(完整版)国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案
III. Explain the following terms1. shipment contractShipment contract is a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival contractArrival contract means a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation, c. The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should youdo?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?Importing. FOB should be used with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goods were ready on 10March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on 22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly. However the nominated vessel did not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged.When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The seller required the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within the shipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1)首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
国际贸易专业英语第二版课后答案
国际贸易专业英语第二版课后答案1、Across the river（）. [单选题] *A. lies a new built bridgeB.lies a newly built bridge(正确答案)C. a new built bridge liesD.a newly built bridge lies2、Jim wants to hang out with his friends at night, but his parents don’t allow him ______ so. （）[单选题] *A. doB. doneC. to do(正确答案)D. doing3、I_____you that I had made the right decision. [单选题] *A.ensuredB.insuredC.assured(正确答案)D.for sure4、Jack can speak Japanese, and his brother can _______ speak Japanese. [单选题] *A. tooB. also(正确答案)C. eitherD. as well5、I have only two tickets for TF Boys’concert. ______ you ______ he can go with me.（）[单选题] *A. Either; or(正确答案)B. Either; norC. Both; andD. Not only; but also6、During the Spring Festival, people in Northern China usually eat _______ as a traditional Chinese food. [单选题] *A. pizzaB. dumplings(正确答案)C. hamburgersD. noodles7、I am so excited to receive a _______ from my husband on my birthday. [单选题] *A. present(正确答案)B. percentC. parentD. peace8、41．—________ do you take?—Small, please. [单选题] *A．What size(正确答案)B．What colourC．How manyD．How much9、86．—? ? ? ? ? ? ?will it take me to get to the Golden Street?—About half an hour. [单选题]* A．How farB．How long(正确答案)C．How oftenD．How much10、94．—Let’s go out for a picnic on Sunday.—________. [单选题] *A．Nice to meet youB．Here you areC．The same to youD．Good idea(正确答案)11、Can you give her some ______ ? [单选题] *A. advice(正确答案)B. suggestionC. advicesD. suggest12、I think you should buy this novel. It is really worth _____. [单选题] *A. reading(正确答案)B. being readC. readD. to read13、He has bought an unusual car. [单选题] *A. 平常的B. 异常的(正确答案)C. 漂亮的D. 废弃的14、I _______ the job because I couldn’t stand(忍受) the rules. [单选题] *A. gave inB. gave outC. gave backD. gave up(正确答案)15、Once you get on the road, here are some traffic _______ to remember. [单选题] *A. problemsB. positionsC. rules(正确答案)D. points16、I walked too much yesterday and （）are still aching now. [单选题] *A. my leg's musclesB. my leg muscles(正确答案)C. my muscles' of legD. my legs' muscles17、We have _______ a double room with a bath for you in the hotel. [单选题] *A. boughtB. reserved(正确答案)C. madeD. taken18、Bliss, who worked in an information centre, began to work on the book in 1 [单选题] *A. 策划B. 上班C. 写作(正确答案)D. 销售19、—What ______ your sister ______ this Saturday?—Something special, because it’s her birthday. （）[单选题] *A. are; going to doB. is; going to do(正确答案)C. does; doD. did do20、My brother usually _______ his room after school. But now he _______ soccer. [单选题] *A. cleans; playsB. cleaning; playingC. cleans; is playing(正确答案)D. cleans; is playing the21、I _______ seeing you soon. [单选题] *A. look afterB. look forC. look atD. look forward to(正确答案)22、It’s windy outside. _______ your jacket, Bob. [单选题] *A. Try onB. Put on(正确答案)C. Take offD. Wear23、I’m still unable to make myself_____in the discussion, which worries me a lot. [单选题]*A.understandB.understood(正确答案)C.understandingD.to be understood24、How can I _______ the nearest supermarket? [单选题] *A. get offB. get upC. get to(正确答案)D. get on25、_____ yuan a month _____ not enough for a family of three to live on today. [单选题] *A. Five hundred; is(正确答案)B. Five hundreds; areC. Five hundred; areD.Five hundreds; is26、One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but at least can help cover my living（）. [单选题] *A. billsB. expenses(正确答案)C. pricesD. charges27、The bookshop is far away. You’d better _______. [单选题] *A. by the busB. by busC. take busD. take?the bus(正确答案)28、The teachers don't make us wear a school uniform and we can wear _____ we like. [单选题] *A. anyB. thatC. asD. what(正确答案)29、65．There is a big sale on in the shop! Every-thing is ________ price. [单选题] *A．bigB．fullC．zeroD．half(正确答案)30、It’s very hot. Please _______ your coat. [单选题] *A. look afterB. take off(正确答案)C. take onD. put on。
国际贸易实务双语教程第二版习题参考答案
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business which involved the crossing of national borders2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people intere sted in a firm‟s products and services and by customers‟ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm‟s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers‟ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine‟ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries joinin international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a cou ntry‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day‟s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grewand developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today‟s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation‟s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
(完整版)国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案(20210206064729)
III. Explain the followi ng terms1. shipme nt con tractShipme nt con tract is a con tract using an In coterm which in dicates that the delivery happe ns at the time or before the time of shipme nt.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submissi on of tran sport docume nt by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival con tractArrival con tract means a con tract using an In coterm which in dicates that the delivery happe ns whe n the goods arrive at the desti natio n.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questi ons1. Who pays for loadi ng for shipme nt un der FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for un loadi ng un der CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and con trast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is resp on sible for uni oadi ng the goods at the port of desti nati on, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway tran sportatio n.Differen ces: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocea n tran sportatio n; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportati on and in sura nce aga inst the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the tran sfer of risks?Shipme nt con tract terms vs. arrival con tract terms. Un der shipme nt con tract terms the seller's risk will be tran sferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipme nt. Un der arrival con tract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods un til the goods arrive at the desti nati on.5. What are the differe nces and similarities betwee n CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should con tract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not tak ing the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway tran sport,b. Un der CPT the seller's risk will be tran sferred to the buyer whe n the goods are han ded over to the first carriernominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should con tract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not tak ing the risk of loss of or damage to the goods duri ng the tran sportati on, c. The seller must obta in in sura nce aga inst the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed overto the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods areloaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? Importing. FOB should beused with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goods were ready on 10March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on 22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly.However the nominated vessel did not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged. When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The sellerrequired the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within theshipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1）首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
国贸专业英语课后答案2012版
国贸专业英语（第二版）课后习题答案Unit 1 International Trade TheoriesII. 1.c 2.g 3.e 4.k 5.a 6.f 7.h 8.b 9.i 10.o 11.L 12.m 13.p 14.q 15.nV. 1.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries.2.International trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources-whether labor ,technology ,or capital-more efficiently.3.Multinational firms, as opposed to local ones ,undertake their business operations on a global basis.4.For recent years ,China has registered fast and sustained growth in foreign trade volumes.5.Give a globalized world market,firms find themselves in fierce competition with domestic and foreign players.II. 1.b 2.d 3.q 4.a 5.g 6.e 7.c 8.m 9.h 10.o 11.l 12.p 13.j 14.k 15.rV. 1.The import policy is directed at the acquisition of capital goods that embody the modern technology needed to develop China’s economy.2.Many economist argue that free trade will enhance the economic growth and increase the living standard.3.International trade continues to be dominated by advanced industrialized countries the trade volume of which accounts for over half of the world’s total.4.Since the implementation of reforms and opening up policy ,especially after its accession to the WTO ,China has achieved remarkable growth in foreign trade.5.Economists have been engaged in the research on the theoretical and practical issues arising from the expansion of international business.II. 1.p 2.g 3.h 4.b 5.e 6.q 7.a 8.i 9.j 10.c 11.n 12.m 13.d 14.l 15.fV. 1.After the Second World War, there emerged various forms of cross business activities such as trade in goods and services, foreign direct investment and technology transfer, etc.2.In the absence of exchange reserves or credit ,or the possibility of negotiating another type of agreement ,the only alternative is barter.3.Before entering into a licensing agreement ,the licensor should have a thorough knowledge of the laws and regulations concerning the intellectual property rights in the licensee’s country.4.Increasingly, firms are obtaining more profits by introducing products in foreign and their domestic markets as they move toward greater globalization of their operations.5.There is no question that high returns on overseas investments are a major motive for multinational companies to engage in foreign direct investment.II. 1.f 2.h 3.a 4.i 5.b 6.g 7.d 8.k 9.n 10.p 11.m 12.o 13.e 14.c 15.qV. 1.Chrysler auto company should declare bankruptcy rather than ask the government for help.2.The project is the key to the factory for its survival and development.3.The agreement can be considered by America a vote of confidence for Russia's economy.4.The surgeon of emergency room was so busy that he had only time to bolt down a sandwich.5.More specifically, they questioned whether the United States really exported capital-intensive items in exchange for labor-intensive products.II. 1.b 2.q 3.h 4.a 5.i 6.c 7.j 8.k 9.f 10.l 11.p 12.m 13.n 14.d 15.eV. 1.For many years there has been an agreement among nations against imposing quotas unilaterally on goods.2.A projective tariff is intended to artificially inflate prices of imports and “project” domestic industries from foreign competition.ernment procurement policies are also trade barriers because they usually favor domestic manufactures and severely restrict purchases of imported goods by government agencies.4.Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers.5.Customs and other administrative formalities involve a variety of government policies and procedures that either discriminate against imports or favor exports.II. 1.f 2.a 3.m 4.b 5.g 6.d 7.e 8.i 9.n 10.j 11.h 12.k 13.c 14.l 15.oV. 1.Environmentalists argue that if issues such as global warming and protection of the rain forests are not brought into the equation, commercial goals will win out and environment will suffer.2.Unconditional MFN status came in 2000 ,paying the way for WTO membership.3.To the dismay of the US, the panel decided that Japan had not violated WTO rules,as there had been no connection between government action and Japan’s market structure.4.All countries enjoy a recognized right to safeguard national interests ,but this principle ,as well as the interpretation of WTO rules themselves,is subject to considerable latitude in interpretation.5.A country found to be in breach of trade rules by a panel may appeal to the Appellate Body.II. 1.g 2.j 3.h 4.f 5. d 6. e 7. n. 8.a 9.l 10. o 11.i 12.c 13.k 14 p 15.m V. 1.Low- income countries generally did not want to add new topics ,and this conference just reached an agreement for establishing a working group to take on these issues.2. They formed an alliance in Cancun, the alliance took the fight to the Axis powers in Europe and America for the first time.3. To the chagrin of high-income countries , India ,China ,Cuba, Pakistan and Zimbabwe try to link these issues with the obligations of rather than rights of foreign investors.4. Environmental provisions allow a country to restrict imports from other countries without a clear environmental standards, then in this regard, the environmental provisions are in as much as the labor provisions.5. In Cancun, the EU is in the face of strong opposition from G22, a new alliance of low-income countries, for EU's proposal of cancellation of the terms of investment and competition.Unit 8 IncotermsII. 1 .c 2 g 3 o 4 f 5 b 6 k 7 e 8 i9 l 10 d 11 a 12 h 13 j14 p 15 nV. 1 The buyer will assume all costs and risks and make arrangements associated with the transport of the goods, and must make payment according to the contract terms.2 If other modes of transport are involved ,these terms do not apply, even if one of the legs of the journey is by ship.3 In a CFR contract, the sellers has the usual FOB obligations, and after the vessel is loaded the seller is absolved from liability for damage to the cargo.4 The seller’s responsibility for costs and risks of loss will end when the rail car or truck trailer is loaded, or in the case of sea or air transport, when the goods are delivered to the carrier for loading.5 Normally the buyer will make arrangements for further transportation, though the contract might specify that the seller will make such arrangements.II. 1 d 2 g 3i 4 b 5 j 6 a 7 e 8 f 9 h 10 c 11 n 12 k 13 m 14 l15 oV. 1 It would be impractical to attempt to acknowledge individually those many who have given us aid and advice.2 National currencies always have advantage over private currencies.3 The factory was shut down for lack of funds.4 It’s management that’s at fault rather than the workforce.5 Such behavior may result in the executive being asked to leave.Unit10 Contract and OffersII. 1 d 2 f 3 p 4 j 5 h 6 g 7 a 8 c 9 e 10i 11 b 12 k 13 n 14 o 15l V. 1 The company may prefer to submit quotes in the form of a pro-forma invoice for ease of administration as the pro-forma details can be simply transferred to a commercial invoice when the order is placed.2 Once the quotation has been submitted to the buyer, the exporter is committed to fulfilling all the terms contained within the document should an order be placed on the strength of it.3 The buyer, understandably, pointed out that the contract had been agreed and that the exporter was bound to its terms.4 Difficulties may arise when the purchasing company also includes its standard terms and conditions and tries to the gain the upper hand.5. The exporter is advised to prepare some standard terms and conditions of sale that can be incorporated into the documentation in addition to the specific terms of the contract.II. 1.i 2.g 3.f 4.o 5.h 6.e 7.d 8.b 9.m 10.a 11.k 12.n 13.cV. 1.The letter of credit is the bank instrument that assures the seller of payment if he makes the agreed upon shipment.2. Payment shall be available by draft drawn under L/C payable not longer than 90 days after presentation of documents to the negotiating bank of the L/C, together with an interest of 8.5% perannum for buyer’s account.3. Payment by a prime banker’s irrevocable, transferable L/C, confirmed by a first-class bank in the key currency country, covering full value of the contracted goods, in favor of seller, available by draft at sight for 100% invoice value, accompanied with the following documents.4. We have today instructed our bank to open in your favor a confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit with partial shipment and transshipment allowed, available by draft at sight, against surrendering the full set of shipping documents to the negotiating bank.5. This method is for the seller to draw on the buyer for the purchase price on D/P basis.6. The importer, when he wants to open an L/C to cover the purchase from abroad, may apply to his banker for a letter of credit for any amount.7. Y our order was confirmed by our fax of March 15, subject to arrival of credit within 15 days from the date.II. 1i 2.q 3.j 4.p 5.l 6.e 7.o 8.n 9.b 10.c 11.h 12.d 13.a 14.m 15.kV. 1.The Brown Bank in London is in a position to open letters of credit in Renminbi against our sales confirmation or contract.2.Y ou must be aware that an irrevocable L/C gives the exporter the additional protection of banker's guarantee.3.A documentary credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the seller whereby the bank promises to pay a beneficiary against presentation of documents relating to the dispatch of goods.4.The documentary requirements are designated by the buyer in his bank application for the letter of credit.5.We have drawn on you at 60 days' sight a draft for $90,000, under the credit No.450 of June 6, in favor of the Tokyo Bank.6.The expiry date of the credit being May 31, we request that you will arrange with your banker to extend it up to June 10, amending the said credit.7.After the bank pays the sight draft presented by the seller, it advises the buyer that the documents have been successfully negotiated and the buyer should pay the bank in accordance with his bank application.II. 1. d 2.j 3.i 4.l 5. p 6.e 7.g 8. o 9.m 10.k 11.c 12 a 13.h 14.b 15.fV. 1. Although freight forwarders charge for their services, they do at least have well-established international distribution networks that can be utilized cost-effectively, efficiently and with minimum involvement from the importer or exporter.2. There are many numbers of ways in which businesses can see their profitability eroded by lost or damaged goods.3. Companies make use of insurance brokers to insure the shipment during transport and customs brokers to clear the goods through customs on arrival.4. The deposit was refunded on leaving the country providing that it could be proven that the nature and value of the consignment remained unchanged.5. It is within the forwarder’s remit to ensure that goods are properly packaged and marked for transport and that appropriate documentation is prepared to facilitate shipment.。
【免费下载】国贸专业英语课后答案版
国贸专业英语（第二版）课后习题答案II. 1.c 2.g 3.e 4.k 5.a 6.f 7.h 8.b 9.i 10.o 11.L 12.m 13.p 14.q 15.nV. 1.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries.2.International trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources-whether labor ,technology ,or capital-more efficiently.3.Multinational firms, as opposed to local ones ,undertake their business operations on a global basis.4.For recent years ,China has registered fast and sustained growth in foreign trade volumes.5.Given a globalized world market,firms find themselves in fierce competition with domestic and foreign players.II. 1.b 2.d 3.q 4.a 5.g 6.e 7.c 8.m 9.h 10.o 11.l 12.p 13.j 14.k 15.rV. 1.The import policy is directed at the acquisition of capital goods that embody the modern technology needed to develop China’s economy.2.Many economist argue that free trade will enhance the economic growth and increase the living standard.3.International trade continues to be dominated by advanced industrialized countries the trade volume of which accounts for over half of the world’s total.4.Since the implementation of reforms and opening up policy ,especially after its accession to the WTO ,China has achieved remarkable growth in foreign trade.5.Economists have been engaged in the research on the theoretical and practical issues arising from the expansion of international business.II. 1.p 2.g 3.h 4.b 5.e 6.q 7.a 8.i 9.j 10.c 11.n 12.m 13.d 14.l 15.fV. 1.After the Second World War, there emerged various forms of cross business activities such as trade in goods and services, foreign direct investment and technology transfer, etc.2.In the absence of exchange reserves or credit ,or the possibility of negotiating another type of agreement ,the only alternative is barter.3.Before entering into a licensing agreement ,the licensor should have a thorough knowledge of the laws and regulations concerning the intellectual property rights in the licensee’s country.4.Increasingly, firms are obtaining more profits by introducing products in foreign and their domestic markets as they move toward greater globalization of their operations.5.There is no question that high returns on overseas investments are a major motive for multinational companies to engage in foreign direct investment.II. 1.f 2.h 3.a 4.i 5.b 6.g 7.d 8.k 9.n 10.p 11.m 12.o 13.e 14.c 15.qV. 1.Chrysler auto company should declare bankruptcy rather than ask the government for help.2.The project is the key to the factory for its survival and development.3.The agreement can be considered by America a vote of confidence for Russia's economy.4.The surgeon of emergency room was so busy that he had only time to bolt down a sandwich.5.More specifically, they questioned whether the United States really exported capital-intensive items in exchange for labor-intensive products.II. 1.b 2.q 3.h 4.a 5.i 6.c 7.j 8.k 9.f 10.l 11.p 12.m 13.n 14.d 15.eV. 1.For many years there has been an agreement among nations against imposing quotas unilaterally on goods.2.A projective tariff is intended to artificially inflate prices of imports and “project” domestic industries from foreign competition.ernment procurement policies are also trade barriers because they usually favor domestic manufactures and severely restrict purchases of imported goods by government agencies.4.Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers.5.Customs and other administrative formalities involve a variety of government policies and procedures that either discriminate against imports or favor exports.II. 1.f 2.a 3.m 4.b 5.g 6.d 7.e 8.i 9.n 10.j 11.h 12.k 13.c 14.l 15.oV. 1.Environmentalists argue that if issues such as global warming and protection of the rain forests are not brought into the equation, commercial goals will win out and environment will suffer.2.Unconditional MFN status came in 2000 ,paying the way for WTO membership.3.To the dismay of the US, the panel decided that Japan had not violated WTO rules,as there had been no connection between government action and Japan’s market structure.4.All countries enjoy a recognized right to safeguard national interests ,but this principle ,as well as the interpretation of WTO rules themselves,is subject to considerable latitude in interpretation.5.A country found to be in breach of trade rules by a panel may appeal to the Appellate Body.II. 1.g 2.j 3.h 4.f 5. d 6. e 7. n. 8.a 9.l 10. o 11.i 12.c 13.k 14 p 15.m V. 1.Low- income countries generally did not want to add new topics ,and this conference just reached an agreement for establishing a working group to take on these issues.2. They formed an alliance in Cancun, the alliance took the fight to the Axis powers in Europe and America for the first time.3. To the chagrin of high-income countries , India ,China ,Cuba, Pakistan and Zimbabwe try to link these issues with the obligations of rather than rights of foreign investors.4. Environmental provisions allow a country to restrict imports from other countries without a clear environmental standards, then in this regard, the environmental provisions are in as much asthe labor provisions.5. In Cancun, the EU is in the face of strong opposition from G22, a new alliance of low-income countries, for EU's proposal of cancellation of the terms of investment and competition.II. 1 .c 2 g 3 o 4 f 5 b 6 k 7 e 8 i 9 l 10 d 11 a 12 h 13 j 14 p 15 nV. 1 The buyer will assume all costs and risks and make arrangements associated with the transport of the goods, and must make payment according to the contract terms.2 If other modes of transport are involved ,these terms do not apply, even if one of the legs of the journey is by ship.3 In a CFR contract, the sellers has the usual FOB obligations, and after the vessel is loaded the seller is absolved from liability for damage to the cargo.4 The seller’s responsibility for costs and risks of loss will end when the rail car or truck trailer is loaded, or in the case of sea or air transport, when the goods are delivered to the carrier for loading.5 Normally the buyer will make arrangements for further transportation, though the contract might specify that the seller will make such arrangements.II. 1 d 2 g 3i 4 b 5 j 6 a 7 e 8 f 9 h 10 c 11 n 12 k 13 m 14 l 15 oV. 1 It would be impractical to attempt to acknowledge individually those many who have given us aid and advice.2 National currencies always have advantage over private currencies.3 The factory was shut down for lack of funds.4 It’s management that’s at fault rather than the workforce.5 Such behavior may result in the executive being asked to leave.II. 1 d 2 f 3 p 4 j 5 h 6 g 7 a 8 c 9 e 10i 11 b 12 k 13 n 14 o 15lV. 1 The company may prefer to submit quotes in the form of a pro-forma invoice for ease of administration as the pro-forma details can be simply transferred to a commercial invoice when the order is placed.2 Once the quotation has been submitted to the buyer, the exporter is committed to fulfilling all the terms contained within the document should an order be placed on the strength of it.3 The buyer, understandably, pointed out that the contract had been agreed and that the exporter was bound to its terms.4 Difficulties may arise when the purchasing company also includes its standard terms and conditions and tries to the gain the upper hand.5. The exporter is advised to prepare some standard terms and conditions of sale that can be incorporated into the documentation in addition to the specific terms of the contract.II. 1.i 2.g 3.f 4.o 5.h 6.e 7.d 8.b 9.m 10.a 11.k 12.n 13.cV. 1.The letter of credit is the bank instrument that assures the seller of payment if he makes theagreed upon shipment.2. Payment shall be available by draft drawn under L/C payable not longer than 90 days after presentation of documents to the negotiating bank of the L/C, together with an interest of 8.5% per annum for buyer’s account.3. Payment by a prime banker’s irrevocable, transferable L/C, confirmed by a first-class bank in the key currency country, covering full value of the contracted goods, in favor of seller, available by draft at sight for 100% invoice value, accompanied with the following documents.4. We have today instructed our bank to open in your favor a confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit with partial shipment and transshipment allowed, available by draft at sight, against surrendering the full set of shipping documents to the negotiating bank.5. This method is for the seller to draw on the buyer for the purchase price on D/P basis.6. The importer, when he wants to open an L/C to cover the purchase from abroad, may apply to his banker for a letter of credit for any amount.7. Your order was confirmed by our fax of March 15, subject to arrival of credit within 15 days from the date.II. 1i 2.q 3.j 4.p 5.l 6.e 7.o 8.n 9.b 10.c 11.h 12.d 13.a 14.m 15.kV. 1.The Brown Bank in London is in a position to open letters of credit in Renminbi against our sales confirmation or contract.2.You must be aware that an irrevocable L/C gives the exporter the additional protection of banker's guarantee.3.A documentary credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the seller whereby the bank promises to pay a beneficiary against presentation of documents relating to the dispatch of goods.4.The documentary requirements are designated by the buyer in his bank application for the letter of credit.5.We have drawn on you at 60 days' sight a draft for $90,000, under the credit No.450 of June 6, in favor of the Tokyo Bank.6.The expiry date of the credit being May 31, we request that you will arrange with your banker to extend it up to June 10, amending the said credit.7.After the bank pays the sight draft presented by the seller, it advises the buyer that the documents have been successfully negotiated and the buyer should pay the bank in accordance with his bank application.II. 1. d 2.j 3.i 4.l 5. p 6.e 7.g 8. o 9.m 10.k 11.c 12 a 13.h 14.b 15.fV. 1. Although freight forwarders charge for their services, they do at least have well-established international distribution networks that can be utilized cost-effectively, efficiently and with minimum involvement from the importer or exporter.2. There are many numbers of ways in which businesses can see their profitability eroded by lost or damaged goods.3. Companies make use of insurance brokers to insure the shipment during transport and customs brokers to clear the goods through customs on arrival.4. The deposit was refunded on leaving the country providing that it could be proven that thenature and value of the consignment remained unchanged.5. It is within the forwarder’s remit to ensure that goods are properly packaged and marked for transport and that appropriate documentation is prepared to facilitate shipment.。
国际贸易实务第二版---练习题答案--全部
练习题参考答案第一章一．判断题1√2×3×4√5√6√7√8×9×10√二．单选题：1A 2A 3B 4B 5A 6？7A 8 B 9A 10C三．多选题：1BCD 2ABC 3ACD 4ABCD 5BD 6ABCD 7BCD 8ABCD 9ABC 10ABCD第二章一．判断题：1×2×3√4√5×6×7×8√9×10√二．单选题：1B 2B 3A 4A 5C 6A 7C 8A 9A 10A 11B12A 13C14 A 15 A16 A 17B 18B 19 B 20A 21A 22 A 23B三．多选题：1ABC 2 ACD 3ABD 4ABC 5AC 6ABD 7ABCD 8BD 9ABC 10ABCD 11ABCD 12ABCD四．案例题1.答：最多：1磅=0.45359公斤，40磅=400.45359公斤=18.144公斤（10（1+5%）1000）18.144=578箱（尾数应去掉）最少：（10（15%）1000）18.144=524箱（尾数应进位）2.答：《统一惯例》规定：“凡“约”，“大约”用于有关信用证金额或数量或单价者，当解释为允许其金额或数量或单价有不超过10%的增减金额。
据此，我多装2 公吨亦可。
但来证的金额前并无类似“约”或“大约“的词语，故如持22公吨的发票和8800美元的汇票向银行办理议付，肯定不行。
因此，在签约时，如数量内约量，则来证之金额也应有相关规定。
否则，不能多装。
特别是对外汇紧缺和管制严格的国家尤应如此。
3.答：国外这一要求实质是定牌中性包装，一般可接受。
不过在接受法定牌名或指定商标时应注意其牌名或商标是否在国内外已有第三者进行注册。
在无法判明的情况下，为安全起见应在合同中列明“如发生工业产权争议应由买方负责“的条款，以防不测。
4．答：对方的要求是合理的，卖方交货的数量应严格按照信用证的规定执行，并按商品的净重交货。
国际贸易实务英文版课后练习参考答案 (2)
练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money withrelative safety.Ⅴ1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and ／or services across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale ofboth visible and invisible goods.2.In today’s complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economic reasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces （land,labor and capital）that it needs to develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs.As for the preferencereasons,international trade takes place because of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they needto do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balanceof trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanentproperty and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that：FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supporting industry,key projects,etc.“Buy local”rules 本地采购原则Ⅱ1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relativelyinefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
国际贸易实务习题集(第二版)答案 孟祥年主编
第一章商品的品质、数量和包装一、名词解释1．FAQFair Average Quality即良好平均品质，指一定时期内某地出口商品的平均品质水平。
国际市场上买卖农副产品时常见的一种“标准”，在我国习惯上称为“大路货”。
2．GMQGood Merchantable Quality即上好可销品质，指卖方须保证其交付的货物品质良好，适合商品销售，而在成交时无须以其他方式去说明商品的具体品质。
在国际贸易中，适用于木材、冷冻鱼虾等水产品的买卖。
3．品质公差Quality Tolerance，它是指在工业品交易中，买方允许卖方所交货物的品质有一定幅度范围内的误差。
4．Counter Sample即对等样品，指卖方按买方来样复制、提供或加工出一个类似的样品交买方确认,确认后的样品即为“对等样品”。
也可称为“回样”或“确认样品”。
对等样品改变了交易的性质，把原来的凭买方样品买卖变为凭卖方样品买卖。
5．Duplicate Sample即复样，卖方向买方寄样品的同时给自己留存的样品，以备日后可能发生的品质争端，作交货或处理纠纷时核对。
6．Gross for Net即以毛作净，指散装的大宗低价商品，一般无包装物，或一些有简单包装，但同货物重量相比很少，价值很低，因此在计价时，可以将毛重当作净重计，这种方法称为“以毛作净”。
7．Conditioned Weight即公量，指用科学的方法将商品的实际水分抽出，再加标准含水量所得的重量，这种方法适用于羊毛、生丝等经济价值较高但含水量又极不稳定的商品。
8． More or Less Clause即溢短装条款，指在买卖合同中的数量条款中明确规定可以增减的百分比，但以不超过规定数量的百分比为限。
9．Neutral Packing即中性包装，指既不标明生产国别、地名和厂商名称，也不标明原有商品的商标或品牌的包装。
10．Shipping Mark即运输标志，俗称“唛头”，通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的文字组成，其作用在于使装卸、运输、保管过程中的有关人员识别货物以防错发错运，它通常由发货人或收货人代号、目的地名称、批件号、参考号等四部分组成。
《国际贸易实务》(第二版) PPT、习题答案 第四章第二节
（2）特殊附加险
（二）责任起讫
基本险 一般附加险
仓至仓条款 （W / W Clause）
特殊附加险
罢工险 战争险
水面危险
（三）除外责任
➢ 被保险人的故意行为或过失所造成的损失 ➢ 属于发货人责任所引起的损失 ➢ 在保险责任开始前，被保险货物已存在的品
质不良或数量短缺所造成的损失
海上风险
一、风险
海
外来风险
因
上
实际全损
风
全部损失
险
推定全损
损 二、海 损 失 与
部分损失
共同海损 单独海损
果
费
用
施救费用
三、费用
救助费用
第二部分 海洋货物运输保险条款
一、我国海洋货物运输保险条款 二、伦敦保险协会海保险条款
➢责任范围★ ➢责任起讫 ➢除外责任 ➢被保险人义务 ➢索赔期限
一、我国海洋货物运输保险条款
二、海运货物保险承保的损失
海上损失
全部损失 部分损失
实际全损
推定失
1.实际全损
是指被保险货物完全灭失，或完全变质， 或货物实际上已经不可能归还保险人。
（一）全部损失
2.推定全损
是指被保险货物发生保险事故后，认为实际 全损已经不可避免，或为避免发生实际全损 所需支付的费用与继续将货物运到目的地费 用之和超过保险价值。
仅指运输工具搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞、 船舶与流冰或其他物体碰撞以及失火、爆炸等。
（二）外来风险
1.一般外来风险
是指由于一般外来原因所造成的风险。主要包括： 偷窃、提货不着、渗漏、短量、碰损、破碎、钩损、 淡水雨淋、生锈、玷污、受潮受热、串味等。
国际贸易实务英语课后练习答案
U n i t o n eI. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:protectionism domestic marketinterference direct investmentrestriction be first voiced bydominate mercantilism不利。
I.Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms:1) 绝对优势理论2）比较优势理论3）国际劳动分工4）要素禀赋理论5）土地密集型产品6）劳动密集型产品7）资本密集新产品8）获得优势9）天然优势10）文化要素差异II. (p18-19) Translate the following sentences into Chinese according to the patterns:1.即使所有产品都具有绝对优势的国家，因其必须放弃产出效率低的产品转而生产产出效率高的产品，也会从贸易中获益。
2.尽管美国产茶与产麦均有绝对优势，可它只在麦子生产上具有相对优势，因其产麦的优势较其产茶的优势更大。
3.要素禀赋理论认为，较丰富的生产要素比相对稀缺的要素更加廉价。
4.为了做好国际贸易，公司经理除需要掌握业务经营知识，还需要掌握基本的社会科学知识。
Unit TwoII．retaliatory tariff retail pricecountervailing tariff wholesale pricepunitive tax licenseSpecial Drawing Right clandestinerevenue tariff non-tariff barriersgovernment procurement coordinationinfant industry customs valuationII. (p36) Translate the following into Chinese:大多数国家目前就估价的程序达成了一致。