非谓语动词

• • • •
注： 不定式的主动语态有时也可表示被动含义。 i) 习惯用法 I am not to blame. (不能怪我。) The house is to let. (The house is for rent / to be rent.) (这座房子要出租。)
• ii) 有时既可用不定式的主动语态又可用被动语态；但意 义上有所差别。 • My tyre is punctured. There is nothing to be done. I have to walk home. • （我的车胎被扎了。没办法，我只得步行回家。） Could you get me something to read? I have nothing to do. (能找点书给我看看吗？ 我无事可干。)
• 4) 不定式的被动语态：当不定式逻辑上的主语 （ 即意义上的主语 ）是不定式所表示的动作的承 受者时，这个不定式要用被动语态 • She asked to be sent to the countryside. （逻 主出现在句中） • To be invited to speak here is a great honor. （逻主省略） • The book is said to have been translated into English.
• iii) 有时用不定式的主动语态或被动语态在意义上 没有差别。
• • • •
There is no time to lose. There is no time to be lost. The house is to be let. The house is to let.
•非谓语动词：动名词
• 2) 一般说来，现在分词表示进行，过去分词表示完成。 例如： • the developing countries (=the countries that are developing) • the developed countries (=the countries that have developed)
非谓语 动词
不定式 （to do)、
动名词 （doing)
现在分词 Doing
过去分词 done
• 不定式是一种非谓语动词，没有人称和数 的变化。它具有动词的特征，可以带表语， 宾语，状语，构成不定式短语。
• 构成： to + 原形动词 • 用法： 在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定 语、状语（目的，结果，原因），宾补或 主补。
动词不定时的时态和语态： 以动词do为例，列表如下：
语态
时态
主动 to do to have done to be doing
被动 to be done to have been done
现在 完成 进行
• 1）不定式的现在时态表示动作和句中谓语动词 的动作同时发生或在其后发生：
•
They saw the young soldier go away with a happy. ( 同时 ) • They decided to carry some oxygen bags with them. ( 其后 ) • 2）不定式的完成时态表示的动作发生在句中谓语 动词的动作之前：
d) 作状语：
• 分词短语作状语时，位置比较灵活，可以 在句首、句中或句末，可以表示: 时间，原因，条件，让步，结果，伴随状况 或者补充。
表时间：相当于时间状语从句，有时为了强调分词 所指的是时间，前面可以加when或while
• 例如： Working in the countryside, we learned a lot from the peasants. (=When we worked in the countryside…) When heated, ice will be changed into water. (=When it is heated…) While waiting for the bus, the old woman met a friend. (=While she was waiting for the bus…)
• the floating needle of a compass • the food left
ii) 分词短语作定语时，总是放在它所修饰的名词之后
• Most of the workers working in this shop are young people. • (=Most of the workers who work in this shop are young people.) • This is the factory set up by the students themselves. (=This is the factory which was set up by the students themselves.)
动名词的时态和语态：以动词do为例， 列表如下：
语态
时态 现在 Doing being done
主动
被动
完成
having done
having been done
1) 动名词的现在时表示与句中谓语动词的动作同时 发生, 它的完成时表示在句中谓语动词的动作之前发 生. • • • He is interested in studying physics. ( 同时 ) I take delight in laboring. ( 同时 ) He denied having peeked at his neighbor’s test paper. (之前) • He regretted not having taken the doctor’s advice. (之前)
• 用法： • 主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中 可作表语、定语、补语和状语。
a) 作表语：
• The book is interesting. • I am interested in this book.
b) 作定语：
i) 单独的分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰的名词之前，但 有时也放后。例如：
• 2) 动名词的被动语态: 当动名词逻辑上的主语所 表示的是这动作的承受者时,这个动词要用被动语 态.
• He did it without being asked. • Hsiao Li was unhappy for not having been given the hard work.
• 注： i) 下列动词后的宾语只能是动名词不能是不定式： • admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, delay, dislike, dread, encourage, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, can’t help, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, recall, recollect, resent, resist, risk, can’t stand, stop, suggest etc..
表条件：相当于一个条件状语从句，一般放在句首
• 动名词是一种非谓语动词，它没有人称和数的变 化，它由原形动词+ing构成。动名词可带宾语、 状语、表语等，构成动名词短语。
• 构成： 动词原形 + ing
用法： 动名词在句中起名词的作用，可作主语、表 语、动词或介词的宾语。
e.g. Improving your study habits will improve your grades. • Learning without practice is no good. • (=it is no good learning without practice.) • Her job is looking after the baby and cooking for the whole family. • He continued doing that experiment. • I warned him against driving fast. • He has given up smoking
•
He is said to have written a book on the source of energy. ( 之前 )
• 3）不定式的进行时态强调动作正在进行： • • They are likely to be waiting at the station. It is very good to be working with you.
e.g.： To speed up our production is necessary. • ( =It is necessary to speed up our production.) • Our work is to produce more machines. • He has planned to study French next year. • I have something to do this afternoon. • We need oxygen to breathe. • He lived to be ninety. • He was overjoyed to hear the news. • They found the work to be simple • We have been told to wait here.
•非谓语动词：分词
• 分词是一种非谓语动词，它没有人称和数 的变化。它可以带宾语、状语或其他成分， 构成分词短语。
• 分词有两种： • a) 现在分词： 由原形动词 + ing 构成, 如 working, going 等。 • b) 过去分词： 规则动词是在原形动词后加 –ed构 成；不规则动词则需另记。 （略）