5kC:nEstEun] n. 基础o cell biology [sel] [bai5ClEdVi]n. 细胞生物学o genetics [dVi5netiks] n. 遗传学o paleontology [7peiliCn5tClEdVi] n. 古生物学o geology [dVi5ClEdVi] n. 地质学o statistics [stE5tistiks] n. 统计学o exquisitely [ek5skwizit] adv. 非常地095Fossils are most commonly found in limestone, sandstone, andshale(sedimentary rock). Remains of organisms can also be found trapped in natural asphalt, amber, and ice. The hard, indigestible skeletons and shells of animals and the woody material of plants are usually preserved best. Fossils of organisms made of soft tissue that decays readily are more rare. Paleontologists use fossils to learn how life has changed and evolved throughout earth’s history.o fossil [5fasl] n. 化石o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o sandstone [5sAndstEun] n. 砂岩o shale [Feil] n. 页岩o sedimentary rock [sedE5mentEri] [rCk] n. 沉积岩o remains [ri5meins] n. 遗体o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o trap [trAp] v. 困住o asphalt [5AsfC:lt] n. 沥青o amber [5AmbE] n. 琥珀o indigestible [7indi5dVestEbl] adj. 不被吸收的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨架o shell [Fel] n. 外壳o woody material [5wudi] [mE5tiEriEl]n. 木质材料o preserve [pri5zE:v]v. 保存o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o decay [di5kei] v. 腐烂o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化096Basic Human Anatomy: Musculoskeletal SystemThe human skeleton consists of more than 200 bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments. The different parts of the body vary greatly in their degree of movement, which are effected by contractions of the skeletalmuscles, to which the bones are attached by tendons. Thus, the arm at the shoulder is freely movable, whereas the knee joint is definitely limited to a hingelike action, and the bones composing the skull are immovable.o anatomy [E5natEmi] n. 人体解剖o musculoskeletal [7mQskjulEu5skelEtEl] adj. 肌肉与骨骼的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨骼o bind [blaind] v. 绑定，缔结o tough [tQf] adj. 坚硬的o inelastic [7inE5lAstik] adj. 无弹性的o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o ligament [5li^EmEnt] n. 韧带o vary [5veEri] v. 不同，变化o contraction [kEn5trAkFEn] n. 收缩o muscle [5mQsl] n. 肌肉o skeletal muscle [5skelitl] [5mQsl]n. 骨骼肌o attach [E5tAtF] v. 缚上, 系上, 贴上o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o shoulder [5FEuldE] n. 肩o knee joint [ni:] [dVCint]n. 膝关节o hinge [hindV] adj. 枢纽; 门枢; 节点o compose [kEm5pEuz] v. 组成o skull [skQl] n. 头骨097There are two main types of bone. Compact bone, which makes up most of the bone of arms and legs, is very dense and hard on the outside. The structural units of compact bone are osteons, elongated cylinders that act as weight-bearing pillars, able to withstand any mechanical stress placed on the bone. The center of each osteon contains a hollow canal that acts as a central passageway for blood vessels and nerves.o compact bone [5kRmpAkt] [bEun]n. 密质骨o make up [meik] [Qp]v. 组成o dense [dens] adj. 密度大的o osteon [5RstiRn] n. 骨单位(密质骨构造的基本单位)o elongated [5i:lCN^eitid] adj. 被拉长的o cylinder [5silindE] n. 圆柱体o pillar [5pilE] n. 柱状物o withstand [wiT5stAnd] v. 经受得住o canal [kE5nAl] n. 导管o passageway [5pAsidVwei] n. 出入口098In some bones, internal to the compact bone is spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, composed of a honeycomb network of bones that act as supporting beams. Spongy bone is designed to bear stress from several directions, such as that exerted on the pelvis in bending or stretching. The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow containing the blood vessels that nourish spongy bone. Spongy bone is found in bones of the pelvis, ribs, breastbone, vertebrae, skull, and at the ends of the arm and leg bones.o spongy bone [5spQndVi] [bEun]n. 松质骨o cancellous [kAn5selEs] adj. 网状骨质的: 具有间隙的、格子状的或多孔结构的o cancellous bone [kAn5selEs] [bEun] n. 松质骨o honeycomb [5hQnikEum] n. 蜂窝状物o beam [bi:m] n. 梁o pelvis [5pelvEs] n. 骨盆o bend [bend] v. 使弯曲o stretch [stretF] v. 伸展o trabecula [trE5bekiElE] n. 小梁：任何结缔组织的支撑纤维，伸入一器官之中并构成该器官构架的一部分o marrow [5mArEu] n. 骨髓o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o vertebra [5vE:tEbrE] n. 脊椎骨099The nervous system has two divisions: the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system, including all neural tissue of motor and sensory systems. Impulses go to the central nervous system through sensory nerves and are carried away from it by the motor nerves. The motor system is further divided into the somatic ( or skeletal ) nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic motor system allows voluntary control over skeletal muscle with a few exceptions. The autonomic nervous system is largely involuntary and controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.o nervous system [5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 神经系统o division [di5viVEn] n. 部分o central nervous system [sen5trEl][5sistEm] n. 中枢神经系统o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓o peripheral nervous system [pE5rifErEl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 周围神经系统o neural tissue [5njuErEl] [5tisu:]n. 神经组织o motor [5mEutE] n. 运动肌o sensory system [5sensEri][5sistEm] n. 感觉系统o impulse [5impQls] n. 神经脉冲o somatic nervous system [sEu5mAtik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 体神经系统o skeletal nervous system [5skelitl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 骨骼神经系统o autonomic nervous system [7C:tE5namik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 自主神经系统o voluntary [5vRlEntEri] adj. 自主的o cardiac [5kB:diAk] n. 心脏的o smooth muscle [smu:T] [5mQsl]n. 平滑肌100Voluntary movement of head, limbs, and body is caused by nerve impulses arising in the motor area of the cortex of the brain and carried by cranial nerves or by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord to connect with skeletal muscles.o limb [lim] n. 肢o arise [E5raiz] v. 起，兴起；发生o cortex [5kC:teks] n. 大脑皮层o cranial nerve [5kreiniEl] [nE:v]n. 颅神经o emerge from [i5mE:dV] [frCm]v. 自……出现o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓。