TOEFL iBT 新东方网络课堂听课笔记--Writing
TOEFLSAT在线答疑课——写作!写作
这是有公开评分标准的作文文考试
这是有公开评分标准的作文文考试
• TOEFL
/Media/Tests/TOEFL/pdf/Writing_Rubrics.pdf
• SAT
/student/testing/psat/psatextra/scoring_guide_popup.html
TOEFL: SCORE OF 5: An essay at this level largely accomplishes all
of the following… though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
这是有公开评分标准的作文文考试 这是可能获得满分的考试
Google “GRE/GMAT rubric”
这是有公开评分标准的作文文考试
1. 如何阅读并理解评分标准？
SCORE OF 6 An essay in this category demonstrates clear and consistent mastery, although it may have a few minor errors. A typical essay • effectively and insightfully develops a point of view on the issue and demonstrates outstanding critical thinking, using clearly appropriate examples, reasons, and other evidence to support its position • is well organized and clearly focused, demonstrating clear coherence and smooth progression of ideas • exhibits skillful use of language, using a varied, accurate, and apt vocabulary • demonstrates meaningful variety in sentence structure • is free of most errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics SCORE OF 5 An essay in this category demonstrates reasonably consistent mastery, although it will have occasional errors or lapses in quality. A typical essay • effectively develops a point of view on the issue and demonstrates strong critical thinking, generally using appropriate examples, reasons, and other evidence to support its position is well organized and focused, demonstrating coherence and progression of ideas exhibits facility in the use of language, using appropriate vocabulary demonstrates variety in sentence structure is generally free of most errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics
TOEFL Writing 技巧
I. Seafood World • A. Food • B. Service • C. Environment II. Roast Goose City • A. Food • B. Service • C. Environment
Integrated task 综合写作
• • • • • Paraphrasing 同义词替换 词性转换 -- 动词-名词；形容词-副词 语态转换 -- 主动-被动 句子转换 -- 单句-从句；句式结构变换
main idea 2 -- Some students are not interested in learning styles. supporting details -- not want to spend time on this
main idea 3 -- Some instructors are not interested in learning styles. supporting details -- teach according to their own style -- teach the way they were taught
Integrated task 综合写作
important common enough 坚持 忽视 减缓 观点 名誉 总是 最后
basic
fair boring
迫使
扩大 说明 毁坏 吃惊
Integrated task 综合写作
evaluation / importance generalization certainty / expectation
Integrated task 综合写作
• Example 2: • Hundreds of books can be stored on one CD, so that it is no longer necessary to carry around heavy paperback or hardcover editions. • Hundreds of books can fit in the storage capacity of one CD, so that people no longer need to carry around heavy paperback or hardcover editions.
新东方作文笔记
新东方作文笔记(强烈推荐)此笔记出自新东方杨煜(winson)老师,这个老师虽然名气不大,但我感觉他的课讲得很好,很负责任.这个笔记一共分四个课时.因为他讲课喜欢穿插的讲,也就是说讲到综合部分的阅读时会讲一些写作的方法,所以我整理了一下分为综合部分,独立部分. 在这四个课时里他讲了很多写作的技巧.以及他在接受ETS培训的时候ETS明确提出的一些问题(ETS明确提出的地方我会标注),个人觉得对大家的写作帮助很大.PART I 综合部分.重点:1.词语:同义词的变化很重要,不断的用相同的词语(除了中心词和无法变换的词语)要扣分.→Webster电子软件同义词词典2.格式:每一段的开头不空格,段与段间空行.每一段的开头空四格,段与段间不空行.3.特别提示:正式文体书写最好不要用缩写.→can’t=cannot don’t=do not (这是ETS明确提出的)4.每一段的分论点应该是由听力开头,而不是阅读.→虽然OG上有阅读开头的范文,但是最好不要这么写.5.阅读部分不可抄原文,论点要用自己的话重新总结(ETS明确指出)6.这个部分的开头并无实际的意义,所以如果要写的话最好有一个15-20词的长句.7.阅读文章如果来不及看,反应背景的部分可以扫过,因为它与topic sentence无关,之后用1分钟提论点,然后再话1分半钟来看论点后面的论述.最后半分钟用来推测(这个后面会讲到).8.听力中表示反驳的词汇除了常见的那些but/however等还有new/today/change等.如果听力中有设问,那么它的答案一定要听清楚明白.9.写作的时候给出了听力中分论点后同样需要例子来支持.一般听力中讲的时候后有例子,这个也需要记录下来..需要训练的技巧:在读阅读的时候就要会推测听力的论点.哪怕推得不完全对也要推.如果你无法推测就说明两种情况:1.阅读中的论点没有找到.2.文章确实是无法推测. 关于这点是winson特意花了时间训练我们的.也就是说这点可能在综合写作的部分确实是很重要.我就拿3.10号的考题来举个例子吧.阅读说到speed cameras可以用来取代police.三点:1.限制司机的驾车速度.2.取代警察.3.为court提供更确切的证据找到这三个论点之后你推测你就往反的方向想就可以了.1.也许speed camera未必可以限制车速; 2.可能因为种种原因它未必可以取代警察; 3.同样因为种种原因它未必可以为traffic court提供便利.这么做看上去很简单,实际上它是有一定潜在的好处的:1.帮助加深考生对阅读中论点的印象.2.有助于在听力中更集中精力. 在听听力之前,考生往往想知道自己的推测是不是正确.在听的时候如果推对的话就要集中听那个”种种原因”到底是什么原因.如果推错的话就会更仔细的听到底它给出的是什么论点.这里需要注意的是,不论是推对了还是推错了都要镇定的听下去,不要太兴奋或者是太失落!!!PART II 独立部分这个部分winson讲的有点散,我就分条列出来好了!先讲一下ETS对这个部分是怎么评分的.1.对比----改卷老师手边上都有从1分到满分的样本答案,改的时候这些样本答案是摊在桌上的.通过对比判断你大概是哪个分数档次.这个步骤主要是看文章的字数,结构,句子的平均长度(这个在下面会说到)以及主题句.winson说这个步骤是很重要的,如果文章给人感觉是3分档的,那么在仔细看过之后就算写得比3分档好一般也就3+,最多到4分档.所以第一印象很重要.2.句子长度----ETS有专门的计算句子平均长度的机器.计算方法是:总的字数/句子数=句子的平均长度.一般平均长度在13-18词/句为佳.也就是说长句子不能太多,一般短句应该比长句多一点.3.议论段的浏览---ETS指明好的文章应该是第一段主体段的长度>第二段主体段的长度>第三段主体段的长度.(也就是说三个议论段的字数要有明显的递减趋势,最重要的最中心的写在第一段)重点技巧:1.符号的多样性----可多用引号,连字符,问号,感叹号. ETS明确指出连字符有加分.30分里面加1分.连字符有几种简单的构成方法:(a.)表示”再”的时候用re-,比如说re-exam; (b.)数字+n. 比如:five-layer; (c.)可用连字符表示大规模,大范围等等.后面加scale.比如:large-scale price ; (d.)几分之几. 比如:one-fifth. 同样的,多用设问句可以加强文章的生动性.比如:Can you guess the ending of this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group. 再者说,引号可以用来表示(a.)否定,讽刺; (b.) 引用;(c.)强调.2.单词的难度和级别要一致.也就是说不能一个高中词汇,一个GRE词汇.3.对于举例的要求: 2 examples→ETS指明一个example是不足以说明问题的.最好是两个examples都用短事例.要lay-out,而不是deep reasoning. 同时,在example后面最好用一个长句来解释example,也就是说这个example怎么证明了你的topic sentence.4.不论是综合部分或者是独立部分,都要遵守短语优先原则.但是这里的短语必须要有把握才能用.5.写的时候最好是不要用过于绝对的或者是尖锐的词汇,比如说must, should,everyone,everytime.多用像likely, probobly, perhaps,more or less, sometimes, in a way, in the sense这样没有说死的词汇/词组.6.能用修辞的时候可以适当的用点修辞,但必须在有把握能用对的情况下才能用.比如: ateam of people attack the project.7.多用代词,代词是最好的过渡词,可以加强句子的连贯性.8.灵活使用词汇.可将n.→v. 例如:surface不一定要用做n. 还可以做v.关于句式的问题.1.把能打开的词组或者是搭配拉得越开越可体现文字的表达能力.比如:A group of people has a wider range of knowledge,expertise, and skills than any singleindicidual is likely to possess.2.关于句子的强调: 多用新奇的强调,一些老调强调,比如not only…but also/ it is that….要多用了.因为中国学生一般强调就是这么两种方式,人家也看得烦了!可以用一些比较少见的强调方式.(a.)用and 连接两个拼写不同但是意思相同或者是相近的词语.比如:problems and issues.(b.)Not only ….but also的改写:not only x but x……例如: To get his or her contributions andideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant.(c.)用逗号连接两个形容词表示强调. 比如:it took many, many meetings to build theagreement.(这个方法我个人比较汗…..)3.尽量不要用no ,not, none等表示否定.用free from/little等代替.4.为了丰富符号,插入语的两个逗号可以用破折号代替.开头立场的问题:1.合格的:立场2.完美的:在主题句中暗示了2.3.4.段的主要内容,有立场,有原因.例如:While there is still hunger, poverty, and illiteracy on Earth, our resources should be focused not in outer space.3. 不要用谁的优点大于谁这种句子做为观点.因为没有立场.谁的观点大于谁, 并不代表你就支持那个优点多的.。
IBT网络课堂听力讲义(整理加笔记)
新东方在线网络课程教材TOEFL-IBT听力主讲：金鑫考试时间：60或90若听力是2个section 时间小于60min，题目为34个若听力加考的话，3个section 时间小于90min，题目51个Section = 1 conversation（非学术性内容）+ 2 lecture （学术性内容）（4-6 min，每个对话）Conversation 5个题，lecture 6个题，总17个题听清对话—笔记—解题美音的语速很快，有些语音听不到，要对语音信号有反应。
句子：①连读：Ⅰ：辅音＋元音（如果前一辅音以辅音结尾，后一个以元音开头，连读）在美音的发音里面爆破音t经常被发成d，所以读音中听见是很正常的。
（water可以读成“wader”，matter可以读成“madder”）ru n^ou t^of fi t^ i t^ i n in-side out cal l^ i t ^a ^day:到此为止M: Are you ready to go jogging?W: Almost. I have to warm up first.Q: What does the woman mean?Ⅱ：元音＋元音前一个单词音以[i]或者[i:]结尾+后一个单词以元音开头，也要连读，在两个元音之间多加一个流音：/ j /，/ w /前一个单词以[i] [i:]结尾，后面加元音的话，加流音/ j /，因为当我们发/ j / （ye）时，它的前一个步骤是发[i]的音的，就可以顺利成章的连读了。
/ i / +/ j / + 元音I am / aijæm /前一个单词以[u] [u:]结尾，后面加元音的话，加流音/w /，因为当我们发/w /时，它的前一个步骤是发[u]的音的，就可以顺利成章的连读了。
/ u / + / w / + 元音you are / juwar /四组固定变音：前一个结尾d+j前一个结尾→d3 （zhi）woul d^ y ou，coul d ^y ou前一个结尾t+j前一个结尾→ch（chi）abou t^ y ou; last^ y ear前一个结尾s+j前一个结尾→sh（shi，xi）mis s^ y ou: thi s ^y ear前一个结尾z+j前一个结尾→3（ri）does your前三个一定要记住，最后一个不常见。
TOEFL iBT 新东方网络课堂听课笔记--Speaking
TOEFL iBT Speaking 网络课堂听课笔记题型讲析1.Free-choice responseFormat for the NO.1 question: TST:T—topic sentence: one sentenceS—supporting ideas (personal experience, figures, examples, reasons, ) easy to understand T—transition (First, because, second, finally)Details and examples: as specific as possible例子可以用数字a.What new skill would you like to learn? Explain why this skill would be good for you tohave.T: GuitarS: partiesBand, moneyKnow some friendsT: Also, because, finallyb.How do you like to spend your leisure time? Choose a leisure activity and explain why youlike to do it. Include details and examples in your explanationT: Surf the internetS: feel relaxDon’t need too much thinkingMusicInformationCurrent eventsOnline chattingFirst, becauseAlso,Another reason, for exampleFinally,c.What famous person would you like to visit for one hour? Explain why you choose tomeet this person and what you would talk about. Don’t forget to include details and examples in your explanation.T: Bill GatesS: Billionaire: earn so much money, computer geniusGood name: Bill GatesFirst, Also, because (two points)d.Describe a place where you go for rest and relaxation. Explain why it is a good place foryou to relax. Don’t forget to include details and examples in your explanation.T: Movie TheaterS: interest in watching moviesAtmosphere of many people watching the same movieDark place, nobody could see my faceT: GymS: healthyRelaxing running like a little mouseT: net caféS: relaxing, online chatting, online gamesT: disco barS: big gathering, loud musicBig party, feel relaxedShake my body: release of energyT: homeS: so cozyBooks to read, feel relaxedFamily members, talk with, stressWest, East, Home is the beste.Describe an object that is very special in your life. Explain why this object is important toyou. Don’t forget to include details and examples in your explanation.Mobile phone (for communication, take pictures, manage time)Electrical dictionaryComputer (learn English; attend online course; online chatting; online games; songs )T: An acoustic guitarS: lonely timesPlaying songs, kill timeWith me, not cheap, 14 timesT: First, because; Also; Finallyf.Which place in your hometown would you like to take visitors to have a look?T: Nanjing UniverS: best univerRanks third, beautiful univerTrees, lucky beautiful girlsSchool canteen, no flies2.Paired-choice responsePreferenceUniversity students can choose to live in a community by renting an apartment, or they maybe opt to live in university dormitories. Which do you prefer? Include details and examples in your explanation.Agree or DisagreeSuccess can only be measured by the money you earn. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Include details and examples in your explanation.Format for Paired-Choice Response:A.Repeat the question (optional)B.Choose a position (Opening sentence) I prefer to… I agree (disagree)…C.Defend your choice by stating:i. 1 advantage of A + 1 advantage of Aii. 1 advantage of A + one disadvantage of Biii. 2 disadvantages of Ba.Some students like to live off campus, like renting an apartment; while others preferliving on campus, like living in dormitories. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples.T: off campus an apartmentS: won’t bother othersMusic loud, snorePrivacy, books, movies etcT: First, because, Also, Finallyb.Some people prefer having meals at Chinese restaurants, but some others preferAmerican-style fast food like KFC and McDonald’s. Which do you prefer and explain why.T: AmericanS: fast serviceTastes good: French fries, hambergSign of fashion, KFC, macT: Chinese foodS: nutritious, a variety of choicesSichuan, ants climbing treesChinese food culture, Interesting food’s namesc.Do you agree or disagree with the following statements “having a lot money is veryimportant”. Use reasons and examples to support your response.d.e.Some people like going to concerts to hear music played live. Other prefers listening torecorded music. Which musical experience do you think is better, and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.Live concerts: atmosphere, interaction, very excellent visual and audial effectRecorded music: cheaper (figures), free (choose to hear or pass),f.Some people like going after fashion. Other don’t. which do you prefer and why?Include details and examples in your explanation.T: won’t go after fashionS: cost moneyClothes latest fashionEnergy consumingNewspaper, radio magazinesT: First, because, Also, finallyStrategies during the test:Be familiar with the direction and dismiss them by clicking on continueUse preparation time wisely. Read question carefully, note everything it asks you. Write down a simply plan.Speak clearly and slowly. Normal speed. 80-90 words/minuteOrganize your replyTopic sentence-supporting idea-transitionsMonitor the time carefullyCoherenceEasy to understandSignal words or transitionsGive examplesFor example, one example, also, such as, another example, in additionGive reasonsBecause, one reason, first, second, third… so (that), another reason, finally Use known vocabularySpeak clearlyMild speech speedComplete meaning being conveyedLinking words together规则：前辅后元i.Free-choice responsea.What’s your favorite holiday? Use reasons and details to support your response.Spring Festival: don’t have to work, food, gift money, visiting friendsNational Day: holiday, travelThanksgiving: give thanks to, turkeyChristmas: gift exchanged, new building, greeting friendsT: spring festivalS: family gatheringMom dad, delicious foodAnts climbing trees, vacation7 days offb.If you suddenly got 10 million, what would you spend it on? Use details tosupport your response.T: several thingsS: huge house: mom and dadStock bondsVacation, NepalStudy abroadOwn businessGive money to parentsHope projectInvestmentBuy cars, houses, villasc.Why are you preparing to take TOEFL test. Use reasons and examples to supportyour response.Enhance English abilityPrepare for further studyT: several reasonsS: international student Harvard StanfordProve English levelGre gmat lsat next onesii.Paired-choice responsea.Some people like to eat most of their meals with other people. Others prefereating most of their meals alone. Which do you prefer and include details andexamples in your explanations.T：othersS: talk with themFood, enjoy better, great time to talkCook myself, share the foodT: aloneS: not talkative, concentrateBad for healthIndigestionIntegrated tasksReading-listening- speaking (campus-related)Reading-listening- speaking (academic)Listening-speaking (campus-related)Listening-speaking (academic)3.Campus SituationFormat for No.3 questionIn this set of materials, the reading passage describes a notice (the title of the reading passage) and the listening passage is a discussion by two students on …… (Summarize each passage with one sentence).According to the reading passage, the notice explains (discusses)…. (optional)In the listening passage, the students discuss the notice…4.LectureReading (short passage about an academic subject: physical science and the humanities, no outside knowledge is needed)Listening (a professor give a brief excerpt from a lecture on that subject)Taking notesTopicMajor pointsExamples, figuresCauses (cause - and – effect relationship)Formula for No.4In this set of materials, the reading passage describes….and the listening passage is a lecture by a professor on the same topic.According to the reading passage,…In the listening passage, the professor discusses…5.Problem-solvingDescribe the problem and discuss the better solutionFollow the following instructions:What is the topic?What problem does the woman have?What does the man suggest the woman should do?What do you think of the suggestions?What do you think the woman should do?6.Academic LectureIn the lecture, the professor describes something about_________。
TOEFL作文模板(课堂笔记)
作文语法（一）开篇1.写作多用大词,35个A large/ great/ huge/ certain peopleTremendous/ consideration/ infinite/ incomputable/ inestimable2.用who引导定语从句增长句子3.实词多变Believe/ hold/ insist/ maintain/ argue/ assert/ propose1)同意转换2）意念转移3）语法结构转换Good/ splendid/ outstanding/ excellent/ A-levelNew comer/ green hand/ novicesHigh-achieve student/ student with high abilities/student at top of the class4.结构多变This view/ idea/ viewpoint/ standpoint/ that claim…1)some who…定语从句hold the idea that…同位语claim2)some, holding this idea that…,claim…插入语3)Holding this idea that…状语开头some claim that….（二）主题思想不同意70%agree+30%disagree 题目观点的写在背景70%中同意70%disagree+30%agree 题目反义写成70%背景中使用实副词（三）名词化处理1.If you carefully compare these two teaching methods, you will find the former one issuperior.→the carefully comparison will discover…2.Because children can’t distinguish the right from the wrong, they can’t make sound decision.→the inability to distinguish the right from the wrong prevents children from making sound…Can not→inabilityMay→possibilityNeed→necessityShould→responsibility/ obligation3.when the old worker sees that he is going to retire, he begin to worried about his future→theprospect of the retirement stimulates the old worker’s anxiety of his future.（四）使动动词的改写En~ enrich enlarge enable ensure encourage endanger enslave entitle empower~en widen broaden darken deepen cheapen weaken lengthen heighten strengthen frighten Make me admire him→heighten my admiration~ize industrialize commercialize capitalize modernize democratize sensitize realize~fy purify simplify beautifyDive force render stimulate prevent allow permitmake you have few opportunities →prejudge you opportunities to do…（五）独立主格absolutely phrase谓语动词→非谓语动词Do/ does/did/will/be→doingHave/has done→having doneBe doing→doingBe to do→to doAm/is/are/was/were→beingHave/has been→having being（1）主语开头句：写10个非主语开头句（2）同位语开头句：写一个N. be n. and do n.=N. who be n. do n.(建议不写)N. , n. , do n.N. , n. do n.（3）补语开头句：写2个Other professionals like doctors and teachers, different from pop stars, create the true value of society。
新东方TOEFL笔记
所以要想保证听得懂，就要保证说得对） （4）不看只听，跟读，要求同上 （5）不看不听，复述或背诵 （6）以上步骤适当重复，直到达到目的
#听 lecture 需要的能力和锻炼方法（二十段法） （1）听觉识别力――句法结构、专业词汇 训练方法（二十段法） ： (材料下载地址: /dispbbs.asp?boardid=19&id=190221) a. 节选出 20 段 lecture（见附带文件，此 20 段包含了所有教授讲 lecture 时的说话套路） ，将这 20 段分成 5×4 四部分 b. 对于第 1－5 段，听一句，写一句（听写） ，每句听不超过三遍， 每段听完后打开原文，扫清障碍，没听懂处便是听力薄弱环节。 （以上前 5 天完成） 第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 5 段材料 c. 对于第 6－10 段，每听 2－3 句总结大意，听完整篇后，所写出的 东西应该通顺完整。之后打开原文，核实，扫清障碍（以上 5 天 完成） 第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 10 段材料 d. 对于第 11－15 段，听全文，写 keypoint（听三遍，每遍补充） （一 般不只一个 keypoint。之后打开原文，核实，扫清障碍（以上 5 天完成）
单词建立联系，或者将一个单词与一件事物、一个事情联系起来去 记，这样便不仅记住了你要记的东西“是什么” ，还记住了这个东 西“在哪里” ，效果就会很好。 （5 ） 词汇的维度： #强、弱（程度） #正式、非正式 # 褒义、贬义 #单词、词
根(同样一个词会有这样两种写法，就像中文中， “水”字写成汉字 和偏旁部首时写法也是不同的一样) （6 ） #高级、低级（用法）
第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 15 段材料 e. 对于第 16－20 段，听全文 3 遍，之后用英文复述，打开原文，核 实，扫清障碍（以上 5 天完成） 第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 20 段材料 f. 20 篇都听完后，找出听得不熟的。用跟读法再解决 *此方法综合训练听说读写能力 （2）提高记忆力：关键是提高听力水平！ （3）提高听段子时的注意力：关键还是提高听力水平！ （4）猜的能力：把注意力放在听懂了的地方！没听懂的地方随便一猜 就行了，别花太多心思，以免因小失大。而且越是不容易听懂的 地方，越不容易是出题点。
托福综合写作笔记法
托福综合写作笔记法阅读笔记：用中文记下主题，用中文记的好处在于可以最大程度避免照搬阅读中出现的词汇和句子，因为这样分数会很低。
总结材料中几个支持性的细节或例子，并用简单英语记录。
重要细节名词一定要记录下来，并且准确拼写，同时还要标出序号，用于听力。
做到边念，边记，边预测。
经验证明，一般阅读默念，既可以非常好的认识阅读材料的结构和主要支持细节，又可以很好提醒自己一些关键性词汇的发音，以便在听力时大大降低听觉压力。
听力笔记：首先判断听力材料的主题，用中文最简单的方式记录下来。
因为在听力时，你基本没有时间用英文记录，而且使用英语记录会有另一个问题，就是由于这些简短的记录，会使意义模糊不清，而且碰到不会写的词会影响心情。
一些重要的细节性名词，在听力和阅读材料中都会出现。
阅读时要准确记录，这样听力时用箭头直接指代，非常省时。
好笔记的标准：在听完或读完，可以根据自己的笔记把刚才听到或读到的材料复述出来。
实例演练：A reason for the worldwide use of English language is its use throughout the Commonwealth, which includes a quarter of the world's people in one-sixth of the world's land area. All of forty-nine member states have at some time been under British rule. In some of them English is the first language; others, with several different languages of their own, find English the most convenient means of communication except for small-scale business. Today the Commonwealth is a loose association of independent sovereign states, nearly all of them members of the United Nations, scattered among the continents and their adjacent islands. British rule stillcontinue in a few groups of islands, all but one of them too small in population to beindependent states but preferring to continue the British connection rather than toattach themselves to any neighboring states. The only one with more than 30000 people is Hong Kong with nearly six million. It cannot become independent because it's mainland section part of China, but had been held by British on a ninety-nine yearlease which expired in 1997.The transformation of the British Empire into a " Commonwealth" of independent nations began, in part, in 1867 with the establishment of Canada as a fully self- governing country, still associated with Britain. Australia and New Zealand followed.With all these, full power was transferred, with agreement on both sides, to the representative institution of people mostly descended from emigrants from Britain, though part of Canada was French.The new Commonwealth began in 1947, when India and Pakistan became fully independent. India's membership of the Commonwealth was not affected by its decision three years later to become a republic. All the major colonial territories, inAsia, Africa and the Caribbean, had become independent within twenty years. (294 words)参考笔记：Co (缩写Commonwealth 段子第一句就说这个词)1/4人 1/6土（对第一句后半句的分句用数字和汉字精炼记下）49国英管（出现数字要特别记录，因为小细节容易忘又容易考）松散联合独立国（几个词翻译上面那句话）人少不独立英管（三个中文词翻译整句话）HK 6m （million)回归不独立（两个词把硕大句子简化）改革1867 CA独立（三个词串起来就是：英联邦改革，1867年开始，那年加拿大独立。
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TOEFL iBT Reading 网络课堂听课笔记新托福考试相关知识考试证件：护照最好，身份证也可考试完之后的十五天出成绩一个人两次考试时间间隔不低于七天General Introduction to iBT TOEFLReading 60-100 minsListening 60-90 minsBreak 10 mins 厕所，不要吃冰的东西、饼干、辣的东西；最好吃香蕉Speaking 20 mins 包括阅读和听、以及回答时间Writing 50 mins 纯粹回答问题的时间Total time: 4 hours新托福写作基本介绍General Introduction to iBT TOEFL WritingContent: integrated writing 综合写作(读、听、写，要求较高，不用发表个人意见) and independent writing(300字以上，400-500分数较好，高分一定要400字以上，600字以上可能得满分)Score: raw score: 0-5 scaled score: 0-30Time: Integrated Writing: 20 minutesReading: 3 mins/230-300wordsListening: 2 mins/230-300words150-225 words 不需要发表个人观点Independent writing: 30 minutes300 words 以上写作训练方法：“写”练习写作的步骤：需要写20篇左右的文章1-5 不限时写作字数达到300，结构完整，不计好坏6-10 保证1小时内完成，结构完整，字数300以上，写完进行检查：语法、冗余11-20 要半小时完成，字数要超过400，结构完整，写完进行检查和润饰写作基本知识/应试技巧基本知识：两篇作文都不需要写标题文章分段方法：缩行式（4-6个字母）和空行式应试技巧：如何直入主题：如何根据评分要求获得高分Be the best of all; orBe the best of the crowd; orBe the best of yourself.写作规则：1.The longer, the better! (大量认证、文章内容充实，衔接良好)2.Best structureBest sentencesBest words三种句子训练方法1.用多种方法表达同一句意例如：A对B很重要1) A is important to B.2) A plays an important role/part in B.3) A is of (great/amazing) importance/significance to B.4) B cannot live/develop/grow/survive without A5) A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper/ water is to fish/ the heart is to a human.6) A is essential/significant/crucial/critical/vital/indispensable to B.7)The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated/denied/ignored/doubted.8) A means a lot to B.9) A is everything/the whole world to B.10)Nothing is more important to B than A.11)A matters/counts to B.2.扩充句子将一个简单句进行扩充，增加至15字、25字、35字，尽量使用不同的语法结构，如同位语，插入语，非谓语结构，各种从句、并列结构等。
（要求：文章里多于20字的句子至少不少于3句）3.对句式进行各种变化开头的变化（名词、不定式、介词词组、分词、从句、动名词、代词）结尾的变化长短句的变化主被动的变化：以主动为主，被动为辅考试时尽可能以长句为主写作换算：3—203.25—213.5—223.75—244—254.25—274.5—284.75—295—30新托福写作须知1.考试使用美式英语或英式英语？都可以，但美式比较好但一定不要温和美式和英式2.字数非常重要Integrated writing: 300Independent writing: 4503.结构3\4\5\6段式4.拼写5.书面语或口语？书面语好点Photo-photographLab-laboratoryDorm-dormitoryKid-childCan’t-can not 在疑问句中必须使用缩略式。
英汉语区别逻辑性英语逻辑性比汉语逻辑强表达方式汉语表达的特点：曲折、委婉（曲线型思路）英语表达的特点：明确、直接（直线型思路）文化的影响As stupid as a donkey 猪Horse 勤奋写作原则：1.正式文体2.完整结构3.明确观点4.精彩纷呈5.正式形式6.通顺连贯7.扬长避短驳论文的写法—一般用于“do you agree or disagree”驳论点的写法先承认对方观点的某些合理性再列举实例或理由证明对方观点的逻辑漏洞或片面性再、或阐述按照对方的观点会有什么样的恶劣后果驳论据的写法先确定对方观点所持的理由再证明对方观点理由的版面性或虚假性还可以再提出自己的论据证明自己的观点论点切入点健康（营养、放松心情、身体素质、食品安全、生活习惯、烟酒、身体伤害）和安全（生命、财产）便利（节省时间、时间灵活、交通、休闲、健身、娱乐、吃喝、购物）交流（交流技巧）、与家人、父母、朋友、同学、同事、领导、网友交流习惯与心理（风俗、习惯、兴趣、亲情、友情、爱情、乐趣、好恶）成就感（成功、荣誉感、财富、自信、动力、压力）sense of achievement; Success, succeed, successful, make it; sense of honor; motivation; pressure环保（生态平衡、动植物的保护、环境污染如：水、空气、光、嗓音、辐射等）ecological balance\system经济（资金、投资、节约、旅游、就业、工资、收入、支出、效益、税收）fund, investment, save, tourism, employment, profit, tax品格（有经验、能干、聪明、合作、坚忍不拔、上进、独立、负责任、宽容、乐观、谦虚、勇敢、善良）experienced, ability\capable\competent, cooperate\cooperative, persevere\perseverance\persevering, aggressive, independent, responsibility\responsible, tolerant\tolerant\tolerance, optimistic-pessimistic, modest, kind科技、教育与培训（教学技术的发展（电脑、电视、卫星、机器人）、知识的积累、职业的选择、效率）国家与文明（民族振兴、社会发展、公益、人与自然的和谐、文明的传承和发扬）寻找理由的方法有什么条件可以这样？如果这样有何好处、坏处？如果不这样有何好处、坏处？如果要这样、人们必须怎么办？可行吗？如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？理由不能太具体，否则不易展开各理由必须是并列关系、递进关系理由的排列顺序由段落长短来决定思维训练审题并确定所给观点哪些可用来支持，那些可用来反对：Topic 1: In many countries, the size of the average family has gotten smaller in recent years. Describe both the advantages and disadvantages of having a small family.For Against1. Parents have the time to give more attention and affection to each child.2. Old parents are more likely to be abandoned to live in homes for senior citizens.3. Children may be overprotected by their parents, making them weaker individuals.4. There is more privacy and fewer interruptions.5. It is necessary to control the rapid growth of the population.6. Both parents may go out to work, leaving the child or children alone or with baby-sitters.7. Parents can more easily afford a better education for their children.8. Family decisions are easier to make.9. It is less fun to be with fewer people.10. There are fewer family members to help each other in times of trouble.文章结构推荐五段式主体（3段）开头（1段）结尾（1段）主体框架1+1 四段模式：主体两段，开头、结尾各一段：支持面的理由两点充分论述2+1（A型）：支持面的理由两点充分论述+支持面的另一个理由简略论述2+1（B型）：支持面的优点两点充分论述+反对面的缺点一到两点简略论述2-1（重点推荐）2-1（A型）：支持面优点两点充分论述+反对面优点一到两点简略论述2-1（B型）：支持面的优点两点充分论述+支持面的缺点一到两点简略论述折中方案：根据不同的阶段、不同的年龄、不同的人群，不同的目的得出不同的结论文章内容比例支持面的理由最好要比反对面理由多、段落数多，字数多，而且阐释得更具体。
人称：论证说理部分使用第三人称。
涉及个人情况时使用第一人称。
表达个人观点时使用第一人称。
尽量使用复数形式的第三人称，避免he\she的出现。