APA-语言学
心理学论文APA格式详解
Fredrickson，B. L., ＆Joiner, T。
(2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well—being. Psychological science, 13（2），172—175.马云献，扈岩. (2004)。
大学生感戴量表的初步编制. 中国健康心理学杂志,12(5）,387-389.《心理学报》参考文献著录格式(著者-出版年制）详细要求本刊来稿从即日起废止顺序编码制的参考文献著录格式，采用APA的著者—出版年制.详细规定请查阅Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association，2010年第6版。
正文中的文献引用标志正文中的文献引用标志可以作为句子的一个成分，如：Dell（1986）基于语误分析的结果提出了音韵编码模型，……汉语词汇研究有庄捷和周晓林（2001）的研究。
也可放在引用句尾的括号中，如:在语言学上，音节是语音结构的基本单位，也是人们自然感到的最小语音片段。
按照汉语的传统分析方法，汉语音节可以分析成声母、韵母和声调（胡裕树，1995；黄伯荣，廖序东，2001）。
音韵编码模型假设音韵表征包含多个层次（Dell,1986)。
可以根据行文的需要灵活选用一种方式。
总体要求1 正文中引用的文献与文后的文献列表要完全一致。
文中引用的文献可以在正文后的文献列表中找到;文献列表的文献必须在正文中引用。
2 文献列表中的文献著录必须准确和完备.3 文献列表的顺序⏹文献列表按著者姓氏字母顺序排列；姓相同，按名的字母顺序排列；著者姓和名相同,按出版年排列。
⏹相同著者，相同出版年的不同文献，需在出版年后面加a、b、c、d……来区分，按文题的字母顺序排列。
如：Wang, M。
Y。
(2008a). Emotional……Wang, M。
Y. （2008b)。
apa中文文内引用格式-解释说明
apa中文文内引用格式-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述引言部分是文章的开端，用于引出文章的主题和目的。
在这一部分，我们将简要介绍APA中文文内引用格式的重要性和使用方法。
APA是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）制定的文献引用格式，它被广泛应用于学术著作和期刊论文中。
良好的引用格式不仅可以提高文章的可读性和可信度，还可以避免学术不端行为。
在接下来的正文部分，我们将详细讨论APA中文文内引用格式的格式要求、使用场景以及示例说明。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分：本文由引言、正文和结论三部分构成。
引言部分概述了本文内容，并介绍了文章的结构和目的。
正文部分主要讨论了APA中文文内引用格式，包括格式要求、使用场景和示例说明。
结论部分对本文内容进行了总结，探讨了文章的应用意义，并展望了相关领域的研究方向。
整篇文章结构清晰，层次分明，便于读者理解和获取信息。
1.3 目的本文的目的在于介绍和解释APA中文文内引用格式的相关要求和规范。
通过本文的阐述，读者将会了解如何在文章中正确地引用中文文献，确保引用格式符合APA的要求。
同时，本文还将通过实际示例说明如何在不同的使用场景下进行中文文内引用，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这一引用格式的应用方法。
最终，本文旨在帮助读者提升学术写作的规范性和准确性，使其在撰写学术论文或其他文献时能够更加得心应手。
2.正文2.1 APA中文文内引用格式在学术论文写作中，对于引用他人观点或研究成果是非常重要的。
正确引用可以增强论文的可信度，而APA格式是学术界广泛使用的引用格式之一。
在进行中文文内引用时，按照APA格式的要求，需要在引用的地方标注作者姓氏和出版年份。
接下来将介绍APA中文文内引用的具体格式要求、使用场景以及示例说明。
2.1.1 格式要求在中文文内引用时，按照APA格式的要求，应该在句子中直接标注作者的姓氏和出版年份，如“根据Smith（2019）的研究结果显示……”。
语言学常用论文格式(APA.format)
This handout gives some basic examples of APA style for references in a research paper. There are many more types of resources than we have room for in this handout. For more examples and complete information, use the following resources from the APA:Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5 th ed.). (2001). Washington,DC: American Psychological Association. Copies are available at the Reference and Reserve desks at Chambers Library..(2001,September 8). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Retrieved September 24, 2001, from /References in the text of your paper (See pages 120121 and 207214 in the manual for complete details)APA style requires that you cite the author and publication year of a reference in the text of your paper. One or both of these elements may be in parentheses. Direct quotations also require the page number. The full citation will follow in the reference list at the end of the paper. Here are a few examples from the manual.· Wasserstein, Zappula, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994) found…· In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000)…· She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’…disappeared when behaviors were studied in thismanner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276).Reference list at the end of the paper (See pages 215281, 299 in the manual)The heading on the page of sources should be “References.” Include the page number on the top, righthand side of the page (your title page should be page 1). APA suggests your identify each page with the first two or three words from the title just to the left of the page number, although some professors may prefer you to use another identifier such as your name. Always check with your instructor for his or her preference. References should be in a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented. Doublespace the entire list (this will not be done on this handout). Alphabetize the list by first author’s last name. If there is no author given, start with the first significant word in the title. In titles, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, and proper names.Book Citation Basic Format: Author, A. A.(Publication Year). Title.Place of publication: Publisher.Examples from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association· Multiple authorsBeck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and futureprospects.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.5 th Edition· Edited bookGibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991).Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: JosseyBass.· Article or chapter in an edited bookMassaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. InH.L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual andmethodological issues (pp. 5184). Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.· Entry in an encyclopediaBergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.501508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.· Book, no author or editorMerriamWebster’s collegiate dictionary (10 th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.· Book, group author (government agency) as publisherAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (1991).Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra,Australian Capital Territory: Author.Periodical Article Citation Basic Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Publication Year). Article title. Periodical Title, volume, pages.Examples from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association · Journal article, one author, paginated by volumeMellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910924.· Journal article, journal paginated by issue, two authorsKlimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 1036.· Journal article, three to six authors (list each author name individually) Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 10401049.· Journal article, more than six authors (list up to six authors, then “et al.”?) Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al.(2000). An experimental evaluation of theorybased mother and motherchildprograms for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,843856.· Magazine article (for date, give month for monthly publications, month and day for weeklies)Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 11131120.· Newspaper article, no authorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.· Newspaper article, discontinuous pagesSchwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.Other Forms· ERIC Document (Give ERIC document number in parentheses at the end or the entry) Mead, J. V. (1992).Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTLRR924). East Lansing, MI:National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document ReproductionService No. ED 346082)· For other forms, for example technical reports, papers presented at meetings, translated works, volumes in a series, citations of works discussed in a secondary source, andothers, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Internet Site Basic Format: (See pages 231 and 268281 in the manual)A reference to an Internet source should include at least a document title or description, a date (either the date of publication or update or the date of retrieval), and an Internet address, or URL. Whenever possible, it should also include the author. Whenever possible, readers should be directed to specific documents rather than home pages. When a publication date is not available, use n.d. (no date).If a URL is too long for a single line, break it after a slash or before a period.· Multipage document created by a private organization, no dateGreater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do!Retrieved October5, 2000 from · Chapter or section in an Internet documentBenton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Lowincome communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved August 18,2001 from /Library/LowIncome/two.html· Standalone document, no author identified, no dateGVU’s 8 th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from/gvu/user_surveys/survey199710/· U.S. government report on government agency Web site, no publication date givenUnited States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.).1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved December 8, 1999, from /annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm· Internet article based on a print sourceVandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal ofBibliographic Research, 5,117123.If the format is an exact duplicate of the print version, use the same basic journal reference format, with the addition of [Electronic version] after the article title. If you believe it may differ from the print version, add the retrieval date and URL: Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.html· Article in an Internetonly journalFredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000,from /prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html · Article from an aggregated database (An item or accession number may be added (in parentheses at the end of the retrieval statement) but is not required.)Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White. L. A. (1993).Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of AppliedPsychology, 78, 443449. Retrieved October 23, 2000 from PsycARTICLESdatabase.Web Citations in TextFollow the author/date format as for written sources (see pages 120121 and 207214 in the Publication Manual). For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation “para.” If neither page nor paragraph numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material.(Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)Additional Sources for Citation and Style HelpLipson, C. (2006).Cite right: a quick guide to citation styles. Chicago: U of Chicago Press. Troyka, L. & Hesse, D. (2005).Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.APA Title PageYour title page should have the following:· In the upper right header, it should have the page header and page number. The page header is usually the first two or three words of the title. Put about 5 spaces or .25inch between your page header and your page number.· On the top left below the header, it should have the “Running head” or abbreviated title, which should not exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation. The running head is typed in ALL UPPERCASE.· Beginning in the upper half of the page, it should have the title of your paper, centered. On the next line, it should have your name (the author). If the paper was a joint project, all contributors should be listed here. The next line has your university affiliation. All lines should be doublespaced.See pages 296298 in the manual for complete details.*Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers (7 th ed) recommends the following in place of your university affiliation: where you would have typed your university affiliation, type your course title and section. On the following line, type the professor’s name. On the last line, type the date. It also does not mention using the running head on the title page. See pages 643658 for formatting instructions and examples. Always check with your instructor for his or her preferences.Example from Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers (not to scale), Example from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (not to scale)Biological Clocks 1Biological Clocks:The Body’s Internal TimepiecesCarlos VelezIntroduction to Psychology 115, Section P1Professor Robert SchmittNovember 17,2003Individual Differences 1 Running head: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BIMODAL PROCESSESIndividual Differences inBimodal Processing and Text RecallBruce R. Dunn and Kate I. RushUniversity of West Florida杭州印刷厂/。
MLA & APA 比较与区别
Differences
三位或三位以上作者的著作
MLA: Walker , Stephen A. , et al .Phonetics .New
Jersey : Princeton UP , 1967.
APA:
Festinger , L. , Riecken , H. , & Schachter , S. (1956) . When prophecy fails . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.
Similarities
书写格式：
各条目间双倍行距 悬挂式缩进，即每个条目除首行
外，均需缩进5-7个空格
参考书目的排列顺序，均按照作者
姓氏的拼写顺序，姓相同时按名 排序，姓名拼写都相同，按出版 书目时间的先后顺序；如时间也 相同，按标题的拼写顺序……
参考书目中英文引用同时存在时，遵 循先英后中的原则
参考文献类型标识
参 专 报 期 学 论 文 词 考 著 纸 刊 位 文 集 典、 文 文 文 论 集 文 译 章 章 文 献 章 文、 类 资 型 料 等 文 M N 献 类 型 标 识 J D C A Z
参考文献示范样例
Allan, Keith. Linguistic Meaning[M]. London: Routledge, 1986.
E.g.: Lind , L.R. , Trans .The By 1962. Aeneid . Vergil . Bloomington : Indiana UP, 1962.
APA格式为: :书目开头的作者为原著者, 然后是 译本 的出版年代、译本的标题。在译本的标 题后面的括 弧内注上译者名的首字母大写、 姓氏和缩写的 “Trans.”再到出版地和出版 社名, 最后还要在出版 社名后的括弧内注明 “Original work published — (year)
APA格式
纸本文献（2）
期刊中的文章（非连续页码）： Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's longawaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37. 期刊中的文章（连续页码）： Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146. 月刊杂志中的文章： Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
根据APA格式，若文章标题有 :
1个级数：使用第1级标题 2个级数：使用第1和第3级标题 3个级数：使用第1、第3、和第4级标题 4个级数：使用第1、第2、第3、和第4级标题 5个级数：使用第5、第1、第2、第3、和第4 级标题 （按：2个级数以上以大标题→小标题方式使用）
注意： 目前并无六级以上的标题规定。 APA格式不允许“数字”和“单一字母” 出现在标题之arlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]。Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–124. 电子期刊的文章（只有网络版的期刊） Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址 电子短信（newsletter）的文章 Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update. Off the beaten path, 7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页 地址
APA 格式指南
第一部分APA 格式指南1．缩写（Abbreviation）尽量避免缩写形式，但对于较长的、常用的表达形式可采用。
第一次使用缩写时应说清楚指代内容。
例如：American Psychological Association (APA)Second Language Acquisition (SLA)Experimental Group (EG)/Control Group (CG)论文中避免使用“Don‟t” and “Can‟t”等形式.2．文内引用格式（In-Text Citations）（1）直接引述（Direct citation）当所引用的作者是句子的一部分时：引述一个作者时，例如：Long (1991) argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.引述两个作者时中间用and (不用&)连接，例如：Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.引述三个以上少于六个作者时：第一次引用时，例如：Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) present a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.从第二次引用开始，第一个作者的姓+ et al. 表达，例如：Sanders et al. (1992) studied coherence relations based on four criteria.引述六个以上的作者时，可直接用第一个作者的姓+ et al. 表达。
apa格式第7版缩写
apa格式第7版缩写指南要求使用缩写时清楚明确，不会给读者造成混淆。
以下是APA格式第7版中常见的缩写及其拼写和含义。
1. 人名缩写Dr. - 博士（Doctor）Mr. - 先生（Mister）Ms. - 女士（Miss）Mrs. - 夫人（Missus/Mistress）2. 称谓缩写et al. - 等人（et alii/et aliae）e.g. - 例如（exempli gratia）i.e. - 即（id est）3. 国家和地区缩写USA - 美国（United States of America）UK - 英国（United Kingdom）EU - 欧盟（European Union）CHN - 中国（China）JPN - 日本（Japan）AUS - 澳大利亚（Australia）CAN - 加拿大（Canada）4. 学术期刊缩写APA - American Psychological AssociationPLoS - Public Library of ScienceJAMA - Journal of the American Medical AssociationNEJM - New England Journal of MedicineScience - ScienceNature - Nature5. 常见单词缩写7. 计量单位缩写g - 克（gram）kg - 千克（kilogram）mg - 毫克（milligram）L - 升（liter）mL - 毫升（milliliter）km - 千米（kilometer）cm - 厘米（centimeter）mm - 毫米（millimeter）mph - 英里/小时（miles per hour）km/h - 千米/小时（kilometers per hour）总之，使用缩写时应遵循清晰易懂的原则，以确保读者能够准确理解文章内容。
毕业论文的参考文献格式APA和MLA引用格式的应用与区别
毕业论文的参考文献格式APA和MLA引用格式的应用与区别在撰写毕业论文时，正确引用参考文献是十分重要的，因为这能够展示出我们的学术诚实，同时也能为文章提供可靠的支持和证据。
APA和MLA是两种最常用的引用格式，本文将介绍这两种格式的应用和区别。
一、APA引用格式的应用APA（American Psychological Association）引用格式常被用于社会科学领域的论文，包括心理学、教育学、社会学等。
下面是APA引用格式的一些基本规则：1. 在正文中引用文献时，作者姓名和出版年份要放在引用的括号中，如（Smith, 2010）。
2. 引用句子结尾的引用应放在句子末尾的句点之前，并在括号中包含作者姓名和出版年份。
3. 当引用具有不同页码的文献时，应这样写（Smith, 2010, p. 45）。
4. 当文章有多个作者时，应以"和"连接他们，并在括号中列出所有作者的姓氏（Smith, Johnson, & Lee, 2010）。
5. 如果引用的是有限的页码或者章节，应以"pp."或"chap."开头。
二、MLA引用格式的应用MLA（Modern Language Association）引用格式一般用于人文学科领域的论文，如文学、语言学、哲学等。
下面是MLA引用格式的一些基本规则：1. 在正文中引用文献时，作者姓名和页码数都要放在引用的括号中，如（Smith 45）。
2. 当引用书籍时，只需要在引用中包含作者的姓氏即可（Smith）。
3. 如果引用的是多个作者的书籍，则应列出第一个作者的姓氏，后面用"et al."表示（Smith et al.）。
4. 引用句子结尾的引用应放在句子末尾的句点之前，并在括号中包含作者姓名和页码数。
5. 如果引用连续的页码，只需要写第一个和最后一个页码，如（Smith 45-47）。
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外国语学院本科生英语专业毕业论文装订顺序（APA格式）（注：此格式用于文学、文化和翻译方向之外的所有论文）1.毕业论文封面（汉语）2.毕业论文首页（英语）3.致谢（英文）4.毕业论文英文摘要及关键词5.毕业论文中文摘要及关键词6.目录7.正文8.尾注（可选）9.参考文献（英语文献在前，汉语文献在后）10.附录（可选）附：论文模板（模板内容仅供参考，毕业生可根据实际情况填写）其它不明事项请查看临沂大学外国语学院英语专业本科生学位论文格式规定分类号：单位代码：10452 临沂大学毕业论文（设计）中国大学英语学习者连接副词使用情况调查姓名学号年级专业英语系（院）外国语学院指导教师张三2012年 6 月 10 日The Use of Linking Adverbials by Chinese College English LearnersA Thesis Submittedto Foreign Languages School ofLinyi Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsByXXXXXXSupervisor：XXXXXXJune 10, 2012would like to thank all those who have given me their generous helps, commitment and enthusiasm, to complete the current paper. …The aim of this research is, through a general comparison between learners ’ corpora and NSs ’corpora, to probe into the characteristics of Chinese EFL learners with regard to their use of linking adverbials in writing and speaking, and give an impersonal description about the non-nativeness that the learners demonstrate in the use of linking adverbials. It is found that Chinese EFL learners have shown an overall overusing tendency in using linking adverbials linking adverbials are multifold, such as Key Words: Linking Adverbials; Chinese EFL learners; Use; TeachingTimes New Roman 小四号 粗体无论在口语还是在写作中，中国大学英语学习者在连接副词的使用上都有过多使用的倾向。
影响中国大学英语学习者使用连接副词的因素是多方面的，如母 (Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i Abstract.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..iii1.1Research Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2Motivations and Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Two The Theoretical Framework of Child Language Learning. . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 A Selective Review of Child Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52.3 Child Language Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.1 Child First Language Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3.2 Child Second Language Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3.3 Child Foreign Language Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.4 Summary of Key Learning Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Chapter Five Results and Discussions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455.2 The Overview of Primary EFL Program in Henan Province. . . . . . . . . . . .455.3 The Current Situation of Primary English Classroom Instruction. . . . . . . .52 Chapter Six Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696.1 Major Findings and Contributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696.2 Recommendations for Future Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Appendixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (82)临沂大学外国语学院本科毕业论文Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundIn the first decade or two after World War II, the introduction of foreign languages in the elementary school in the U.S.A.1, and of primary school French in Britain, and similar developments in other countries were part of a widespread search for ways of “improving the effectiveness of language education by taking into account into timetable of language development in childhood” (Stern , 1983, p.363). The past decade has seen significant increase in foreign language programs for young learners. In many African and Asian countries, primary children have long been taught French or English as preparation for their use as a medium of instruction.1.2 Motivations and ObjectivesTimes New Roman 小四号，1.5倍行距Times New Roman 三号，粗体，居中Times New Roman , 四号，粗体全文每段首行缩进3-5个字符姓，＋年，＋p.+页码2.Altenberg, B. (1984). Causal Linking in Spoken and Written English. Studia Linguistica, 38 , 20-69.Halliday, M. A. K., & Husan, R. (1988). An Introduction to Functional Grammar.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Halliday, M. A. K., & Husan, R. (1970). Language Structure and Language Function. In Lyons (Ed.), Peguin Books, 221-224.Hatch, E. (1992). Discourse and Language Education. London: Cambridge University Press.Quirk, R. et al. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman. 冯庆华. (2002). 实用翻译教程. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.罗瑞球. (2002). 英语习语翻译教学. 湖南师范大学教育科学学报(3): 23－26.徐其画 & 王乃文. (1989). 实用英译汉教程. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社. 杨慧中(主编). (2002).语料库语言学导论. 上海：上海外语教育出版社。