新托福词汇分类突破_整理版
Eohsovq新托福词汇分类突破71-100
七夕，古今诗人惯咏星月与悲情。
吾生虽晚，世态炎凉却已看透矣。
情也成空，且作“挥手袖底风”罢。
是夜，窗外风雨如晦，吾独坐陋室，听一曲《尘缘》，合成诗韵一首，觉放诸古今，亦独有风韵也。
乃书于纸上。
毕而卧。
凄然入梦。
乙酉年七月初七。
-----啸之记。
071Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for the feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals. Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasps and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed, antennae and an indented abdomen that forms a narrow waist.o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 复杂的o shelter [5FeltE] n. 遮蔽处o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o h ymenoptera [7haimi5nCptErE] n. 膜翅目o sawfly [5sR:flai] n. 叶蜂o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o in that [in] [TAt]conj. 因为o distinguish [dis5tiN^wiF] v. 区别o bent [bent] adj. 弯曲的o elbowed [5elbEud] adj. 像肘一样弯曲的o antenna [An5tenE] n. 触须o indented [in5dentid] adj. 锯齿状的o abdomen [5AbdEmEn] n. 腹部o waist [weist] n. 昆虫腹部的较窄部位072Members of an ant colony typically fall into categories known as castes, each with a different role. The majority of colony members are female worker ants that are unable to mate. Worker ants do not have wings and perform most of the work of the colony, including searching for food,nursing young, and defending the colony against ants from other colonies. Queens are larger than worker ants and are the only females of the colony capable of mating. Queens are born with wings, which they break off after mating. They mate with winged male ants, later using the sperm from the mating to produce fertilized eggs, which hatch to produce more worker ants and a new generation of queens.o caste [kB:st] n. 有社会组织的昆虫的阶级o mate [meit] v. 交配，繁殖o perform [pE5fC:m] v. 执行o nurse [nE:s] v. 看护o capable of [5keipEbl] [Ev]adj. 有能力o sperm [spE:m] n. 精子o fertilized egg [5fE:tElaizd] n. 受精卵o hatch [hAtF] v. 孵化073Insects and diseases are a continuing menace to forests. Various insects, such as the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the spruce budworm, devastate extensive areas by defoliation. Other insects serve as carriers for the causative agents of diseases that destroy trees. Parasitic tree diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, or by such parasitic plants as the mistletoe or dodder. Noninfectious diseases of trees include sunscald; drought injury; root drowning, or suffocation; nutritional excesses or deficiencies; winter injury; and injury from smoke, gases, and fumes.o menace [5menEs] n. 威胁o gypsy moth [5dVipsi] [mCW]n. 舞毒蛾o tussock moth [5tQsEk] [mCW]n. 毒蛾o spruce budworm [spru:s] [5bQdwE:m]n. 云杉蚜虫o devastate [5devEsteit] v. 糟蹋o defoliation [7di:fEuli5eiFEn] n. 落叶o causative agent [5kC:zEtiv] [5eidVEnt]n. 病原体o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌o virus [5vaiErEs] n. 病毒o nematode [5nemEtEud] n. 线虫o mistletoe [5misltEu] n. 槲寄生，一种欧亚寄生灌木o dodder [5dCdE] n. 菟丝子o sunscald [5sQnskR:ld] n. 日灼病o drought injury [draut] n. 旱害o root drowning [ru:t] [5drauniN]n. 根部溺死o suffocation [7sQfE5keiFEn] n. 窒息o nutritional [njU:5triFEnEl] adj. 营养的o deficiency [di5fiFEnsi] n. 缺乏o fume [fju:m] n. 浓烟074Birds are the only animals with feathers, collectively called plumage, although some other animals, such as insects and bats, also have wings. Nearly all birds can fly, and even flightless birds, such as ostriches and penguins, evolved from flying ancestors. Many characteristics and behaviors of birds are distinct from all other animals, but there are some similarities. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded— having a relatively constant body temperature that enables them to live in a wide variety of environments. Like reptiles, birds develop from embryos in eggs outside of the mother’s body.o plumage [5plu:midV] n. (鸟的)全身羽毛o ostrich [5astritF] n. 鸵鸟o penguin [5peN^win] n. 企鹅o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o distinct [dis5tiNkt] adj. 截然不同的o similarity [7simE5lArEti] n. 相似之处o chamber [5tFeimbE] n. 腔o warm-blooded [wC:m5blQdid] adj. 恒温的(动物)o constant [5kCnstEnt] adj. 恒定不变的o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o embryo [5embriEu] n. 胚胎075The main component of feathers is keratin, a flexible protein that also forms the hair and fingernails of mammals. Feathers provide the strong yet lightweight surface area needed for powered, aerodynamic flight. They also serve as insulation, trapping pockets of air to help birds conserve their body heat. The varied patterns, colors, textures, and shapes of feathers help birds to signal their age, sex, social status, and species identity to one another. Some birds have plumage that blends in with their surroundings to provide camouflage, helping these birds escape notice by their predators. Birds use their beaks to preen their feathers, often making use of oil from a gland at the base of their tails. Preening removes dirt and parasites and keeps feathers waterproof and supple. Because feathers are nonliving structures that cannot repair themselves when wornor broken, they must be renewed periodically. Most adult birds molt—lose and replace their feathers — at least once a year.o keratin [5kerEtin] n. 角质o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 柔韧的o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o aerodynamic [7eErEudai5nAmik] adj. 空气动力学的o insulation [7insju5leiFEn] n. 绝缘，绝热o trap [trAp] v. 捕捉o conserve [kEn5sE:v] v. 保存o texture [5tekstFE] n. 质地o social status [5sEuFEl] [5steitEs] n. 社会地位o blend in [blend] [in]v. 与(环境等)协调o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o predator [5predEtE] n. 捕食者o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o preen [pri:n] v. (鸟)用嘴整理o gland [^lAnd] n. 腺o tail [teil] n. 尾o parasite [5pArEsait] n. 寄生生物o waterproof [5wC:tEpru:f] adj. 防水的o supple [5sQpl] adj. 柔软的o worn [wC:n] adj. 用旧了的，磨破了的o periodically [7piEri5CdikEli] adj. 周期的，定期的o molt [mEult] v. 换毛076Bird wings are highly modified forelimbs with a skeletal structure resembling that of arms. The shape of a bird’s wings influences its style of flight, which may consist of gliding, soaring, or flapping. Flight muscles are located in the chest and are attached to the wings by large tendons. The breastbone, a large bone shaped like the keel of a boat, supports the flight muscles.o forelimb [5fC:lim] n. 前肢o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o glide [^laid] v. 滑行o soar [sC:] v. 翱翔o flap [flAp] v. 振翅飞行o chest [tFest] n. 胸部o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o keel [ki:l] n. 龙骨：船的主要结构部件077Nearly all birds have a tail, the paired flight feathers of which, called rectrices, extend from the margins of a bird’s tail. Tails may be square, rounded, pointed, or forked, depending on the lengths of the rectrices and the way they terminate.o tail [teil] n. 尾o rectrix [5rektriks] n. (plural: rectirces [5rektrEksiz])舵羽：鸟尾巴上主要几支硬羽毛的一支，用于掌握飞行方向o square [skweE] adj. 正方形的o forked [5fC:kt] adj. 叉状的o terminate [5tE:mineit] v. 中止，结束078Birds have two legs; the lower part of each leg is called the tarsus. Most birds have four toes on each foot, and in many birds, including all songbirds, the first toe, called a hallux, points backwards. Bird toes are adapted in various species for grasping perches, climbing, swimming, capturing prey, and carrying and manipulating food.o tarsus [5tB:sEs] n. 跗骨o toe [tEu] n. 趾o songbird [5sRNbE:d]n. 鸣禽o hallux [5hAlEks] n. (鸟)后趾, (人)大拇趾o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o perch [pE:tF] n. 栖木：供鸟栖息的枝条o manipulate [mE5nipjuleit] v. 处理079Instead of heavy jaws with teeth, modern birds have toothless, lightweight jaws, called beaks or bills. The eyes of birds are protected by three eyelids: an upper lid resembling that of humans, a lower lid that closes when a bird sleeps, and a third lid, called a nictitating membrane, that sweeps across the eye sideways, starting from the side near the beak. This lid is a thin, translucent fold of skin that moistens and cleans the eye and protects it from wind and bright light.o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o bill [bil] n. 啄o eyelid [5ailid] n. 眼睑o nictitating membrane [5niktiteitiN] [5membrein] n. 瞬膜：鸟类、爬行动物和一些哺乳动物的内生透明眼睑，闭上可保护和滋润眼睛o translucent [trAnz5lu:snt] adj. 半透明的o moisten [5mCisn] v. 使潮湿080For breeding, most birds build nests, which help them to incubate, or warm, the developing eggs. Nests sometimes offer camouflage from predators and physical protection from the elements. Nests may be elaborate constructions or a mere scrape on the ground.o breed [bri:d] v. 繁殖；育种o nest [nest] n. 巢o incubate [5inkjubeit] v. 孵化o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o element [5elEmEnt] n. 环境o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 精心制作的o scrape [skreip] n. 浅坑081Among the best-known birds are the birds of prey. Some, including hawks, eagles, and falcons, are active during the daytime. Others, notably owls, are nocturnal, or active at night. Birds of prey have hooked beaks, strong talons or claws on their feet, and keen eyesight and hearing. Scavengers that feed on dead animals are also considered birds of prey.o bird of prey [bE:d] [Ev] [prei]n. 猛禽，食肉鸟o hawk [hC:k] n. 鹰o falcon [5fAlkEn] n. 隼o owl [aul] n. 猫头鹰o nocturnal [nCk5tE:nl] adj. 夜间的o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o talon [5tAlEn] n. 爪o scavenger [5skAvindVE] n. 食腐动物082Migrating birds use a variety of cues to find their way. These include the posit ions of the sun during the day and the stars at night; the earth’s magnetic field; and visual, olfactory, and auditory landmarks.o migrate [5mai^reit] v. 迁徙o cue [kju:] n. 提示o magnetic field [mA^5netik] [fi:ld]n. 磁场o olfactory [Cl5fAktEri] adj. 嗅觉的o auditory [5C:dEtEri] adj. 听觉的083Except in combinations such as waterfowl and wildfowl, in modern usage the word fowl usually is restricted to the common domestic fowl, or chicken. In poultry markets, fowl commonly means a full-grown female bird. Young birds of both sexes, such as broilers and fryers, are called chickens. On poultry farms, male chickens are called roosters or cocks; females, especially those more than a year old, are called hens; females less than a year old are called pullets; very young chickens of either sex are called chicks; and castrated males are called capons.o combination [7kCmbi5neiFEn] n. 组合o waterfowl [5wC:tEfaul] n. 水鸟o wildfowl [5waildfaul] n. 野禽o fowl [faul] n. 家禽o domestic [dE5mestik] adj. 驯养的o poultry [5pEultri] n. 家禽o broiler [5brCilE] n. 适于烤焙的嫩鸡o fryer [fraiE] n. 适于油炸的小鸡o rooster [5ru:stE] n. 公鸡o pullet [5pulit] n. 小母鸡o chick [tFik] n. 小鸡o castrate [kAs5treit] v. 阉割o capon [5keipan] n. 阉鸡084All fishes are vertebrates(animals with backbones) with gills for breathing, and most of them have fins for swimming, scales for protection, and a streamlined body generally with a pointed snout and posterior and a broad propulsive tail for moving easily through the water.o vertebrate [5vE:tEbrEt] n. 脊椎动物o backbone [5bAkbEun] n. 脊椎o gill [dVil] n. 腮o fin [fin] n. 鳍o scale [skeil] n. 鱼鳞o streamlined [5stri:mlaind] adj. 流线型的o snout [snaut] n. 口鼻部o posterior [pCs5tiEriE] n. 后部o propulsive [prEu5pQlsiv] adj. 有推进力的085The term fishery is also used to describe the species of fish being harvested(because most of them are edible), which include familiar finned fish species, like cod and flounder; mollusks, including oysters and squid; and crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs. Lesser-known fisheries include echinoderms, like sea urchins; some amphibians, including frogs; and cnidarians, such as jellyfish. even the harvest of whales is usually considered a fishery.o fishery [5fiFEri] n. 食用鱼类，捕鱼业o harvest [5hB:vEst] v. 收获，捕获o edible [5edEbl] adj. 可食用的o cod [kad] n. 鳕鱼o flounder [5flaundE] n. 比目鱼o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o oyster [5CistE] n. 牡蛎o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o crustacean [krEs5teiFEn] n. 甲壳纲动物o shrimp [Frimp] n. 虾o crab [krAb] n. 螃蟹o echinoderm [i5kainE7dE:m] n. 棘皮动物o sea urchin[si:] [5E:tFin] n. 海胆o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o cnidarian [nai5di E ri E n] n. 刺细胞动物o jellyfish [5dVelifiF] n. 水母o whale [weil] n. 鲸086angling refers to fishing for sport, recreation and relaxation. a fishing rod is a long, straight, flexible pole made of bamboo, fiberglass, or graphite that an angler uses to cast hook with bait or lures into the water.o angling [5AN^liN] n. 垂钓o fishing [5fiFiN] n. 钓鱼o recreation [rekri5eiFEn] n. 消遣o fishing rod [5fiFiN] [rCd]n. 钓竿o straight [streit] adj. 直的o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 弹性的o pole [pEul] n. 杆o bamboo [bAm5bu:] n. 竹子o fiberglass [5faibE^lB:s] n. 玻璃纤维o graphite [5^rAfait] n. 石墨o angler [5AN^lE] n. 钓鱼者o cast [kB:st] v. 抛o hook [huk] n. 鱼钩o bait [beit] n. 饵o lure [luE] n. 诱饵087C oral reefs are built up by limestone skeletons of coral, and are found only in tropical saltwater where bright sunlight can penetrate, because corals cannot exist without the symbiotic algae that live in coral tissues and require sunlight for photosynthesis.o coral [5kCrEl] n. 珊瑚o reef [ri:f] n. 礁o build up [bild] [Qp]v. 堆积o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o skeleton [5skelEtEn] n. 骨骼o tropical [5trCpikl] adj. 热带的o saltwater [5sR:lt7wR:tE] n. 盐水o penetrate [5penEtreit] v. 穿透o symbiotic [7simbi5Rtik] adj. 共生的o algae [5AldVi:] n. 藻类, 海藻(singular: alga [5AlgE])o tissue [5tisju:] n. 组织o photosynthesis [7fEutEu5sinWEsis] n.光合作用088S quids are carnivorous mollusks belonging to the same class as the cuttlefish, and octopus. The body of squids, stiffened by an interior cartilaginous skeleton, is spherical or cigar-shaped, with two lateral fins. around the mouth are eight sucker-bearing arms and two contractile tentacles with spatulate tips; on the latter are four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous(horny) hooks. The contractile tentacles, longer than the rest, are used to seize the prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it to be torn by strong jaws shaped like a parrot's beak. Squid can swim faster than any other invertebrate by rapidly expelling water from the mantle cavity through the “funnel”. Many deep-sea squid are bioluminescent. They shoot out a cloud of dark ink when pursued; one genus secretes luminescent ink.o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o carnivorous [kB:5nivErEs] adj. 食肉类的o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o cuttlefish [5kQtlfiF] n. 墨鱼, 乌贼o octopus [5CktEpEs] n. 章鱼o stiffen [5stifnd] v. 使僵硬o interior [in5tiEriE] adj. 内部的o cartilaginous [7kB:tE5lAdVEnEs] adj. 软骨(质)的o spherical [5sferikEl] adj. 球形的o cigar-shaped [si5^B:] [Feipt]adj. 雪茄形的o lateral fin [5lAtErEl] [fin]n. 侧鳍o sucker-bearing [5sQkE] [5beEriN]adj. 长着吸盘的o contractile [kEn5trAktl] adj. 会收缩的o tentacle [5tentEkl] n. 触须、触角o spatulate [5spAtFjulit] adj. 竹片状的o row [rEu] n. 行，排o suction cup [5sQkFEn] [kQp]n. 吸盘o chitinous [5kaitEnEs] adj. 壳质的o horny [5hC:ni] adj. 角状的o seize [si:z] v. 抓住o prey [prei] n. 被掠食者，战利品o torn [tC:n] n. (tear的分词)撕o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚, 颌o parrot [5pArEt] n. 鹦鹉o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o invertebrate [in5vE:tEbrEt] n. 无脊椎动物o expel [iks5pel] v. 喷出, 发射o mantle cavity [5mAntl] [5kAvEti]n. 外套腔o funnel [5fQnEl] n. 漏斗，漏斗形物o bioluminescent [5baiEu7lu:mE5nesEt] adj. 发(冷)光的o pursue [pE5su:] v. 追赶, 追踪o genus [5dVi:nEs] n. 种, 类o secrete [si5kri:t] v. 分泌089A mphibians have moist, hairless skin through which water can pass in and out, and were the first animals with backbones to adapt to life on land. they are the ancestors of reptiles, which in turn gave rise to mammals and birds. all amphibians belong to one of three main groups: the caudata, or tailed amphibians, which includes the sirens, salamanders, and newts; the anura n, or tailless amphibians, which includes frogs and toads; and the gymnophiona, which is made up of the wormlike caecilians.o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o moist [mCist] adj. 潮湿的o adapt [E5dApt] v. 适应o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o caudata [5ka:deitE] n. 有尾目o siren [5sairin] n. 土鳗o salamander [5sAlEmAndE] n. 火蜥蜴o newt [nu:t] n. 蝾螈o anura n [E5njuErEn] n. 无尾目o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o toad [tEud] n. 蟾蜍o gymnophiona [5dVimpfina] n. 无足目o make up of [meik] [[Qp] [Ev]v. 组成、构成o caecilian [si:5siliEn] n. 蚓螈090Paleontologists recognize several mass extinctions in the past 500 million years, which occurred in Ordovician, Devonian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic, and Cretaceous Period, respectively. The most recent mass extinction was at the end of Cretaceous Period, and resulted in the loss of 76% of all species, most notably the dinosaurs.o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o mass extinction [mAs] [iks5tiNkFEn] n. 大量消亡o Ordovician[7C:dE5viFEn] n. 奥陶纪，是指古生代第二纪的一段地质时间o Devonian [di5vEuniEn] n. 泥盆纪o Paleozoic [peiliE5zEuik] n. 古生代o Mesozoic [7mezEu5zEuik] n. 中生代o Triassic [trai5Asik] n. 三叠纪o Cretaceous [kri5teiFEs] n. 白垩纪o respectively [ri5spektivli] adv. 分别地o species [5spi:Fiz] n. 物种o dinosaur [5dainEsC:] n. 恐龙091In mass extinctions, entire groups of species—such as families, orders, and classes—die out,creating opportunities for the survivors to exploit new habitats. In their new niches, the survivors evolve new characteristics and habits and, consequently, develop into entirely new species.o family [5fAmEli] n. 科o order [5C:dE] n. 目o class [klB:s] n. 纲o survivor [sE5vaivE] n. 幸存者o exploit [5eksplCit] v. 开拓o habitat [5hAbEtAt] n. 栖息地o niche [nitF] n. 合适的环境o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化092As the sum of all species living in the world's ecosystems, known as biodiversity, dwindles, so too go many of the resources on which we depend. Humans use at least 40,000 different plant, animal, fungi, bacteria, and virus species for food, clothing, shelter, and medicines. In addition, the fresh air we breathe, the water we drink, cook, and wash with, and the many chemical cycles—including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle, so vital to sustain life—depend on the continued health of ecosystems and the species within them.o ecosystem [i:kEu5sistEm] n. 生态系统o biodiversity [7baiEudE5vEsiti] n. 生物多样性o dwindle [5dwindl] v. 减少o plant [plAnt] n. 植物o animal [5AnEmEl] n. 动物o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌类(singular: fungus)o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌(singular：bacterium)o virus [5vairEs] n. 病毒o chemical cycle [5kemikEl] [5saikl]n. 化学循环o nitrogen cycle [5naitrEdVEn][5saikl] n. 氮循环o carbon cycle [5kB:bEn][5saikl] n. 碳循环o vital [5vaitl] adj. 至关重要的o sustain [sEs5tein] v. 维持093A central, and historically controversial, component of evolutionary theory is that all living organisms, from microscopic bacteria to plants, insects, birds, and mammals, share a common ancestor.o controversial [7kCntrE5vE:FEl] adj. 争议的o component [kEm5pEunEnt] n. 组成部分o evolutionary [7evE5lU:FEnEri] adj. 进化的o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o microscopic [maikrE5skRpik] adj. 极微小的o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先094Hostility as to evolutionary theory gave way to acclaim as scientists vigorously debated, explored, and buil t on Darwin’s theory of natural selection. As the 20th century unfolded, scientific advances revealed the detailed mechanisms missing from Darwin’s theory. Study of the complex chemistry of all organisms unveiled the structure of genes as well as how they are duplicated, altered, and passed from generation to generation. New molecular biology techniques compare the genetic structures of different species, enabling scientists to determine heretofore undetectable evolutionary relationships between species. Today, evolution is recognized as the cornerstone of modern biology. Uniting such diverse scientific fields as cell biology, genetics, paleontology, and even geology and statistics, the study of evolution reveals anexquisitely complex interaction of the forces that act upon every life form on Earth.o hostility [hCs5tiliti] n. 反对o give way to [^iv] [wei] [tE]v. 退让o acclaim [E5kleim] n. 称赞o vigorously [5vi^ErEsli] adv. 竭力地o unfold [Qn5fEuld] v. 展开o reveal [ri5vi:l] v. 揭示o unveil [Qn5veil] v. 揭示o gene [dVi:n] n. 基因o duplicate [5du:plikeit] v. 复制o alter [5C:ltE] v. 改变o genetic structure [dVE5netik] [5strQktFE]n. 遗传结构o heretofore [7hiEtE5fC:] adv. 迄今为止o undetectable [7Qndi5tektEbl] adj. 未被发现的o cornerstone [5kC:nEstEun] n. 基础o cell biology [sel] [bai5ClEdVi]n. 细胞生物学o genetics [dVi5netiks] n. 遗传学o paleontology [7peiliCn5tClEdVi] n. 古生物学o geology [dVi5ClEdVi] n. 地质学o statistics [stE5tistiks] n. 统计学o exquisitely [ek5skwizit] adv. 非常地095Fossils are most commonly found in limestone, sandstone, andshale(sedimentary rock). Remains of organisms can also be found trapped in natural asphalt, amber, and ice. The hard, indigestible skeletons and shells of animals and the woody material of plants are usually preserved best. Fossils of organisms made of soft tissue that decays readily are more rare. Paleontologists use fossils to learn how life has changed and evolved throughout earth’s history.o fossil [5fasl] n. 化石o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o sandstone [5sAndstEun] n. 砂岩o shale [Feil] n. 页岩o sedimentary rock [sedE5mentEri] [rCk] n. 沉积岩o remains [ri5meins] n. 遗体o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o trap [trAp] v. 困住o asphalt [5AsfC:lt] n. 沥青o amber [5AmbE] n. 琥珀o indigestible [7indi5dVestEbl] adj. 不被吸收的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨架o shell [Fel] n. 外壳o woody material [5wudi] [mE5tiEriEl]n. 木质材料o preserve [pri5zE:v]v. 保存o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o decay [di5kei] v. 腐烂o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化096Basic Human Anatomy: Musculoskeletal SystemThe human skeleton consists of more than 200 bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments. The different parts of the body vary greatly in their degree of movement, which are effected by contractions of the skeletalmuscles, to which the bones are attached by tendons. Thus, the arm at the shoulder is freely movable, whereas the knee joint is definitely limited to a hingelike action, and the bones composing the skull are immovable.o anatomy [E5natEmi] n. 人体解剖o musculoskeletal [7mQskjulEu5skelEtEl] adj. 肌肉与骨骼的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨骼o bind [blaind] v. 绑定，缔结o tough [tQf] adj. 坚硬的o inelastic [7inE5lAstik] adj. 无弹性的o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o ligament [5li^EmEnt] n. 韧带o vary [5veEri] v. 不同，变化o contraction [kEn5trAkFEn] n. 收缩o muscle [5mQsl] n. 肌肉o skeletal muscle [5skelitl] [5mQsl]n. 骨骼肌o attach [E5tAtF] v. 缚上, 系上, 贴上o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o shoulder [5FEuldE] n. 肩o knee joint [ni:] [dVCint]n. 膝关节o hinge [hindV] adj. 枢纽; 门枢; 节点o compose [kEm5pEuz] v. 组成o skull [skQl] n. 头骨097There are two main types of bone. Compact bone, which makes up most of the bone of arms and legs, is very dense and hard on the outside. The structural units of compact bone are osteons, elongated cylinders that act as weight-bearing pillars, able to withstand any mechanical stress placed on the bone. The center of each osteon contains a hollow canal that acts as a central passageway for blood vessels and nerves.o compact bone [5kRmpAkt] [bEun]n. 密质骨o make up [meik] [Qp]v. 组成o dense [dens] adj. 密度大的o osteon [5RstiRn] n. 骨单位(密质骨构造的基本单位)o elongated [5i:lCN^eitid] adj. 被拉长的o cylinder [5silindE] n. 圆柱体o pillar [5pilE] n. 柱状物o withstand [wiT5stAnd] v. 经受得住o canal [kE5nAl] n. 导管o passageway [5pAsidVwei] n. 出入口098In some bones, internal to the compact bone is spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, composed of a honeycomb network of bones that act as supporting beams. Spongy bone is designed to bear stress from several directions, such as that exerted on the pelvis in bending or stretching. The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow containing the blood vessels that nourish spongy bone. Spongy bone is found in bones of the pelvis, ribs, breastbone, vertebrae, skull, and at the ends of the arm and leg bones.o spongy bone [5spQndVi] [bEun]n. 松质骨o cancellous[kAn5selEs] adj. 网状骨质的: 具有间隙的、格子状的或多孔结构的o cancellous bone [kAn5selEs] [bEun] n. 松质骨o honeycomb [5hQnikEum] n. 蜂窝状物o beam [bi:m] n. 梁o pelvis [5pelvEs] n. 骨盆o bend [bend] v. 使弯曲o stretch [stretF] v. 伸展o trabecula [trE5bekiElE] n. 小梁：任何结缔组织的支撑纤维，伸入一器官之中并构成该器官构架的一部分o marrow [5mArEu] n. 骨髓o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o vertebra [5vE:tEbrE] n. 脊椎骨099The nervous system has two divisions: the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system, including all neural tissue of motor and sensory systems. Impulses go to the central nervous system through sensory nerves and are carried away from it by the motor nerves. The motor system is further divided into the somatic (or skeletal)nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic motor system allows voluntary control over skeletal muscle with a few exceptions. The autonomic nervous system is largely involuntary and controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.o nervous system [5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 神经系统o division [di5viVEn] n. 部分o central nervous system [sen5trEl][5sistEm] n. 中枢神经系统o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓o peripheral nervous system [pE5rifErEl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 周围神经系统o neural tissue [5njuErEl] [5tisu:]n. 神经组织o motor [5mEutE] n. 运动肌o sensory system [5sensEri][5sistEm] n. 感觉系统o impulse [5impQls] n. 神经脉冲o somatic nervous system[sEu5mAtik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 体神经系统o skeletal nervous system [5skelitl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 骨骼神经系统o autonomic nervous system [7C:tE5namik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 自主神经系统o voluntary [5vRlEntEri] adj. 自主的o cardiac [5kB:diAk] n. 心脏的o smooth muscle [smu:T] [5mQsl]n. 平滑肌100Voluntary movement of head, limbs, and body is caused by nerve impulses arising in the motor area of the cortex of the brain and carried by cranial nerves or by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord to connect with skeletal muscles.o limb [lim] n. 肢o arise [E5raiz] v. 起，兴起；发生o cortex [5kC:teks] n. 大脑皮层o cranial nerve [5kreiniEl] [nE:v]n. 颅神经o emerge from [i5mE:dV] [frCm]v. 自……出现o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓。
新托福写作分类词汇
?Education作业n. assignment（注意它是可数名词，与homework不同）选修课 n. elective学分 n. credit青少年 n. adolescent ；青春期的 adj. adolescent青少年 children and youth教学法 teaching/ pedagogical methodology适应 adapt to sth./ adjust oneself to sth./ become accustomed to sth.>适应能力 n. adaptability应用 v. apply把学生分开教育 segregate students团队精神 team spirit独立思考 think independently在理解的基础上学习 learn things through understanding学生的反馈students’ feedback学生评价老师的教学students appraise/ evaluate their teachers’ performance；通才 n. generalist专才 n. specialist全面发展的 adj. well-rounded为社会健康发展做贡献 contribute to societal well-being (or welfare)人文学科 n. humanities社会科学 social sciences艺术 n. arts文科总称 n. liberal studies/ arts.理科 n. sciences工科 n. engineering基础科学 basic sciences应用科学 applied sciences学科（通称）；纪律 n. discipline 管教 vt. discipline自制力 n. self-discipline小（中、大）学教育 primary-level (or secondary-level/ tertiary-level ) education 职业教育 vocational education/ training》互动 vt. interact学校给学生的教育 n. schooling学校提供的课程总称 n. curriculum ( pl. curricula)心理的 adj. psychological参与 n. participation ≈ involvement干扰 n. distraction记忆 vt. memorize获取 vt. acquire:以教师为中心的 adj. teacher-centered以学生为中心的 adj. student- centered熟练掌握…… be proficient in榜样 role model同龄人 n. peer对孩子或者其他弱者过度保护 adj. overprotective动力 n. motivation沮丧 n. frustration。
TOEFL核心词汇21天突破
Unit单词释义1abandon v 扔弃（地位等），离弃（家园）3abnormal a 反常的，变态的，不规则的4abroad2 n 国外，海外6absent a 不在的，缺席的7absorb v 吸收8abstract a&n 抽象（的）9absurd a 不合理的；荒谬的11abuse n&v 滥用，乱用14access 1 n 进路，入口2 v 接近15accident n 故障，事故，偶发事件；偶然16acclaim n 喝彩，欢呼17accommodate 1 v 适应，调节2 v 留宿，招待20accord v 一致，与……符合（with）21account for证明，说明1accumulate v 积累，存储2accuse v 控告（告发）某人犯某罪（of）；把谋事归罪于某人（for）3acid n 酸 a 酸性的；尖酸刻薄的7acre 1 n 英亩2 n 地产，土地，耕地9acute a 尖锐的；敏锐的；剧烈的10adapt v 使适应，使适合11address v 应付，处理（问题）12adjacent a 毗邻的，邻近的13adjunct n 附属物，附件16admission 1 n 允许进入；许可入场（入学、入会）2 n 承认；首肯17admit 1 v 承认，容许2 v 收容，容纳18adobe n 砖坯19adolescent a 青年期的，青春期的 n 少年20adorn v 装饰，修饰，佩戴1adverse a 逆的，相反的，不利的，有害的4affair n 事情，事件；（常[pl]）事务；事态5agent n 作用物；成分6aggregate a&n 聚集（的），集合（的），总计（的），共计（的）7aggressive a 好斗的，敢做敢为的，有进取心的，行动积极的8agitation n （民众的）骚动，兴奋11algae n [pl]藻；藻类（[sing]alga）12alien a&n 外来（的）；异己（的）；不熟悉（的）16allude v 暗指，暗示19altitude n 高，高度；海拔（高度）20aluminum n 铝21amateur n 业余者，爱好者2ambition n 抱负，志气，雄心6analogy n 类比，相似7analyze v 分析8ancestor n 祖先；先祖，原种9angle n 角10anonymous a 匿名的；无名的13anthropology n 人类学14antibiotic n 抗生素15anticipate v 预期，预料，预测；指望，期待16antiquate v 使变旧；使过时17anxiety n 悬念，挂念，忧虑；切望，渴望18ape n 猿20approach 1 v 向……接近2 n 方法，手段21appropriate 1 a 适当的，合适的2 v 挪用，盗用1approve v 批准，认可；赞成，满意5arch n 拱门；弓形门 v 把……做成拱形；使弯做弓形8arctic a&n 北极（的）；寒带（的）（[opp]antarctic）9arid a 干旱的；贫瘠的，荒芜的10arise v 出现；发生12array n 一大批，一大群，一连串13arrest2 v 阻止，抑制16articulate n 节体动物 a 有关节的；有节的；接合起来的 v 用关节连接17artifact n 人工制品；人为现象18artisan n 工匠，手工业工人20asphalt n 沥青，柏油1assemble2 v 装配2assert v 主张，硬说；断言，声明3assess v 评定，估定4assign 1 v 指定，选定2 v 把……归因于5assume 1 v 假定，想象，设想；以……为先决条件2 v 承担，担任6asteroid a 星状的 n 小行星8astronomy n 天文学12attain v 达到，获得13attribute2 n 属性，特质14auditory a 耳的，听觉的15auger n 螺（丝）钻，钻孔器；钻孔机16authentic a 可信的；可靠的；真的，真正的17autobiography n 自传；自传文学20avant-garde a&n 先锋（的），先驱（的）2aware a [用作表语]知道，晓得，发觉，觉得3awkward a 有毛病的，难使用的；笨拙的，粗劣的4axe n （=ax）（[pl]axes）斧6baboon n 狒狒9backward a&ad 向后的（地），相反的（地）10bacteria n [pl]（[sing]bacterium）细菌11balance n&v 平衡，均衡，对称12balcony n 露台，阳台，（剧场二楼）楼座13ballet n 芭蕾舞，舞剧16barge n 大平底船，驳船17bark n 树皮18barn n 仓，谷仓，库房1barter n 物物交换，换货，实物交易4basin n 脸盆，水盆；盆地，流域5battery n [电]电池（组）6battle n 战，战斗（行动），交战8beacon n （作为信号的）烽火，灯塔11beast n 动物，牛马，家畜12beaver n 海狸，海獭13behave v 处身，行为，做人，举止，表现14belief n 信，信任；相信（in）；信仰，信心15belong v 属，属（某人）所有，应归入（某）部类（to，among，in，under，with）18beneficial a 有利的，有益的（to）（[opp]injurious）19besiege v 围，保卫，围困，围攻20bias n 成见，先入之见，偏执，偏见（[opp]impartiality）21bind v 捆，扎，绑；束1biography n 传，传记2biologist n 生物学者4bison n （[pl]bison）[动]（欧洲种和美洲种）野牛5bite v 咬，叮，蛰；紧咬 n 一小口（食物），少量（食物）6bizarre a 稀奇古怪的，不同寻常的7blade n （壳、草等的）叶片，叶身；刀片；刀口，刃8blast v 使爆炸，爆破，炸掉；摧毁12blossom n 花（特指果树花）；群花，开花时期；（发育的）初期13blow2 v （blew，blown）（轮胎等）爆炸；[电]（熔丝等）熔断，熔化14boast v 以有……而自豪，有……可以夸耀；包含；吹嘘15bodily a 躯体的，身体的，肉体的16boil v 沸腾，达到沸点，开，滚，煮滚；汽化17bond n 结合（物），结合力，黏合（剂），联结，束缚，羁绊20border n 边缘，边沿，框，边界，国界，国境2bounce v 弹起，反跳，弹回3boundary n 边界，疆界，限界4bow n 弓；弓形物，琴弓6brass n （主[pl]）黄铜制品；铜管乐器9breathe v 呼吸，活着，生存10breed v 繁殖；育种11breeze n 微风；柔风，和风12brick n 砖；砖块13brief a （时间）短暂的，（文体的）简洁的，（答复等）简短的16brittle a 易碎的，脆的；脆弱的；易损坏的17broadcast a 播散的；广泛散布的，播音的，广播的18bronze n 青铜，古铜1bulb 1 n 球根；鳞茎，球状物2 n 灯泡2bulk n 体积，容积，大小3bumblebee n 大黄蜂，土蜂，野峰4bunch n 球，束，朵，串5burden n 担子，负担，包袱6burgeon v 发芽，（突然）发展，急速成长9burst v 破裂，迸裂，爆炸；爆发出，喷出12cabinet 1 n 柜，箱2 n 陈列室；（矿物、生物、古钱币等）陈列品13cable n 粗索，巨缆；电缆14calcium n 钙17camel n 骆驼18camouflage n&v 伪装19camp n 野营，露营地20campaign n 战役；竞选运动21campus n 校园1can n 罐头 v 制罐头2canal n 运河；沟渠4canoe n 独木舟5canopy n （树）冠；冠层8capable 1 a 有技能的，有资格的（for）2 a 可以……的；能……的；易……的（of）10carbon n 碳11career n 职业；前途12cargo n （船上的）货；负荷13carnivore n 食肉动物（[opp]herbivore）14carpenter n 木匠，木工（尤指粗木工）17cartoon n （报刊上的）漫画；连环画19cast 1 v 浇铸，铸造2 v 丢弃，抛弃；脱掉（衣服）；（蛇）脱（皮），（鸟）换（毛），（鹿）换（角）；（树）落（叶）；（马）脱落（铁掌）20caste n （昆虫的）职别（如工蜂等）；等级（制度）21casual a 随便的，非正式的2category n 类型，种类5cathedral n 大教堂6cautious a 谨慎的，小心的7cavity n 穴，腔，空腔8cease n&v 停，终止9cedar n [植]雪松；雪松木12celestial a 天上的；天体的（[opp]terrestrial）13cellar n 地窖，地下室17census n 人口普查20challenge n 挑战21chamber n 穴，腔；室；箱1chance n 偶然；运气，命运2channel 1 n 水道，渠，沟2 v 为……开辟途径，引导4chapel n （常附属于大教堂的）小教堂6chest2 n 胸部，胸腔7chief 1 a 主要的2 n 酋长8chill a&n 寒冷（的） v 使冷，变冷10chip v 削，凿，刻13chord 1 n 腱，带2 n （琴）弦；（心）弦14choreograph v 设计舞蹈动作（编舞）15chorus n 合唱；合唱队；合唱歌（曲）16chunk n 大块17circuit 1 n [电]电路，线路；回路2 n 巡回，周游19circumstance n （常[pl]）（周围的）情况，情形，环境2classify v 把……分类5clerk n 办事员，职员；（商店的）店员6cliff n 峭壁，断崖7cling v 缠住，绕住9clue n 线索12coach 1 n 轿式马车2 n 教练 v 训练13coarse a 粗糙的（[opp]fine）；粗鲁的，粗俗的14coat 1 v 包上，涂上，盖上2 n （动物的）毛皮；（植物的）表皮；（漆等的）涂层15cohesive a 凝聚性的；有结合力的18collaboration n 合作19collective a 集合的；共同的20collide v （车等）碰撞（with）；（意志等）冲突，抵触（with）21colony 1 n 殖民地2 n [动]（鸟、蚁、蜜蜂等的）集团，群2comedy n 喜剧3comet n 彗星6commodity n 日用品；商品7commonsense a&n 常识（的）9compact 1 a 密集的；紧密的；（文体等）紧凑的，简洁的2 v 把……弄紧密，把……弄结实，压实11compass n 罗盘，指南针12compile v 汇集，编辑13complement n&v 补足（物）；补全14complex n [化]络合物；复合物，综合体15complicated a 复杂的，错杂的17compose 1 v 组成，构成（be composed of）2 v 创作（诗歌，乐曲等）19compress v 压缩，浓缩20comprise v 包含，包括；由……组成（合成）21conceal v 隐藏，隐蔽1conceive v 怀（胎）；想到，构想（计划等）2concerning prep 关于，论及4concrete 1 n 混凝土2 a 具体的，实在的6condor n 秃鹰7conduct 1 v 实行；进行2 v 传导，传（热、电等）8cone n 圆锥；圆锥形火山；（松树的）球果9confederacy n 联盟，联邦11configuration n 结构；外形13confirm v （进一步）证实（确定）17congestion n 拥挤；充斥；充血20connoisseur n 艺术（品）的鉴定家，行家，内行，权威（in，of）21conquer v 征服；攻克1consecutive a 连续的3conservation n 保存，维持（健康），保护（森林、河道、动物等）6consistent a 一致的，不矛盾的7constant 1 a 稳定的，恒久的2 a 继续不断的8constituent n 成分；构成9constitute v 构成，组成11consume v 消费，消耗14content 1 a 满足的，甘心的2 n 容量，含量3 n [pl]内容，内含物；（一本书的）目次；目录15context n （事情等的）范围，场合，处境16continual a 不断的，连续的17continuous a 连续的，继续的20controversy n 争论，辩论21convection n 对流，上升气流3converse 1 v 谈话2 a 倒转的，逆（转）的 n 逆转4convert v 转换，转化5convey v 表达（意义）；输送；搬运6convict v 证明……有罪，宣告……有罪，定……的罪7convince v 使确信，说服，使承认8coordinate a 同等的，同位的11coral n 珊瑚；珊瑚虫14correlate n&v 互相关联，互相关系（with；to）15correspond v 与……一致，符合（to；with）16corridor n 走廊；通路18cosmic a 宇宙的21counterpart n 相对物，对应物1crab n 蟹2craft 1 n 技能，手艺；手工业2 v 熟练制作3 n 船舶；飞机，飞船3cranial a 颅的5credit 1 v 归（功于某人）2 n 名誉，名望，声望6crisscross a&n&v 十字交叉（的）8critical 1 a （在某方面）有鉴定力的（in）2 a 决定性的，重大的11crow n 鸦（包含raven，rook，jackdaw，chough）12crowd n&v 拥挤13crucial a 至关紧要的；决定性的14crude a 天然的，未加工的15crust n 外皮，壳；地壳18cue n 暗示，指示，线索20cure2 v （鱼等用腌、熏、晒、烤等的）加工保藏（法）21curious a 稀奇的，古怪的；好奇的1curriculum n （[pl]curriculums，curricula）课程2curtain n 帘幕；窗帘，帘子5dairy n 牛奶场6dam n 水闸，坝，堰7damp n 湿气，潮湿 a 有湿气的，潮湿的 v 弄湿，打湿8daring a 胆大的，勇敢的9dawn n 黎明，拂晓；开端，发端（[opp]dusk）10dazzling a 晃眼睛的，灿烂的12debate n&v 辩论；讨论14decay n&v 腐朽，腐烂；衰减，衰退15deceive v 欺，瞒19decorate v 修饰，装饰，布置21defeat2 n 战败，失败；挫折1defend v 保卫（国家等）；防御，防守，保护……使免于（from，against）2deficient a 不足的，缺乏的 n 有缺陷的人（东西）3definite a 明确的；确定的6deliberate a 深思熟虑的，盘算周到的9democrat n （D-）（美国）民主党党员10demolish v 拆毁（建筑物等），毁坏，破坏（组织等）11dense a 密集的，（物质等）密度大的，（人口等）稠密的13deposit 1 v 放置，安置；储蓄2 n&v 淤积，沉淀；附着14depress 1 v 压下，压低（声调等），放低（[opp]raise）2 v 使沮丧；使萧条15deprive v 剥夺，使不能享受16derive v 得到，导出（from）17descend v 下降（[opp]ascend）；下斜；传下，遗传18deserve v 应受，该得，值得19designate v 指出，指明1detect v 发觉，发现；检定2deter v （-rred）防治，阻止6devoid a 无一的，缺……的（of）9differentiate v 使有差别，区别，划分，区分10diffuse v 扩散；渗出11dilemma n 窘境，困境，进退两难13dim a 微暗的，朦胧的 v （使）暗淡；（使）朦胧，（使）模糊16dinosaur n 恐龙17dioxide n 二氧化物18disaster n 天灾，灾害；不幸，事故19discard v 放弃，抛弃20discern v 辨别，分清；看出，认出2discriminate v 区别，识别；分别对待，歧视，排斥3dismay n&v （使）灰心；（使）沮丧4disperse v 使疏散，使散开；驱散（云、雾等）5disposal n 处置，处理6dispute n&v 辩论，争论；争吵；争端7disrepute n 坏名声，声名狼藉9dissolve v 使溶解；使分解，使分离10distant a 远的，远方的，远离的11distinct a 独特的；清楚的，明显的；明确的；显著的12distinguish v 区别；辨别，识别，判别13distort v 歪扭，弄歪；曲解17disturb v 扰乱；打扰20divergent a 叉开的，分歧的；背道而驰的21diverse a 不同的；形形色色的，多种多样的1divert v 使转向，使转移（from，to）；使消遣，使解闷，使娱乐3dogged a 顽固的，固执的6dominate v 操纵，支配7dot v （-tt-）点缀8down n （装被、褥等用的）鸭绒，绒毛；（鸟的）绒羽；柔毛，汗毛，毳毛；（男孩脸上初生的）细软短须；（蒲公英等的）冠毛9draft 1 a （马等）拉车用的，供役使的2 v 起草，拟（方案）；画（草图，轮廓），为……打样，设计 a 正在起草的11drama n 戏剧14drip n 水滴 v 滴下15droplet n 小滴16drought n 旱灾，干旱17dull a 单调的，枯燥的，无聊的，沉闷的18dumb a 哑的，不能说话的21dye n 染料，染液 v 染，染上，把……染色1dynamic a 动（态）的；有生气的2eager a 渴望的，极想的，热衷的（after；about；for）6echo n 回声，反响 v 共鸣9edge n 边缘，边界10edible a 适合食用的，可以吃的（[opp]poisonous）11eject v 喷出，吐出（烟等）；发射，喷射12elaborate 1 v 精心制作；详尽阐述2 a 精巧的，精细的，精益求精的；详尽的14elegance n 雅致，风雅，优美，高尚17eligible a 胜任的，合格的，适当的18eliminate v 除去，消灭，逐出，淘汰，排出（from）19elliptic(al) a 椭圆（形）的21elusive a 无从捉摸的，难懂的；容易忘记的3embody v 包含，收录4embrace v 拥抱，抱；参加5embryo a&n （[pl]embryos） 胚胎（的），胚（的）6emerge v 出现；发生7emit v （-tt-）出（声），发、放（光等），发射，放射（热等）10encompass v 包含11encounter n 遇见，碰见 v 邂逅（友人等）12endangered a 濒临灭绝的16energetic a 精力旺盛的，强健的19enhance v 提高；增强20enormous a 巨大的，庞大的21enroll v 把……记入名簿；登记2enterprise n 努力，进取5entrance n 入口，大门6entrepreneur n 企业家；创业人7entry n 入口；门口；登录8enzyme n 酶9episode n （一系列事件中的）一个事件12equilibrium n 平衡，均衡13equip v 配备，装备14equivalent a&n 相当（的），相同（的），同等的（物）；等价的（物）15era n 纪元；年代，时代16erect v 使直立，树立17erode v 侵蚀，腐蚀20essence n 本质（[opp]phenomenon）；精髓21estimate v 估计，估算1etch n&v 蚀刻，浸蚀2ethic n 伦理观，道德标准3evaporate v 蒸发，挥发7exaggerate v 夸张，夸大10execute v 执行；履行；贯彻，完成11exemplify v （-fied）举例证明（解释）；示范；做……的范例12exempt a&v 被免除（的），被豁免（的）（from）14exhaustion n 疲惫，衰竭17exocrine a&n 外分泌（的）18exotic a 异国情调的；异乎寻常的；[口]奇异的；吸引人的19expertise n 专门技能，专门知识20explicit a 明白的，明确的（[opp]implicit）；直爽的，不隐讳的21explode v 使爆炸2exponent 1 n 典型2 n [数]指数；幂4expressive a 富于表情的；意味深长的5extend v 扩充，扩大，扩展；发挥（力量）；延续6extent n 程度；广度7external a 外部的，外面的（[opp]interior）；表面上的（[opp]intrinsic）8extinct a （生物）已绝种的，已灭绝的11extraordinary a 非凡的，卓绝的12exuberant a （感情等）充溢的；（活力）充沛的，（精神）旺盛的13fabric 1 n 结构2 n 编织品，织物；纤维品14façade n [建]正面；外表，外观；（掩饰真相的）门面16faint a 稀薄的，暗淡的，模糊的17fair2 a 公平的，合理的18fairly ad 适当地，相当地19faith n 信仰，信心20falcon n 隼，（猎鹰的）母鹰21fame n 名声，声望3fashion 1 v 制造2 n 风气，潮流；时新式样4fatal a 致命的；命中注定的5fatigue n 疲乏，劳累6feasible a 可实行的，行得通的7feat n 卓绝的手艺，技术，本领8federal a （美国）联邦政府的，中央政府的10fertile 1 a 肥沃的，丰饶的；多产的，丰富的（of；in）（[opp]sterile）2 a 能生育的，有繁殖能力的；已受孕（受精）的12fiction n 小说；编造，想象，虚构13fidelity n 忠诚，忠实（to）；真实，翔实14figure 1 n 画像，塑像2 n 人物15filter n 滤器，滤纸 v 过滤16fine 1 a 精制的；华美的，细致的，细微的，纤细的2 n&v 罚款18fir n 冷杉木，枞木19fist n 拳头1flap 1 n （鸟、昆虫）翼；（鱼）鳃盖；（狗等）下垂的长耳；（菌类）张开的伞2 v 拍动2flash n&v （使）闪光，（使）闪烁3flat a 平的，平坦的，扁平的4flattering a 谄媚的，讨好的，奉承的5flavor n 风味6flaw n 瑕疵，缺点9fleeting a 飞逝的，短暂的，飞跑的12flock n （禽、畜等的）群，羊群13flood n 洪水，水灾；大量，一大阵，滔滔不绝14flour n 面粉；谷粉16fluctuate v 波动，起伏19fog n 雾20foliage n [集合词]（树的）叶子21folk a 民间的 n （folks）人们1forage 1 n 草料；饲料2 v 觅食3forge v 打（铁），锻制5formidable a 可怕的，可畏的；庞大的6formulate v 把……做成公式，用公式表示7fossil n 化石8foster v 助长，鼓励，促进10fraction n 小部分，碎片，片段13fragment n 碎屑，碎片14frame n 机构；组织 v 构造；给……装框子15freight n 货运列车（=freight train）17friction n 摩擦，阻力20frost n 霜；霜柱；结霜；冰冻21frustrate v 挫败（敌人）；破坏（计划等），阻挠1fuel n 燃料，柴炭 v （给……）加油2functional a 从使用的观点设计（构成）的3fundamental a 基础的，基本的；根本的6fur n 毛皮；[pl]兽皮，皮货7furnace n 炉子；熔炉 v 在炉中烧热（金属）8furnish v 供给，供应，提供9furniture n 家具，器具10fuse v 熔合11gallery n 美术馆，美术品陈列室，画廊；回廊，走廊13gamma n 伽马射线14gap n 裂缝；豁口，缺口15garbage n 垃圾，废物16gear n 齿轮，（齿轮）传动装置，齿链；排档17generalization n 一般化，普遍化18generate v 生殖，生育，产生，发生21genius n 天才，天资，天赋，天分，才3genuine a 真正的，坦率的，真诚的，真心诚意的4genus n 种类，类，属5geographic a 地理学的，地理的7geomagnetic a 地磁的10gibbon n 长臂猿11gifted a 有天才的，天赋的12gigantic a 巨大的；庞大的，巨人似的13glacial a 冰的；冰状的14gland n 腺17glaze v 镶玻璃于，装玻璃于，打光，擦亮；给……上釉18glimpse n 一瞥，瞥见19global a 球面的，球状的，全球的，世界的20glow v 灼热；发白热光；燃烧，放光，发热21glue n 胶，胶水，各种胶状物1gradient n 倾斜度，坡度，梯度，陡度2grain 1 n 谷物，粮食2 n （木材、大理石等的）纹理4granite n 花岗岩，花岗石5grasp v 抓住，握紧，抱住，领会，理解6grasshopper n 蚱蜢，蝗虫7gravity n 重力，引力8graze v 喂草，放牧；吃草10gulf n 鸿沟；分歧，隔阂12hail2 v 向……高呼，为……欢呼13hall n 会馆，会场，会堂；展览厅14hallmark n 标志，特点15hallway n 门厅，过道18handcrafted a 手工的，手工艺的21handle v 处理；讨论（问题）1hang v （hung，hanged）悬挂，垂吊（to；on；from）2harbor n 海港，港口，避难所，藏身处4hardness n 坚固，冷酷无情，苛刻，困难7harm n 损害，伤害；危害8harmonious a 悦耳的，和谐的；融洽的；和睦的9harness 1 n 马具，挽具2 vt 利用自然力使产生动力10harsh a 粗糙的；荒芜的；不毛的12haul v （用力）拽，牵，拖，拖运14hazard n 碰巧，机会；偶然的事，孤注一掷，冒险15heal v 医治，治愈（病伤等），使恢复；使和解16heed n&v 注意，留意17height n 高，高度；身高；海拔19hemisphere n 半球1herb n 草，草本植物2herd n 兽群，（牛）群，（猪）群3heritage n 世袭财产，（长子）继承权5hexagon n 六角形，六边形8hierarchy n 层次9highlight v 在……上投上强光；强调，使显著10hinge v 看……而定，以……为转移（on；upon）11hinterland n 内地，偏僻地区12hive n 蜂巢，蜂房，蜂箱15homogeneous a 同种的，同质的，纯一的，均匀的16honor n&v 尊敬，敬重17hook v 钩住；沉迷18horizon n 地平；地平线，眼界，视界；范围19hormone n 荷尔蒙，激素，内分泌20horsepower n 马力1household a&n 家庭（的），一家（的）2hover v 翱翔，盘旋3humanity n 人类，人性，人情，人道4humidity n 湿气；湿度5humorous a 有幽默感的，诙谐的，可笑的6hunger n 饥，饥饿9hypersensitive a 过敏的，过敏性的12ichthyosaur（[pl]ichthyosauria）[古生]鱼龙13ideal a 理想的，典型的14identical a 同一的；同样的16ideology n 意识形态，思想方式19illuminate v 照亮，照明20illusion n 幻想；错觉21illustrate v （用例子、图解等）说明；举例证明1imagine v 想象，猜想，推测2imitate v 仿效，模仿5immobilize v 使不动，使固定6immortal a&n 不死的（人、物）7immune a 免疫（性）的8impact 1 n 碰撞2 n&v 影响9impair v 损害，损伤10impart v 告诉，通知（to）；给予，把……分给，传授（to）13impervious a 不可渗透的，穿不过的，透不过的14implement 1 n 工具；器具2 v 执行，履行15implicit a 含蓄的，不讲明的（[opp]explicit）16imply v 暗示，包含；含有……的意思18improvise v 即席创作，即席演奏11in terms of根据，按照，用……的话说，在……方面20inability n 无能，无力21inanimate a 无生气的，没精打采的2incessant a 不停的，不断的5incorporate v 使混合；使加入6incredible a 不可思议的；惊人的7incubate v 孵卵；孵化8indispensable a 不可缺少的，必需的，重要的9induce v 引导，导致12infect v 传染；感染13infest v 在……上寄生，寄生于；（指老鼠、害虫、盗贼等）大批出没14inflation n 膨胀；[经]通货膨胀（[opp]deflation）15influx n 流入，注入16ingenious a 别处心裁的，巧妙的17ingredient n （混合物的）组成部分，成分，要素19inherent a 内在的，固有的，生来的20inherit v 继承；遗传而得21inhibit v 抑制，阻止1initial 1 a 最初的，开始的2 n 词首字母，词首大写字母2initiate v 开始3inject v 注入，注射5inland a 内地的，内陆的8innovation n 创新，革新；改革9innumerable a 无数的，数不清的10insert v 插进，夹入12inspect v 询问，查问15instant a 立即的，直接的16instinct n 本能，才能17institute n 协会，学会；学院18institution n 惯例，制度，规定19instruct v 教，指示1insult n&v 侮辱，凌辱2intact a 未经触动的，未受损的，原封不动的3integral a 完全的；缺一不可的，主要的4integrate v 使成整体，使并入，使一体化，使结合起来5intense a 激烈的，强烈的；紧张的6intent n 意图；目的8interfere v 妨碍，打扰9interior a&n 内（的）；内部（的）（[opp]exterior）10interpret v 理解，解释；翻译11interrupt v 打断（别人的话等）；中断12interstellar a 星际的13interval n （时间、空间方面的）间隔16intimate a 亲密的，亲近的，密切的19intriguing a 引起兴趣的，有魅力的20intrinsic a 内部的，体内的（[opp]extrinsic）21intruder n 闯入者，侵入者2invariable a 不变的；守恒的 n [数]不变量，常数5inviting a 引人注目的，吸引人的6involve v 包括，涉及7involved a 复杂的8ion n 离子9irony n 讽刺，讥讽12irreversible a 不可逆的13irrigate v 灌溉14isolate v 隔离，使孤立15issue 1 n 论点；争端2 v 颁布，发行3 v 流出，涌出16jar 1 v 使震动，使摇动2 n （圆柱形、大口的）罐子，坛子，瓶子19jewel n 宝石，宝玉，宝石饰物20join v 接合，连接，使结合3jumble n&v 搞乱，（使）混杂6jury n 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ad 宽松地，松散地7loyal a 忠诚的；忠实的8lubrication n 润滑，油润，上油；润滑作用9lucrative a 有利的，赚钱的，合算的10lumber n 木材，木料，方料；（英国）原木13lung n 肺脏，肺；（无脊椎动物的）呼吸器官；辅助呼吸的装置14lure v 引诱，诱惑 n 魅力；诱惑品，诱饵15lust v 渴望，热烈追求 n 欲望，贪欲16luxury a&n 奢侈（的）；奢侈品（的）17lyric n 抒情诗；抒情作品18magical a 不可思议的20magnesium n 镁1magnify v 扩大，放大；夸张，夸大2maintenance n 保持，维持，保养；支持的手段6mammalian a&n 哺乳动物（的）7mammoth2 a&n 巨物（的），庞然大物（的）；巨大（的）8mandate 1 n&v 命令，指令2 n [法]财产委托；（国际上）委托管理9maneuver v 调动，部署；用策略使……，用计使…… n 调动，部署；策动，谋略10manifestation n 表现，表示；显现12mansion n 宅第，公馆；大楼，公寓15margin n 边缘；边缘部分；范围，限界16maritime a 海的，海上的17marrow n 髓，骨髓；精髓18marvelous a 奇异的，不可思议的，奇怪的19mason n 石匠；（中世纪的）工匠工会会员1match v 相称，相适合，相配；结合2maternal a 母系的；母亲的；像母亲的（[opp]paternal）3mature a 成熟的；仔细考虑过的 v 成熟；使成熟4maximum a&n 极点（的），最高额（的），最大值（的）；最高点（的）5meager a 瘦的；（土地）不毛的；思想贫乏的6meander v 曲曲折折地流；蜿蜒，弯曲8medicine n 医药；内服药；医学，医术；内科（治疗）（[opp]surgery）10medium n 媒介；（常作[pl]）宣传工具；传播媒介；手段，方法11melancholy n 忧郁；忧郁病 a 令人伤感的；意气消沉的15mention n&v 说到，提及；提述；提名表扬18mercury n 贡，水银；（M-）水星19mere a 单单的，只，不过；全然的；纯粹的20Mesozoic a&n 中生代（的），中生代岩石（的）1meteorite n 陨星，陨石4meticulously ad 小心翼翼地，细致地5metropolis n 首都，主要都市；（产业、艺术等的）中心6microbe n 微生物；（尤指引起疾病的）细菌7microscopic a 用显微镜可见的；微观的；极微的（[opp]macroscopic）8midair n 半空中11military a 军人的，军队的；军事的，军方的 n 军方12mill n 磨坊，厂，工场13millennium n [pl]millennia一千年（间）；千周年纪念14millimeter n 毫米（千分之一米）15mimic n 仿造物 a 模仿的，模拟的，假的16mineral n 矿物；无机物18ministry n 牧师；部长的任务（职务、任期）；政府部门19mint v 铸造（货币） n 造币厂20minuscule a 极小的，微小的，细微的21minutely ad 详细地，精密地1mission n 使命，任务，天职 v 给……交待任务；派遣5modem n 调制解调器 v 用调制解调器联通8modify v 变更；修改；调节9modulate v 调节，调整；缓和，减轻10moisture n 湿气，水分，潮湿；湿度；（空气中的）水蒸气；泪11mold 1 n 模子，铸型 v 浇铸，塑造2 n 霉；霉菌，霉病（又作：mould）13moment n 片刻，瞬息16monotonous a 单调的，无变化的17monster n （想象中的）怪物；（尤指史前的）怪兽，巨兽18monument n 纪念碑，纪念物，不朽的功业（著作）等20moral a&n 道德（上的）（[opp]immoral）；精神（上的）（[opp]physical，practical）2moss n 苔藓；地衣3moth n 蛀虫；蛾4motif n （图案的）基本花纹，基本色彩；（艺术作品的）主题，动机，主旨5motivation n 动机；动机因素；动力6mud n 泥，泥浆；泥淖7multiple2 n [数]倍数9municipal a 市政的，地方性的，市营的10mural n 壁画；壁饰 a 墙壁（上）的；墙壁似的13myriad n 无数，极大数量 a 无数的；众多方面的16nail n 钉子17naked a 裸体的；露出的18narration n 叙述；故事19narrow 1 a 狭窄的，狭隘的 v 弄窄，收缩（[opp]wide）2 a 有限的，受限制的 v 限制，缩小（[opp]broaden）21navigate v 航行；驾驶（船舶、飞机等）；导航3neck n 颈，脖子；（器物的）颈状部4nectar n 花蜜5needlework n 针线活，女红；刺绣，缝纫7negate v 否定，否认；取消，使无效9negotiate 1 v 协议，谈判，交涉2 v 通过，跳过（障碍）；克服（困难等）；处理；处置3 v 使（证券、票据等）流通，转让，兑现；卖（让）与10neighbor n 邻人，邻居，邻近的人，邻国（人）11neoclassical a 新古典主义的12net 1 n 网，网状物，网状组织，网状系统2 a 净的，纯的；基本的；最后的（[opp]gross）13neutral 1 a [化][电]中性的；中和的；不带电的2 a 不鲜艳的，暗淡的；非彩色的（指灰、黑或白色的）14niche 1 n 适当地位，活动范围2 n 壁龛（搁雕像、花瓶等的墙壁凹处）18nomadic a 游牧的；流浪的21normal a 正常的，平常的，普通的；正规的，标准的，额定的1nostalgia n 怀乡病，乡愁，怀旧，留恋过去2nostril n 鼻孔；鼻孔内壁4notice n&v 注意；认识7nourishing a 有营养的8novelty n 新奇，奇异；新奇的东西（事情）9noxious a 有害的，有毒的10nuclear a 核的，核心的；原子能的；核动力的11numerical a 数字的；数值的；用数字表示的14objective 1 n 目的，目标，任务2 a 客观的；真实的（[opp]subjective）15oblige v 迫使；责成16obscure a 不清楚的，含糊的 v 使不明显17observatory n 气象台，天文台18obsess v 缠住，迷住；使着迷；使烦扰19obstacle n 障碍（物），妨害，阻碍，干扰21occasion 1 n （庆祝等的特殊）场合；（重大）时节，时刻2 n 机会；（适当的）时机1occupy v 占领，占据；侵占；占用，占有；占（时间、空间等）2occurrence n （事件的）发生，出现6official 1 a 官方的，正式的2 n 官员，高级职员7offshore a&ad 向海面吹的（地）；离岸的（地）；海面上的（地）8offspring n 子女；子孙，后代；产物9olfactory a 嗅觉器官的，嗅觉的10onset n 开始，动手；攻击，突击11ooze 1 v 渗出，徐徐流出，滴出，分泌2 n （海底、河底的）淤泥；沼地；分泌物12opera n 歌剧；[口]歌剧院15opportunity n 机会，好机会；凑巧，方便16oppose v 反对，反抗，对抗17optical a 眼的；视觉的；视力的；帮助视力的；光学（上）的18optimal a 最适宜的；最理想的；最好的（[opp]pessimal）19oral a 口头的；口的；口腔发声的20orbit2 n 势力范围；（人生的）旅程，生活过程2orderly a 有秩序的，有规则的3ore n 矿石，含有金属的矿石4organic a 器官的；有机体的；有机的（[opp]inorganic）5orientation n 方向；定向；取向6origin n 根源，起因，由来；出身，来历9outermost a 最外面的，最远的（普通级：outer）10outgoing a 对人友好的；开朗的12outline 1 n 外形，轮廓 v 画轮廓；打草图，描略图2 v 概括地论述，略述 n [常pl]梗概，大纲；草稿；要点14output n 产量；生产，出产，产品；输出量，输出15outstanding a 显著的；凸出的，杰出的16outward ad 向外，在外，表面上（[opp]inward）17outweigh v 比……重；比……重要；胜过，强过18oven n 灶，炉，炭窑，干燥炉；烘箱19overall2 n （套头）工作服，罩衫，（妇女、小儿等的）罩衣1overturn n&v 颠覆；推翻；打倒，（使）倒2overwhelm v 压倒；压服；推翻3oxygen n 氧，氧气4oyster n 蚝，牡蛎5pace n 步，步调，速度，进度8painstaking a （不辞）劳苦的，费力的9pale a 灰白的，（脸色等）苍白的，（颜色等）淡的；微暗的10pamphlet n 小册子；（时事问题等的）小册子刊物11pancreas n 胰（腺）12panel n 面，板；[建]四分板，门窗材，幅板，板条13paradox n 反论，悖论；自相矛盾的话15paramount a 最高的，至上的，卓越的；胜过……的（to）17parasite n 寄生物；寄生虫；寄生菌；食客18parrot n 鹦鹉；学舌者1passage n 通行，通过；经过；转变，演变4patch n 碎片；碎屑；斑点，斑纹；斑5patent n 专利（权）；专利品，特权6patience n 忍耐，容忍，忍受；耐心，耐性8patron n 赞助人，主顾11pearl n 珍珠；珍品，[pl]珍珠项链12pebble n 砾，卵石，石子13peculiar a 独特的，特有的（to）；特别的，特异的，罕见的，奇怪的14pedagogy n 教育学，教授法，儿童教育，教师职业15peer n 同辈，同事，伙伴；同等的人18pendulum n （钟等的）摆，动摇的人（物）；犹豫不决的人19penetrate v 进入，渗入，穿透20penicillin n 青霉素，盘尼西林21peninsula n 半岛1per capita每人，按人数分配的2perceive v 觉察，发觉；看见，听见；领会，领悟4percussion n 敲打，打击；（乐队的）打击乐器组5performance n 执行，实行，演奏；演出6periodic a 周期的，定期的，定时的7peripheral a 周围的，外围的；（神经）末梢区域的8perishable a 易腐败的；脆弱的12persist v 坚持，巩固（in），继续存在，存留15pervasive a 普遍的；深入的16petal n 花瓣17petroleum n 石油19phenomenon n 现象；事件1photosynthesis n 光合作用；光能合成2phrase n 短语；格言，箴言3physician n 医生，内科医生4physicist n 物理学家5pianist n 钢琴家；钢琴师8pile v 堆（upon），积蓄（up），堆积9pilot n 飞行员；领航员10pine n [植]松树；松木11pinhead n 针头；小东西，无聊东西；傻子，笨人12pitch 1 n 音高；音高标准2 n 沥青13pivot v 把……放在枢轴上，旋16planetary a 行星的17plank n 板，厚板18plantation n 农场，种植园1plateau n 高原，台地，高地4plot n&v 密谋，图谋；策划5plow n 犁；黎形器具6pluck v 拔，扯（羽毛等）；采，摘（华、果实）8plunge v 跳进，掉进，钻进（into）11polar a （南、北）极的，地极的12pole n 极，极点，顶点13polished a 擦亮的，光亮的，磨光的14poll n 民意测验15pollen n 花粉18popularity n 名气，名望；通俗性；大众性；流行；普及19populous a 人口稠密的，人口多的；挤满的20pore n 毛孔；气孔，细孔21porpoise n 海豚1portable a 可搬运的；便于携带的；手提式的，轻便的2portion n 一部分，一份4portray v 画（人物、风景），画（肖像），描绘；描写；描述5positive a 明确的，积极的；建设性的；肯定的（[opp]negative）6possess v 具有（能力、性质等），掌握（知识等）7postage n 邮费8potash n 碳酸钾12poverty n 贫穷，缺乏，缺少，贫乏14practical2 a [贬]只讲实用的15practitioner n 从业者（尤指医生、律师等），老手16prairie n 大草原，牧场，草原地带17praise n&v 称赞；赞扬，表扬20precede v 领先于，居先于，在……之先2precise a 准确的，精确的3precursor n 前辈，前驱；预兆，先兆4predator n 捕食其他动物的动物，食肉动物6predominant a 掌握主权的；有力的，有效的9preponderance n （数量、重量、力量、影响、重要性上的）优势；优越10prerequisite n 先决条件 a 必须先具备的，必要的；先决条件的（to）11presence n 存在，实在；出席，列席，到场12preservation n 保存；储藏；防腐13prestige n 威信，威望，声望；声誉16prevail v 胜，压倒，占优势；普遍；传开，盛行17prevent v 阻止，阻挡；制止；妨碍（from）18previous a 先，前；以前的。
2020年21天突破托福高频词汇(带翻译)20.doc
2020 年 21 天突破托福高频词汇 (带翻译 )2021 天突破托福词汇完整版带翻译：第19 天单词释义accomplish v 成就，完成; 贯彻 ( 计划等 ); 达到 ( 目的 ); 实行adolescent a 青年期的，青春期的n少年altitude n 高，高度; 海拔 ( 高度 )apprentice n 学徒ascend v上升，登高autonomy n 自治 ; 自治权barrel n桶，装满的桶，桶装besiege v围，保卫，围困，围攻boost v 推，升，提，支援 ; 增加，提升 ; 促动bubble n 泡，水泡 ; 气泡 ; 泡沫camp n 野营，露营地cast "1 v浇铸，铸造2v 丢弃，抛弃 ; 脱掉 ( 衣服 );( 蛇) 脱( 皮) ，( 鸟) 换( 毛) ，( 鹿) 换( 角);( 树) 落( 叶);( 马) 脱落 ( 铁掌 )"ceremony n 典礼，仪式circumstance n ( 常[pl])( 周围的 ) 情况，情形，环境collective a 集合的 ; 共同的compress v 压缩，浓缩conjunction n 结合，连接contribute v 出力，做出贡献costume n 服装culminate v 达到极点，达潮 ; 告终 (in)decorate v 修饰，装饰，布置designate v 指出，指明discard v 放弃，抛弃dive v 潜水 ;[ 泳] 跳水 ; 俯冲dwarf n 矮小的 ( 动) 植物 v 使矮小，使相形见绌elliptic(al) a 椭圆 ( 形) 的enhance v 提升 ; 增强escape v逃走，逃脱，逃逸;避免expertise n专门技能，专门知识faith n信仰，信心fist n拳头fog n雾frontier n边疆;边界，边缘generous a宽大的，慷慨的，大方的，丰盛的，丰富的global a球面的，球状的，世界的，世界的handedness n 惯用左手 ( 右手 )hemisphere n半球hormone n 荷尔蒙，激素，内分泌illuminate v照亮，照明impulse n冲动;冲量inherent a内在的，固有的，生来的instruct v教，指示intriguing a引起兴趣的，有魅力的jewel n宝石，宝玉，宝石饰物landmark n路标，地界标，里程碑，划时代的事lens n ([pl]lenses)透镜;一组透镜locality n 地点，位置，场所，方向 ; 地区 ;( 植物的 ) 产地 ; 环境magma n (矿物、有机物等的 ) 稀糊状混合物 ; 岩浆 ; 稠液 mason n 石匠 ;( 中世纪的 ) 工匠工会会员mere a 单单的，只，不过 ; 全然的 ; 纯粹的mint v铸造(货币) n造币厂mood n ( 一时的 ) 心情，情绪narrow "1 a狭窄的，狭隘的v弄窄，收缩([opp]wide)2 a 有限的，受限制的v限制，缩小([opp]broaden)" nonetheless ad&conj仍然(还)，不过;(即使如此)还是obstacle n障碍(物)，妨害，防碍，干扰oral a口头的;口的;口腔发声的overall "1 a&ad全部的(地)，所有的(地)，总的(地) 2 n ( 套头 ) 工作服，罩衫， ( 妇女、小儿等的 ) 罩衣 " partially ad部分地penetrate v进入，渗入，穿透phenomenon n 现象 ; 事件plasma n 血浆 ; 淋巴液 ; 等离子 ( 体); 等离子区populous a 人口稠密的，人口多的 ; 挤满的precarious a 不确定的，靠不住的 ; 危险的prey n被捕食的动物，牺牲者，牺牲品progress n前进，实行，发育，进化prototype n原型;典型;样板;模范，标准quantity n量;分量，数量;额;值，参量rare "1 a稀少的;(空气等)稀薄的;(群岛、星等)稀疏的2 a 稀有的，珍奇的 ; 极好的，珍贵的 "recent a近来的，近代的refurbish v再刷新;整修;翻新remainder n剩余物，残余a剩余的reptile n爬行动物resume v 重新开始 ( 已停的事 ) ，继续 ( 中段的谈话等 ) rift n 断裂rub v 摩擦 ; 使相擦scar v 使留伤痕，使留痕迹 n 伤痕 ; 疤; 痕迹 seasonal a 季节 ( 性) 的; 周期性的 ([opp]irregular) session n 一次，一段时间 ; 会议 ; 会议的一次 ( 一届 ) shovel n 铲，铁锨 v 拿铲子铲skyrocket v (使)直线上升;(物价)猛涨solidify v使凝固，固化;使结晶([opp]dissolve) speculation "1 n沉思，思索;设想，推测2 n 投机，投机事业 "squash n 南瓜，西葫芦steady a稳固的，稳定的，不变的stout a结实的;坚强的;坚牢的([opp]flimsy) stylized a 程式化的，按固定格式的suit "1 v 适合 ; 相配2 n 申诉，起诉，诉讼; 控告 ; 讼案 "survival n 生存 ; 幸存 ; 幸存者 ; 成活 ( 植株 ) synthesis n 综合，合成tedious a 单调沉闷的，令人生厌的，冗长乏味的textile n 纺织品 ; 纺织原料 a 纺织 ( 品) 的thunder n 雷，雷声tornado n 大旋风，龙卷风translation n翻译;译文trolley n手推;(有)ultimate a&n最(的)，根本(的) usher v引，展示(in)vegetation n (集合)植物，植被virtue "1 n价，，点2 n 效能，效力，功效 "warrant "1 v明⋯⋯具有充分根据2 n 正常理由 ; 根据 "wipe v擦去，消除(away;off;up)。
托福的词汇表整理
托福的词汇表整理托福考试是一个重视词汇量的英语考试，因此扩大词汇量对于预备托福考试格外重要。
下面是一个大约包含1500个常用托福词汇的整理：A1. abandon-放弃2. ability-力量3. abolish-废除4. absorb-吸取5. abstract-抽象的6. absurd-荒谬的7. abundant-丰富的8. abuse-滥用9. accelerate-加速10. accessible-可接近的B11. bias-偏见12. bless-祝愿13. blend-混合14. boast-夸耀15. boundary-边界16. breed-繁殖17. brief-简短的18. brilliant-杰出的19. budget-预算20. bully-欺侮第1页/共11页C21. calculate-计算22. capable-能干的23. capture-捕获24. cautious-当心的25. celebrate-庆祝26. challenge-挑战27. charity-慈善28. clarify-澄清29. client-客户30. climate-气候D31. decade-十年32. decay-腐败33. decline-衰退34. decorate-装饰35. dedicate-奉献36. defend-保卫37. define-定义38. democracy-民主39. demonstrate-证明40. dense-密集的E41. eager-渴望的42. efficient-高效的43. eliminate-消退44. embrace-拥抱45. emerge-消灭46. emphasize-强调47. enable-使能够48. encounter-患病49. enhance-增加50. enormous-巨大的F51. facilitate-促进52. faithful-忠诚的53. former-前者的54. foundation-基础55. fraud-欺诈56. frustrate-使懊丧57. fundamental-基本的58. furthermore-此外59. furious-生气的60. fusion-融合G61. gender-性别62. generate-生成63. global-全球的64. gradual-渐渐的65. grant-授予66. greed-贪欲67. grief-哀痛68. guarantee-保证69. guide-指导第3页/共11页70. guilty-有罪的H71. habitat-栖息地72. harmony-和谐73. hazardous-危急的74. hence-因此75. hesitate-迟疑76. host-主持77. humble-虚心的78. hurricane-飓风79. hypothesis-假设80. identical-相同的I81. illustrate-说明82. immense-巨大的83. impact-影响84. implement-实施85. imply-示意86. inevitable-不行避开的87. infect-感染88. inferior-低劣的89. influence-影响90. innovative-创新的J91. jealous-嫉妒的92. justify-证明93. keen-热衷的94. launch-放射95. liberty-自由96. logic-规律97. loyal-忠诚的98. luxury-铺张品99. maximize-最大化100. motivate-激励K101. keen-热衷的102. pace-速度103. mirror-反映104. mutual-相互的105. objective-客观的106. patience-急躁107. persistent-长久的108. potential-潜力109. process-过程110. prompt-快速的L111. labor-劳动112. landscape-风景113. launch-放射114. leisure-休闲115. liberate-解放116. logic-规律117. luxury-铺张品118. maintain-维持第5页/共11页119. majority-大多数120. massive-大规模的M121. magnify-放大122. manipulate-操纵123. maximize-最大化124. medieval-中世纪的125. mercy-慈善126. mislead-误导127. modify-修改128. moral-道德的129. mystery-奇特130. negotiate-协商N131. neglect-忽视132. network-网络133. neutral-中立的134. nevertheless-然而135. noble-高尚的136. nourish-滋养137. numerous-很多的138. nurture-培育139. obstacle-障碍140. option-选择O141. objective-客观的142. obtain-获得143. obstacle-障碍144. omit-省略145. opinion-观点146. organize-组织147. overwhelming-压倒性的148. obvious-明显的149. modify-修改150. obligation-责任P151. perceive-感知152. persist-坚持153. perspective-观点154. precise-精确的155. prevail-流行156. principle-原则157. proclaim-宣布158. profound-深刻的159. progress-进步160. promote-促进Q161. qualify-使具备资格162. quality-质量163. quantity-数量164. quest-追求165. quote-引用166. urban-城市的167. reassuring-使人放心的第7页/共11页168. reflect-反映169. regime-政权170. render-使成为R171. random-随机的172. rational-理性的173. recent-最近的174. recover-康复175. remarkable-卓越的176. reliable-牢靠的177. renewable-可再生的178. represent-代表179. restore-恢复180. reveal-揭露S181. sacred-神圣的182. scale-规模183. scarce-稀缺的184. scheme-方案185. significance-重要性186. skeptical-怀疑的187. sophisticated-简单的188. strategy-策略189. substantial-大量的190. successor-继任者T191. technique-技术192. temporary-临时的193. terror-恐怖194. transform-转变195. transparent-透亮的196. tremendous-巨大的197. ultimately-最终地198. unique-独特的199. universe-宇宙200. utilize-利用U201. unanimous-全都的202. undergo-经受203. undermine-减弱204. uphold-支持205. uprising-起义206. urgent-紧急的207. utilize-利用208. utmost-极度的209. utter-说出210. undermine-减弱V211. vacant-空缺的212. valid-有效的213. vanish-消逝214. venture-冒险215. verify-核实216. versatile-多才多艺的第9页/共11页217. virtue-美德218. vision-视力219. vital-至关重要的220. vow-宣誓W221. welfare-福利222. whereas-然而223. wicked-邪恶的224. withdraw-撤退225. widespread-广泛的226. witness-目击者227. withstand-经受住228. worship-崇拜229. worthy-值得的230. yield-产生X231. xenophobia-仇外心理232. xenophilic-爱外国事物的233. xenology-外星学234. xenial-外国人的235. xenobiotics-外源性物质236. xenoloneliness-外地人的孤独237. xenolinguistics-外语学238. xenophilia-对外国人的宠爱239. xenodochial-好客的240. xenolith-岩石中的异质体Y千里之行，始于足下。
新托福独立写作必背话题词汇
可信的 adj. reliable/ trustworthy
道德准则 code of conduct
无处不在的 adj. ubiquitous/ prevalent
处在公众注意力的焦点 in the spotlight
传闻 n. gossip
四、Success 成功
决心 n. determination 座右铭 n. motto
of all proportions
公正客观的 objective and balanced
揭露 v. expose/ reveal
侵犯隐私 violate someone’s privacy
毁坏某人的名誉 tarnish one’s reputation
掩盖 v. cover up/ gloss over
过 多 的 暴 力 与 色 情 内 容 excessive violent
and pornographic contents
有误导性的 adj. misleading/ distorted
报道非常详尽的细节 report sth. in detail
夸大事件 exaggerate things/ blow things out
名望 n. fame
不幸 n. misfortune
残疾的 adj. disabled 对手 n. rival
在某方面成功 succeed in sth.
态度 n. attitude 毅力 n. perseverance
逆境 n. adversity/ hardship
决定性的，有决断力的 adj. decisive
完 全 与 世 隔 绝 entirely cut off from the
21天突破托福核心词汇（21）
TOEFL核⼼词汇21天突破(第⼆⼗⼀天) (30分钟，26个单词) account for——n.[会计] 账户[会计] 账⽬，账单;理由vt.认为;把…视为vi.解释;报账 advent——n. 到来;出现;基督降临;基督降临节 amateur——n. 爱好者;业余爱好者;外⾏adj. 业余的;外⾏的 appropriate——adj. 适当的vt. 占⽤;拨出 aspiring——v. ⽴志(aspire的ing形式)adj. 有抱负的;追求…的;⾼耸的 avenue——n. ⼤街;林荫⼤道 barrier——n. 障碍物，屏障;界线vt. 把…关⼊栅栏 bind——n.捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓vt. 绑;约束vi. 结合;装订;有约束⼒botanical——n. 植物性药材adj. 植物学的 bugle——n. 喇叭;军号;筋⾻草属植物vt. 吹号集合vi. 吹号;吹喇叭 campus——n. (⼤学)校园;⼤学，⼤学⽣活;校园内的草地 casual——n. 便装;临时⼯⼈;待命⼠兵adj. 随便的;⾮正式的;临时的;偶然的 chamber——n.(⾝体或器官内的)室，会所adj.室内的vt.把…关在室内;装填(弹药等) civic——adj. 市的;公民的，市民的 colony——n. 殖民地;移民队 conceal——vt. 隐藏;隐瞒 conquer——vt. 战胜，征服;攻克，攻取vi. 胜利;得胜 convection——n. [流][⽓象] 对流;传送 counterpart——n. 副本;配对物;极相似的⼈或物 curious——adj. 好奇的，有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的 defeat——n. 失败;战胜vt. 击败，战胜;挫败;使…失败 destructive——adj. 破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的，消极的 discharge——n. 排放;卸货;解雇vt. 解雇;卸下;放出;免除vi. 排放;卸货;流出 diverse——adj. 不同的;多种多样的;变化多的 dye——n. 染料;染⾊vt. 染;把…染上颜⾊vi. 被染⾊ elusive——adj. 难懂的;易忘的;逃避的;难捉摸的 (第⼆个30分钟，26个单词) enroll——vi. 参加;登记;注册;记⼊名册vt. 登记;使加⼊;把...记⼊名册;使⼊伍 estimate——n.估计，估价;判断，看法vt. 估计，估量;判断，评价vi. 估计，估价 explode——vi. 爆炸，爆发;激增vt. 使爆炸;爆炸;* fame——n. 名声，名望;传闻，传说vt. 使闻名，使有名望 flame——n. ⽕焰;热情;光辉v. 焚烧;泛红 folk——n. 民族;⼈们;亲属(复数)adj. 民间的 frustrate——vt.挫败;阻挠;使感到灰⼼adj.挫败的;⽆益的vi. 失败;受挫 genius——n. 天才，天赋;精神 glue——n. 胶;各种胶合物vt. 粘合;似胶般固着于 handle——n[建] 把⼿;柄;⼿感;⼝实vt处理;操作;买卖;触摸vi.搬运;易于操纵 herald——n. 先驱;传令官;报信者vt. 通报;预⽰…的来临 hostile——n. 敌对adj. 敌对的，敌⽅的;怀敌意的 illustrate——vi. 举例vt. 阐明，举例说明;图解 inanimate——adj. ⽆⽣命的;⽆⽣⽓的 inhibit——vt. 抑制;禁⽌ insulate——vt. 隔离，使孤⽴;使绝缘，使隔热 intruder——n. 侵⼊者;⼲扰者;妨碍者 jolt——n. 颠簸;摇晃;震惊;严重挫折vt. 使颠簸;使震惊;使摇动vi. 摇晃;颠簸⽽⾏ lash——n.鞭打;睫⽑;鞭⼦;责骂;讽刺vi. 鞭打;猛击vt.鞭打;冲击;煽动;讽刺 liberty——n. ⾃由;许可;冒失 lodge——n.旅馆;门房;集会处;⼭林⼩屋vi.寄宿;临时住宿vt. 提出;寄存;借住;嵌⼊ magnetic——adj. 地磁的;有磁性的;有吸引⼒的 masterpiece——n. 杰作;的⼈ metabolism——n. [⽣理] 新陈代谢 minutely——adj. 每分钟的adv. 详细地;精密地 morphology——n. 形态学，形态论;[语] 词法，[语] 词态学 (第三个30分钟，26个单词) navigate——vi. 航⾏，航空vt. 驾驶，操纵;使通过;航⾏于 normal——n. 正常;标准;常态adj. 正常的;正规的，标准的 occasion——n. 时机，机会;场合;理由vt. 引起，惹起 orchestra——n. 管弦乐队;乐队演奏处 overlap——n. 重叠;重复vt. 与…重叠;与…同时发⽣vi. 部分重叠;部分的同时发⽣ particle——n. 颗粒;[物] 质点;极⼩量;⼩品词 peninsula——n. 半岛 photograph——n. 照⽚，相⽚vt. 为…拍照;使深深印⼊vi. 拍照;在照⽚上显得 plastic——n. 塑料制品;整形;可塑体adj. 塑料的;(外科)造型的;可塑的 porpoise——n. 海豚;⿏海豚 precious——adj. 宝贵的;珍贵的;矫揉造作的 primal——n.被压抑童年情绪的释放adj.原始的;主要的;最初的vt. 释放 prominent——adj. 突出的，显著的;杰出的;卓越的 provision——n. 规定;条款;准备;[经] 供应品vt. 供给…⾷物及必需品 quarter——num. 四分之⼀n. 四分之⼀;⼀刻钟[篮球]节vt. 将…四等分vi住宿;驻扎 ratify——vt. 批准;认可 reception——n. 接待;接收;招待会;感受;反应 regard——n.注意;尊重;问候;凝视vi.注意，注视vt.注重，考虑;尊敬;把…看作 remind——vt. 提醒;使想起 reputation——n. 名声，名誉;声望 retain——vt. 保持;雇;记住 ring——n.戒指;铃声，拳击场;环形物vi.按铃;敲钟;回响;成环形vt.按铃;包围;敲钟rumor——n. 谣⾔;传闻vt. 谣传;传说 scatter——n.分散;散播vt.使散射;使散开，使分散;使散播，使撒播vi.分散，散开;散射 secret——n. 秘密;秘诀;机密adj. 秘密的;机密的 severe——adj. 严峻的;严厉的;剧烈的;苛刻的 (第四个30分钟，23个单词) shrimp——n. 虾;⼩虾;矮⼩的⼈adj. 有虾的;虾制的vi. 捕虾 slice——n.薄⽚;部分;菜⼑，⽕铲vt.切下;把…分成部分;将…切成薄⽚vi. 切开;割破 solution——n. 解决⽅案;溶液;溶解;解答 spider——n. 蜘蛛;设圈套者;三脚架 squeak——n. 吱吱声;机会vi. 告密;吱吱叫;侥幸成功vt. 以短促尖声发出 steam——n. 蒸汽;精⼒adj. 蒸汽的vt. 蒸，散发;⽤蒸汽处理vi. 蒸，冒⽔汽 straight——n.直;直线adj.直的;连续的;整齐的adv.直接地;不断地;⽴即;坦率地 subjugation——n. 征服;镇压;克制 sum——n. ⾦额;总数vt. 总结;合计vi. 概括 suspend——vt. 延缓，推迟;使暂停;使悬浮vi. 悬浮;[体]禁赛 tactics——n. 策略;战术;⽤兵学 telegraph——n. [通信] 电报机，电报vt. 电汇;流露出;打电报给…vi. 打电报 theater——n. 电*，戏院，剧场;戏剧;⼿术室 ticket——n.票;标签;(美)候选⼈名单;交通罚款单vt.加标签于;对…开出交通违规罚单 touch——n.接触;触觉;格调;少许vt.接触;触动;使轻度受害vi.触摸;涉及;接近 transmission——n. 传动装置，[机] 变速器;传递;传送;播送 tropics——n. 热带地区 unaided——adj. 未受协助的;⽆助的 utilitarian——n. 功利主义者adj. 功利的;功利主义的;实利的 vent——n.(感情的)发泄;通风孔vt.发泄感情;放出…;给…开孔vi.放出;减轻压⼒ vision——n. 视⼒;美景;眼⼒;幻象;想象⼒vt. 想象;显现;梦见 wax——n. 蜡;蜡状物adj. 蜡制的;似蜡的vt. 给…上蜡vi. ⽉亮渐满;增⼤ wit——n. 智慧;才智;智⼒。
新托福iBT词汇分类突破
1.Basic building materials include: timber, mud, stone, marble, brick, tile, steel, andcement concrete. Masonry walls are built with stones or bricks, cohered through the use of mortar, first composed of lime and sand. The profusion of aluminum and its anodized coatings provided cladding material that is lightweight andvirtually maintenance free. Glass was known in prehistory and is celebrated for its contributions to Gothic architecture.✓timber [ ♦♓❍♌☜] n. 木材✓marble [ ❍♌●] n. 大理石✓tile [♦♋♓●] n. 饰面砖，瓷砖✓cement concrete [♦♓❍♏⏹♦] [ ⏹❒♓♦] n. 水泥混凝土✓masonry wall [ ❍♏♓♦☜⏹❒♓] [♦●] n. 砖墙，砖瓦墙✓cohere [ ☜◆♒♓☜] v. 粘合✓mortar [ ❍♦☜] n. 砂浆，灰浆✓lime [●♋♓❍] n. 石灰✓profusion [☐❒☜♐◆✞☜⏹] n. 大量(a profusion of 大量的)✓aluminum [ ●◆❍☜⏹☜❍] n. 铝✓anodized coating[ ✌⏹☜◆♎♋♓♎] [ ☜◆♦♓☠] n. 电镀层，电镀膜(anodize [ ✌⏹☜◆♎♋♓] 阳极氧化: 用电解方式给金属面镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物)✓cladding [ ●✌♎♓☠] n. 覆层: 在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层✓celebrated [ ♦♏●☜♌❒♏♓♦♓♎] adj. 著名的✓Gothic [ ♈♓] adj. 哥特式的✓architecture [ ☜♦♏♦☞☜] n. 建筑，建筑学2.Two basic approaches to spanning over masonry walls are post-and-lintelconstruction and arch, vault, and dome construction.✓span [♦☐✌⏹] v. (桥、拱等)横跨✓post-and-lintel [☐☜◆♦♦✌⏹♎●♓⏹♦●] n. 框架(结构)，抬梁式: 在立柱上架梁, 梁上又抬梁, 在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用✓arch [ ♦☞] n. 拱(连柱的)✓vault [ ●♦] n. 拱(不连柱的)✓dome [♎☜◆❍] n. 穹隆(结构): 类似于穹隆或圆屋顶的结构3.The Chicago architect Louis Sullivan’s career converges with the so-calledChicago School of architects, whose challenge was to invent the skyscraper or high-rise building, facilitated by the introduction of the electric elevator and the abundance of steel. The building’s skeleton could be erected quickly and the remaining components hung on it to complete it, an immense advantage forhigh-rise buildings on busy city streets.✓architect [ ♓♦♏♦] n. 建筑师✓converge [ ☜⏹☜♎✞] v. 聚合于，集中于一点✓school [♦◆●] n. 学派✓skyscraper [ ♦♋♓♦❒♏♓☐☜] n. 摩天大楼✓facilitate [♐☜♦♓●☜♦♏♓♦] v. 提供便利✓electric elevator [♓●♏♦❒♓] [♏●☜♏♓♦☜] n. 电梯✓abundance [☜♌✈⏹♎☜⏹♦] n. 充裕✓skeleton [ ♦♏●☜♦☜⏹] n. 框架结构，整体框架✓erect [♓❒♏♦] v. 树立，建立✓component [ ☜❍☐☜◆⏹☜⏹♦] n. 零件，构件✓immense [♓❍♏⏹♦] adj. 极大的4.Interior design of apartments and houses, that is, dwellings, usually involves bothpractical and aesthetic decisions. Choices have to be made for almost everyelements, ceilings and lamps, curtains and blinds, corridor and doorway, niches and ledges, grate and ventilations, terraces and staircases, even sewers ordrainers. Sometimes such designs are extended to the façade of the building, & and even to a fountain, or a gardening yard.✓interior design [♓⏹♦♓☜❒♓☜] [♎♓♋♓⏹] n. 室内设计✓dwelling [ ♎♦♏●♓☠] n. 住处，居住空间✓involve [♓⏹●] v. 包括✓aesthetic [♏♦♏♦♓] adj. 美学的✓ceiling [ ♦♓●♓☠] n. 天花板✓curtain [ ☜♦☜⏹] n. 窗帘✓blind [♌●♋♓⏹♎] n. 窗帘: 尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘✓corridor [ ❒☜♎☜] n. 走廊✓doorway [ ♎♦♏✋] n. 门口✓niche [⏹♓♦☞] n. 壁橱✓ledge [●♏♎✞] n. 壁架✓grate [♈❒♏♓♦] n. 壁炉✓ventilation [ ♏⏹♦☜●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 通风设备✓terrace [ ♦♏❒☜♦] n. 阳台✓staircase [ ♦♦♏☜♏♓♦] n. 楼梯✓sewer [ ♦◆☜] n. 排水沟✓drainer [ ♎❒♏♓⏹☜] n. 下水道装置，滤水器✓façade [♐☜♦♎] n. (建筑物的)外立面(正面)✓fountain [ ♐♋◆⏹♦♓⏹] n. 喷泉✓yard [ ♎] n. 庭院5.The lease is a contract of rent under which one party, called landlord or lessor,grants possession and use of the property for a limited term to the other party, who is called tenant or lessee.✓lease [●♓♦] n. 租约✓rent [❒♏⏹♦] n. 租金✓landlord [ ●✌⏹♎●♎] n. 房东✓lessor [ ●♏♦] n. 出租人✓grant [♈❒⏹♦] v. 授与(权利)，让与(财产)✓possession [☐☜♏☞☜⏹] n. 占有，拥有✓property [ ☐❒☐☜♦♓] n. 财产，所有物✓tenant [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹♦] n. 房客✓lessee [●♏♦♓] n. 承租人6. A big city, or metropolis, is often accompanied by suburbs. Such cities areusually associated with metropolitan areas and urban sprawl, creating largeamounts of business commuters. Once a city sprawls far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.✓metropolis [❍☜♦❒♋☐☜●♓♦] n. 大城市✓suburb [ ♦✈♌☜♌] n. 城郊(缩写: sub [♦✈♌])✓be associated with [♌♓] [☜♦☜◆☞♓♏♓♦] [♦♓❆] v. 与……相关✓metropolitan [❍♏♦❒☜☐●☜♦☜⏹] adj. 大城市的✓urban [ ☜♌☜⏹] adj. 城市的✓sprawl [♦☐❒●] n. (城市的)无计划扩展✓commuter[ ☜❍◆♦☜] n. 通勤者: 定期从一地到另一地旅行的人, 如从郊区到城市并回来✓deem [♎♓❍] v. 视为✓conurbation [ ♋⏹☜♌♏♓☞☜⏹] n. (连带卫星城镇和市郊的)大都市✓megalopolis [ ❍♓♈☜●♋☐☜●☜♦] n. 特大城市7.Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazardsof wastes, either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents ofdisease, which include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domesticwastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), etc. Hygienic means of prevention can be practiced by using simple technologies (e. g. latrines, septic tanks), or bypersonal hygiene practices.✓sanitation [♦✌⏹☜♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 公共卫生✓hygienic [♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹♓] adj. 卫生学的(hygiene [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹] 卫生学)✓microbiological [ ❍♋♓❒☜◆♌♋♓☜●♎✞♓☜●] adj. 微生物学的✓agent [ ♏♓♎✞☜⏹♦] n. 媒介✓feces [ ♐♓♦♓] n. 粪便✓domestic [♎☜❍♏♦♦♓] adj. 家庭的✓sewage [ ♦◆♓♎✞] n. 污水✓sullage [ ♦✈●♓♎✞] n. (房屋、街道等排出的)污物✓greywater [ ♈❒♏♓♦♦☜] n. 生活污水✓latrine [●☜♦❒♓⏹] n. 公共厕所✓septic tank [ ♦♏☐♦♓] [♦✌☠] n. 化粪池✓personal hygiene practice [ ☐☜♦☜⏹●] [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹] [ ☐❒✌♦☜♦] v. 个人卫生习惯8. A public utility (usually just utility) is a company that maintains and provides theinfrastructure for a public service. Although utilities can be privately owned or publicly owned, they often involve natural monopolies.✓public utility [ ☐✈♌●♓] [ ◆♦♓●☜♦♓] n. 公用事业✓infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施✓privately owned [ ☐❒♋♓☜♦●♓] [☜◆⏹♎] adj. 私有✓publicly owned [ ☐✈♌●♓●♓] [☜◆⏹♎] adj. 公有✓monopoly [❍☜⏹☐☜●♓] n. 垄断9.The field of transport has several aspects: infrastructure, vehicles, andoperations. Infrastructure includes the transport networks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals (such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports). Vehicles travelling on the networks will include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains and aircraft. The operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated on thenetwork and the procedures set for this purpose including the legal environment (Laws, Codes, Regulations, etc.) Policies, such as how to finance the system (for example, the use of tolls or gasoline taxes) may be considered part of theoperations.✓vehicle [ ♓♓●] n. 交通工具✓operation [ ♋☐☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 运营✓canal [ ☜⏹✌●] n. 运河✓pipeline [ ☐♋♓☐●♋♓⏹] n. 管道，输送管道✓node [⏹☜◆♎] n. 中转站✓terminal [ ♦☜❍♓⏹●] n. 终点站✓seaport [ ♦♓☐♦] n. 港口✓law [●] n. 法律✓code [ ☜◆♎] n. 法规✓regulation [❒♏♈◆●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 规章制度✓toll [♦☜◆●] n. 通行费✓gasoline [ ♈✌♦☜●♓⏹] n. 汽油10.Rail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeledvehicles specially designed to run along railways or railroads. Typical railwaytracks consist of two parallel rails, normally made of steel, secured tocrossbeams, termed ties. The ties maintain a constant distance between the two rails; a measurement known as the "gauge" of the track. To maintain thealignment of the track it is either laid on a bed of ballast or else secured to a solid concrete foundation. Rail transport is an energy-efficient andcapital-intensive component of logistics; in contrast, a traditional wagon can carry no more than several tons of freight.✓rail transport [❒♏♓●] [♦❒✌⏹♦☐♦] n. 铁路运输✓conveyance [ ☜⏹♏♓☜⏹♦] n. 运送✓by means of [♌♋♓] [❍♓⏹] [☜] prep. 通过……方式✓consist of [ ☜⏹♦♓♦♦] [☜] v. 由……组成✓secure to [♦♓◆☜] [♦◆] v. 固定在……✓crossbeam [♊❒♦♌♓❍] n. 横梁✓tie [♦♋♓] n. 枕木✓gauge [♈♏♓♎✞] n. 轨距✓alignment [☜●♋♓⏹❍☜⏹♦] n. 直线排列✓ballast [ ♌✌●☜♦♦] n. 道碴✓concrete [ ⏹❒♓♦] n. 混凝土✓energy-efficient [ ♏⏹☜♎✞♓] [♓♐♓☞☜⏹♦] adj. 能源节约的✓capital-intensive [ ✌☐♓♦●♓⏹♦♏⏹♦♓] adj. 资本密集型的✓logistics [●☜◆♎✞♓♦♦♓♦] n. 物流✓wagon [ ♦✌♈☜⏹] n. 四轮马车✓freight [♐❒♏♓♦] n. 货物11.Developments in technology have eroded some of the natural monopoly aspects oftraditional public utilities. For instance, electricity generation, electricityretailing, telecommunication and postal services have become competitive insome countries and the trend towards liberalization, deregulation andprivatization of public utilities is growing, but the network infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largelymonopolistic.✓erode [♓❒☜◆♎] v. 侵蚀✓retailing [ ❒♓♦♏♓●♓☠] n. 零售✓postal service [ ☐☜◆♦♦☜●] [ ♦☜☜♦] n. 邮电业✓competitive [ ☜❍☐♏♦☜♦♓] adj. 竞争的✓trend [♦❒♏⏹♎] n. 趋势✓liberalization [ ●♓♌☜❒☜●☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 自由化✓deregulation [♎♓❒♏♈◆●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 撤销(价格, 费用方面的)管制规定✓privatization [ ☐❒♋♓☜♦☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 私有化✓infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施✓distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦] v. 分配✓monopolistic [❍☜⏹☐☜♊●♓♦♦♓] adj. 垄断的12.An aspiring master would have to pass through the career chain from apprenticeto journeyman before he could be elected to become a master craftsman. He would then have to produce a sum of money and a masterpiece before he could actually join the guild.✓aspiring [☜♦☐♋♓☜❒♓☠] adj. 有志向的✓master [ ❍♦♦☜] n. 大师✓pass through [☐♦] [ ❒◆] v. 经过✓apprentice [☜☐❒♏⏹♦☜♦] n. 学徒✓journeyman [ ♎✞☜⏹♓❍☜⏹] n. 学徒期满的职工✓masterpiece [ ❍♦♦☜☐♓♦] n. 杰作✓actually [ ✌♦☞◆☜●♓] adv. 实际上✓guild [♈♓●♎] n. (中世纪的)行会13.A craftsperson who perhaps has at first sold craft items only to friends or atlocal bazaars may find that increased demand leads to a wider clientele and sales by mail order, at crafts fairs, or through a shop.✓craft [ ❒♐♦] adj. 手工制作的✓bazaar [♌☜] n. 集市✓clientele [ ●♋♓☜⏹♦♏●] n. 顾客✓fair [♐♏☜] n. 市集14.There is a fine line of distinction between crafts produced by amateur hobbyistsfor their personal satisfaction and those made by gifted artisans with a view toward the use and enjoyment of others.✓fine [♐♋♓⏹] adj. (区别)微小的，细微的✓distinction [♎♓♦♦♓☠☞☜⏹] n. 区别✓amateur hobbyist [ ✌❍☜♦☜] [ ♒♋♌♓♓♦♦] n. 业余爱好者✓artisan [ ❒♦♓⏹] n. 工匠15.Fabric weaving involves interlacing warp and weft. The yarn threads of warp arearranged parallel to one another and held in tension on a loom, while the single thread wefts pass over or under the warp threads to create a solid or patterned piece of clothes. To create larger pieces, a treadle loom is usually needed.✓fabric weaving [ ♐✌♌❒♓] [ ♦♓♓☠] n. 纺织编织✓involve [♓⏹●] v. 包括✓interlace [ ♓⏹♦☜●♏♓♦] v. 使交织✓warp [♦☐] n. 织物上纵的方向的纱或线✓weft [♦♏♐♦] n. 织物上横的方向的纱或线✓yarn threads [ ⏹] [ ❒♏♎] n. 纺线丝✓parallel [ ☐✌❒☜●♏●] adj. 平行的✓tension [ ♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 绷紧状态✓loom [●◆❍] n. 织布机✓solid [ ♦●♓♎] adj. 结实的✓treadle loom [ ♦❒♏♎●] [●◆❍] n. 脚踏织布机16.Basketry is the craft of making baskets and bags, mats, rugs, and other itemsthrough weaving, plaiting, and coiling techniques, using materials such as reed, cane, rush, sisal fiber, ash-wood splints, and ropes twisted from strands of hemp.✓basketry [ ♌♦☜♦❒♓] n. 编篮工艺✓mat [❍✌♦] n. 垫子✓rug [❒✈♈] n. 地毯✓plait [☐●✌♦] v. 打褶✓coil [ ♓●] v. 缠绕✓reed [❒♓♎] n. 芦苇✓cane [ ♏♓⏹] n. 藤条✓rush [❒✈☞] n. 灯心草✓sisal [ ♦♋♓♦☜●] n. 波罗麻: 一种分布在墨西哥和中美洲的植物✓fiber [ ♐♋♓♌☜] n. 纤维✓ash-wood [✌☞♦◆♎] adj. 梣木的✓splint [♦☐●♓⏹♦] n. 薄木条✓twist [♦♦♓♦♦] v. 捻✓strand [♦♦❒✌⏹♎] n. 股✓hemp [♒♏❍☐] n. 大麻纤维17.In ornamental knotting, cotton, linen, or jute cord is used to make bags, wallhangings, and containers.✓ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的✓knotting [ ⏹♦♓☠] n. 结形花边，流苏✓cotton [ ♋♦⏹] n. 棉布✓linen [ ●♓⏹☜⏹] n. 亚麻布✓jute cord [♎✞◆♦] [ ♎] n. 黄麻绳✓wall hanging [♦●] [ ♒✌☠♓☠] n. 壁毯18.In quilting, three layers of fabric (a decorative top layer, filler, and a liner) arestitched or tied together.✓quilt [ ♦♓●♦] v. 缝被子✓quilting [ ♦♓●♦♓☠] n. 被子面料✓layer [ ●♏♓☜] n. 层✓decorative [ ♎♏☜❒☜♦♓] adj. 装饰性的✓filler [ ♐♓●☜] n. 填充物✓liner [ ●♋♓⏹☜] n. 衬里✓stitch [♦♦♓♦☞] v. 缝合19.Many useful objects can be fashioned from leather, using such special tools asleather shears, punches for carving thick leather, thonging chisels, and lacing needles.✓fashion [ ♐✌☞☜⏹] v. 制造✓leather [ ●♏❆☜] n. 皮革✓shear [☞♓☜] n. 剪刀✓punch [☐✈⏹♦☞] n. 打孔器✓carve [ ] v. 切割✓thong [ ☠] v. 给……装上皮带子✓chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子✓lace [●♏♓♦] v. 穿线✓needle [ ⏹♓♎●] n. 针20.Ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand or thrown on a potter’s wheel.When the clay hardens, it is fired in a high-temperature oven, or kiln, tostrengthen it. To make the object waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again.✓ceramic [♦☜❒✌❍♓] adj. 陶器的✓mold [❍☜◆●♎] v. 塑造✓throw [ ❒☜◆] v. 在陶轮上形成✓potter's wheel [ ☐♦☜♦] [♦♓●] n. 陶轮✓clay [ ●♏♓] n. 粘土✓oven [ ✈☜⏹] n. 烤炉✓kiln [ ♓●⏹] n. 窑✓waterproof [ ♦♦☜☐❒◆♐] adj. 防水的✓glaze [♈●♏♓] n. 釉料21.Such basic woodworking techniques as sawing, joining, and finishing can beemployed to make a wide variety of useful and ornamental objects, from jewelry boxes to picture frames.✓woodworking [ ♦◆♎♦☜♓☠] adj. 木工的✓sawing [ ♦♓☠] n. 锯✓joining [ ♎✞♓⏹♓☠] n. 拼接✓finishing [ ♐♓⏹♓☞♓☠] n. 抛光✓ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的✓picture frame [ ☐♓♦☞☜] [♐❒♏♓❍] n. 相框22.Carpenter tools include saws, planes, flat-edged chisels, semicircular gouge,boring tools such as brace, drills, and measuring tools such as steel rules,C-clamp, squares and trisquare, etc.✓carpenter [ ☐♓⏹♦☜] n. 木匠✓saw [♦] n. 锯✓plane [☐●♏♓⏹] n. 刨✓chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子✓gouge [♈♋◆♎✞] n. 半圆凿✓boring [ ♌❒♓☠] n. 钻(孔)✓brace [♌❒♏♓♦] n. 手摇曲柄钻✓drill [♎❒♓●] n. 钻孔机✓C-clamp [♦♓●✌❍☐] n. C型夹✓square [♦♦♏☜] n. 直角尺✓trisquare [ ♦❒♋♓♦♦♏☜] n. 曲尺23.The tenon, a rectangular or square projection from the end of one member, fitssnugly into the mortise cut in the second member, thus joining the twoperpendicularly.✓tenon [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹] n. 榫✓projection [☐❒☜♎✞♏☞☜⏹] n. 凸出物✓snugly [ ♦⏹✈♈●♓] adv. 紧紧地✓mortise [ ❍♦☜♦] n. 榫眼✓perpendicularly [ ☐☜☐☜⏹♎♓◆●☜●♓] adv. 垂直地24.Finishes serve to protect and preserve the wood and to bring out the beauty ofthe grain. Pieces are finished with rasps, files, and sandpaper. Common finishes include waxes, oils, bleaches, fillers, stains, shellac, varnish, lacquer, sealers, and paints, including enamels.✓bring out [♌❒♓☠] [♋◆♦] v. 显示出✓grain [♈❒♏♓⏹] n. 纹理图案✓rasp [❒♦☐] n. 粗锉: 一种有锋利凸起的钝锉✓file [♐♋♓●] n. 锉刀✓sandpaper [ ♦✌⏹♎☐♏♓☐☜] n. 沙纸✓wax [♦✌♦] n. 石蜡✓bleach [♌●♓♦☞] n. 漂白✓filler [ ♐♓●☜] n. 填料: 用于在完工前将木头、塑料或其它建筑表面填入孔、裂缝或洞✓stain [♦♦♏♓⏹] n. 着色剂: 能够渗透表层并着深色的一种液体物质, 尤用于木头上✓shellac [☞☜●✌] n. 虫胶清漆: 用于涂饰木料的物质✓varnish [ ⏹☜☞] n. 清漆: 用于把表面涂成坚硬的物质, 有光泽的透明的膜✓lacquer [ ●✌☜] n. 天然漆: 一种用作表面涂层的光滑的树脂般的物质✓sealer [ ♦♓●☜] n. (油漆)封底层: 一种密封物质, 比如用来给平面上胶的油漆或清漆的底层✓paint [☐♏♓⏹♦] n. 油漆✓enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆: 一种玻璃似的, 烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层25.Paints are formed by mixing a pigment and a binder, a fluid vehicle, such aslinseed oil, that solidifies when exposed to air. A varnish is a transparent solution that solidifies into a protective coating. Opaque and colored varnishes are called lacquers.✓pigment [ ☐♓♈❍☜⏹♦] n. 色素✓binder [ ♌●♋♓⏹♎☜] n. 粘合剂✓vehicle [ ♓♓●] n. 调漆料: 与油漆混合在一起以供使用的一种物质, 如润滑油等✓linseed oil [ ●♓⏹♦♓♎] [ ♓●] n. 亚麻油✓solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v. (使)凝固✓expose [♓♦☐☜◆] v. 暴露✓transparent [♦❒✌⏹♦☐♏☜❒☜⏹♦] adj. 透明的✓solution [♦☜●◆☞☜⏹] n. 溶液✓coating [ ☜◆♦♓☠] n. 涂层✓opaque [☜◆☐♏♓] adj. 不透明的26.Cookery involves a diverse array of cuisines. Food may be immersed in liquidssuch as water, stock, or wine (boiling, poaching, stewing); immersed in fat or oil (frying); exposed to vapor (steaming and, to some extent, braising); exposed to dry heat (roasting, baking, broiling); and subjected to contact with hot fats (sauting).✓cookery [ ◆☜❒♓] n. 烹饪✓diverse [♎♋♓☜♦] adj. 不同的✓cuisine [ ♦♓♓⏹] n. 烹饪法✓immerse [♓❍☜♦] v. 浸没✓stock [♦♦] n. 浓汤✓wine [♦♋♓⏹] n. 酒✓boil [♌♓●] v. 煮✓poach [☐☜◆♦☞] v. 水煮✓stew [♦♦◆] v. 炖: 用小火烧或慢慢地煮沸来烹饪食物✓fat [♐✌♦] n. 油脂✓fry [♐❒♋♓] v. 油炸✓vapor [ ♏♓☐☜] n. 蒸汽✓steam [♦♦♓❍] v. 蒸✓braise [♌❒♏♓] v. 炖: 先用油炒, 然后在有盖容器中炖✓dry heat [♎❒♋♓] [♒♓♦] n. 干热✓roast [❒☜◆♦♦] v. 烘烤✓bake [♌♏♓] v. 烘焙✓broil [♌❒♓●] v. 烤✓subject to [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] [♦◆] v. 使经受✓contact [ ⏹♦✌♦] n. 关联✓saute [♦♦♏♓] v. 炒27.Essential modern kitchen equipment includes the following: a stove, or range;sink; work surface; various knives, pots and pans; such utensils as spatulas,whisks, specialized spoons, and rolling pins; a more highly specialized array of gear for producing pastries and other baked goods; and more recentsophisticated equipment such as blenders, food processors, and microwave ovens.✓kitchen [ ♓♦☞♓⏹] n. 厨房✓stove [♦♦☜◆] n. 炉子✓range [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] n. 火炉✓sink [♦♓☠] n. 水槽✓work surface [♦☜] [ ♦☜♐☜♦] n. 工作台✓knife [⏹♋♓♐] n. 刀子✓pot [☐♦] n. 锅✓pan [☐✌⏹] n. 平底锅✓utensil [ ◆♦♏⏹♦●] n. 器具✓spatula [ ♦☐✌♦☞☜●☜] n. (调拌用的)刮铲✓whisk [♦♓♦] n. 搅拌器✓spoon [♦☐◆⏹] n. 匙✓rolling pin [ ❒☜◆●♓☠] [☐♓⏹] n. 擀面杖✓gear [♈♓☜] n. 设备✓pastry [ ☐♏♓♦♦❒♓] n. 点心✓sophisticated [♦☜♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎] adj. 复杂精巧的✓blender [ ♌●♏⏹♎☜] n. 搅拌器✓microwave oven [ ❍♋♓❒☜◆♦♏♓] [ ✈☜⏹] n. 微波炉28.In ancient times mosaics were a form of floor decoration made of small pebblesand later of cut or shaped pieces of marble, hard stone, glass, terra-cotta,mother-of-pearl, and enamels. The shaped pieces, in the form of small cubes, are called tesserae. The tesserae are embedded in plaster, cement, or putty to hold them in place.✓mosaic [❍☜◆♏♓♓] n. 镶嵌工艺✓pebble [ ☐♏♌●] n. 鹅卵石✓marble [ ❍♌●] n. 大理石✓terra-cotta [♊♦♏❒☜♋♦☜] n. 赤陶✓mother-of-pearl [ ❍✈❆☜❒☜☐☜●] n. 珍珠母✓enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆: 一种玻璃似的, 烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的保护性或装饰性的覆盖层✓cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体✓tessera [ ♦♏♦☜❒☜] n. 镶嵌物✓embed [♓❍♌♏♎] v. 镶嵌✓plaster [ ☐●♦♦☜] n. 石膏✓cement [♦♓❍♏⏹♦] n. 水泥✓putty [ ☐✈♦♓] n. 油灰✓in place [♓⏹] [☐●♏♓♦] adv. 在适当的位置29.Molten glass was tinted in a wide range of colors with metal oxides and thenpoured on a flat surface such as a marble slab to form a disk of colored glass;this was scored with a sharp tool and broken into strips and cubes.✓molten [ ❍☜◆●♦☜⏹] adj. 熔化的✓tint [♦♓⏹♦] v. 给……着色✓ a wide range of [☜] [♦♋♓♎] [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] [☜] adj. 广泛的✓metal oxide [ ❍♏♦●] [ ♦♋♓♎] n. 金属氧化物✓pour on [☐❒] [ ⏹] v. 把……倾泻在……上✓flat [♐●✌♦] adj. 扁平的✓marble slab [ ❍♌●] [♦●✌♌] n. 大理石板✓score [♦] v. 刻痕✓strip [♦♦❒♓☐] n. 条✓cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体30.Portraits can be executed in any medium, including sculpted stone and wood, oil,painted ivory, pastel, encaustic on wood panel, tempera on parchment, carved cameo, and hammered or poured metal.✓portrait [ ☐♦❒♓♦] n. 肖像✓sculpt [♦✈●☐♦] v. 雕刻✓ivory [ ♋♓☜❒♓] n. 象牙✓pastel [☐✌♦♦♏●] n. 彩色蜡笔画✓encaustic [♓⏹♦♦♓] n. 蜡画✓tempera [ ♦♏❍☐☜❒☜] n. 蛋彩画✓parchment [ ☐♦☞❍☜⏹♦] n. 羊皮纸✓cameo [ ✌❍♓☜◆] n. 浮雕✓hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] v. 锤打✓pour [☐❒] v. 浇注31.Sculpture (from Latin, "to carve"), three-dimensional art concerned with theorganization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.✓sculpture [ ♦✈●☐♦☞☜] n. 雕刻✓mass [❍✌♦] n. 质量✓volume [ ●☜❍] n. 体积✓principal [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐☜●] adj. 主要的✓freestanding [ ♐❒♓♦♦✌⏹♎♓☠] adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的✓in the round [♓⏹] [❆☜] [❒♋◆⏹♎] adj. 雕刻成立体的，栩栩如生的，表现无余的✓relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕32.Casting is accomplished in two stages: &(1) an impression or negative mold isformed from the original — a clay model, for instance — and &(2) a positive cast or reproduction is made of the original work from the negative impression.✓casting [ ♦♦♓☠] n. 铸造✓impression [♓❍☐❒♏☞☜⏹] n. 印痕✓negative mold [ ⏹♏♑☜♦♓] [ ♦♦] n. 凹模✓clay [ ●♏♓] n. 黏土，泥土✓positive cast [ ☐♓♦♓] [ ♦♦] n. 正像✓reproduction [ ❒♓☐❒☜♎✈☞☜⏹] n. 复制品33.Pitch depends upon the rate of vibration, or frequency, of sound waves thatproduce a particular tone. Most Western music was based on 12 equivalentintervals per octave; however, a great deal of Western folk music conforms to pentatonic scale, the best-known form of which contains no half steps.✓pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高✓vibration [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 振动✓frequency [ ♐❒♓♦☜⏹♦♓] n. 频率✓tone [♦☜◆⏹] n. 音调✓equivalent interval [♓♦♓☜●☜⏹♦] [ ♓⏹♦☜☜●] n. 等间隔的音程✓octave [ ♦♏♓] n. 八度音程(音阶)✓folk [♐☜◆] adj. 民间的✓conform [ ☜⏹♐❍] v. (+to/with)遵照，依照✓pentatonic [ ☐♏⏹♦☜♦⏹♓] adj. 五声音阶的✓scale [♦♏♓●] n. 音阶✓step [♦♦♏☐] n. 音级✓relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕34.Rhythm is the way music uses time, which includes characteristics such asduration of tones and silences, and patterns of duration.✓rhythm [ ❒♓❆☜❍] n. 节奏✓characteristic [ ✌❒♓♦☜❒♓♦♦♓] n. 特性✓duration [♎◆☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 持续时间35.The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches thatoverlap with one another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit welltogether, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.✓style-defining [♦♦♋♓●♎♓♐♋♓⏹♓☠] adj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的✓overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] v. 与……重叠✓chord [ ♎] n. 和弦✓harmony [ ♒❍☜⏹♓] n. 和声✓simultaneously [♦♋♓❍☜●♦♏♓⏹♓☜♦●⍓] adv. 同时地✓melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调✓occupy [ ♋◆☐♋♓] v. 占用，填满✓register [ ❒♏♎✞☜♦♦☜] n. 音域✓distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] adj. 截然不同的✓rhythmic patterns [ ❒♓❆❍♓] [ ☐✌♦☜⏹] n. 有节奏的模式✓contour [ ♋⏹♦◆❒] n. (音调或声调的)升降曲线，变化方式36.Score, musical notation for a multipart composition, in which the music to beperformed by each voice or instrument is written with clefs on a separate staff, all the staves being aligned one above another.✓score [♦] n. 乐谱✓notation [⏹☜◆♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 谱号(musical notation 音乐记谱法)✓composition [ˌ ❍☐☜♓☞☜⏹] n. 乐曲✓perform [☐☜♐❍] v. 演奏✓instrument [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 乐器✓clef [ ●♏♐] n. 谱号✓staff [♦♦♐] n. 五线谱✓align [☜●♋♓⏹] v. 排列37.Orchestra, ensemble of musical instruments, in the narrowest sense, thecharacteristic ensemble of Western music, having as its core a group ofbowed-string instruments of the violin family, augmented by woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments.✓orchestra [ ☜♦♦❒☜] n. 管弦乐✓ensemble [♋⏹♦❍♌●] n. 合奏✓musical instruments [ ❍◆♓☜●] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 乐器✓core [ ] n. 中心✓bowed-string [♌♋◆♎♦♦❒♓☠] adj. 演奏弦乐的✓violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴✓augment [ ♈❍♏⏹♦] v. 增补，扩充✓woodwind [ ♦◆♎♦♓⏹♎] n. 木管乐器✓brass [♌❒♦] n. 铜管乐器✓percussion [☐☜✈☞☜⏹] n. 打击乐器38.Percussion instruments are referred to as membranophones if they producesound through the vibrations of a stretched skin or other membrane. They are called idiophones if they produce sound through their natural resonance when struck, rubbed, plucked, or shaken. Drums are membranophones; hollowed logs, bells, gongs, xylophones, and pianos are examples of idiophones.✓membranophone [❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 膜鸣乐器✓stretched [♦♦❒♏♦☞♎] adj. 有弹性的✓membrane [ ❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹] n. 膜✓idiophone [ ♓♎♓☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 体鸣乐器✓resonance [ ❒♏☜⏹☜⏹♦] n. 共振✓strike [♦♦❒♋♓] v. 敲击✓rub [❒✈♌] v. 摩擦✓pluck [☐●✈] v. 拨(弦)✓shake [☞♏♓] v. 摇晃✓drum [♎❒✈❍] n. 鼓✓hollowed log [ ♒♋●☜◆♎] [●♈] n. 中空的原木✓bell [♌♏●] n. 铃，钟，钟琴✓gong [♈☠] n. 锣✓xylophone [ ♋♓●☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 木琴✓piano [☐♓⏹☜◆] n. 钢琴39.Wind instruments, or aerophones, produce sound by vibration, which may beproduced by performers’ lips (brass), a column of air split across a sharp edge (flutes, pipes, whistles), or by one or two reeds, as with instruments such as the clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon.✓wind instrument [♦♓⏹♎] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 管乐器✓aerophone [ ♏☜❒☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 管乐器✓column [ ●☜❍] n. 柱✓split [♦☐●♓♦] n. 裂缝✓edge [♏♎✞] n. 边缘✓flute [♐●◆♦] n. 长笛，横笛✓pipe [☐♋♓☐] n. 风笛✓whistle [♦♓♦●] n. 口哨✓reed [❒♓♎] n. 簧片✓clarinet [ ●✌❒☜⏹♏♦] n. 单簧管，黑管✓saxophone [ ♦✌♦☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 萨克斯管✓oboe [ ☜◆♌☜◆] n. 双簧管✓bassoon [♌☜♦◆⏹] n. 大管，巴松40.The string, or chordophone, family has several branches. In one branch, whichincludes the zither, dulcimer, strings are stretched across a flat body. In asecond branch, each instrument has a neck, for example the lute, guitar, or violin.A third branch includes plucked instruments with multiple strings, such as thelyre or the harp, where each string produces only one pitch.✓string [♦♦❒♓☠] n. 琴弦✓chordophone [ ♎☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 弦乐器✓zither [ ♓❆☜] n. 齐特琴: 与中国的“筝”相似✓dulcimer [ ♎✈●♦♓❍☜] n. 洋琴✓neck [⏹♏] n. 琴颈✓lute [●◆♦] n. 琉特琴✓guitar [♈♓♦] n. 吉他✓violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴✓lyre [ ●♋♓☜] n. 里拉，(古希腊的)七弦竖琴: 古希腊的一种弦乐器✓harp [♒❒☐] n. 竖琴41.The modern pianoforte has six major parts: & (1) The frame is usually made ofiron. At the rear end is attached the string plate, into which the strings are fastened. In the front is the wrest plank, into which the tuning pins are set. Around these is wound the other end of the strings, and by turning these pins the tension of the strings is regulated. & (2) The soundboard, a thin piece offine-grained spruce placed under the strings, reinforces the tone by means of sympathetic vibration. & (3) The strings, made of steel wire, increase in length and thickness from the treble to the bass. The higher pitches are each given two or three strings tuned alike. The lower ones are single strings made heavier by being overspun – that is, wound around with a coil of thin copper wire. & (4) The action is the entire mechanism required for propelling the hammers (wrapped with felt) against the strings. The most visible part of the action is the keyboard, a row of keys manipulated by the fingers. The keys corresponding to the natural tones are made of ivory or plastic; those corresponding to the chromatically altered tones, of ebony or plastic. & (5) The pedals are levers pressed down by the feet. The damper, or loud pedal, raises all the dampers so that all the strings struck continue to vibrate even after the keys are released. The use of these pedals can produce subtle changes in tone quality. & (6) According to the shape of the case, pianos are classified as grand, square, and upright. Grand pianos are built in various sizes, from the full concert grand, 2.69 m long, to the parlor or baby grand, less than 1.8 m long.✓pianoforte [☐♓✌⏹☜◆♐♦♏♓] n. 钢琴✓frame [♐❒♏♓❍] n. 骨架✓rear [❒♓☜] adj. 后面的✓attach [☜♦✌♦☞] v. 附加✓fasten [ ♐✌♦⏹] v. 使固定，加固✓plank [☐●✌☠] n. 支架(wrest plank (校准弦音的)扭钥架)✓tuning pin [ ♦◆⏹♓☠] [☐♓⏹] n. 调音弦轴✓wind [♦♓⏹♎] v. 绕，缠✓tension [ ♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 压力，张力✓regulate [ ❒♏♈◆●♏♓♦] v. 调节，校准✓fine-grained [ ♐♋♓⏹♈❒♏♓⏹♎] adj. 纹理细腻平整的✓spruce [♦☐❒◆♦] n. 云杉质木材✓reinforce [ ❒♓♓⏹♐♦] v. 加强✓sympathetic vibration [ ♦♓❍☐☜♏♦♓] [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 共振✓treble [ ♦❒♏♌●] n. 高音部分✓bass [♌♏♓♦] n. 低音部分✓pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高✓overspin wire [ ☜◆☜♦☐♓⏹] [ ♦♋♓☜] n. 缠弦✓coil [ ♓●] n. 一卷✓action [ ✌☞☜⏹] n. 机械装置✓mechanism [ ❍♏☜⏹♓☜❍] n. 机械装置✓propel [☐❒☜☐♏●] v. 推动✓hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] n. 音锤✓felt [♐♏●♦] n. 毡制品✓manipulate [❍☜⏹♓☐◆●♏♓♦] v. (熟练地)操作、使用(机器等)。
李笑来《新托福iBT词汇分类突破》word版
智课网TOEFL备考资料李笑来《新托福iBT词汇分类突破》word版摘要：李笑来《新托福iBT词汇分类突破》word版!新托福考试要求的词汇量比较高，很多同学们在面对大量的托福词汇不知道怎么，都想求一份好的词汇书帮助自己快速掌握托福词汇，小编特为大家整理出了李笑来《新托福iBT词汇分类突破》word版，同学们快来看看吧!李笑来《新托福 iBT词汇分类突破》word版!新托福考试要求的词汇量比较高，很多同学们在面对大量的托福词汇不知道怎么，都想求一份好的词汇书帮助自己快速掌握托福词汇，小编特为大家整理出了李笑来《新托福 iBT词汇分类突破》word版，同学们快来看看吧!李笑来《新托福iBT词汇分类突破》word版内容具体如下：如何使用本书1. 第一件事：“快速通读”这个阶段建议在三天之内完成。
这个阶段中，最主要的任务并不是记忆单词，而是熟悉话题。
一定要在最快的时间里了解托福考试所涉及的话题。
因为一直以来，国内的种种英语教学材料的文本中——无论是体制内的教科书，还是体制外的“教辅书籍”，以及各种学习杂志，都有意无意地把话题更多地定位在“社科类”领域中——或许是因为很多人都觉得外语属于“文科”罢。
最终，很多中国学生(哪怕是“理科生”)平时尽力读的英文内容也很少涉及自然科学。
然而，在 TOEFL 这个衡量考生英语实用能力的考试中，英语被定义为一个必要工具——用来到英语国家学习任何学科都必须使用的工具。
所以，在托福考试中，自然科学和人文科学的话题几乎是平分天下，各占一半。
于是在托福的考试内容中至少有一半会让很多考生“感觉”非常不适应，比如，关于地理地质(冰河、火山)的话题，或者关于微生物(浮游生物)古生物(恐龙)的话题。
就算是一些在我们眼里常常被划分到“文科”的话题，实际上也不是中国学生经常阅读的，比如，关于考古学(化石)、人类学(古碑文)的话题。
所以，建议读者在最快的时间完成第一遍的“通读”。
在通读的过程中，留意一下那些“一看就头晕”的话题，做出记号;在下一步制定计划的过程中，有意为这些话题多留一点时间。
yascgw新-托福词汇分类突破71-100
、|!_一个人总要走陌生的路，看陌生的风景，听陌生的歌，然后在某个不经意的瞬间，你会发现，原本费尽心机想要忘记的事情真的就这么忘记了..071Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for the feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals. Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasps and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed, antennae and an indented abdomen that forms a narrow waist.o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 复杂的o shelter [5FeltE] n. 遮蔽处o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o h ymenoptera [7haimi5nCptErE] n. 膜翅目o sawfly [5sR:flai] n. 叶蜂o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o in that [in] [TAt]conj. 因为o distinguish [dis5tiN^wiF] v. 区别o bent [bent] adj. 弯曲的o elbowed [5elbEud] adj. 像肘一样弯曲的o antenna [An5tenE] n. 触须o indented [in5dentid] adj. 锯齿状的o abdomen [5AbdEmEn] n. 腹部o waist [weist] n. 昆虫腹部的较窄部位072Members of an ant colony typically fall into categories known as castes, each with a different role. The majority of colony members are female worker ants that are unable to mate. Worker ants do not have wings and perform most of the work of the colony, including searching for food, nursing young, and defending the colony against ants from other colonies. Queens are larger than worker ants and are the only females of the colony capable of mating. Queens are born with wings, which they break off after mating. They mate with winged male ants, later using the sperm from themating to produce fertilized eggs, which hatch to produce more worker ants and a new generation of queens.o caste [kB:st] n. 有社会组织的昆虫的阶级o mate [meit] v. 交配，繁殖o perform [pE5fC:m] v. 执行o nurse [nE:s] v. 看护o capable of [5keipEbl] [Ev]adj. 有能力o sperm [spE:m] n. 精子o fertilized egg [5fE:tElaizd] n. 受精卵o hatch [hAtF] v. 孵化073Insects and diseases are a continuing menace to forests. Various insects, such as the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the spruce budworm, devastate extensive areas by defoliation. Other insects serve as carriers for the causative agents of diseases that destroy trees. Parasitic tree diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, or by such parasitic plants as the mistletoe or dodder. Noninfectious diseases of trees include sunscald; drought injury; root drowning, or suffocation; nutritional excesses or deficiencies; winter injury; and injury from smoke, gases, and fumes.o menace [5menEs] n. 威胁o gypsy moth [5dVipsi] [mCW]n. 舞毒蛾o tussock moth [5tQsEk] [mCW]n. 毒蛾o spruce budworm [spru:s] [5bQdwE:m]n. 云杉蚜虫o devastate [5devEsteit] v. 糟蹋o defoliation [7di:fEuli5eiFEn] n. 落叶o causative agent [5kC:zEtiv] [5eidVEnt]n. 病原体o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌o virus [5vaiErEs] n. 病毒o nematode [5nemEtEud] n. 线虫o mistletoe [5misltEu] n. 槲寄生，一种欧亚寄生灌木o dodder [5dCdE] n. 菟丝子o sunscald [5sQnskR:ld] n. 日灼病o drought injury [draut] n. 旱害o root drowning [ru:t] [5drauniN]n. 根部溺死o suffocation [7sQfE5keiFEn] n. 窒息o nutritional [njU:5triFEnEl] adj. 营养的o deficiency [di5fiFEnsi] n. 缺乏o fume [fju:m] n. 浓烟074Birds are the only animals with feathers, collectively called plumage, although some other animals, such as insects and bats, also have wings. Nearly all birds can fly, and even flightless birds, such as ostriches and penguins, evolved from flying ancestors. Many characteristics and behaviors of birds are distinct from all other animals, but there are some similarities. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded— having a relatively constant body temperature that enables them to live in a wide variety of environments. Like reptiles, birds develop from embryos in eggs outside of the mother’s body.o plumage [5plu:midV] n. (鸟的)全身羽毛o ostrich [5astritF] n. 鸵鸟o penguin [5peN^win] n. 企鹅o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o distinct [dis5tiNkt] adj. 截然不同的o similarity [7simE5lArEti] n. 相似之处o chamber [5tFeimbE] n. 腔o warm-blooded [wC:m5blQdid] adj. 恒温的(动物)o constant [5kCnstEnt] adj. 恒定不变的o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o embryo [5embriEu] n. 胚胎075The main component of feathers is keratin, a flexible protein that also forms the hair and fingernails of mammals. Feathers provide the strong yet lightweight surface area needed for powered, aerodynamic flight. They also serve as insulation, trapping pockets of air to help birds conserve their body heat. The varied patterns, colors, textures, and shapes of feathers help birds to signal their age, sex, social status, and species identity to one another. Some birds have plumage that blends in with their surroundings to provide camouflage, helping these birds escape notice by their predators. Birds use their beaks to preen their feathers, often making use of oil from a gland at the base of their tails. Preening removes dirt and parasites and keeps feathers waterproof and supple. Because feathers are nonliving structures that cannot repair themselves when worn or broken, they must be renewed periodically. Most adult birds molt—lose and replace their feathers — at least once a year.o keratin [5kerEtin] n. 角质o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 柔韧的o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o aerodynamic [7eErEudai5nAmik] adj. 空气动力学的o insulation [7insju5leiFEn] n. 绝缘，绝热o trap [trAp] v. 捕捉o conserve [kEn5sE:v] v. 保存o texture [5tekstFE] n. 质地o social status [5sEuFEl] [5steitEs] n. 社会地位o blend in [blend] [in]v. 与(环境等)协调o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o predator [5predEtE] n. 捕食者o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o preen [pri:n] v. (鸟)用嘴整理o gland [^lAnd] n. 腺o tail [teil] n. 尾o parasite [5pArEsait] n. 寄生生物o waterproof [5wC:tEpru:f] adj. 防水的o supple [5sQpl] adj. 柔软的o worn [wC:n] adj. 用旧了的，磨破了的o periodically [7piEri5CdikEli] adj. 周期的，定期的o molt [mEult] v. 换毛076Bird wings are highly modified forelimbs with a skeletal structure resembling that of arms. The shape of a bird’s wings influences its style of flight, which may consist of gliding, soaring, or flapping. Flight muscles are located in the chest and are attached to the wings by large tendons. The breastbone, a large bone shaped like the keel of a boat, supports the flight muscles.o forelimb [5fC:lim] n. 前肢o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o glide [^laid] v. 滑行o soar [sC:] v. 翱翔o flap [flAp] v. 振翅飞行o chest [tFest] n. 胸部o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o keel [ki:l] n. 龙骨：船的主要结构部件077Nearly all birds have a tail, the paired flight feathers of which, called rectrices, extend from the margins of a bird’s tail. Tails may be square, rounded, pointed, or forked, depending on the lengths of the rectrices and the way they terminate.o tail [teil] n. 尾o rectrix [5rektriks] n. (plural: rectirces [5rektrEksiz])舵羽：鸟尾巴上主要几支硬羽毛的一支，用于掌握飞行方向o square [skweE] adj. 正方形的o forked [5fC:kt] adj. 叉状的o terminate [5tE:mineit] v. 中止，结束078Birds have two legs; the lower part of each leg is called the tarsus. Most birds have four toes on each foot, and in many birds, including all songbirds, the first toe, called a hallux, points backwards. Bird toes are adapted in various species for grasping perches, climbing, swimming, capturing prey, and carrying and manipulating food.o tarsus [5tB:sEs] n. 跗骨o toe [tEu] n. 趾o songbird [5sRNbE:d]n. 鸣禽o hallux [5hAlEks] n. (鸟)后趾, (人)大拇趾o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o perch [pE:tF] n. 栖木：供鸟栖息的枝条o manipulate [mE5nipjuleit] v. 处理079Instead of heavy jaws with teeth, modern birds have toothless, lightweight jaws, called beaks or bills. The eyes of birds are protected by three eyelids: an upper lid resembling that of humans, a lower lid that closes when a bird sleeps, and a third lid, called a nictitating membrane, that sweeps across the eye sideways, starting from the side near the beak. This lid is a thin, translucent fold of skin that moistens and cleans the eye and protects it from wind and bright light.o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o bill [bil] n. 啄o eyelid [5ailid] n. 眼睑o nictitating membrane [5niktiteitiN] [5membrein] n. 瞬膜：鸟类、爬行动物和一些哺乳动物的内生透明眼睑，闭上可保护和滋润眼睛o translucent [trAnz5lu:snt] adj. 半透明的o moisten [5mCisn] v. 使潮湿080For breeding, most birds build nests, which help them to incubate, or warm, the developing eggs. Nests sometimes offer camouflage from predators and physical protection from the elements. Nests may be elaborate constructions or a mere scrape on the ground.o breed [bri:d] v. 繁殖；育种o nest [nest] n. 巢o incubate [5inkjubeit] v. 孵化o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o element [5elEmEnt] n. 环境o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 精心制作的o scrape [skreip] n. 浅坑081Among the best-known birds are the birds of prey. Some, including hawks, eagles, and falcons, are active during the daytime. Others, notably owls, are nocturnal, or active at night. Birds of prey have hooked beaks, strong talons or claws on their feet, and keen eyesight and hearing. Scavengers that feed on dead animals are also considered birds of prey.o bird of prey [bE:d] [Ev] [prei]n. 猛禽，食肉鸟o hawk [hC:k] n. 鹰o falcon [5fAlkEn] n. 隼o owl [aul] n. 猫头鹰o nocturnal [nCk5tE:nl] adj. 夜间的o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o talon [5tAlEn] n. 爪o scavenger [5skAvindVE] n. 食腐动物082Migrating birds use a variety of cues to find their way. These include the posit ions of the sun during the day and the stars at night; the earth’s magnetic field; and visual, olfactory, and auditory landmarks.o migrate [5mai^reit] v. 迁徙o cue [kju:] n. 提示o magnetic field [mA^5netik] [fi:ld]n. 磁场o olfactory [Cl5fAktEri] adj. 嗅觉的o auditory [5C:dEtEri] adj. 听觉的083Except in combinations such as waterfowl and wildfowl, in modern usage the word fowl usually is restricted to the common domestic fowl, or chicken. In poultry markets, fowl commonly means a full-grown female bird. Young birds of both sexes, such as broilers and fryers, are called chickens. On poultry farms, male chickens are called roosters or cocks; females, especially those more than a year old, are called hens; females less than a year old are called pullets; very young chickens of either sex are called chicks; and castrated males are called capons.o combination [7kCmbi5neiFEn] n. 组合o waterfowl [5wC:tEfaul] n. 水鸟o wildfowl [5waildfaul] n. 野禽o fowl [faul] n. 家禽o domestic [dE5mestik] adj. 驯养的o poultry [5pEultri] n. 家禽o broiler [5brCilE] n. 适于烤焙的嫩鸡o fryer [fraiE] n. 适于油炸的小鸡o rooster [5ru:stE] n. 公鸡o pullet [5pulit] n. 小母鸡o chick [tFik] n. 小鸡o castrate [kAs5treit] v. 阉割o capon [5keipan] n. 阉鸡084All fishes are vertebrates(animals with backbones) with gills for breathing, and most of them have fins for swimming, scales for protection, and a streamlined body generally with a pointed snout and posterior and a broad propulsive tail for moving easily through the water.o vertebrate [5vE:tEbrEt] n. 脊椎动物o backbone [5bAkbEun] n. 脊椎o gill [dVil] n. 腮o fin [fin] n. 鳍o scale [skeil] n. 鱼鳞o streamlined [5stri:mlaind] adj. 流线型的o snout [snaut] n. 口鼻部o posterior [pCs5tiEriE] n. 后部o propulsive [prEu5pQlsiv] adj. 有推进力的085The term fishery is also used to describe the species of fish being harvested(because most of them are edible), which include familiar finned fish species, like cod and flounder; mollusks, including oysters and squid; and crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs. Lesser-known fisheries include echinoderms, like sea urchins; some amphibians, including frogs; and cnidarians, such as jellyfish. even the harvest of whales is usually considered a fishery.o fishery [5fiFEri] n. 食用鱼类，捕鱼业o harvest [5hB:vEst] v. 收获，捕获o edible [5edEbl] adj. 可食用的o cod [kad] n. 鳕鱼o flounder [5flaundE] n. 比目鱼o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o oyster [5CistE] n. 牡蛎o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o crustacean [krEs5teiFEn] n. 甲壳纲动物o shrimp [Frimp] n. 虾o crab [krAb] n. 螃蟹o echinoderm [i5kainE7dE:m] n. 棘皮动物o sea urchin[si:] [5E:tFin] n. 海胆o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o cnidarian [nai5di E ri E n] n. 刺细胞动物o jellyfish [5dVelifiF] n. 水母o whale [weil] n. 鲸086angling refers to fishing for sport, recreation and relaxation. a fishing rod is a long, straight, flexible pole made of bamboo, fiberglass, or graphite that an angler uses to cast hook with bait or lures into the water.o angling [5AN^liN] n. 垂钓o fishing [5fiFiN] n. 钓鱼o recreation [rekri5eiFEn] n. 消遣o fishing rod [5fiFiN] [rCd]n. 钓竿o straight [streit] adj. 直的o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 弹性的o pole [pEul] n. 杆o bamboo [bAm5bu:] n. 竹子o fiberglass [5faibE^lB:s] n. 玻璃纤维o graphite [5^rAfait] n. 石墨o angler [5AN^lE] n. 钓鱼者o cast [kB:st] v. 抛o hook [huk] n. 鱼钩o bait [beit] n. 饵o lure [luE] n. 诱饵087C oral reefs are built up by limestone skeletons of coral, and are found only in tropical saltwater where bright sunlight can penetrate, because corals cannot exist without the symbiotic algae that live in coral tissues and require sunlight for photosynthesis.o coral [5kCrEl] n. 珊瑚o reef [ri:f] n. 礁o build up [bild] [Qp]v. 堆积o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o skeleton [5skelEtEn] n. 骨骼o tropical [5trCpikl] adj. 热带的o saltwater [5sR:lt7wR:tE] n. 盐水o penetrate [5penEtreit] v. 穿透o symbiotic [7simbi5Rtik] adj. 共生的o algae [5AldVi:] n. 藻类, 海藻(singular: alga [5AlgE])o tissue [5tisju:] n. 组织o photosynthesis [7fEutEu5sinWEsis] n.光合作用088S quids are carnivorous mollusks belonging to the same class as the cuttlefish, and octopus. The body of squids, stiffened by an interior cartilaginous skeleton, is spherical or cigar-shaped, with two lateral fins. around the mouth are eight sucker-bearing arms and two contractile tentacles with spatulate tips; on the latter are four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous(horny) hooks. The contractiletentacles, longer than the rest, are used to seize the prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it to be torn by strong jaws shaped like a parrot's beak. Squid can swim faster than any other invertebrate by rapidly expelling water from the mantle cavity through the “funnel”. Many deep-sea squid are bioluminescent. They shoot out a cloud of dark ink when pursued; one genus secretes luminescent ink.o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o carnivorous [kB:5nivErEs] adj. 食肉类的o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o cuttlefish [5kQtlfiF] n. 墨鱼, 乌贼o octopus [5CktEpEs] n. 章鱼o stiffen [5stifnd] v. 使僵硬o interior [in5tiEriE] adj. 内部的o cartilaginous [7kB:tE5lAdVEnEs] adj. 软骨(质)的o spherical [5sferikEl] adj. 球形的o cigar-shaped [si5^B:] [Feipt]adj. 雪茄形的o lateral fin [5lAtErEl] [fin]n. 侧鳍o sucker-bearing [5sQkE] [5beEriN]adj. 长着吸盘的o contractile [kEn5trAktl] adj. 会收缩的o tentacle [5tentEkl] n. 触须、触角o spatulate [5spAtFjulit] adj. 竹片状的o row [rEu] n. 行，排o suction cup [5sQkFEn] [kQp]n. 吸盘o chitinous [5kaitEnEs] adj. 壳质的o horny [5hC:ni] adj. 角状的o seize [si:z] v. 抓住o prey [prei] n. 被掠食者，战利品o torn [tC:n] n. (tear的分词)撕o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚, 颌o parrot [5pArEt] n. 鹦鹉o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o invertebrate [in5vE:tEbrEt] n. 无脊椎动物o expel [iks5pel] v. 喷出, 发射o mantle cavity [5mAntl] [5kAvEti]n. 外套腔o funnel [5fQnEl] n. 漏斗，漏斗形物o bioluminescent [5baiEu7lu:mE5nesEt] adj. 发(冷)光的o pursue [pE5su:] v. 追赶, 追踪o genus [5dVi:nEs] n. 种, 类o secrete [si5kri:t] v. 分泌089A mphibians have moist, hairless skin through which water can pass in and out, and were the first animals with backbones to adapt to life on land. they are the ancestors of reptiles, which in turn gave rise to mammals and birds. all amphibians belong to one of three main groups: the caudata, or tailed amphibians, which includes the sirens, salamanders, and newts; the anura n, or tailless amphibians, which includes frogs and toads; and the gymnophiona, which is made up of the wormlike caecilians.o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o moist [mCist] adj. 潮湿的o adapt [E5dApt] v. 适应o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o caudata [5ka:deitE] n. 有尾目o siren [5sairin] n. 土鳗o salamander [5sAlEmAndE] n. 火蜥蜴o newt [nu:t] n. 蝾螈o anura n [E5njuErEn] n. 无尾目o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o toad [tEud] n. 蟾蜍o gymnophiona [5dVimpfina] n. 无足目o make up of [meik] [[Qp] [Ev]v. 组成、构成o caecilian [si:5siliEn] n. 蚓螈090Paleontologists recognize several mass extinctions in the past 500 million years, which occurred in Ordovician, Devonian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic, and Cretaceous Period, respectively. The most recent mass extinction was at the end of Cretaceous Period, and resulted in the loss of 76% of all species, most notably the dinosaurs.o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o mass extinction [mAs] [iks5tiNkFEn] n. 大量消亡o Ordovician[7C:dE5viFEn] n. 奥陶纪，是指古生代第二纪的一段地质时间o Devonian [di5vEuniEn] n. 泥盆纪o Paleozoic [peiliE5zEuik] n. 古生代o Mesozoic [7mezEu5zEuik] n. 中生代o Triassic [trai5Asik] n. 三叠纪o Cretaceous [kri5teiFEs] n. 白垩纪o respectively [ri5spektivli] adv. 分别地o species [5spi:Fiz] n. 物种o dinosaur [5dainEsC:] n. 恐龙091In mass extinctions, entire groups of species—such as families, orders, and classes—die out,creating opportunities for the survivors to exploit new habitats. In their new niches, the survivors evolve new characteristics and habits and, consequently, develop into entirely new species.o family [5fAmEli] n. 科o order [5C:dE] n. 目o class [klB:s] n. 纲o survivor [sE5vaivE] n. 幸存者o exploit [5eksplCit] v. 开拓o habitat [5hAbEtAt] n. 栖息地o niche [nitF] n. 合适的环境o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化092As the sum of all species living in the world's ecosystems, known as biodiversity, dwindles, so too go many of the resources on which we depend. Humans use at least 40,000 different plant, animal, fungi, bacteria, and virus species for food, clothing, shelter, and medicines. In addition, the fresh air we breathe, the water we drink, cook, and wash with, and the many chemical cycles—including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle, so vital to sustain life—depend on the continued health of ecosystems and the species within them.o ecosystem [i:kEu5sistEm] n. 生态系统o biodiversity [7baiEudE5vEsiti] n. 生物多样性o dwindle [5dwindl] v. 减少o plant [plAnt] n. 植物o animal [5AnEmEl] n. 动物o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌类(singular: fungus)o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌(singular：bacterium)o virus [5vairEs] n. 病毒o chemical cycle [5kemikEl] [5saikl]n. 化学循环o nitrogen cycle [5naitrEdVEn][5saikl] n. 氮循环o carbon cycle [5kB:bEn][5saikl] n. 碳循环o vital [5vaitl] adj. 至关重要的o sustain [sEs5tein] v. 维持093A central, and historically controversial, component of evolutionary theory is that all living organisms, from microscopic bacteria to plants, insects, birds, and mammals, share a common ancestor.o controversial [7kCntrE5vE:FEl] adj. 争议的o component [kEm5pEunEnt] n. 组成部分o evolutionary [7evE5lU:FEnEri] adj. 进化的o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o microscopic [maikrE5skRpik] adj. 极微小的o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先094Hostility as to evolutionary theory gave way to acclaim as scientists vigorously debated, explored, and buil t on Darwin’s theory of natural selection. As the 20th century unfolded, scientific advances revealed the detailed mechanisms missing from Darwin’s theory. Study of the complex chemistry of all organisms unveiled the structure of genes as well as how they are duplicated, altered, and passed from generation to generation. New molecular biology techniques compare the genetic structures of different species, enabling scientists to determine heretofore undetectable evolutionary relationships between species. Today, evolution is recognized as the cornerstone of modern biology. Uniting such diverse scientific fields as cell biology, genetics, paleontology, and even geology and statistics, the study of evolution reveals an exquisitely complex interaction of the forces that act upon every life form on Earth.o hostility [hCs5tiliti] n. 反对o give way to [^iv] [wei] [tE]v. 退让o acclaim [E5kleim] n. 称赞o vigorously [5vi^ErEsli] adv. 竭力地o unfold [Qn5fEuld] v. 展开o reveal [ri5vi:l] v. 揭示o unveil [Qn5veil] v. 揭示o gene [dVi:n] n. 基因o duplicate [5du:plikeit] v. 复制o alter [5C:ltE] v. 改变o genetic structure [dVE5netik] [5strQktFE]n. 遗传结构o heretofore [7hiEtE5fC:] adv. 迄今为止o undetectable [7Qndi5tektEbl] adj. 未被发现的o cornerstone [5kC:nEstEun] n. 基础o cell biology [sel] [bai5ClEdVi]n. 细胞生物学o genetics [dVi5netiks] n. 遗传学o paleontology [7peiliCn5tClEdVi] n. 古生物学o geology [dVi5ClEdVi] n. 地质学o statistics [stE5tistiks] n. 统计学o exquisitely [ek5skwizit] adv. 非常地095Fossils are most commonly found in limestone, sandstone, andshale(sedimentary rock). Remains of organisms can also be found trapped in natural asphalt, amber, and ice. The hard, indigestible skeletons and shells of animals and the woody material of plants are usually preserved best. Fossils of organisms made of soft tissue that decays readily are more rare. Paleontologists use fossils to learn how life has changed and evolved throughout earth’s history.o fossil [5fasl] n. 化石o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o sandstone [5sAndstEun] n. 砂岩o shale [Feil] n. 页岩o sedimentary rock [sedE5mentEri] [rCk] n. 沉积岩o remains [ri5meins] n. 遗体o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o trap [trAp] v. 困住o asphalt [5AsfC:lt] n. 沥青o amber [5AmbE] n. 琥珀o indigestible [7indi5dVestEbl] adj. 不被吸收的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨架o shell [Fel] n. 外壳o woody material [5wudi] [mE5tiEriEl]n. 木质材料o preserve [pri5zE:v]v. 保存o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o decay [di5kei] v. 腐烂o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化096Basic Human Anatomy: Musculoskeletal SystemThe human skeleton consists of more than 200 bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments. The different parts of the body vary greatly in their degree of movement, which are effected by contractions of the skeletalmuscles, to which the bones are attached by tendons. Thus, the arm at the shoulder is freely movable, whereas the knee joint is definitely limited to a hingelike action, and the bones composing the skull are immovable.o anatomy [E5natEmi] n. 人体解剖o musculoskeletal [7mQskjulEu5skelEtEl] adj. 肌肉与骨骼的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨骼o bind [blaind] v. 绑定，缔结o tough [tQf] adj. 坚硬的o inelastic [7inE5lAstik] adj. 无弹性的o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o ligament [5li^EmEnt] n. 韧带o vary [5veEri] v. 不同，变化o contraction [kEn5trAkFEn] n. 收缩o muscle [5mQsl] n. 肌肉o skeletal muscle [5skelitl] [5mQsl]n. 骨骼肌o attach [E5tAtF] v. 缚上, 系上, 贴上o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o shoulder [5FEuldE] n. 肩o knee joint [ni:] [dVCint]n. 膝关节o hinge [hindV] adj. 枢纽; 门枢; 节点o compose [kEm5pEuz] v. 组成o skull [skQl] n. 头骨097There are two main types of bone. Compact bone, which makes up most of the bone of arms and legs, is very dense and hard on the outside. The structural units of compact bone are osteons, elongated cylinders that act as weight-bearing pillars, able to withstand any mechanical stress placed on the bone. The center of each osteon contains a hollow canal that acts as a central passageway for blood vessels and nerves.o compact bone [5kRmpAkt] [bEun]n. 密质骨o make up [meik] [Qp]v. 组成o dense [dens] adj. 密度大的o osteon [5RstiRn] n. 骨单位(密质骨构造的基本单位)o elongated [5i:lCN^eitid] adj. 被拉长的o cylinder [5silindE] n. 圆柱体o pillar [5pilE] n. 柱状物o withstand [wiT5stAnd] v. 经受得住o canal [kE5nAl] n. 导管o passageway [5pAsidVwei] n. 出入口098In some bones, internal to the compact bone is spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, composed of a honeycomb network of bones that act as supporting beams. Spongy bone is designed to bear stress from several directions, such as that exerted on the pelvis in bending or stretching. The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow containing the blood vessels that nourish spongy bone. Spongy bone is found in bones of the pelvis, ribs, breastbone, vertebrae, skull, and at the ends of the arm and leg bones.o spongy bone [5spQndVi] [bEun]n. 松质骨o cancellous[kAn5selEs] adj. 网状骨质的: 具有间隙的、格子状的或多孔结构的o cancellous bone [kAn5selEs] [bEun] n. 松质骨o honeycomb [5hQnikEum] n. 蜂窝状物o beam [bi:m] n. 梁o pelvis [5pelvEs] n. 骨盆o bend [bend] v. 使弯曲o stretch [stretF] v. 伸展o trabecula [trE5bekiElE] n. 小梁：任何结缔组织的支撑纤维，伸入一器官之中并构成该器官构架的一部分o marrow [5mArEu] n. 骨髓o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o vertebra [5vE:tEbrE] n. 脊椎骨099The nervous system has two divisions: the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system, including all neural tissue of motor and sensory systems. Impulses go to the central nervous system through sensory nerves and are carried away from it by the motor nerves. The motor system is further divided into the somatic (or skeletal)nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic motor system allows voluntary control over skeletal muscle with a few exceptions. The autonomic nervous system is largely involuntary and controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.o nervous system [5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 神经系统o division [di5viVEn] n. 部分o central nervous system [sen5trEl][5sistEm] n. 中枢神经系统o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓o peripheral nervous system [pE5rifErEl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 周围神经系统o neural tissue [5njuErEl] [5tisu:]n. 神经组织o motor [5mEutE] n. 运动肌o sensory system [5sensEri][5sistEm] n. 感觉系统o impulse [5impQls] n. 神经脉冲o somatic nervous system[sEu5mAtik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 体神经系统o skeletal nervous system [5skelitl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 骨骼神经系统o autonomic nervous system [7C:tE5namik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 自主神经系统o voluntary [5vRlEntEri] adj. 自主的o cardiac [5kB:diAk] n. 心脏的o smooth muscle [smu:T] [5mQsl]n. 平滑肌100Voluntary movement of head, limbs, and body is caused by nerve impulses arising in the motor area of the cortex of the brain and carried by cranial nerves or by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord to connect with skeletal muscles.o limb [lim] n. 肢o arise [E5raiz] v. 起，兴起；发生o cortex [5kC:teks] n. 大脑皮层o cranial nerve [5kreiniEl] [nE:v]n. 颅神经o emerge from [i5mE:dV] [frCm]v. 自……出现o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓。
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新托福iBT词汇分类突破李笑来o masonry wall [ ❍♏♓♦☜⏹❒♓] [♦●]n. 砖墙，砖瓦墙o cohere [ ☜◆♒♓☜] v. 粘合o mortar [ ❍♦☜] n. 砂浆，灰浆o profusion [☐❒☜♐◆✞☜⏹] n. 大量(a profusion of: 大量的)oo anodized coating[ ✌⏹☜♎♋♓] [ ☜◆♦♓☠]n. 电镀层，电镀膜(anodize v.阳极氧化: 用电解方式给(金属面)镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物)o cladding [ ●✌♎♓☠] n. 覆层：在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层o Gothic [ ♈♓] adj. 哥特式的o architecture [ ☜♦♏♦☞☜] n. 建筑, 建筑学o span [♦☐✌⏹] v. (桥,拱等)横跨o post-and-lintel [☐☜◆♦♦] [✌⏹♎] [ ●♓⏹♦●] n. 抬梁式(在立柱上架梁，梁上又抬梁, 在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用)，框架(结构)o vault [ ●♦] n. 拱(不连柱的)o skyscraper [ ♦♋♓♦❒♏♓☐☜] n. 摩天大楼o facilitate [♐☜♦♓●☜♦♏♓♦] v. 提供便利o interior design [♓⏹♦♓☜❒♓☜] [♎♓♋♓⏹]n. 室内设计o blind [♌●♋♓⏹♎] n. 窗帘（尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘）o niche [⏹♓♦☞] n. 壁橱o ledge [●♏♎✞] n. 壁架o grate [♈❒♏♓♦] n. 壁炉o terrace [ ♦♏❒☜♦] n. 阳台o façade[♐☜♦♎] n. (建筑物的)外立面，尤指正面oo lease [●♓♦] n. 租约ooo lessor [ ●♏♦] n. 出租人o tenant [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹♦] n. 房客o lessee [●♏♦♓] n. 承租人o sprawl [♦☐❒●] n. (城市的)无计划扩展o commuter [ ☜❍◆♦☜] n. 通勤者(定期从一地到另一地旅行的人，如从郊区到城市并回来)o deem [♎♓❍] v. 视为o conurbation [ ♋⏹☜♌♏♓☞☜⏹] n. (连带卫星城镇和市郊的)大都市o megalopolis [ ❍♓♈☜●♋☐☜●☜♦] n. 特大城市oo hygienic[♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹♓] adj. 卫生学的(hygiene [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹]卫生学)oo agent [ ♏♓♎✞☜⏹♦] n. 媒介o feces [ ♐♓♦♓] n. 粪便ooo sullage [ ♦✈●♓♎✞] n. (房屋,街道等排出的)污物o greywater [ ♈❒♏♓♦♦☜] n. 生活污水o latrine [●☜♦❒♓⏹] n. 公共厕所o septic tank [ ♦♏☐♦♓] [♦✌☠]n. 化粪池o personal hygiene practice [ ☐☜♦☜⏹●] [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹] [ ☐❒✌♦☜♦]v. 个人卫生习惯o infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施ooo pipeline [ ☐♋♓☐●♋♓⏹] n. 管道, 输送管道o node [⏹☜◆♎] n. 中转站oo seaport [ ♦♓☐♦] n. 港口ooo code [ ☜◆♎] n. 法规oo toll [♦☜◆●] n. 通行费oooooo secure to [♦♓◆☜] [♦◆]v. 固定在…o crossbeam [♊❒♦♌♓❍] n. 横梁o tie [♦♋♓] n. 枕木o gauge [♈♏♓♎✞] n. 轨距o alignment [☜●♋♓⏹❍☜⏹♦] n. 直线排列o ballast [ ♌✌●☜♦♦] n. 道碴ooo capital-intensive [ ✌☐☜♦☜●] [♓⏹♦♏⏹♦♓]adj. 资本密集型的o logistics [●☜◆♎✞♓♦♦♓♦] n. 物流o freight [♐❒♏♓♦] n. 货物oo retailing [ ❒♓♦♏♓●♓☠] n. 零售o postal service [ ☐☜◆♦♦☜●] [ ♦☜☜♦]n. 邮电业ooo liberalization [ ●♓♌☜❒☜●☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 自由化o deregulation [♎♓❒♏♈◆●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 撤销(价格,费用方面的)管制规定o privatization [ ☐❒♋♓☜♦☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 私有化o infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施o distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦] v. 分配o monopolistic [❍☜⏹☐☜♊●♓♦♦♓] adj. 垄断的oooo apprentice [☜☐❒♏⏹♦☜♦] n. 学徒o journeyman [ ♎✞☜⏹♓❍☜⏹] n. 学徒期满的职工ooo guild [♈♓●♎] n. (中世纪的)行会oo bazaar [♌☜] n. 集市o clientele [ ●♋♓☜⏹♦♏●] n. 顾客oo fine [♐♋♓⏹] adj. (区别)微小的；细微的oooooo interlace [ ♓⏹♦☜●♏♓♦] v. 使交织o warp [♦☐] n. 织物上纵的方向的纱或线o weft [♦♏♐♦] n. 织物上横的方向的纱或线oo parallel [ ☐✌❒☜●♏●] adj. 平行的oooo treadle loom [ ♦❒♏♎●][●◆❍] n. 脚踏织布机ooo plait [☐●✌♦] v. 打褶oo reed [❒♓♎] n. 芦苇o cane [ ♏♓⏹] n. 藤条o rush [❒✈☞] n. 灯心草o sisal [ ♦♋♓♦☜●] n. 波罗麻：一种分布在墨西哥和中美洲的植物oo ash-wood [✌☞] [♦◆♎]adj. 梣木的o splint [♦☐●♓⏹♦] n. 薄木条o twist [♦♦♓♦♦] v. 捻oo hemp [♒♏❍☐] n. 大麻纤维o ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的o knotting [ ⏹♦♓☠] n. 结形花边(流苏)oo linen [ ●♓⏹☜⏹] n. 亚麻布o jute cord [♎✞◆♦] [ ♎]n. 黄麻绳ooooooo liner [ ●♋♓⏹☜] n. 衬里o stitch [♦♦♓♦☞] v. 缝合Many useful objects can be fashioned from leather, using such special tools as leather shears, punches for carving thick leather, thonging chisels, and lacing needles.o fashion [ ♐✌☞☜⏹] v. 制造o leather [ ●♏❆☜] n. 皮革o shear [☞♓☜] n. 剪刀o punch [☐✈⏹♦☞] n. 打孔器o carve [ ] v. 切割o thong [ ☠] v. 给…装上皮带子o chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子o lace [●♏♓♦] v. 穿线o needle [ ⏹♓♎●] n. 针Ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand or thrown on a potter's wheel. When the clay hardens, it is fired in a high-temperature oven, or kiln, to strengthen it. To make the object waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again.o ceramic [♦☜❒✌❍♓] adj. 陶器的o mold [❍☜◆●♎]v. 塑造o throw [ ❒☜◆] v. 在陶轮上形成o potter's wheel [ ☐♦☜] [♦♓●] n. 陶轮o clay [ ●♏♓] n. 粘土o oven [ ✈☜⏹] n. 烤炉o kiln [ ♓●⏹] n. 窑o waterproof [ ♦♦☜☐❒◆♐] adj. 防水的o glaze [♈●♏♓] n. 釉料Such basic woodworking techniques as sawing, joining, and finishing can be employed to make a wide variety of useful and ornamental objects, from jewelry boxes to picture frames.o woodworking [ ♦◆♎♦☜♓☠] adj. 木工的o sawing [ ♦♓☠] n. 锯o joining [ ♎✞♓⏹♓☠] n. 拼接o finishing [ ♐♓⏹♓☞♓☠] n. 抛光o ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的o picture frame [ ☐♓♦☞☜] [♐❒♏♓❍]n. 相框Carpenter tools include saws, planes, flat-edged chisels, semicircular gouge, boring tools such as brace, drills, and measuring tools such as steel rules, C-clamp, squares and trisquare, etc.o carpenter [ ☐♓⏹♦☜] n. 木匠o saw [♦] n. 锯o plane [☐●♏♓⏹] n. 刨o chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子o gouge [♈♋◆♎✞] n. 半圆凿o boring [ ♌❒♓☠] n. 钻(孔)o brace [♌❒♏♓♦] n. 手摇曲柄钻o drill [♎❒♓●] n. 钻孔机o C-clamp [ ●✌❍☐] n. C型夹o square [♦♦♏☜] n. 直角尺o trisquare [ ♦❒♋♓♦♦♏☜] n. 曲尺The tenon, a rectangular or square projection from the end of one member, fits snugly into the mortise cut in the second member, thus joining the two perpendicularly.o tenon [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹] n. 榫o projection [☐❒☜♎✞♏☞☜⏹] n. 凸出物o snugly [ ♦⏹✈♈●♓] adv. 紧紧地o mortise [ ❍♦☜♦] n. 榫眼o perpendicularly [ ☐☜☐☜⏹♎♓◆●☜●♓] adv. 垂直地Finishes serve to protect and preserve the wood and to bring out the beauty of the grain. Pieces are finished with rasps, files, and sandpaper. Common finishes include waxes, oils, bleaches, fillers, stains, shellac, varnish, lacquer, sealers, and paints, including enamels.o bring out [♌❒♓☠] [♋◆♦]v. 显示出o grain [♈❒♏♓⏹] n. 纹理图案o rasp [❒♦☐] n. 粗锉：一种有锋利，突出，尖锐凸起的钝锉o file [♐♋♓●] n. 锉刀o sandpaper [ ♦✌⏹♎☐♏♓☐☜] n. 沙纸o wax [♦✌♦] n. 石蜡o bleach [♌●♓♦☞] n. 漂白o filler [ ♐♓●☜] n. 填料：，用于在完工前将木头、塑料或其它建筑表面填入孔、裂缝或洞o stain [♦♦♏♓⏹] n. 着色剂：能够渗透表层并着深色的一种液体物质，尤用于木头上o shellac [☞☜●✌] n. 虫胶清漆：用于涂饰木料o varnish [ ⏹☜☞] n. 清漆：用于把表面涂成坚硬的，有光泽的透明的膜o lacquer [ ●✌☜] n. 天然漆：一种用作表面涂层的光滑的树脂般的物质o sealer [ ♦♓●☜] n. (油漆)封底层：一种密封物质，比如用来给平面上胶的油漆或清漆的底层o paint [☐♏♓⏹♦] n. 油漆o enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层Paints are formed by mixing a pigment and a binder, a fluid vehicle, such as linseed oil, that solidifies when exposed to air. A varnish is a transparent solution that solidifies into a protective coating. Opaque and colored varnishes are called lacquers.o pigment [ ☐♓♈❍☜⏹♦] n. 色素o binder [ ♌●♋♓⏹♎☜] n. 粘合剂o vehicle[ ♓♓●] n. 调漆料：与油漆混合在一起以供使用的一种物质，如润滑油等o linseed oil [ ●♓⏹♦♓♎] [ ♓●]n. 亚麻油o solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v. (使)凝固o expose [♓♦☐☜◆] v. 暴露o transparent [♦❒✌⏹♦☐♏☜❒☜⏹♦] adj. 透明的o solution [♦☜●◆☞☜⏹] n. 溶液o coating [ ☜◆♦♓☠] n. 涂层o opaque [☜◆☐♏♓] adj. 不透明的Cookery involves a diverse array of cuisines. Food may be immersed in liquids such as water, stock, or wine(boiling, poaching, stewing); immersed in fat or oil (frying); exposed to vapor(steaming and, to some extent, braising); exposed to dry heat(roasting, baking, broiling); and subjected to contact with hot fats (sautéing).o cookery [ ◆☜❒♓] n. 烹饪o diverse [♎♋♓☜♦] adj. 不同的o cuisine [ ♦♓♓⏹] n. 烹饪法o immerse [♓❍☜♦] v. 浸没o stock [♦♦] n. 浓汤o wine [♦♋♓⏹] n. 酒o boil [♌♓●] v.煮o poach [☐☜◆♦☞] v. 水煮o stew [♦♦◆] v. 炖：用小火烧或慢慢地煮沸来烹饪(食物)o fat [♐✌♦] n. 油脂o fry [♐❒♋♓] v. 油炸o vapor [ ♏♓☐☜] n. 蒸汽o steam [♦♦♓❍] v. 蒸o braise [♌❒♏♓] v. 炖:先用油炒，然后在有盖容器中炖o dry heat [♎❒♋♓] [♒♓♦]n. 干热o roast [❒☜◆♦♦] v. 烘烤o bake [♌♏♓] v. 烘焙o broil [♌❒♓●] v. 烤o subject to [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] [♦◆]v. 使经受o contact [ ⏹♦✌♦] n. 关联o sauté [♦♦♏♓] v. 炒Essential modern kitchen equipment includes the following: a stove, or range; sink; work surface; various knives, pots and pans; such utensils as spatulas, whisks, specialized spoons, and rolling pins; a more highly specialized array of gear for producing pastries and other baked goods; and more recent sophisticated equipment such as blenders, food processors, and microwave ovens.o kitchen [ ♓♦☞♓⏹] n. 厨房o stove [♦♦☜◆] n. 炉子o range [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] n. 火炉o sink [♦♓☠] n. 水槽o work surface [♦☜] [ ♦☜♐☜♦]n. 工作台o knife [⏹♋♓♐] n. 刀子o pot [☐♦] n. 锅o pan [☐✌⏹] n. 平底锅o utensil [ ◆♦♏⏹♦●] n. 器具o spatula [ ♦☐✌♦☞☜●☜] n. (调拌用的)刮铲o whisk [♦♓♦] n. 搅拌器o spoon [♦☐◆⏹] n. 匙o rolling pin [ ❒☜◆●♓☠] [☐♓⏹]n. 擀面杖o gear [♈♓☜] n. 设备o pastry [ ☐♏♓♦♦❒♓] n. 点心o sophisticated [♦☜♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎] adj. 复杂精巧的o blender [ ♌●♏⏹♎☜] n. 搅拌器o microwave oven [ ❍♋♓❒☜◆♦♏♓] [ ✈☜⏹] n. 微波炉In ancient times mosaics were a form of floor decoration made of small pebbles and later of cut or shaped pieces of marble, hard stone, glass, terra-cotta, mother-of-pearl, and enamels. The shaped pieces, in the form of small cubes, are called tesserae. The tesserae are embedded in plaster, cement, or putty to hold them in place.o mosaic [❍☜◆♏♓♓] n. 镶嵌工艺o pebble [ ☐♏♌●] n. 鹅卵石o marble [ ❍♌●] n. 大理石o terra-cotta [♊♦♏❒☜] [ ♋♦☜]n. 赤陶o mother-of-pearl [ ❍✈❆☜] [☜] [☐☜●]n. 珍珠母o enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层o cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体o tessera [ ♦♏♦☜❒☜] n. 镶嵌物o embed [♓❍♌♏♎] v. 镶嵌o plaster [ ☐●♦♦☜] n. 石膏o cement [♦♓❍♏⏹♦] n. 水泥o putty [ ☐✈♦♓] n. 油灰o in place [♓⏹] [☐●♏♓♦]adv. 在适当的位置Molten glass was tinted in a wide range of colors with metal oxides and then poured on a flat surface such as a marble slab to form a disk of colored glass; this was scored with a sharp tool and broken into strips and cubes.o molten [ ❍☜◆●♦☜⏹] adj. 熔化的o tint [♦♓⏹♦] v. 给. . 着色o a wide range of [♏♓] [♦♋♓♎] [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] [☜] adj. 广泛的o metal oxide [ ❍♏♦●] [ ♦♋♓♎] n. 金属氧化物o pour on [☐❒] [ ⏹]v. 把. . 倾泻在. . 上o flat [♐●✌♦] adj. 扁平的o marble slab [ ❍♌●] [♦●✌♌] n. 大理石板o score [♦] v. 刻痕o strip [♦♦❒♓☐] n. 条o cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体Portraits can be executed in any medium, including sculpted stone and wood, oil, painted ivory, pastel, encaustic on wood panel, tempera on parchment, carved cameo, and hammered or poured metal.o portrait [ ☐♦❒♓♦] n. 肖像o sculpt [♦✈●☐♦] v. 雕刻o ivory [ ♋♓☜❒♓] n. 象牙o pastel [☐✌♦♦♏●] n. 彩色蜡笔画o encaustic [♓⏹♦♦♓] n. 蜡画o tempera [ ♦♏❍☐☜❒☜] n. 蛋彩画o parchment [ ☐♦☞❍☜⏹♦] n. 羊皮纸o cameo [ ✌❍♓☜◆] n. 浮雕o hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] v. 锤打o pour [☐❒] v. 浇注Sculpture(from Latin, “to carve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.o sculpture [ ♦✈●☐♦☞☜] n. 雕刻o mass [❍✌♦] n. 质量o volume [ ●☜❍] n. 体积o principal [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐☜●] adj. 主要的o freestanding [ ♐❒♓♦♦✌⏹♎♓☠] adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的o in the round [♓⏹] [❆☜] [❒♋◆⏹♎] adj. 雕刻成立体(的)，栩栩如生的，表现无余的o relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕Sculpture(from Latin, “to carve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.o sculpture [ ♦✈●☐♦☞☜] n. 雕刻o mass [❍✌♦] n. 质量o volume [ ●☜❍] n. 体积o principal [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐☜●] adj. 主要的o freestanding [ ♐❒♓♦♦✌⏹♎♓☠] adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的o in the round [♓⏹] [❆☜] [❒♋◆⏹♎] adj. 雕刻成立体(的)，栩栩如生的，表现无余的Pitch depends upon the rate of vibration, or frequency, of sound waves that produce a particular tone. Most Western music was based on 12 equivalent intervals per octave, however, a great deal of Western folk music conforms to pentatonic scale, the best-known form of which contains no half steps.o pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高o vibration [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 振动o frequency [ ♐❒♓♦☜⏹♦♓] n. 频率o tone [♦☜◆⏹] n. 音调o equivalent interval [♓♦♓☜●☜⏹♦] [ ♓⏹♦☜☜●]n. 等间隔的音程o octave [ ♦♏♓] n. 八度音程（音阶）o folk [♐☜◆] adj. 民间的o conform [ ☜⏹♐❍] v. (to, with)遵照，依照o pentatonic [ ☐♏⏹♦☜♦⏹♓] adj. 五声音阶的o scale [♦♏♓●] n. 音阶o step [♦♦♏☐] n. 音级o relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕Rhythm is the way music uses time, which includes characteristics such as duration of tones and silences, and patterns of duration.o rhythm [ ❒♓❆☜❍] n. 节奏o characteristic [ ✌❒♓♦☜❒♓♦♦♓] n. 特性o duration [♎◆☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 持续时间The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches that overlap withone another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit well together, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.o style-defining [♦♦♋♓●] [♎♓♐♋♓⏹♓☠]adj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的o overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] v. 与. . 重叠o chord [ ♎] n. 和弦o harmony [ ♒❍☜⏹♓] n. 和声o simultaneously [♦♋♓❍☜●♦♏♓⏹♓☜♦●⍓] adv. 同时地o melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调o occupy [ ♋◆☐♋♓] v. 占用，填满o register [ ❒♏♎✞☜♦♦☜] n. 音域o distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] adj. 截然不同的o rhythmic patterns [ ❒♓❆❍♓] [ ☐✌♦☜⏹]n. 有节奏的模式o contour [ ♋⏹♦◆❒] n. （音调或声调的）升降曲线；变化方式The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches that overlap with one another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit well together, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.o style-defining [♦♦♋♓●] [♎♓♐♋♓⏹♓☠]adj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的o overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] v. 与. . 重叠o chord [ ♎] n. 和弦o harmony [ ♒❍☜⏹♓] n. 和声o simultaneously [♦♋♓❍☜●♦♏♓⏹♓☜♦●⍓] adv. 同时地o melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调o occupy [ ♋◆☐♋♓] v. 占用，填满o register [ ❒♏♎✞☜♦♦☜] n. 音域o distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] adj. 截然不同的o rhythmic patterns [ ❒♓❆❍♓] [ ☐✌♦☜⏹]n. 有节奏的模式o contour [ ♋⏹♦◆❒] n. （音调或声调的）升降曲线；变化方式Orchestra, ensemble of musical instruments; in the narrowest sense, the characteristic ensemble of Western music, having as its core a group of bowed-string instruments of the violin family, augmented by woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments.o orchestra [ ☜♦♦❒☜] n. 管弦乐o ensemble [♋⏹♦❍♌●] n. 合奏o musical instruments [ ❍◆♓☜●] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 乐器o core [ ] n. 中心o bowed-string [♌♋◆♎] [♦♦❒♓☠]adj. 演奏弦乐的o violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴o augment [ ♈❍♏⏹♦] v. 增补，扩充o woodwind [ ♦◆♎♦♓⏹♎] n. 木管乐器o brass [♌❒♦] n. 铜管乐器o percussion [☐☜✈☞☜⏹] n. 打击乐器Percussion instruments are referred to as membranophones if they produce sound through the vibrations of a stretched skin or other membrane. They are called idiophones if they produce sound through their natural resonance when struck, rubbed, plucked, or shaken. Drums are membranophones; hollowed logs, bells, gongs, xylophones, and pianos are examples of idiophones.o membranophone [❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 膜鸣乐器o stretched [♦♦❒♏♦☞♎] adj. 有弹性的o membrane [ ❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹] n. 膜o idiophone [ ♓♎♓☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 体鸣乐器o resonance [ ❒♏☜⏹☜⏹♦] n. 共振o strike [♦♦❒♋♓] v. 敲击o rub [❒✈♌] v. 摩擦o pluck [☐●✈] v. 拨(弦)o shake [☞♏♓] v. 摇晃o drum [♎❒✈❍] n. 鼓o hollowed log [ ♒♋●☜◆♎] [●♈]n. 中空的原木o bell [♌♏●] n. 铃、钟，或钟琴o gong [♈☠] n. 锣o xylophone [ ♋♓●☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 木琴o piano [☐♓⏹☜◆] n. 钢琴Wind instruments, or aerophones, produce sound by vibration, which may be produced by performers’lips (brass), a column of air split across a sharp edge(flutes, pipes, whistles), or by one or two reeds, as with instruments such as the clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon.o wind instrument [♦♓⏹♎] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦]n. 管乐器o aerophone [ ♏☜❒☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 管乐器o column [ ●☜❍] n. 柱o split [♦☐●♓♦] n. 裂缝o edge [♏♎✞] n. 边缘o flute [♐●◆♦] n. 竖笛，横笛o pipe [☐♋♓☐] n. 风笛o whistle [♦♓♦●] n. 口哨o reed [❒♓♎] n. 簧片o clarinet [ ●✌❒☜⏹♏♦] n. 单簧管，黑管o saxophone [ ♦✌♦☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 萨克斯管o oboe [ ☜◆♌☜◆] n. 双簧管o bassoon [♌☜♦◆⏹] n. 低音管，巴松The string, or chordophone, family has several branches. In one branch, which includes the zither, dulcimer, strings are stretched across a flat body. In a second branch, each instrument has a neck, for example the lute, guitar, or violin. A third branch includes plucked instruments with multiple strings, such as the lyre or the harp, where each string produces only one pitch.o string [♦♦❒♓☠] n. 琴弦o chordophone [ ♎☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 弦乐器o zither [ ♓❆☜] n. 齐特琴（与中国的“筝”相似）o dulcimer [ ♎✈●♦♓❍☜] n. 洋琴o neck [⏹♏] n. 琴颈o lute [●◆♦] n. 琉特琴o guitar [♈♓♦] n. 吉他o violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴o lyre [ ●♋♓☜] n. 里拉，(古希腊的)七弦竖琴(古希腊的一种弦乐器)o harp [♒❒☐] n. 竖琴The modern pianoforte has six major parts: (1) The frame is usually made of iron. At the rear end is attached the string plate, into which the strings are fastened. In the front is the wrest plank, into which the tuning pins are set. Around these is wound the other end of the strings, and by turning these pins the tension of the strings is regulated. (2) The soundboard, a thin piece of fine-grained spruce placed under the strings, reinforces the tone by means of sympathetic vibration. (3) The strings, made of steel wire, increase in length and thickness from the treble to the bass. The higher pitches are each given two or three strings tuned alike. The lower ones are single strings made heavier by being overspun— that is, wound around with a coil of thin copper wire. (4) The action is theentire mechanism required for propelling the hammers(wrapped with felt) against the strings. The most visible part of the action is the keyboard, a row of keys manipulated by the fingers. The keys corresponding to the natural tones are made of ivory or plastic ; those corresponding to the chromatically altered tones, of ebony or plastic. (5) The pedals are levers pressed down by the feet. The damper, or loud pedal, raises all the dampers so that all the strings struck continue to vibrate even after the keys are released. The use of these pedals can produce subtle changes in tone quality. (6) According to the shape of the case, pianos are classified as grand, square, and upright. Grand pianos are built in various sizes, from the full concert grand, 2.69 m long, to the parlor or baby grand, less than 1.8 m long.o pianoforte [☐♓✌⏹☜◆♐♦♏♓] n. 钢琴o frame [♐❒♏♓❍] n. 骨架o rear [❒♓☜] adj. 后面的o attach [☜♦✌♦☞] v. 附加o fasten [ ♐✌♦⏹] v. 使固定；加固o plank [☐●✌☠] n. 支架（wrest plank: （校准弦音的）扭钥架）o tuning pin [ ♦◆⏹♓☠] [☐♓⏹]n. 调音弦轴o wind [♦♓⏹♎] v. 绕, 缠o tension [ ♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 压力, 张力o regulate [ ❒♏♈◆●♏♓♦] v. 调节, 校准o fine-grained [♐♋♓⏹] [♈❒♏♓⏹♎]adj. 纹理细腻、平整的o spruce [♦☐❒◆♦] n. 云杉质木材o reinforce [ ❒♓♓⏹♐♦] v. 加强o sympathetic vibration [ ♦♓❍☐☜♏♦♓] [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹]n. 共振o treble [ ♦❒♏♌●] n. 高音部分o bass [♌♏♓♦] n. 低音部分o pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高o overspin wire [ ☜◆☜♦☐♓⏹] [ ♦♋♓☜]n. 缠弦o coil [ ♓●] n. 一卷o action [ ✌☞☜⏹] n. 机械装置o mechanism [ ❍♏☜⏹♓☜❍] n. 机械装置o propel [☐❒☜☐♏●] v. 推动o hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] n. 音锤o felt [♐♏●♦] n. 毡制品o manipulate [❍☜⏹♓☐◆●♏♓♦] v. (熟练地)操作, 使用(机器等)o corresponding to [ ❒☜♦☐⏹♎♓☠] [♦◆] adj. 与……相应的o ivory [ ♋♓☜❒♓] n. 象牙o plastic [☐●♦♦♓] n. 塑料o chromatic [ ❒☜❍✌♦♓] adj. 半音(阶)的, 含半音的o chromatically [ ❒☜❍✌♦♓●♓] adv. 半音地o ebony [ ♏♌☜⏹♓] n. 乌木o pedal [ ☐♏♎●] n. 踏板o lever [ ●♏☜] n. 控制杆o damper [ ♎✌❍☐☜] n. 制音器o release [❒♓●♓♦] v. 释放o sustaining [♦☜♦♦♏♓⏹♓☠] adj. 支持的o subtle [ ♦✈♦●] adj. 微小的o grand [♈❒✌⏹♎] adj. 大的o square [♦♦♏☜] adj. 正方形的o upright [ ✈☐❒♋♓♦] adj. 立式的o various [ ♏☜❒♓☜♦] adj. 许多的o parlor [ ☐●☜] adj. 客厅的The main parts of the violin are the front, also called the belly, top, or soundboard, usually made of well-seasoned spruce; the back, usually made of well-seasoned maple ; and the ribs, neck, fingerboard, pegbox, scroll, bridge, tailpiece, and f-holes, or soundholes. The front, back, and ribs are joined together to form a hollow sound box. Thesound box contains the sound post, a thin, dowel-like stick of wood wedged inside underneath the right side of the bridge and connecting the front and back of the violin; and the bass-bar, a long strip of wood glued to the inside of the front under the left side of the bridge. The sound post and bass-bar are important for the transmission of sound, and they also give additional support to the construction. The strings are fastened to the tailpiece, rest on the bridge, and are suspended over the fingerboard, and run to the pegbox, where they are attached to tuning pegs that can be turned to change the pitch of the string. The strings are set in vibration and produce sound when the player draws the bow across them at a right angle near the bridge. Among the prized characteristics of the violin are its singing tone and its potential to play rapid, brilliant figurations as well as lyrical melodies. Violinists can also create special effects by means of the following techniques: pizzicato, plucking, tremolo, etc.o violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴o belly [ ♌♏●♓] n. (弦乐器的)面板o well-seasoned [♦♏●] [ ♦♓⏹♎]adj. 完全风干的o spruce [♦☐❒◆♦] n. 云杉o maple [ ❍♏♓☐●] n. 枫木o rib [❒♓♌] n. 琴骨o pegbox [ ☐♏♈♌♦] n. (弦乐器的)弦轴箱o scroll [♦❒☜◆●] n. 涡卷形头：提琴类乐器上的弯曲状饰头o tailpiece [ ♦♏♓●☐♓♦] n. 系弦钮o hollow [ ♒●☜◆] adj. 中空的o sound [♦♋◆⏹♎] n. 声音o post [☐☜◆♦♦] n. 杆o dowel [ ♎♋◆☜●] n. 暗榫o wedge [♦♏♎✞] v. 楔入o underneath [ ✈⏹♎☜⏹♓] prep. 在. . . 的下面o bass-bar [♌♏♓♦] [♌❒]n. 低音梁o strip [♦♦❒♓☐] n. 条o glue [♈●◆] v. 粘合o transmission [♦❒✌⏹♦❍♓☞☜⏹] n. 传播o fasten [ ♐✌♦⏹] v. 附着o suspend [♦☜♦☐♏⏹♎] v. 悬挂o tuning peg [ ♦◆⏹♓☠] [☐♏♑]n. 调音弦轴o pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音质o vibration [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 振动o draw [♎❒] v. 拉o bow [♌♋◆] n. 琴弓o prize [☐❒♋♓] v. 珍视o figuration [ ♐♓♈◆❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 用装饰音装饰o lyrical [ ●♓❒♓☜●] adj. 抒情的o melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调o pizzicato [ ☐♓♦♦♓♦☜◆] n. 拨奏乐曲o pluck [☐●✈] v. 拨o tremolo [ ♦❒♏❍☜●☜◆] n. 颤音Photography is based on principles of light, optics, and chemistry. For the purpose of producing a photograph, these silver salts are distributed in gelatin to make a mixture called an emulsion, which is applied to film or another supporting material in a thin layer. When the emulsion is exposed to light, the silver halide crystals undergo chemical changes and, after further processing, an image becomes visible. The stronger the light that strikes the crystals, the denser or more opaque that part of the film becomes. Most types of film produce a negative image, from which a positive final copy can be printed on sensitized paper. The dense (or dark) areas of the negative translate into light areas on the final photograph. Almost all modern photography relies on this negative-to-positive process.o photography [♐☜♦♈❒☜♐♓] n. 摄影o principle [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐●] n. 原则o optics [ ♋☐♦♓♦] n. 光学o silver salt [ ♦♓●☜] [♦●♦]n. 银盐o distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦] v. 分布，散布(over)o gelatin [ ♎✞♏●☜♦⏹] n. 凝胶o emulsion [♓❍☜●☞☜⏹] n. 感光乳剂o apply [☜☐●♋♓] v. 涂, 搽, 撒o film [♐♓●❍] n. 胶片o layer [ ●♏♓☜] n. 垫片，层o expose [♓♦☐☜◆] v. 曝光，暴露o halide [ ♒✌●♋♓♎] adj. 卤化物的o crystal [ ❒♓♦♦●] n. 晶体o undergo [ ✈⏹♎☜♈☜◆] v. 经历(变迁等)；遭受(苦难等)o processing [☐❒☜◆♦♏♦♓☠] v. 处理o image [ ♓❍♓♎✞] n. 影像o strike [♦♦❒♋♓] v. 照在..上o opaque [☜◆☐♏♓] adj. 不反射光线的o negative image [ ⏹♏♈☜♦♓] [ ♓❍♓♎✞]n. 底片(负像)o sensitized paper [ ♦♏⏹♦♓♦♋♓♎] [ ☐♏♓☐☜]n. 感光纸o translate into [♦❒✌⏹♦●♏♓♦] [ ♓⏹♦◆]v. 转化为o rely on [❒♓●♋♓] [ ⏹]v. 依赖，依靠In most cases the camera and its lens determine the appearance of the photographic image. Cameras work on the basic principle of the camera obscura. In both the camera obscura and the modern camera, light passes through a lens fitted into an otherwise lightproof box. Light passing through the lens casts an image of the camera’s subject—the object, person, or scene in front of the camera—onto the inside of the box, which in a modern camera contains film. The camera and lens control how much light strikes the film in what is called an exposure.o camera [ ✌❍☜❒☜] n. 照相机o lens [●♏⏹] n. 镜头o camera obscura [ ✌❍☜❒☜] [☜♌♦◆❒☜]n. 暗箱o otherwise [ ✈❆☜♦♋♓] adj. 别样的，另外一种的o lightproof [ ●♋♓♦☐❒✞♐] adj. 不透光o cast [ ♦♦] v. 投射o subject [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] n. 对象o scene [♦♓⏹] n. 景色o exposure [♓♦☐☜◆✞☜] n. 暴光Anthropologists and theater historians trace the origins of theater to myth and ritual found in dances and mimed performances by masked dancers during fertility rites and other ceremonies that marked important passages in life. Imitation, costumes, masks, makeup, gesture, dance, music, and pantomime were some of the theatrical elements found in early rituals.o anthropologist [ ✌⏹❒☜☐●☜♎✞♓♦♦] n. 人类学家o theater [ ♓☜♦☜] n. 戏剧o trace [♦❒♏♓♦] v. 追踪，探索o myth [❍♓] n. 神话o ritual [ ❒♓♦☞◆☜●] n. (宗教)仪式o mimed performance [❍♋♓❍♎] [☐☜♐❍☜⏹♦]n. 笑剧、闹剧表演o fertility rite [♐☜♦♓●♓♦♓] n. 丰收仪式o ceremony [ ♦♏❒☜❍☜◆⏹♓] n. 仪式o passage [ ☐✌♦♓♎✞] n. 转变o imitation [♓❍♓♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 道具o costume [ ♋♦♦◆❍] n. 装束o makeup [ ❍♏♓✈☐] n. 化妆品o gesture [ ♎✞♏♦♦☞☜] n. 造型o pantomime [ ☐✌⏹♦☜❍♋♓❍] n. 哑剧表演In addition to the actor and the audience in a space, other elements of theater include a written or improvised text, costumes, scenery, lights, sound, and properties(props). Most theatrical performances require the collaborative efforts of many creative people, including dramaturge, craftspeople, designer, composer, or choreographer and managers working toward a common goal: the production. The performance is very often a play—a tragedy, comedy, or musical—but it need not be. Theater performances include vaudeville, puppet shows, mime, and other forms of entertainment. Theatrical texts, often referred to as drama, usually provide the vital framework of a performance. In Aristotle's famous definition, drama is an imitation of an action that is whole, complete, and of a certain magnitude or scope.o audience [ ♎♓☜⏹♦] n. 观众o improvised [ ♓❍☐❒☜♋♓] adj. 即兴的o scenery [ ♦♓⏹☜❒♓] n. 舞台布景o property [ ☐❒☐☜♦♓] n. 道具o props [☐❒♋☐♦] n. 小道具o collaborative [ ☜●✌♌☜❒♏♓♦♓] adj. 协作的o dramaturge [ ♎❒❍☜♦☜♎✞] n. 剧作家o craftspeople [ ❒♋♐♦☐♓☐●] n. 道具师o composer [ ☜❍☐☜◆☜] n. 作曲家o choreographer [ ❒♓♈❒☜♐☜] n. 舞蹈指导o production [☐❒☜♎✈☞☜⏹] n. 作品，成品，电影制片o tragedy [ ♦❒✌♎✞♓♎♓] n. 悲剧o comedy [ ♋❍☜♎♓] n. 喜剧o vaudeville [ ♎☜♓●] n. 歌舞杂耍o puppet show [ ☐✈☐♓♦] [☞☜◆]n. 木偶剧o mime [❍♋♓❍] n. 笑剧o theatrical text [ ♓✌♦❒♓☜●] [♦♏♦♦]n. 戏剧文本o drama [ ♎❒❍☜] n. 戏剧o framework [ ♐❒♏♓❍♦☜] n. 结构o magnitude [ ❍✌♈⏹♓♦◆♎] n. 量值o scope [♦☜◆☐] n. 范围Theater can serve many ends. It can be designed to entertain, instruct, motivate, persuade, and even shock. But whatever the intentions of the director, performers, and crew, the result depends on the interaction with an audience. The audience affects the performance by providing the performers with immediate feedback, such as laughter, tears, applause, or silence. Each night there is continuous interaction between the auditorium and the stage. Ultimately, audiences make their opinions known through their attendance or nonattendance. They support what appeals to them and generally fail to support what they find distasteful, offensive, or incomprehensible.o serve [♦☜] v. 满足，服务o end [♏⏹♎] n. 目的o entertain [ ♏⏹♦☜♦♏♓⏹] v. 娱乐o instruct [♓⏹♦♦❒✈♦] v. 教导o motivate [ ❍☜◆♦☜♏♓♦] v. 激发o persuade [☐☜♦♦♏♓♎] v. 说服o shock [☞] v. 震撼o intention [♓⏹♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 意图，目的o director [♎♓❒♏♦☜] n. 导演o performer [☐☜♐❍☜] n. 表演者o crew [ ❒◆] n. 全体人员o interaction [ ♓⏹♦☜❒✌☞☜⏹] n. 相互作用。