中国特色词汇及其英译
生态翻译视角的中国特色词汇英译
生态翻译视角的中国特色词汇英译中国特色词汇的英译，从生态翻译视角来看，涉及到中国特有的环境、自然和文化背景。
下面是一些常见的中国特色词汇及其英译：2. 生态文明（Ecological Civilization）：这个词强调了生态环境与经济社会发展之间的关系，提倡可持续发展和环境保护。
3. 生态系统（Ecological System）：这个词指的是由生物群落、生物间的相互作用以及它们与环境之间的关系所构成的系统。
4. 生态承载力（Ecological Carrying Capacity）：这个词指的是生态系统能够承受的人类利用压力和环境影响的最大程度。
5. 生态保护红线（Ecological Conservation Red Line）：这个词指的是划定的一条约束城市和农村发展的界限，目的是保护重要生态功能区和生态环境。
6. 野生动植物保护区（Wildlife Sanctuary）：这个词指的是为了保护野生动植物栖息地和开展科学研究而划定的特定区域。
8. 生物多样性（Biodiversity）：这个词指的是一定地区或生态系统中不同物种的多样性以及它们之间的相互关系。
9. 农田水利（Farmland Irrigation）：这个词指的是用于农业灌溉的人工给水系统，保障农作物的水分需求。
10. 绿色发展（Green Development）：这个词指的是在保护环境的前提下，推动经济社会可持续发展的发展模式。
11. 生态农业（Ecological Agriculture）：这个词指的是利用自然生态规律，最大限度地保护和利用农业生态系统的发展方式。
12. 生物能源（Bioenergy）：这个词指的是通过利用生物质资源，将其转化为可再生能源的过程和产物。
这些词汇反映了中国在生态环境保护和可持续发展方面的特色和成就。
生态翻译需要理解这些词汇背后的文化内涵和环境意义，以便更准确地传达给国际社会。
生态翻译视角的中国特色词汇英译
生态翻译视角的中国特色词汇英译随着环保意识的提升和生态保护的日益重要，越来越多的中国特色词汇开始被广泛使用。
因此，为了更好地理解和交流，翻译人员需要掌握这些词汇的英文表达。
以下是一些重要的中国特色词汇及其英文翻译。
1. 绿色发展 Green Development绿色发展是生态文明建设的重要理念之一，它强调资源节约、环境保护和经济发展的协调发展。
2. 生态保护 Ecological Conservation生态保护是指保护、恢复和优化自然生态系统，保护生物多样性和维护生态平衡。
3. 碳排放 Carbon Emissions碳排放是指工业生产、交通运输和能源消费等活动所排放的二氧化碳等温室气体。
4. 碳减排 Carbon Reduction碳减排是指通过降低碳排放来解决气候变化的问题，包括使用清洁能源和加强节能等方法。
6. 生态文明 Ecological Civilization生态文明是指人与自然和谐共处的一种理念和生活方式，旨在提高生态环境保护和可持续发展的意识。
7. 低碳经济 Low-carbon Economy低碳经济是指通过优化产业结构、提高资源利用效率和减少碳排放等方式，实现经济发展和环境保护的协调发展。
8. 可再生能源 Renewable Energy可再生能源是指通过自然循环流程能够被无限制生产的清洁能源，如风能、太阳能、水能和生物能。
9. 生态系统 Ecosystem生态系统是指由生物群落、环境和自然资源等有机联系在一起的复杂系统，能够自主运行和自我调节。
10. 生物多样性 Biodiversity生物多样性是指地球上所有的生物种类和它们所居住的生境之间的复杂相互关系，是保护生态系统和生态平衡的重要基础之一。
11. 环境保护 Environmental Protection环境保护是指采取各种措施来保护和改善人类生存的自然环境，包括减少污染、降低碳排放和节约资源等。
12. 生态农业 Ecological Agriculture生态农业是一种注重生态保护和资源利用效率高的农业模式，采用无污染的有机农业和绿色粮食生产等方法。
中国特色词汇英译
1、中国意念词（Chinesenesses）八卦trigram阴、阳yin, yang道Dao（cf. logo）江湖（世界）the jianghu World （the traits’world）e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’world. (人在江湖，身不由己)道Daoism（Taoism）上火excessive internal heat儒学Confucianism红学（《红楼梦》研究）redology世外桃源Shangri-la or Arcadia开放kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world）大锅饭getting an equal share regardless of the work done伤痕文学scar literature or the literature of the wounded不搞一刀切no imposing uniformity on …合乎国情，顺乎民意to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people 乱摊派，乱收费imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge铁交椅iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post脱贫to shake off poverty; anti-poverty治则兴，乱则衰Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline2 、中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial）国庆节National Day中秋节Mia-Autumn Festival春节Spring Festival元宵节Lantern Festival儿童节Children’s Day端午节Dragon Boat Festival妇女节Women’s Day泼水节Water-Splashing Day教师节Teachers’Day五四青年节Youth Day3、中国独特的传统饮食（Unique Traditional Chinese Foods）馄饨 wonton锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi)花卷 steamed twisted rolls套餐 set meal盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away米豆腐 rice tofu魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu米粉 rice noodles冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.)火锅 chafing dish八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding粉丝 glass noodles豆腐脑 jellied bean curd4 、中国新兴事物（Newly Sprouted Things）中国电信 China Telecom中国移动 China Mobile十五计划 the 10th Five-Year Plan中国电脑联网 Chinanet三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project希望工程 Project Hope京九铁路 Beijing CKowloon Railway扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project温饱工程 Decent-Life Project安居工程 Economy Housing Project扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign西部大开发 Go-West Campaign5 、特有的一些汉语词汇禅宗 Zen Buddhism禅 dhyana; dhgaya混沌 chaos道 Daosim, the way and its power四谛 Four Noble Truth八正道 Eightfold Path无常 anity五行说 Theory of Five Elements无我 anatman坐禅 metta or transcendental meditation空 sunyata虚无 nothingness双喜 double happiness(中)，a doubled stroke of luck(英) 小品 witty skits相声 cross-talk噱头；掉包袱 gimmick, stunt夜猫子 night people; night-owls本命年 this animal year of sb.处世之道 philosophy of life姻缘 yinyuan（prefixed fate of marriage）还愿 redeem a wish (vows)6 、具有文化特色的现代表述大陆中国 Mainland China红宝书 little red book红色中国 socialist China四化 Four Modernizations终生职业 job-for-life铁饭碗 iron rice bowl大锅饭 communal pot关系户 closely-related units外出打工人员 migrant workers关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals四美（心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美）： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment7 、中国古代独特事物（Unique Ancient Chinese Items）宣纸 rice paper衙门 yamen叩头 kowtow孔子Confucius牌楼 pailou；pai-loo武术 wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）功夫 kungfu ；kung fu中庸 the way of medium （cf. Golden Means）中和 harmony (zhonghe)孝顺 to show filial obedience孝子 dutiful son家长 family head三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife五常：仁、义、理、智、信 five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity八股文 eight-legged essays多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one’s old age8、近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译基层监督 grass-roots supervision基础税率 base tariff level婚介所 matrimonial agency婚外恋 extramarital love婚纱摄影 bride photo黑心棉 shoddy cotton机器阅卷 machine scoring即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development价格听证会 public price hearings甲A球队 Division A Soccer Team家政服务 household management service加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion假帐 accounting fraud叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel矫情 use lame arguments渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence借调 temporarily transfer扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group.扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption馄饨 wonton锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi)花卷 steamed twisted rolls套餐 set meal盒饭 box lunch米豆腐 rice tofu魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu米粉 rice noodles冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.)火锅 chafing dish八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding粉丝 glass noodles豆腐脑 jellied bean curd中国新兴事物（Newly Sprouted Things）中国电信 China Telecom中国移动 China Mobile十五计划 the 10th Five-Year Plan中国电脑联网 Chinanet三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project希望工程 Project Hope京九铁路 Beijing –Kowloon Railway扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project温饱工程 Decent-Life Project安居工程 Economy Housing Project扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign西部大开发 Go-West Campaign具有文化特色的现代表述大陆中国 Mainland China红宝书 little red book红色中国 socialist China四化 Four Modernizations终生职业 job-for-life铁饭碗 iron rice bowl大锅饭 communal pot关系户 closely-related units外出打工人员 migrant workers关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum,manners, hygiene,disciplines and morals四美（心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美）： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译基层监督 grass-roots supervision基础税率 base tariff level婚介所 matrimonial agency婚外恋 extramarital love婚纱摄影 bride photo黑心棉 shoddy cotton机器阅卷 machine scoring即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development价格听证会 public price hearings甲A球队 Division A Soccer Team家政服务 household management service加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion 假帐 accounting fraud叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel矫情 use lame arguments渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence借调 temporarily transfer扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group.扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption安居工程 housing project for low-income urban residents信息化 in&＃102;ormation-based&＃59; in&＃102;ormationization智力密集型 concentration of brain power&＃59; knowledge-intensive外资企业 overseas-funded enterprises下岗职工 laid-off workers分流 reposition of redundant personnel三角债 chain debts素质教育 education for all-round development豆腐渣工程 jerry-built projects社会治安情况 law-and-order situation民族国家 nation state“台独” "independence of Taiwan"台湾当局 Taiwan authorities台湾同胞 Taiwan coMPAtriots台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。
生态翻译视角的中国特色词汇英译
生态翻译视角的中国特色词汇英译一、人类与自然的关系1. 生态文明 (ecological civilization)生态文明指的是人类与自然和谐发展的道路，具有可持续性、可循环性和低碳排放的特征。
2. 人与自然和谐共生 (harmonious coexistence between humans and nature)人与自然和谐共生意味着人类与自然之间的互动关系是相互依存、相互促进的，保护自然环境是保护人类生存和发展的前提。
3. 绿色发展 (green development)绿色发展指的是在经济增长的积极保护环境、提高资源利用效率、减少对生态环境的破坏。
4. 城乡一体化 (integration of urban and rural development)城乡一体化是指城市和农村之间相互融合、相互依赖的发展模式，旨在实现城乡经济和社会共同发展。
二、生态保护与环境治理1. 生态保护红线 (ecological conservation red line)生态保护红线是指划定的生态保护核心、重要生态功能区和生态修复区，保护重点生态系统和生态环境的控制线。
2. 森林覆盖率 (forest coverage rate)森林覆盖率是指一个地区森林面积在该地区土地总面积中所占的比例。
4. 三北防护林体系 (Three-North Shelter Forest Program)三北防护林体系是指在中国北方三个大区域（东北、华北、西北）开展的一项重要生态工程，旨在防风固沙、保持水土、改善气候。
5. 生态恢复 (ecological restoration)生态恢复是指修复或重建被破坏的生态系统，以使其恢复到原有的生态状态。
三、资源利用与能源转型1. 节约资源和能源 (conserving resources and energy)节约资源和能源是指减少资源和能源的使用，提高资源和能源的利用效率。
2. 循环经济 (circular economy)循环经济是指通过资源的循环利用和废物的再利用，最大限度地减少资源浪费，实现经济的可持续发展。
生态翻译视角的中国特色词汇英译
生态翻译视角的中国特色词汇英译
中国特色词汇是指在中国特定文化环境下产生的、以汉语为主要表达媒介的独特词汇。
这些词汇通常对中国人民的精神风貌、文化习俗、历史传统等方面有着深刻的体现。
在生
态翻译领域，也有一些以中国特色为主题的词汇需要进行英译。
下面是一些常见的生态翻
译视角的中国特色词汇及其英译。
1. 水土保持: Soil and water conservation
3. 四化: Four modernizations (agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology)
4. 可再生能源: Renewable energy
6. 碳排放: Carbon emissions
7. 生态农业: Ecological agriculture
9. 生命周期评价: Life cycle assessment
13. 生态系统: Ecosystem
19. 生物多样性: Biodiversity
20. 土壤侵蚀: Soil erosion
21. 森林覆盖率: Forest coverage rate
23. 大气污染: Air pollution
25. 土地退化: Land degradation
26. 绿色发展: Green development
29. 恶劣天气: Severe weather
这些词汇从不同角度反映了中国在生态环境保护和可持续发展方面的独特实践和理念。
英译时，应尽量保持词汇的原意和特色，并符合英语表达习惯。
中国特色文化词汇及段落英译
常用的中国文化特色英译词汇风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen阳历：solar calendar阴历：lunar calendar闰年：leap year十二生肖：zodiac春节：the Spring Festival元宵节：the Lantern Festival清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day重阳节：the Double-ninth Day七夕节：the Double-seventh Day春联：spring couplets春运：the Spring Festival travel把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character forluck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sou nds like arrival) and put it on your door to bringin good fortune for the new y ear庙会：temple fair爆竹：firecracker年画：(traditional) New Year pictures压岁钱：New Year gift-money舞龙：dragon dance舞狮：lion dance元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings花灯：festival lantern灯谜：lantern riddle食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。
Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially import ant for LunarNew Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year.传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。
中国特色新词英译现状及其翻译策略
中国特色新词英译现状及其翻译策略一、本文概述随着中国的快速发展和国际地位的提升，中国特色新词的数量和影响力也在日益增强。
这些新词反映了中国社会的变迁、科技的进步以及文化的创新，为国际交流提供了丰富的词汇资源。
然而，如何准确、恰当地将这些新词翻译成英文，成为了当前翻译领域面临的一大挑战。
本文旨在探讨中国特色新词英译的现状及其翻译策略，以期为中国特色新词的英译提供有益的参考和启示。
本文将对中国特色新词的定义、来源和分类进行概述，明确研究范围和对象。
接着，通过分析当前中国特色新词英译的现状，揭示存在的问题和不足。
在此基础上，本文将深入探讨中国特色新词英译的翻译策略，包括直译、意译、音译、借译等多种方法，并结合具体案例进行分析和评价。
本文将对中国特色新词英译的未来发展趋势进行展望，提出相应的建议和思考。
通过本文的研究，旨在为中国特色新词的英译提供更为准确、规范和有效的翻译方法和策略，促进中国特色文化在国际舞台上的传播和交流。
也期望能够引起更多学者和翻译工作者的关注和研究，共同推动中国特色新词英译事业的发展。
二、中国特色新词的概念及分类中国特色新词，顾名思义，指的是那些具有中国文化特色、反映中国社会、经济、科技发展以及人民日常生活变化的新词汇。
这些词汇通常源于汉语的创新词汇、外来语的音译或意译、以及网络流行语等。
这些新词不仅反映了中国社会的快速发展和变迁，也丰富了汉语的词汇库，为语言的发展注入了新的活力。
创新词汇：这类词汇是基于汉语自身的构词规则和语义演变而产生的。
例如，“互联网+”“一带一路”“供给侧改革”等，这些词汇都是基于中国特有的政策、经济或社会现象而产生的。
外来语音译：随着中国与世界的交流日益频繁，许多外来词汇被引入汉语，并通过音译的方式转化为中文词汇。
例如，“咖啡”（coffee）、“披萨”（pizza）、“迪斯科”（disco）等。
外来语意译：除了音译外，许多外来词汇也被直接意译为中文，以保持其原有的含义。
中国特色社会主义英语词汇（英汉对照）
中国特色词汇英语翻译A.《阿Q正传》The True Story of Ah Q安居工程 Housing Project for low-incomefamilie s按成本要素计算的国民经济总值GNP at factorcost按揭贷款 mortgag e loan按劳分配distrib utionaccordi ng to one's perform ance暗恋 unrequi ted love暗亏 hiddenloss奥姆真理教Japanes e Aum Doomsda y CultB.把握大局 grasp the overall situati on白马王子 PrinceCharmin g白色行情表white sheet白色农业 white agricul ture白雪公主Snow White摆架子put on airs拜把兄弟 sworn brother s拜年pay New Year call搬迁户 relocat ed familie s半拉子工程 uncompl eted project傍大款find a sugar daddy包干到户 work contrac ted to househo lds 包干制over all rationi ng system包工包料 contrac t for labor and materia ls 保持国民经济发展的良好势头mainta in a good momentu m of growthin the nationa l economy保持国有股keep the State-held shares保理业务 factori ng busines s保税区bond ed area保证重点支出e nsurefunding for priorit y areas保值储蓄 inflati on-proof bank savings报国计划的实施implem entati on of Dedicat or's Project本本主义 bookish ness《本草纲目》Compend ium of Materia Medica本命年one's year of birth conside red in relatio n to the 12 Terrest rial Branche s奔小康strivefor a relativ ely comfort able life逼上梁山 be drivento drastic alterna tives比较经济学 compara tive economi cs比上不足，比下有余 worse off than some, betteroff than many闭门羹given cold-shoulde r边际报酬 margina l return边缘科学 boundar y science变相涨价dis guised inflati on剥夺冠军strip the gold medal of somebod y博彩（业）lottery industr y补缺选举 by-electio n不败记录 clean record, spotles s record不承诺放弃使用武器notunderta ke to renounc e the use of force不打不成交 No discord, no concord.不可再生资源non-renewab le resourc es不良贷款 non-perform ing loan不夜城 sleeple ss city不正之风har mful practic e; unhealt hy tendenc yC.采取高姿态 show magnani mity菜篮子工程 shoppin g basketprogram参政、议政 partici pate in the managem ent of State affairs沧海桑田 Seas changeinto mulberr y fieldsand mulberr y fieldschangeintoseas--time bringsgreat changes to the world. What was once the sea hasnow changed into mulberr y fields--the world is changin g all the time.仓储式超市 stockro om-style superma rket 草根工业grass root industr y (refersto village and townshi p enterpr ises which takeroot among farmers and grow like wold grass)层层转包和违法分保multi-level contrac ting and illegal sub-contrac ting差额投票differe ntailvoting差额选举 competi tive electio n茶道sado查房 make/go the roundsof the wards拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul拆迁户 househo lds or units relocat ed due to buildin g demolit ion搀水股票water-down stocks(ordinar y stocksthat can be boughtby persons insidea stock company or a busines s at a cost lower that their face value)禅 dhyana产粮大省 granary provinc e产品结构 product mix产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理clearly establi shed ownersh ip, welldefined power and respons ibilit y, separat ion of enterpr ise from adminis tratio n,and scienti fic managem ent产权制度、产权关系propert y relatio ns; propert y order产销直接挂钩directl y link product ion with marketi ng产业的升级换代 upgradi ng of industi es产业结构升级upgradi ng of an industr ial structu re长二捆LM-2E长江三角洲 Yangtze River delta长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共long-term coexist ence, mutualsupervi sion, sincere treatme nt with each other and the sharing of weal or woe长线产品 product in excessi ve supply畅通工程 "SmoothTraffic Project"唱高调mouth high-soundin g words超高速巨型计算机giant ultra-high-speed compute r超前消费overcon suming, excessi ve consump tion彻头彻尾的反动政治势力an out and out reactio nary politic al force城市规划city's landsca ping plan; urban plannin g 城市中年雅皮士 muppie（一批中年专业人士，附庸风雅，矫揉造作cut esific ation，崇尚竟品至上b outiqu eifica tion，攀比银行存款b ankifi cation等摆阔作风，由middle-aged urban yuppie缩合而成）城乡信用社creditcorrobo rative in both urban and rural areas吃大锅饭egalita rian practic e of "everybo dy eatingfrom the same big pot" 吃皇粮receive salarie s, subsidi es, or other support ed from the governm ent重复建设buildin g redunda nt project; duplica tion of similar project s抽杀成功 hit through筹备委员会 prepara tory committ ee出风头 show off;in the limelig ht出口创汇能力capacit y to earn foreign exchang e through exports出口加工区 exportprocess ing zones出口退税制度the systemof refundi ng taxes on exporte d goods; export(tax) rebate出口转内销 domesti c sales of commodi ties orginal ly produce d for exports出家 pravraj ana; cloiste r传销multi-level marketi ng窗口行业 various service trades创建卫生城市：build a nationa lly advance d clean city创业园high-tech busines s incubat or; pioneer park吹风会 (advance d) briefin g春蕾计划 SpringBuds Program春运(passeng er) transpo rt duringthe SpringFestiva l《春秋》 Springand AutumnAnnals磁悬浮列车Maglevtrain (magneti callylevitat ed train), magneti c suspens ion train 辞旧迎新 bid farewel l to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new此地无银三百两 A guiltypersongives himself away by conscio usly protest ing his innocen ce.从粗放经济转变为集约经济shift from extensi ve economy to intensi ve economy粗放式管理 extensi ve managem ent促进全球经济一体化fosterintegra tion with the globaleconomy存款保证金 guarant y money for deposit s D."达标"活动 "targethitting" activit ies打白条issue IOU打黑crack down on specula tion and profite ering打假 crack down on counter feit goods打破僵局 break the deadloc k打顺手find one's touch, get into gear, settleinto a groove大包干 all-round respons ibilit y system大轰动 blockbu ster大力扣杀 hammer大路货 staplegoods大开眼界open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener大款 tycoon大排挡 sidewal k snack booth; large stall大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduceit to nothing at all大胜white wash大腕top notch大卫教 BranchDavidia n大型电视系列片,长篇电视连续剧maxi-series大学生创业 univers ity student s' innovat ive underta king大要案 major and serious crimina l cases大专生 juniorcollege student大专文凭associa te degree大藏经 Tripita ka带薪分流assignredunda nt civil servant s to other jobs while allowin g them to retaintheir origina l rank and benefit s待岗 await job assignm ent, post-waiting待业 job-waiting 代职 functio n in an actingcapacit y单循环制singleround-robin system党群关系 Party-massesrelatio nship党政机关Party and governm ent organiz ations捣浆糊 give the runarou nd盗版VCD pirated VCD盗打（电话) free call on somebod y else's expense through illegal means盗用公款 embezzl ement单刀赴会start a solo run倒票 specula tive reselli ng of tickets倒爷 profite er倒计时 countdo wm等外品 off-grade goods, rejects邓小平外交思想Deng Xiaopin g's diploma tic thought s低调 low keyed (a metapho r for takinga cautiou s and slow approac h)第二产业 seconda ry industr y第三产业 tertiar y industr y; service sector第三代移动电话(3G手机) third generat ion mobile; 3G mobile第一发球权 first inning第一发球员 first server第一双打first pair地方保护主义regiona l protect ionism地方财政包干制systemwhereby local authori ties take full respons ibilit y for their finance s地球村 globalvillage地区差异 regiona l dispari ty地热资源 geother mal resourc es地市级城市 prefect ure-level city点子公司 consult ancy company电话号码升位upgrade telepho ne number电话会议 telecon ferenc e电视直销 TV home shoppin g电子商务认证e-busines s certifi cation吊球drop shot吊销执照 revokelicense钉子户personor househo ld who refuses to move and bargain s for unreaso nablyhigh compens ationwhen the land isrequisi tioned for a constru ctionproject定向培训 trainin g for specifi c posts豆腐渣"工程 jerry-built project毒枭 drug traffic ker独立核算工业企业indepen dent account ing unit(enterpr ise)"渡假外交" holiday-makingdiploma cy短期债务 floatin g debt断交信 Dear John letter(from woman to man)对...毫无顾忌make no bones about ...对冲基金hedge fund对外招商 attract foreign investm ent队长袖标(足球） skipper's armband多党合作制multi-party co-operati on in exercis ing State power多任务小卫星small multi-mission satelli te (SMMS)夺冠take the crownE.恶性通货膨胀hyperin flatio n恶性循环 vicious circle(把…当成)耳旁风Like water off (on) a duck’s back二板市场; 创业板市场secondboard (on the country's stock market)二次创业 start a new underta kinge二进宫 to enter the palacea secondtime (peoplewith a past crimina l recordagain commits a crime, and is convict ed and put into a correct ionalinstitu tion)二流选手 scrub, second-rater二元经济 dual economyF.发案率 inciden ce (of crimina l cases)发烧友 fancier; zealot; enthusi asticfan发展不平衡 dispara te develop ment发展是硬道理Develop ment is of overrid ing importa nce. / Develop ment is the absolut e need. 法治国家 a country under the rule of law 法制国家a state with an adequat e legal system翻两番 quadrup le反败为胜bring about a complet e turnabo ut, pull out of the fire反不正当竞争法Law of the People's Republi c of China Against Competi tion by Inappro priate Means反腐倡廉combatcorrupt ion and build a clean governm ent防抱死系统ABS (anti-lock braking system)防洪工程 flood-prevent ion project房管 real estatemanagem ent访谈式竞选（候选人在电视访谈节目中亮相进行的竞选）talk-show campaig n放下架子 to relingu ish haungty airs; to get off one's high horse; throw off one's airs放行单 release permit飞毛腿（导弹）Scud missile飞行药检spot check非对称数字用户环路 Asymmet ricalDigital Subscri ber Loop (ADSL)费改税 transfo rm adminis trativ e fees into taxes分拆上市 A subsidi ary company of a corpora tion is listedon the stock market.分流 reposit ion of redunda nt personn el分期付款 install ment payment分税制 systemof tax distrib ution（产品）分销subunde rwriti ng, distrib ution粉领族 pink-collartribe (Women who play major role in certain profess ions such as officeworkers, secreta ries, models, airline hostess es, etc)风险投资 venture capital; risk investm ent 疯牛病mad cow disease; bovinespongif orm enceoha lopath y (BSE)锋利扣杀razor-sharp smash封闭式基金close-ended fund封杀出局force out“封圣” canoniz ationof "Saints"福利彩票 welfare lotteri es福利分房 welfare-oriente d publichousing distrib utionsystem浮动工资floatin g wages; fluctua ting wages扶贫 poverty allevia tion覆盖率 coverag e rate复式住宅dup lex apartme nt; compoun d apartme nt (a type of residen tial housing that maximiz es usablespace by increas ing the numberof the storeybuildin g)G.改制上市：An enterpr ise is re-organiz ed accordi ng to moderncorpora te systemso that it will get listedon the stock market.感谢款待的信a bread and butterletter(a lettersent as thanksfor being treated well as someone's guest)干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化make the ranks of cadresmore revolut ionary,younger in average age, bettereducate d and profess ionall y more compete nt港人治港Hong Kong peopleadminis tering Hong Kong高层次、全方位的对话high-level and all-directi onal dialogu e高产优质 high yield and high quality高度自治 high degreeof autonom y高官会 SeniorOfficia ls Meeting (SOM)高级商务师 Certifi ed Busines s Executi ve 高架公路 elevate d highway; overhea d road 高科技板块 high-tech sector高难度动作 stunner, stunt高清晰度 high definit ion高新技术产业开发区high and new technol ogy industr ial develop ment zone (公路）隔离带 median根本政治制度fundame ntal politic al system个人收入应税申报制度the systemof the declara tion of individ ual incomes for tax payment个人自扫门前雪，莫管他人瓦上霜hoe one’s own potatoe s各大菜系 major stylesof cooking各尽所能let each persondo his best; from each accordi ng to his ability"各就位" "On your marks!"跟踪审计 follow-up auditin g恭喜发财May you be prosper ous!; Wish you all the best!功夫不负有心人 Everyth ing comes to him who waits.工程公司 enginee ring company工商局 industr ial and commerc ial bureau工薪阶层 salaria t; state employe e; salarie d person工业控制一体化integr ated industr ial control; industr ial control of integra tion 工业园区 industr ial park公费医疗 medical service s at state expense 公告板服务 Bulleti n Board Service (BBS) 公检法publicsecurit y organs, procura torial organsand people's courts公积金publ ic accumul ationfunds, publicreserve funds公开喊价市场open outcrymarkets公款吃喝recreat ionalactivit ies using publicfunds公司分立与解散separat ion and dissolu tion of a company公益林 publicwelfare forest公正、公平、公开just, fair and open公证财产 notariz e the propert ies共产党领导下的多党合作与政治协商multi-party coopera tion and politic al consult ationunder the leaders hip of Communi st Party 狗仔队dogpacks; paparaz zo (singula r), paparaz zi(plural) (It refersto those journal istswho are hunting the news of celebri ties.) 骨干企业 key enterpr ise股本金equi ty capital挂职1) take a tempora ry post (in order to temperoneself)2) serve in a lower level unit for a periodwhile retaini ng one's positio n in the previou s unit关税壁垒 customs barrier; tariffwall光谷 optical valley光机电一体化optical, mechani cal and electro nic integra tion光盘杂志 CD-ROM magazin e光通讯photo-communi cation; optical communi cation广告电话直销d irectrespons e adverti sing 广域网wide area network (WAN)皈依三宝 becomea Buddhis t国产化率importsubstit utionrate; localiz ationrate of parts and compone nts 国防动员体制the mobiliz ationfor nationa l defense国际惯例 interna tional commonpractic e 国际日期变更线Interna tional Date Line (IDL)《国际先驱论坛报》 Interna tional HeraldTribune国际商业机器公司Interna tional Busines s Machine Corpora tion (IBM)国家经济体制改革委员会the State Commiss ion for Restruc turing the Economi c Systems国家普通话水平考试Nationa l Profici ency Test of Putongh ua国家一级保护first-grade State protect ion 国家质量技术监督局the State Bureauof Quality and Technic al Supervi sion国脚 playerof the nationa l footbal l team; footbal ler of the nationa l team国库券 treasur y bonds国民党 Kuomint ang国民经济支柱产业pillarindustr ies in nationa l economy国债专项资金special fund for treasur y bond过度开垦 excessreclama tion过犹不及going too far is as bad as not going far enough;beyondis as wrong as fallingshort; too much is as bad as too littleH.海市蜃楼，镜花水月, 无稽之谈 a mare’s nest海湾战争综合症the complex itiesof the Gulf War函授大学 corresp ondenc e univers ity旱地滑雪场 mock skiingpark汉字处理软件Chinese charact er process ing softwar e航母 aircraf t carrier豪赌 unrestr ainedgamblin g好事不出门，恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyondthe gate, while bad news spreadfar and wide.好出风头的运动员exhibit ionist, grandst ander好莱坞大片 Hollywo od blockbu ster"好球" "Strike"和服 Kimono合理引导消费guide rationa l consump tion 合议庭 collegi ate bench核销 cancelafter verific ation黑店 gangste r inn黑客hacker黑社会Mafia-style organiz ations; ganglan d宏观调控 macro-control红包（中）red paper contain ing money as a gift, (贬) bribe, kickbac k《红楼梦》A Dream in Red Mansion s (The Story of the Stone)红帽子企业red cap enterpr ise (refersto the reputat ion a private enterpr ise enjoysby becomin g attache d to a governm ent departm ent and doing busines s in the name ofa state-run or collect ive-run enterpr ise)红细胞生成素Erythro poieti n (EPO)环太平洋地区Pacific Rim后防空虚 leave the defense exposed后台管理back-stage managem ent呼啦圈hu la hoop胡子工程long-drawn-out project(a project which takes so long that young workers becomebearded)虎父无犬子 A wise goose never lays a tame egg.互动广告 interac tive adverti sement户口簿 residen ce booklet户口管理制度domicil e system,residen ce registr ationsystem户主 head of a househo ld护身法宝 amulet华表ornamen tal column/cloud pillar/stele华盖 canopy滑板车 scooter"坏球" "Ball"还俗 resumesecular life, unfrock"黄、赌、毒" pornogr aphy, gamblin g and drug abuse and traffic king黄金时段prime time(吃)"皇粮" publicgrainfu nds, goods, etc provide d by the governm ent; salarypaid by the state挥棒swing挥棒不中fan灰色收入 incomefrom moonlig hting汇丰银行Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corpora tion婚介所 matrimo nial agency婚外恋 extrama ritallove活到老，学到老One is never too old to learn.火炬计划Torch Program(a plan to develop new and high technol ogy)货币化 monetiz ation货币回笼withdra wal of currenc y from circula tion货到付款 cash on deliver y J.机场建设费 airport constru ctionfee机构臃肿oversta ffingin organiz ations (governm ent)基本路线要管一百年The basic line must be followe d unswerv inglyfor a very long time to come.基本国情fundame ntal realiti es of the country基层民主democra cy at the grassro ots level基层组织organiz ations at the grass-roots level基因工程 genetic enginee ring积压产品oversto cked commodi ties (invento ries)绩优股blue chip激烈竞争 cut-throatcompeti tion吉尼斯世界记录Guinnes s (Book of Records)吉祥物 mascot缉毒队 narcoti cs squad缉私力量the forcesengaged in the fight against smuggli ng集体婚礼 collect ive wedding ceremon y集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economi c develop ment计划单列市 city specifi callydesigna ted in the state plan计划生育责任制respons ibilit y systemof familyplannin g计算机中央处理器central process ing unit(CPU)记者席press box"既成事实" fait accompl i (noun)技术产权交易所 technol ogy equitymarket; technol ogy propert y right exchang e技术密集产品technol ogy-intensi ve product技术下乡 spreadtechnol ogical knowled ge to farmers嘉宾 disting uished guest, honored guest加班 work extra shifts加密 encrypt加权平均值 weighte d average加强舆论监督ensurethat the correct orienta tion is maintai ned in publicopinion家庭联产承包责任制the househo ld contrac t respons ibilit y system家族企业 familyfirm假唱lip-synch假动作 decepti on, feint甲骨文 inscrip tionson oraclebones假日经济 holiday economy坚持统一，反对分裂，增加了解，化解歧见persist in reunifi cation, opposeseparat ion,increas e underst anding and iron out differe nces监督部门 watchdo g尖端产品 highlysophist icated product s剪彩 cut the ribbon剪刀差 the scissor s gap between the pricesof ... and ...减负 allevia te burdens on sb.减速玻璃(汽车）deceler atingglass减员增效downsiz ing for efficie ncy; cut payroll to improve efficie ncy江南水乡the south of the lower reaches of the YangzeRiver讲诚信，反欺诈：honor credibi lity and opposecheatin g降落伞候选人，外来候选人（应召而来参加本人非所在地区竞选的政党候选人）parachu te candida te脚踩两只船sit on the fence脚踏实地be down-to-earth侥幸球fluke教学法 pedagog y; teachin g method教育部社政司SocialScience Researc h and Ideolog ical Work Departm entof the Ministr y of Educati on接口 interfa ce街道企业 neighbo rhoodenterpr ise街心花园park at an interse ction;gardenin the city center节奏布鲁斯音乐（RMB音乐） rhythmblues 解放生产力emancip ate the product ive forces解放思想、实事求是的思想路线 ideolog ical line of emancip atingthe mind and seeking truth from facts解困基金 anti-poverty funds结售汇制度the systemof exchang e, settlem ent and sales戒毒所 drug rehabil itatio n center戒急用忍overcom e impetuo sity and exercis e patienc e金本位 gold standar d金边债券gilt-edged bonds金刚经 Vajracc hedika-sutra金降落伞 goldenparachu te金融电子化 compute rize financi al service s 金税工程 GoldenTax Project金无足赤, 人无完人Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.紧箍咒 inhibit ing magic phrase紧密型企业集团tightly-knit groupsof enterpr ises紧追cling to, shadow,thunder on one's trail近海渔业 offshor e fishery近水楼台先得月 First come, first served; A water-front pavilio n gets the moonlig ht first--the advanta ge of being in a favored positio n.进出口商会 chamber of importand exporttrade进口渗透 importpenetra tion进修班 class for further studies禁渔期 closedfishing seasons禁止在任何地方、任何环境进行一切方式的释放核能的核武器试验保爆炸prohibi t any nuclear weapontest explosi on which release s nuclear energyat any place and in any environ ment经常项目顺差f avorab le balance of current account, surplus of current account经常性贷款 commerc ial lending经常性支出 running expense s经济林cash tree经济全球化economi c globali zation; economi c integra tion经济失调指数miseryindex经济头脑commerc iallymindedpeople; peoplewith busines s sense经营管理高度科学化的现代化大企业modernbig enterpr ise with highlyscienti fic managem ent system精简机构 streaml ine governm ent organs精品 competi tive product s京剧票友PekingOpera fan京剧人物脸谱types of facialmake-up in Beijing opera景泰蓝 cloison né敬业精神profess ionaldedicat ion; profess ionalethics劲射power shot九五攻关State Key Task 95居委会neighbo rhoodcommitt ee; residen ts' committ ee局域网 local area network (LAN)举报电话 informa nts' hot-line telepho ne拒载 refuseto take passeng ers君子之交淡如水the friends hip between gentlem en is as pure as crystal;a hedge between keeps friends hip green竣工式 complet ion ceremon yK.卡丁车kart开发一代，储存一带，预研一代(产品）to develop this generat ion of product swhile researc hing on the next generat ion of product s开放式基金open-ended fund开工不足 enterpr ises running under their product ion capacit y开工典礼 commenc ementceremon y开后门unde r-the-counter deals; offer advanta ges to one's friends or relativ es by underha nd means 开题报告 opening speech; opening report开小灶 give special favor开夜车burn the midnigh t oil; work over night看守政府, 看守内阁，过渡政府caretak er cabinet坎儿井karez抗美援朝战争War to ResistUS Aggress ion and Aid Korea抗震棚 quake-proof shelter考研 take part in the entranc e exams for postgra duateschools考研热 the craze for graduat e school科技成果转化为生产力transfe r of scienti fic and technol ogical achieve ments科技含量 technol ogy content科技是第一生产力Science and technol ogy constit ute a primary product ive force.科教兴国 rely on science and educati on to rejuven ate the nation科研攻关 scienti fic researc h and tacklethe key researc h project可持续发展 sustain able develop ment刻录机 CD writer; disc-carving machine空头支票 accommo dation note, lip service 空中小姐 air hostess; air steward ess控股公司 holding company扣帽子put a label on跨世纪工程 a trans-century project跨越式发展great-leap-forward develop ment快讯news flash; flash宽带接入 broadba nd access宽带网 broadba nd network s宽限期 grace period亏损企业enterpr ises running in the red/under deficit困难职工the needyL.垃圾债券junk bond拉动经济增长fuel economi c growth拉拉队 cheerin g squad拉拉队长 cheer-leader, rooterking拉关系try to curry favor with来电显示电话机 callerID telepho ne来料加工process materia ls supplie d by clients; acceptcustome rs' materia ls for process ing劳动合同制 labor contrac t system老生常谈，陈词滥调cut and dried老字号an old and famousshop or enterpr ise"篱笆墙" barrier s/ blockag e to inter-regiona l trading礼尚往来 Courtes y calls for recipro city.理货公司 tally company礼仪小姐 ritualgirl利改税 substit utionof tax payment for profitdeliver y利好因素 wrinkle利基niche立体农业 three-dimensi onal agricul ture廉政建设constru ctionof a clean and honestadminis tratio n廉政、勤政、务实、高效政府an honest, diligen t, pragmat ic and efficie nt governm ent廉洁奉公，以正治国(of an officia l) clean and devoted, and governthe state with his own example of upright ness联产承包责任制systemof contrac ted respons ibilit y linking remuner ationto output;contrac t systemwith remuner ationlinkedto output联合国会费the UN members hip dues (fee)联合兼并conglom eratio n and mergerof enterpr ises联合联络小组joint liaison group联合投标 syndica ted tender联想集团LegendGroup连带责任 joint liabili ty练摊 to be a vendor良性循环 virtuou s circle粮食收购部门(governm ent's) grain procure ment (purchas ing) agencie s粮油关系：grain and oil rationi ng registr ation两岸直航促进会Associa tion for Promoti on of Cross-Straits DirectTranspo rtatio n两弹一艇A-bomb, H-bomb and nuclear-powered submari ne"两个对等的政治实体" "two equal politic al entitie s两个文明一起抓place equal emphasi s on materia l and ethical progres s两手抓两手都要硬We must address ourselv es to the problem of both materia l and spiritu alciviliz ation(both materia l as well as culture and ideolog ical progres s) without any letup."两思"（致富思源，富而思进） to think of the sourceof getting rich and of makingprogres safter becomin g affluen ce老少边穷地区formerrevolut ionary base areas, areas inhabit ed by minorit y nationa lities,remoteand borderareas and poverty-stricke n areas《聊斋志异》Strange Tales of a LonelyStudio猎头公司 head-hunting company劣等品shod dy goods; substan dard goods; lemon (口语)临时主教练caretak er coach零配件 spare and accesso ry parts领头羊 bellwet her留职停薪retainthe job but suspend the salary留学咨询：consult ing on the study abroad流动人口 transie nt populat ion流动图书馆 travell ing library; bookmob ile (行业中的)龙头老大leading enterpr ise; flagshi p of the industr y乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费unwarra ntedpooling of funds, arbitra ry requisi tion of donatio nsand exactio n of fees from enterpr ises乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款 arbitra ry charges, fund-raising quotasand fines《论语》 Analect s of Confuci us论文答辩 (thesis) oral defense裸机：bare mobilephone旅行结婚 have a honeymo on trip绿地覆盖率 forestcoverag e rate绿化 affores tation绿色急救通道emergen cy green path绿色食品green foodM.马拉松式竞选活动 campaig nathon马路菜场入室工程the project to build indoorfree marketto accommo date streetvegetab le vendors马太效应the Matthew effect(A phenome non in specifi c circles whereby one's accompl ishmen tsand reputat ion tend to snowbal l, and those with meageraccompl ishmen ts have greater difficu ltyachievi ng accompl ishmen ts. )满意度 degreeof satisfa ction盲流和倒流人员transie nt from the country side帽子戏法hat trick冒充包装（销售）[指将劣质商品包装成外观像名优产品出售的做法] copycat packagi ng买一送一two-for-one offer, buy one get one free美声唱法bel canto美食节 gourmet festiva l每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasio ns more than ever one thinksof one's dear ones far away./ It is on the festiva l occasio ns when one misseshis dear most.门前三包be respons ible for general sanitat ion, green coverin g and keeping good socialorderin a designa ted area outside the unit buildin g蒙古包 (Mongoli an) yurt蒙古大夫quack朦胧诗 misty poetry民办教师citizen-managed teacher s (teacher s in rural citizen-managed or state-managed schoolswho do not receive the normalremuner ationfrom the governm ent)民工潮 farmers' frenzie d hunt for work in cities民进党 Democra tic Progres sive Party民主党派、工商联与无党派人士non-Communi st parties, federat ions of industr y and commerc e,persona ges without party affilia tion民族凝聚力 nationa l cohesio n民族委员会ethnicaffairs commiss ion民族文化大省a provinc e with rich ethnicculture明明白白消费（2000年保护消费者权益工作主题）transpa rent consump tion磨洋工 dawdlealong模拟测试 mock test; simulat ed exam莫失良机 make hay while the sun shines目标管理 managem ent by objecti vesN.NASDAQNationa l Associa tion of Securit ies Deal Automat ed Quotati ons纳米 nanomet er难得糊涂Where ignoran ce is bliss, it's folly to be wise.南水北调 South-to-North water diversi on 南水北调工程divertwater from the south to the north project男权主义思想male chauvin ism囊括 complet e a sweep耐用消费品durable consume r items (goods)闹情绪 be disgrun tled; be in a fit of pique。
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宣纸rice paper衙门yamen叩头kowtow孔子Confucius牌楼pailou；pai-loo武术wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）功夫kungfu ；kung fu中庸the way of medium （cf. Golden Means）中和harmony (zhonghe)孝顺to show filial obedience孝子dutiful son家长family head三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son, husband guides wife五常：仁、义、理、智、信five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity八股文eight-legged essays多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one's old ageThe 24 Solar Terms:立春Spring begins.雨水The rains.惊蛰Insects awaken.春分Vernal Equinox清明Clear and bright.谷雨Grain rain.立夏Summer begins.小满Grain buds.芒种Grain in ear.夏至Summer solstice.小暑Slight heat.大暑Great heat.立秋Autumn begins.处暑Stopping the heat.白露White dews.秋分Autumn Equinox.寒露Cold dews.霜降Hoar-frost falls.立冬Winter begins.小雪Light snow.大雪Heavy snow.冬至Winter Solstice.小寒Slight cold.大寒Great cold戏剧表演Theatrical Performances京剧人物脸谱types of facial makeup in Beijing opera 生male characters末middle-aged male characters净“painted face” characters旦female characters丑clown京剧票友amateur performer of Peking Opera木偶戏puppet show独角戏monodrama; one-man play皮影戏shadow play; leather-silhouette show折子戏opera highlights戏剧小品skit哑剧dumb show; mime; mummery; pantomime单口相声monologue comic talk双口相声witty dialogue口技vocal imitations; ventriloquisim说书monologue story-telling杂技acrobatic performance叠罗汉making a human pyramid特技stunt踩高跷stilt walk马戏circus performances神化人物Mythological Figures八仙the Eight Immortals嫦娥Chang’e (the Chinese moon godd ess)伏羲Fu Xi (God of Fishery and Husbandry)福禄寿三星the three gods of fortune, prosperity and longevity共工God of Water后羿Houyi (a legendary hero who shot down nine suns)黄帝Yellow Emperor夸父Kuafu (a fabled sun-chasing giant)女娲Goddess of Sky-patching盘古Pan Gu (creator of the universe)神农Patron of Agriculture禹Yu (the reputed founder of the Xia Dynasty)祝融God of Fire古代建筑Ancient Architecture塔pagoda琉璃塔glazed stupa舍利塔dagoba; sarira stupa (a pagoda for Buddhist relics)舍利子sarira remains from cremation of Buddha’s or saints’ body 喇嘛塔Lamaist pagoda楼storied buildings钟楼bell tower鼓楼drum tower阁pavilion烽火台beacon tower华表ornamental column牌坊memorial archway艺术及工艺Arts and Crafts版画engraving贝雕画shell carving picture彩塑painted sculpture瓷器porcelain; china刺绣embroidery雕刻carving宫灯palace lantern国画Chinese painting剪纸paper-cut景德镇瓷Jingdezhen porcelain景泰蓝cloisonné enamel蜡染batik麦秸画straw patchwork木/石/竹刻wood/stone/bamboo carving木刻画wood engraving泥人儿clay figure皮影shadow puppet漆画lacquer painting漆器lacquerware双面绣two-sided embroidery水墨画Chinese brush drawing; ink and wash painting檀香扇sandalwood fan唐三彩Tang tri-coloured pottery陶器pottery; earthenware图章seal拓碑making rubbings from inscriptions, pictures, etc. on stone tablets 拓片rubbing微雕miniature engraving象牙雕刻ivory carving宜兴陶Yixing pottery篆刻sealcutting中国特色词汇及其英译作者：未知文章来源：转载点击数：1300 时间：2010-12-29 18:33:50一、前言英语从它传入中国的第一天开始就发挥着强大的交流作用，同时也开始了在中国发展的过程。
而当中国改革开放，政治，经济，科学技术，社会生活等诸方面发生急剧变化的时候，一批又一批新词新语也应运而生，其数量的成长速度之快令人应接不暇。
于是在国际英语交流过程中，表现了中华文化中最有个性的内容的，具有浓郁的中国特色的词汇，在西方语言中是没有现成可以对应的词语，这就产生了对应空缺的现象，成为跨文化交际的重要障碍。
此时，研究应如何解决这个障碍，为中国文化更好的传播铺平道路显得尤为重要。
本文将对上述的一些问题进行阐述。
二、中国词汇的特点世界上的文字体系大致可以归属三类：表形文字（图画文字），表音文字（音意结合文字），表意文字（拼音文字）[1](25) 。
汉字，属于表意文字，它与世界大多数民族使用的拼音文字是有显著的差别。
它的字形结构与表意作用有着紧密的关系。
汉字的这一特点当然是由汉语的本身特点所决定的。
古代汉语中单音节词占优势，同音词多，又缺乏形态变化，加上方言分歧严重，而表意性质的汉字正可适应这些特点而满足交际的需要。
于是这种文字本身就成为中国文化的一大特色[2](362)。
那么汉语的词又是怎样造出来的呢？“汉语的字和词是分开的。
汉语的字是有限的，虽然人们还在造新字，但是这是极为有限的。
而汉语新词构造却是无限的。
”“汉字的词形较为固定，不像英语那样可以变化多端。
现代汉语与英语相似，采用合成法来扩充词汇，汉语的字、词拼组新词的时能力及强。
”相比之下“英语的字与词是不分的，或者说没有字，只有词。
英语虽然有自由词根（free-bound），但数量有限”就是因为汉字多体现其（形）意，所以“汉语词义比较窄，较为精确、固定、比较严谨，因而词义的伸缩性和上下文的依赖性就比较小，独立性就较大。
”[1](26)就因为中国词汇具有以上的特点，在双语转换的过程中就会出现词汇空缺的现象，而这些特点的形成与其所在的文化背景是分不开的。
三、中国特色词汇翻译的难点及成因即文化差异所造成的词汇空缺语言是在历史长河的发展中形成的，语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的土壤。
文化的真正意义对于本文化群体来说那是再熟悉不过的东西了，但是对于不同文化的群体，则是非常陌生的。
不同的文化造就了不同的语言群体，于是，当不同语言群体在相互交流的过程中就产生了词汇空缺，即无法在非本族语言的范围内寻找到能够表达其意思的相对应的词汇，而这些文化的差异主要表现在信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯上（一）、传统积淀历史文化因素造成词汇空缺现象中国是具有悠久历史的东方文明古国，其传统的文化思想自然反应到语言上。
传统的固然在人们的脑中是根深蒂固的，就像这个“龙”字，在华夏文化中，“龙”字是传说中的神异动物之一，与凤凰、麒麟、龟合称“四灵”。
除这个字义外，它还被视为中华民族的象征，形成一种中华文化图腾，现在称炎黄子孙为“龙的传人”，可见其影响之大。
后世的很多皇帝就“龙”这个事物作为权威的象征，如坐龙椅，褂龙袍，睡龙床等等。
然而在西方国家，“龙”（dragon）是凶险的，“因为在英语的历史上从贝尔沃夫时代起，龙就是凶险邪恶的象征，是吐火伤人的怪物。
”[1](277)这是传统积淀造成的人们对同一事物的不同理解，其进一步的发展就造成了词汇空缺。
再如“中秋节”Mid-Autumn Day;“泼水节”Water-Splashing Day等，这些都是中国传统佳节，是中国优良文化的积淀，悠久历史传承至今的瑰宝，这些传统文化佳节现在已经不仅仅是被中国人所专有，它们也在一些喜欢中国文化的外国人中流行起来。
而欧美信仰的是基督教，所以有不少词汇包括他们的节日都与《圣经》和基督教有关，如a covenant of salt(不可背弃的盟约)，as poor as a church mouse(家徒四壁)；较之，汉族文化的重要组成部分与佛教和道教是分不开的，如：苦海无边，回头是岸，佛法无边。