定语从句论文

浅析定语从句
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。如：
1.do you know the girl who helped you just now?
2.you must do everything that he does.
定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词，上面两句中的girl和
everything就是先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who ( 宾格whom,
所有格whose )和关系副词when, where, why。关系代词或关系副
词放在先行词和定语从句之间起联系作用。同时，又作定语从句的
一个成份。
一、定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
限制性定语从句使所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或物。
1.those who want to go please sign their names here.
2.there is one point where i’d like your advice.
3.a man who doesn’t try to learn from others can’t hope
toachieve much.
4.there is nothing we can do now.
这类从句是不能省略的。省略了剩下的部分就会失去意义不能
成立，或意思不清楚，不能说明问题。（如上面的句子省略了定语
从句，剩下there is one point. a man can’t hope to achieve
much. 等，会使人莫名其妙，甚至显得非常荒谬。）在译成汉语时，
这类从句一般也译成从句。（见上例），非限制性定语从句则不然，
它只对所修饰的词作进一步说明，省略之后其他部分仍然可以成
立。
1.she is very fond of speaking chinese, which indeed
shespeaks well.
2.yesterday i met antonio, who seemed to be very busy.
3.she is going to spend her winter holiday in sanya,where
she has some pen pals.
这类非限制性定语从句通常和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，译
成汉语时，从句常可译成一个并列的句子。
二、限制性定语从句如果修饰人，一般用关系代词who，有时也
用that（作主语时通常用who）。
1.the comrade who visited our class yesterday is our new
headmaster.
2.is she the girl that did the good thing.
如果这个关系代词在句中作宾语，就应当用宾格whom或that，
但在大多数情况下可以省略，在口语中可用 who代替whom
1.she is the woman(whom )we talked about yesterday.
2.he is a man( that )you can depend on.
3.the man(who/that)you were talking to is my brother
但在介词后只能用whom.
this is the man to whom i referred.
三、限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”，常用关系代词that，也有
时用which
1.the train that has just left is for shanghai.
2.it’s a question that we have to think about.
3.the pen ( that ) i bought last week is very dear.
当关系代词在从句中用作宾语时，绝大多数情况下都被省略，
特别是在口语中（尤其是当被修饰的词是all, everything 等词时）
1.do you have everything you need?
2.is there anything i can do for you?
3.all you should do is to press the button.
4.that’s the only thing we can do now.
四、限制性定语从句可用来修饰一个表示时间的词，这时通常
用关系副词when
1.i never forget the day when i came here.
2.he still remember the time when he joined the army
但在不少情况下可以不用when，特别是在某些句型和某些时间
状语中（间或用that，引导这个定语从句）
1.every time ( that ) the telephone rings, he gets nervous.
2.come any time you like.
3.she made me feel at home the moment i arrived.
注：在下面句中when 引导的从句也是一种定语从句。
these were photos of kate when she was a child.
五、限制性定语从句在修饰表示地点的名词时，常需用关系副
词where
1.the factory where his father works is in the west of the
city.
2.let’s think of a situation where this idiom can be used.
但应注意where是一个副词，在从句中只能充当状语，意思和
there差不多，如果在从句中不是充当状语就不能用它，应当用that
或which 等关系代词。
1.this is a place ( which ) i’ve long wanted to
visit .( which 作visit 的宾语，因此常可省略)
2.they work in a factory that makes radio parts.( that 在
从句中作主语，一般不能省略)
where有时也可省略。
this is the place ( where ) i was born.
在reason后的定语从句可由关系副词why引导，但通常也可省
略。
that is the reason ( why ) i did it.
在way 后也可跟一个定语从句（不需要关系代词或关系副词引
导）
1.that’s the way i solve the problems.
2.that was the way she treated us.
六、非限制性定语从句，在修饰人时用who, whom或whose，在
修饰物时用which（这时不能用that代替）
1.the six men, who were blind, couldn’t see the elephant
with their eyes.
2.she had eight children, three of whom lived to grow up.
3.the team is headed by a 44-year-old mongolian, whose wife
is a tibetan.
非限制性定语从句也可由where 或when 引导。
1.in the old days, when my father was a little boy, the
city had no industry to speak of.
2.they’ll go to his hometown, where they’ll meet their
grandfather.