自考英语国家概况笔记(三)全
2023年自考专业(英语)《英语国家概况》考试历年真题摘选附带答案
2023年自考专业(英语)《英语国家概况》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】The functions of institutions of higher education in the U.S. are________.A.research and teachingB.teaching and degree awardingC.professional training, teaching and public serviceD.teaching, research and public service2.【单选题】In Britain, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of ________.A.the Lord ChancellorB.the Prime MinisterC.the SpeakerD.the Parliamentary Commissioner3.【单选题】The origin of the American party system can be traced to ________.A.the struggle between the Royalists and revolutionaries in the War of IndependenceB.the constitutional debate between the Federalists and the anti--FederalistsC.the struggle between those who upheld slavery and those who opposed slaveryD.none of the above4.【单选题】The theme of Thanksgiving has always been ________.A.friendship and happinessB.peace and plentyC.cooperation and rich rewardD.love and happiness5.【单选题】Thanks to the militant feminist movement of the suffragettes before the First World War, votes were granted to women over the age of ________ in 1918.A.18B.20C.30D.356.【单选题】Why were the French troops in Canada defeated by the British during the Seven Years' War?A.Because they were not used to the weather in Cananda.B.Because they did not get support from the local people.C.Because they did not receive the supplies they needed so badly.D.Because the British had larger and better settlements in Canada.7.【单选题】Australian Aborigines believed in a creative period, usually referred to in English as ________.A.teh DreamlandB.the DreamingC.the Beginning of the WorldD.the Beginning of the Universe8.【单选题】Agricltural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in England were so great that they were worthy of the term “ ________ ”.A.reformB.evolutionC.revolutionD.reformation9.【单选题】What is Ireland called in Irish?A.IreaB.AireC.EareD.Eire10.【单选题】Which of the following is not true about the political system of New Zealand?A.New Zealand has a written constitution.B.New Zealand has a parliamentary government and a constitutional monarchy.C.New Zealand follows the British parliamentary system with some variations.D.New Zealand Parliament has only one chamber.11.【单选题】Australia, which is one of the world's developed countries, has become rich through ________.A.manufacturing industriesB.farming and miningC.service industriesD.forestry and fishing12.【单选题】During the Second World War, Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met at ________.A.Teheran, Yalta and PotsdamB.Teheran and YaltaC.Yalta, Potsdam and BerlinD.Teheran and Potsdam13.【单选题】The largest and smallest states of the United States are ________.A.Alaska and Rhode IslandB.Texas and MaineC.Texas and Rhode IslandD.Alaska and Maine14.【单选题】As far as Australian culture is concerned, the history of Australia can be divided into the following phases with the exception of ________.A.the period of the original culture of Aboriginal peopleB.the period of the dominant British cultureC.teh period of Asian cultureD.the period of a multicultural society15.【单选题】Which of the following is not true about Canada's manufacturing today?A.Manufacturing is the most important economic activity in Canada.B.Transportation equipment ranks as the nation's leading manufactured product.C.Food processing is still important but it is no longer Canada's chief man ufacturing industryD.The production of paper and paper related products is no longer important in Canada's manufacturing.16.【单选题】The three Puritan traditions are ________.A.religious tolerance, respect for achievement and respect for learningB.religious dissent aggressiveness and respect for learningC.religious intolerance, respect for achievement and respect for learningD.religious intolerance, aggressiveness, respect for achievement17.【单选题】The objective of the Chartist Movement was democratic rights for all men, and it took its name from “ ________ ”.A.The Bill of RightsB.The Agreement of the PeopleC.The People's CharterD.The Great Charter18.【单选题】In the 1960s pop music underwent a revolution when ________ became world famous and turned their home town of Liverpool into a place of pilgrimage.A.teh Beach BoysB.the Rolling StoneC.the AnimalsD.the Beatles19.【单选题】The New Frontier and War on Poverty were put forward respectively by ________.A.Eisenhower and KennedyB.Johnson and NixonC.Johnson and KennedyD.Kennedy and Johnson20.【单选题】The Tories were the forerunners of ________, which still bears this nickname todayA.the Labour PartyB.the Conservative PartyC.the Liberal PartyD.the Social Democratic Party第2卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】The average life expectancy of the Red Indians is ________.A.higher than the national averageB.lower than the national averageC.about the same with the national averageD.none of the above2.【单选题】In 1900, the United States ranked first in the world in the production of ________.A.coalB.electricityC.oilD.wheat3.【单选题】In Canada the federal governments have always been formed by________.A.the Liberal PartyB.the Progressive Conservative PartyC.either the Liberal Party or the Progressive Conservative PartyD.both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservation Party4.【单选题】Australia is located between ________ and the Indian Ocean.A.the South Pacific OceanB.the Atlantic OceanC.the North SeaD.the Arctic5.【单选题】A trend that occurs at the same time with the movement to the South and the Weast of the United States is ________.A.the flow of people to sunbelt areaB.the flow of peole from small cities to big citiesC.the growth of small townsD.the outflow of city residents from the core cities to the suburbs6.【单选题】Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with ________.A.the North-West slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinkingB.the North-East slowly rising and the South-West slowly sinkingC.the South-East slowly rising and the South-West slowly sinkingD.the South-West slowly rising and the North-East slowly sinking7.【单选题】In “ Song of Myself ” , Whitman writes that ________.A.woman is not worth mentioningB.woman is not as great as manC.woman as the mother of human beings is the greatestD.none of the above8.【单选题】The Mississippi, which is sometimes called ________, has played a vital role in the history of the United States.A.“ Old Man River ”B. “ Moon River ”C.“ Old Father River ”D.“ Mother of the United States ”9.【单选题】During the 1990s many Australians called for their nation to become a republic with ________.A.a president replacing the British monarch as head of stateB.a prime minister replacing the governor--general as head of governmentC.a governor-general replacing the British monarch as head of stateD.a president replacing the governor- general as head of government10.【单选题】In the 1970s oil was discovered in ________, but the revenue from oil did not create an economic for Britain.A.the English ChannelB.the Irish SeaC.St. George's ChannelD.the North Sea11.【单选题】In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the ________ number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.rgestB.second largestC.third largestD.fourth largest12.【单选题】Since 1971 the Canadian government has adopted a policy of ________, recognizing that cultural pluralism within a bilingual framework is the essence of the Canadian identity.A.assimilationB.integrationC.multiculturalismD.gender equality13.【单选题】What are Ireland's chief exports?A.Foodstuffs(especially beef), electrical machinery, and chemicals.B.Wool, dairy products and fruit.C.Motor vehicles, electrical machinery and petroleum.D.Coal, mining equipment and textiles.14.【单选题】The Mabo Judgement passed by Australia's High Court in June 1992 overturned the concept of terra nullius, which means ________.A.“ land belonging to no one ”B.“ land unknown to everyone ”C. “ Wonderland ”D. “ Dreamtime ”15.【单选题】A fault line runs the length of New Zealand, which means that it often has________.A.floodsB.volcanic eruptionsC.earthquakesD.droughts16.【单选题】For electoral purposes Britain is divided into 659 constituencies, each of whichreturns ________to the House of Commons.A.one memberB.two membersC.three membersD.four members17.【单选题】Which often following statements is not true about British coal mining?A.Brition has used up almost all coal depositsB.The demand for British coal has declined.C.Petroleum, water power, and electric power replacing coal for many purposes.D.The old British mines are narrow and deep, making it difficult to use machines第1卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案：D2.正确答案：B3.正确答案：B4.正确答案：B5.正确答案：C6.正确答案：C7.正确答案：B8.正确答案：C9.正确答案：D10.正确答案：C11.正确答案：B12.正确答案：B13.正确答案：A14.正确答案：C15.正确答案：D16.正确答案：C17.正确答案：C18.正确答案：D19.正确答案：D20.正确答案：B第2卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案：B2.正确答案：A3.正确答案：C4.正确答案：A5.正确答案：D6.正确答案：A7.正确答案：C8.正确答案：A9.正确答案：A10.正确答案：D11.正确答案：B12.正确答案：C13.正确答案：A14.正确答案：A15.正确答案：C16.正确答案：A17.正确答案：A。
《隋铭才《英语国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解》读书笔记模板
4.1复习笔记 4.2课后习题及详解
5.1复习笔记 5.2课后习题及详解
6.1复习笔记 6.2课后习题及详解
7.1复习笔记 7.2课后习题及详解
8.1复习笔记 8.2课后习题及详解
9.1复习笔记 9.2课后习题及详解
10.1复习笔记 10.2课后习题及详解
11.1复习笔记 11.2课后习题及详解
印度的教育
第1章加拿大、澳 大利亚、新西兰、
印度的社会生活
第3章加拿大、澳 大利亚、新西兰、
印度的媒体
第4章加拿大、 1
澳大利亚、新 西兰、印度的 传统和风俗
第5章加拿大、 2
澳大利亚、新 西兰、印度的 体育运动
3 第6章加拿大、
澳大利亚、新 西兰、印度的 国歌和国旗
4 第7章加拿大、
澳大利亚、新 西兰、印度的 外交关系
17.1复习笔记 17.2课后习题及详解
18.1复习笔记 18.2课后习题及详解
读书笔记
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谢谢观看
12.1复习笔记 12.2课后习题及详解
13.1复习笔记 13.2课后习题及详解
14.1复习笔记 14.2课后习题及详解
15.1复习笔记 15.2课后习题及详解
16.1复习笔记 16.2课后习题及详解
17.1复习笔记 17.2课后习题及详解
18.1复习笔记 18.2课后习题及详解
英语国家概况3-4
Viking Raids/Danish Invasion (871-1042)
From Scandinavia /Danmark From1017-1041---England was ruled by Danish kings. A cultural division between north and south England: ―Saxons‖ VS ―Danes‖
Robin Hood
Heroic Saxon nobleman oppressed by the Normans ―Merry men‖ : robbed from the rich to give to the poor
British invasion history
Invasion Time
marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy, a monarchy with the power limited by parliament
Bill of Rights (1689, Signed by William and Mary)
Hadrian’s Wall(哈德良长城）
Anglo-Saxon Conquest (410-871)
Angles, Saxons and Jutes (Germanic peoples) invaded Warring period Angles: East Anglia, Mecia, and Northumbia Saxons: Essex, Sussex and Wessex Jutes: Kent The name ―England‖ was given by Angles. (Angles’ land). Anglo-Saxons: the forefather of the English Anglo-Saxon Conquest marked the beginning of the Old English
自考“英语国家概况”新考纲题目整理（3）
第四章 Transition to the modern Age 1 The Wars of the Roses broke out shortly after_______.A the Black DeathB the Watt Tyler's UprisingC the Hundred Year's WarD the Glorious Revolution 答案：C 2 In the reform of the Church Henry VIII dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because they were much more loyal to _________then to their English kings.A. the PopeB. Jesus ChristC. Roman CatholicD. the bishops 答案：A 3 Thanks to Mary， Protestantism and _________ were now forever synonymous in Britain.A. CatholicismB. prosecutionC. the Reformation D nationalism 答案：D 4 For nearly thirty year， Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers at the time，_________， and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict.A. Spain and GermanyB. France and SpainC. Spain and DenmarkD. France and Italy 答案：B 5 _________was regarded as the second Magna Carta.A. The Petition of RightB. The Provision of OxfordC. The Grand RemonstranceD. The Militia Bill 答案：A 6 The Renaissance began in north ______in the early ______century.A. France；14thB. Italy； 16thC. Italy； 14thD. England； 14th 答案：C 7 In December 1653， by an Instrument of Government， Oliver Gromwell became _______of the Commonwealth of England.A. Prime MinisterB. KingC. Lord ProtectorD. Emperor 答案：C 8.In foreign affairs. Henry VIII was aided by ________ ， Archbishop and Lord Chancellor.A. Thomas MoreB. Thomas BecketC. Thomas WolseyD. Martin Luther 答案：C 9 The Armada was defeated by England in ________.A. 1587B. 1588C. 1558D. 1540 答案：B 10 After the Glorious Revolution came the Age of ______ ， a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament.A. the CommonwealthB. the Federal RepublicC. the Constitutional MonarchyD. the special monarchy 答案：C 11 Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years， ordinary people were _______affectedand went about their business as usual.A. littleB. a littleC. muchD. greatly 答案： A 12 It was during the reign of ______， the name Great Britain came into being in 1707.A. Elizabeth IB. Henry VIII.C. Charles ID. Anne 答案：D 13 The last battle of the Wars of Roses was at ______in 1458.A. HastingsB. Bosworth FieldC. NasebyD. Oxford 答案：B ⼀句话解释： 1 What was Queen Mary know as？ 答：She was known as “ Bloody Mary”。
英语国家概况笔记(全)
Part one the United Kingdom of Britain and North Ire landp3 1 What’s the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the UK and the British Commonwealth?2 tell3 geographical names of the UK3 tell the 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britainp4 1 the British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of Nations in 19312 the Commonwealth3 Describe the geographical position(features) of Britain4 it is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south andthe North Sea in the east5 the English Channelp5 1 Chunnel2 the north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.3 England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to itswest and Scotland to its north.4 Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowlandp6 1 the Pennines2 tell the3 natural zones in Scotland3 Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain is located Scotland.p7 1 in Britain, the longest river is the Seven River2 Thames Riverp8 the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Irelandp9 1 What factors influence the climate in Britain 2 tell the characteristics of Britain’s climatep11 1 Describe the distribution of Britain’s population2 Britain has a population of 57,411,0003 Britain is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per squarekilometre and it is very unevenly distributed.p12 1 What is the difference between ancestors of the English and Scot, Welsh and Irish 2 During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxonsinvaded and conquered Britain.13 It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that theEnglish people and the English language were born.p13 1 What are the differences in character and speech between southern England andnorthern England2 in Britain, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English3 Cockney4 the ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britonsp14 1 Eisteddfodau2 How do the Welsh keep their language and culture?3 What’s the main problem in North Ireland?p15 1 the immigrants came from the West Indies, India and Pakistan(排除型选择)2 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?p16 1 the first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians2 Why do we say that English nation is a mixture on nationality of different origin?p17 1 Earliest invasion of England is by Celts2 the Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of theRomans.p18 1 the Celts’s religion was Druidism2 British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion3 Julius Caesar4 for nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupationp19 1 Hadrian’s Wall2 Antonine Wall3 York had been created as a northern strongholdp20 1 the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 3062 tell why the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited3 Who were the Anglo-Saxons, how did Heptarchy come into being?p21 1 Angles2 seven principal kingdoms3 Heptarchy4 when the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829,Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English5 the Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britainp22 1 a monk called Columba established a monastery.22 St. Augustine3 What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to English state?p23 1 Witan2 Anglo-Saxons also established the manorial system3 Anglo-Saxons created the Witan4 Alfred5 the Danelaw6 Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”7 Alfred the Greatp24 King Edward, the “Confessor”, seemed more concerned with the building ofWestminster Abbey than with affairs of state.p25 1 tell the reason of the battle on Hastings 2 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishopof Yorkp26 1 the Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.2 William the Conqueror3 the Norman Conquest4 the modern names of England English derive from the Angles5 Who were the Vikings?6 What do you know about St Augustine?p27 1 under William’s system, at the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeinsor serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.2 William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the GrandCouncil of his new tenants in chiefp28 1 Domesday Book2 Domesday Book completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of Englandmade in 1085p29 1 William, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion2 Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.3 How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy?p30 1 How did Henry II reform the courts & law?2 In Henry II’s reign a common law, was gradually established in place of thecustoms of the manor.p31 1 What was the qurrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?2 exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into3collision with Thomas Becket3 the Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164p32 Geoffrey Chaucerp33 1 What was the contents and significance of Great Charter?2 the Baron’s charter3 Magna Carta4 with the utmost reluctance, the king was forced to put his seal to the GreatCharter on June 19, 12155 Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses6 a committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carryout the Great Charterp34 1 Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?2 in 1242 HenryIII undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the lossof the whole of Poitou.3 Simon de Montfort4 Provisions of Oxford5 Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster.p36 1 handreds years war between England and France lasted from 1337—14532 What were the causes of Handreds Years War?3 Battle of Argencourt4 Joan de Arc5 By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of theEnglish.6 Why the expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries?p37 1 Black Death2 as a result of the black death, much land was left untended and there was aterrible shortage of labour.3 during the black death period, in 1351, the government issued a Statute ofLabourersp38 1 What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising?2 the Peasant Uprising3 the Lollardsp39 during the peasant uprising, many hundreds of rebels were put to death byKing Richard.p40 1 Wars of the Roses42 the instablility was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,theHouse of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.p41 1 on Aug 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicstershire the last battle of Warsof the Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor, Henry Tudor won.2 although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinarypeople were little affected.p42 1 What was the effect of Wars of Roses?2 the English Reformation began with Henry VIII3 Henry VIIIp43 Why and how did Reformation happen in England? and What was the effect?p44 Bloody Maryp45 1 Elizabeth I2 Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compremise of view. She broke Mary’s tieswith Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England3 How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country?p46 tell Elizabeth’s foreign policyp47 1 Renassance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times,covering the years c1350-c16502 in England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accessionof the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.3 tell the characteristics of the English Renaissance.p49 1 Christopher Marlowe2 Ben Jonson3 William Shakespearep50 1 Edmund Spenser2 Francis Baconp51 1 Gunpowder Plot2 on Nov.5 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and hisministers up in the Houses of Parliament.p52 1 in 1620 a small group of the Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed fromPlymouth in the Mayflower.2 Charles I was the son of James I3 Charles I’s relations with the Parliament were from the start disastrous.5p53 Petition of Rightp55 1 Cavaliers2 Roundheadsp56 1 What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?2 the English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution3 Puritan Revolutionp57 1 after King Charles’s execution in 1649, there was public outrage in England2 the “Rump”p58 1 when Oliver Cromwell died in 1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.2 Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against thePuritans, now known as Nonconformistsp59 1 tell the 2 of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress3 John Milton’s Paradise Lost4 How did the “glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it? p60 Bill of Rights (1689)p61 1 What was the absolute rule of James I of England?2 Give a brief account of Henry VIIp62 1 the Whigs2 the Tories3 the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.p63 the Tories were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideals known as“Utilitarianism”p65 1 Enclosure Acts2 in England, the 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep andhorses by Robert Bakewell3 What’s your comment on land enclosures in England?p66 1 What was the industrial revolution?2 tell why Britains is the 1st country to start the industrial revolution?p68 1 How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?2 John Kay’s flying shuttle63 James Hargreaves’spinning jenny4 James Wattp69 1 as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshopof the world”2 “workshop of the world”3 Luddites4 What do you know about parliamentary reforms?5 the Whigs under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a centuryp70 Why should Parliament be reformed in England?p71 1 a People’s Charter in 18382 What do you know about the chartist Movement and People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?p74 Trade Union Act of 1871p75 1 tell the Colonial Expansion of the English2 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 15833 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.4 1763 Treaty of Parisp79 1 by the Treaty of Nanking 1842, China cede Hong Kong to Britain2 by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire which included 25% of the world’spopulation and areap81 1 During WWI Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of25.2 Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nationsp82 in 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.p83 Winston Churchillp84 1 one of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastenedthe end of Britain’s empire2 the Labour Party won the election after WWII, but Conservatives came back topower in 1951.p85 in Jan, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European EconomicCommunity.p86 1 the election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party72 Thatcherismp87 What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?p88 1 soon after the Second World War, Britain not noly gave up its ecnomic hegemonybut also sugffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership2 Between 1950 and 1973, Britain’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3.0%3 British diseasep89 1 What are the 3 periods as far as the evolution of British economy is concerned?2 in 1950, Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capitaincome third in the world3 John M. Keynesp90 1 in the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growthrate and the highest inflation.2 in 1979, the new government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-termFinancial Strategy3 Privatiztion, deregulation and market liberalization replace prices and incomescontrol and state interventionism.(排除型选择)p91 an outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, by1988, the recovery had lasted seven years.p92 1 just as the 1940s decade is remembered in Britain as the era of nationalization,the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization.2 During the pas decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.p94 rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.p98 1 in the early 20th century the motor vehicle in dustry in Britain was developedin the West Midlands and South-East of England2 tell the areas in England where we can see some high-tech industrial growthp99 1 in Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of theland area.2 agribusinessp100 1 in some areas factory faming methods are used, particularly for rearing poultryof pigs.2 Wheat and Potatoes are staple food of the British.p103 1 Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.82 nation of shopkeepers3 tell the trade pattern that Britain’trade has4 What has Britain traditionally been in terms of foreign trade?p104 1 the City of London2 Lloyd’sp105 1 Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain?2 Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?3 What are new industries in England?4 How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?p106 1 constitutional monarchy2 the head of the UK is a king or a queen3 the British constitution is made up statute law, common law and conventions(排除型选择)4 the monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the9th century.p107 the present Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, shecame to the throne on Feb.6, 1952, and she was crowned on Jun 2, 1953.p108 the Queen of Britain is the symbol of the whole nationp110 1 What do you know the Parliament in Britain?2 a Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 years.p111 in Britain, the House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellorp112 1 the House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of651 Members of Parliament2 it is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.3 a General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequentintervals4 Black Rodp114 shadow cabinetp115 the great majority of these are Government measures introduced by a Ministerp116 in Britain, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and always sits inthe House of Commons, receives £ 78,292.p117 1 Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime9Minister2 the Privy Council3 the Privy Council is presided over by the Lord Presidentp118 the government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Servicep121 Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through the council tax.p122 1 When did a constitutional monarchy begin in Britain?2 What does the Cabinet consist of?3 Who are the members of the House of Lords?4 What is the function of the House of Lords?5 What are the two major parties in Britain today?6 How many constituencies are there in Britain today?7 How many members are there in the House of Commons?8 How often does a general election take place?9 Give a brief account of British Parliament.p123 1 criminal law2 civil lawp124 the Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and independentlyreviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecutep125 1 Magistrates’Courts try summary offences2 either way3 in 1994 there were 79 stipendiary magistrates in England and Wales.p126 1 the Crown Court tries the most serious offences2 England and Wales are divided in six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminalcases.3 tell the three criminal courts in Scotland4 tell the two types of criminal procedure in Scotlandp127 appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may be heard by the CrownCourt, the High Court, the Court of Appeal(排除型选择)p128 1 the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are CountyCourts of which there are 2702 all judges of the Supreme Court and all circuit judges and recorders have thepower to sit in the county courtp129 in the UK, Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the HomeSecretary and the Attorney General(排除型选择)10p130 1 in Northern Ireland, court administration is the responsibility of the LordChancellor2 London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the HomeSecretary.p131 1 in England and Wales a Magistrates’court cannot impose a term of more thansix month’s imprisonment for an individual offence tried summarily2 Capital punishment remains the penalty for treason and piracyp132 1 there are about 130 prisons establishments in England and Wales and some 20in Scotland, and 4 prisons and 1 young offenders’ centre in Northern Ireland2 in England and Wales young people aged 18-20 serve custodial sentences in a youngoffender institution3 What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain?4 How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases?5 What is the jury’s job?6 How many divisions is the High Court divided into?What are they?7 How many police forces are there in the UK?8 How different is the Metropolitan Police Force(London) from other police force in Great Britain?9 Discuss the treatment of offernders in the UK.p134 1 welfare state2 NHS3 NHS was established in the UK in 1948, and it was based at first on Acts ofParliament.p135 1 over 82% of the cost of the health service in Great Britain is funded outof general taxation.2 prescription charges do not apply to the ……(排除型选择)p136 in Great Britain, every year there are about 200 million consultations withfamily doctors and about 6 million people visit a pharmacy every day.p138 NHS service(排除型选择)p139 1 NHS services for elderly people(排除型选择)2 Britain has about 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around7% live in communal establishments.p141 1 Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social securityprogramme2 the non-contributory benefits include……(排除型选择)113 in UK, women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65 are entitled to a stateretirement pension.p143 most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly fromtheir employer for a maximum of 18 weeksp144 war pensionsp145 only that the Lord Chancellor may not be a Roman Catholic.p146 Church of Englandp147 the government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterianp148 1 the Methodist Church2 the Baptists3 the United Reformed Church4 the formal structure of the Roman Catholic church in England and Wales was restoredin 18505 there are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.p151 1 about Easter(排除型选择)2 Hogmanayp153 1 in the UK, the only really important patriotic festivalis Remembrance Sunday----Armistice Day2 Boxing Dayp154 1 What is the most important established church in Britain?2 What festival is the greatest in Britain?3 What is the Scottish tradition concerning New Year’s Day?4 Describe briefly the contribury social security benefits in the UK.p156 1 in the UK, compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and fourin Northern Ireland, when children go to infant schools2 eleven-plusp157 1 about 90% of the state seconday school population in Great Britain attendcomprehensive schools2 comprehensive schools(in the UK)3 sixth-form college4 Teriary college5 publish school(in the UK)12p158 there are some 90 universities in the UKp159 What do you know about the university-industry links to the UK?p160 1 in the UK, with about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide.2 on an average day 60% of people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper.p161 1 How the national newspapers are divided in the UK?2 quality dailies(排除型选择)3 quality papersp162 1 the Economist2 periodicals in the UK(排除型选择)p164 1 tell the four national channels of the TV in the UK 2 apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providingregular television broadcasts since 1936.p165 Reutersp166 1 it is estimated that 29 million people over the age of 16 regularly takepart in sport or exercise2 football is the most popular sport in England3 Cricket is the most typical English of sportsp171 in the UK, about 80 million people a year attend more than 2,000 museumsand art galleries open to the public.p172 the Beatlesp173 1 Andrew Lloyd Webber2 Andrew Lloyd Webber’s the Phantom of the operap176 1 among all the arts festivals in the UK, the most famous is the EdinburghInternational Festival of Music and Drama2 BFIp177 1 copyright libraries(排除型选择)2 For whom is compulsory education in the UK?3 What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?4 How is the BBC financed?5 list some most important journals in the UK.6 Where would you find many of London’s theatres?137 Describe briefly the higher education in the UK Part two the Republic of Irelandp181 1 Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside2 the Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland.3 the capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the LiffeyRiver at its confluence with the Dodder River.4 Ireland has been compared to a basinp182 Shannon Riverp183 1 what remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape?2 How to describe the weather of Ireland?P184 For the whole country the chance of an unusully wet or an unusually dry yearIs estimated at 25%P186 1 In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic2 Ireland is unique among European countries for its century-long population declinep187 There are two official languages in Ireland . They are Irish (Gaelic) and Englishp188 1Catholicism2 Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Irelandp189 1 What was perhaps the most important event in Irish history?2 Henry viii was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.3 The Tudors forced the Protestand Reformation and English law on the Irish.4 Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 16105 How did the conflict begin between the English and the Irish?P190 1 IRA2 Easter Uprising3 Anglo-Irish Treaty4 Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World WarII to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.P191 foreign policy of IrelandP192 1 both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiatea peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland142 Ireland established diplomatic relations woth China on June 22, 19793 Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries4 What is the largest river in Ireland?5 Why is Shannon River important to Ireland?6 What has been a traditional source of conflict between the English and the Irish?7 When did Ireland declare itself a republic?P193 1 president of Ireland2 taoiseachP194 all the legislative powers are vested in the national parliamentP195 Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislationand the 1937 Constitutionp196 1 two major parties , Fianna Fail and Fine Gael2Sinn Fein3 Sinn Fein was the guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the Britishin 19214Anglo-Irish Treatyp197 Fine Gaelp198 1 the Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.2 Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sectorp201 Ireland is now the lasgest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europep202 What is the chronic problem in Ireland?P204 1 Today the Irish Times is the nation’smost infuential daily in Ireland.2 the Irish Independent is a best-selling daily3 some 250 magazines are published in Ireland, almost 1/5 of them deal with religion.P205 1 Irish broadcasting began in 1926 in a small studio called Dublin BroadcastingStation2 the most well-known Irish writher of the modern period is James Joyce.3 James Joycep206 1 Ulysses is Joyce’s masterpiece.2Ulysses3 Who is the head of government in Ireland?4 What does the Irish Parliament consist of?155 Discuss the characteristics of Ireland’s economy6 List Ireland’s main industries7 Explain the reasons why Ireland has chronic negative balance of trade8 Identify the periods in the histroy of Irish Part three the United States of Americap209 1 the continental United States lies in central North America with canada toits north.2 Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south3 the Atlantic Ocean to its east.4 the United States has an ideal location for trade5 Why the United States has an ideal location for trade?6 the United States is the 4th largest country in the worldp210 1 How many states are there in US? Which is the largest, and the smallest?2 in US, on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.p211 1 The Rockies, the backbone of North american continent, is also known as theContinental Divide.2 in US, lying betwenn the Appalachian Mountans and the Rocky Moutains is one ofthe world’sgreat countinental rivers—Mississippi3Mississippi4 the Missouri rises in southwest Montana among the Rocky Mountians5Missouri6 the Missouri runs 3725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi at St. Louis7 the River Ohio flows from the rainy east at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and joinsthe Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois8 father of waters9 old man riverp212 1 American Ruhr2 in US, on the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south,and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.(colorado西班牙语多彩的)3 The Rio Grande River rises in the outhern Rocky mountains and flow to the Gulfof Mexico.(rio grande西班牙语大河)4 Great Lakes5 Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the worldp213 1 What are the benefits of Lakes, rivers and seacoast of US?2 the Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of Midwest in US.3 What factors influence the climate of US?4 In US, a humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the16country(New England)p214 1 meditrranean climate can be found in south part of the Pacific coast2 the southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climatewith warm, dry summers and moist winters.3 besides latitude, list some most important forces the influence the climate of the US.4 New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current.p215 New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.p216 the Middle Atlantic States has about 1/5 of the total population of the US.Washington and New York are located herep217 1 Chicago2 Midwest America’s most important agricultural area in US.3 Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world4 the American South stretches 2/3 of the way across the continent5 list some major economic activities of South America. p218 the American south now contains 90% of the American textile industry.p219 1 the Great Plains lies between the Rocky mountain and the Appalachians2 the Great Plains3 Denver located at the foothills of the Rockies.4 Yellowstone National Park5 Why is the tourist trade so important in American West?p220 1 the Grand Canyon2 the Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is on of nature’s most impressivesight.p221 1 Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American People andis the site of New Mexico’s state university.2 Hawaii is lacated in the Pacific Ocean3 list the differences between Alaska and Hawaii p222 the penisula of alaska is bordered on its east side by Canada.p224 1 the US is the 3rd most populous country in the worldp225 1 the US had a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independenceuntil the 1960s.2 Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s.17。
自考英语国家概况---复习资料--英国国家概况知识点及经济篇英语国家概况经济篇文档.doc
英语国家概况经济篇%1.自然资源英国:Compare with many other countries,Britain has comsiderable reserves of coal.Today British coal mining is called a "sick" industry.Natural gas and oil was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea.Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel industry.Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.As with the coal industry,Britain's steel industry is declining.美国:Fertile soil is one of the most important natural resouces in the United States.America's forest resources are among the world's largest.Another natural resource that contributes to the welfare of the country is water.America is the leaders in production of Coal,iron ore,cpper,oil,sulfur,lead and zine.But short for tin,manganese,and nikel.爱尔兰Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.While Ireland lacks sizeable oil deposits,it has a valuable energy source in the peat,or turt,bogs that cover extensive areas of the country.力口拿大:Water is one of the most important natural resources in Canada.Almost half of the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third,in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world.The largest producer of newsprint in the world.Canada is a primary world producer of nickle,zine and asbestoes,and comes second in potash,third in gold and fourth in copper.Canada is a major world supplier of uranium.Experts believe that the cold fields of Canada may be among the largest in the world.A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thurdsof Canada's petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta.澳大利亚:Australia is one of the world's biggest producers of minerals and metals.It has major deposits of bauxite,mineral sands,diamonds,and black and brown coal,and large reserves of ores containing gold,lead,zinc,iron,copper,nikel,manganese and uranium. It is the world largest exporter of coal,and a major exporter of uranium.新西兰:There is an increasingly large share of energy comes from local resources:natural gas,crude oil,hydroelectricity and geothermal steam. Coal is of growing importance.Solar energy,vegetable oils and ethylalcohol from fermentation make small contributions.%1.农业英国:The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness" .There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming, stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening.Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain.The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国:Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world.It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.（具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291）爱尔兰:Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNRemploys 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports.The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大:The land used for agriculture makes up only 7 % in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quiteimportant.The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt.Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products.Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario.Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚:Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry. Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres. Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice.Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰:Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.%1.制造业，工业英国:The textile is one of Britain's oldest.Textiles were on of the country's most vauluable exports.Britain became a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle of the 19th century.The two main centres for shipbuilding were on the River Tyne near Newcastle,England and on the Clyde near Glasgow in Scotland.The Britain motor industry now dominated by four firms(Ford,the RoverGroup,GM-Vauxhall,and Peugeot)There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth. Scotland has Europe's largest collection of foreign-owned chip factories.Over 90% of the companies are from the U.S. A.,Japan,the Netherlands and germany.美国:The untied States ranks first,second,third or fourth in the world in the production of crude steel,passenger cars,commercial vehicles,chemi cals,radio sets,television sets,and other manufacturing goods.Manufacturing accounts for about one quarter of theGDRabout one quarter of the national income,and over one fifth of the work force.The industrial regions are the Midwest(the nations's leading centre of heavy industry) round the Great Lakes,the Middle Atlantic states,the South,and the Pacific Coast.爱尔兰:Since the 1961 s,manufactuing has become the mainstay of the Irish economy.Of industrial employment,66% are employed in manufacting.力口拿大:Manufacturing is the mst important economic activity in Canada.Food processing is the leading industry. The manufacture of transportation equipment ranks second. The production of paper and paper related products ranks third, metal products are also important.澳大利亚:The mining industry in Australia has faced new problems in recent years.Australia's service sector is the fastest-growing sector of industry.lt has been growing in importance in recent years.新西兰:There are two steel comanies:New Zealand Steel which uses iron sands from the west coast of North Island,and Pacific Steel which reuses scrap iron.New Zealand is a world leader in the CNA(compressed natural gas) industry.Garments,fabrics and carpets are exported.The fishing industry has expanded greatly and is now the 4th largest export earner.%1.对外贸易英国:Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers".Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries.which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC.Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国:Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports.Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.‘accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰:Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment.The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports.Ireland is new an industrial exporter.Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.力口拿大:A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚:Australia is a middle-level trading nation.The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products.Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰:Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active.Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market.The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods.New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.%1.当今面临的问题英国:Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline.The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War: 1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s.这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏，微观措施比较重要(P91-92)Irel and FiannaFail,TheSenate,美国:The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector. So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line.Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰:The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade.Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.力口拿大:In the past few years ho we ver,C anada' s unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners.While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity.Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚:Problems of Australia economy: 1 .Over-reliance on commodityexports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.Country Party system HousesBritain The conservative Party, The House of Commons The Labour Party The House of Lorbs The U.S. The Democrats, The Senate,The Republic The House of RepresentativesFine Gael The House of RepresentativesAustralia The Labour Party, The Senate,the Liberal and National Party The House of RepresentativesNew Zealand The National Party,The Labour Party The House of RepresentativesCanada The Liberal Party, The Senate,the Progressive Conservative Party The House of Representatives考试前注意事项考前准备：一、欲善其事，必先利其器。
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第三章
Chapter 3第三章The Shaping of the Nation （1066-1381）英国的形成（公元1066-1381）I. Norman Rule （1066-1381）诺曼统治（公元1066-1381）1. William's Rule （1066-1087）威廉⼀世的统治（公元1066-1087）England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William， the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to this system， the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country， so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons， who had become William's tenants-in-chief， parceled out land to the lesser nobles， knights and freemen， also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord， but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确⽴。
英语国家概况复习笔记
英语国家概况复习笔记 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020英语国家概况复习笔记Chapter1LandandPeople英国的国土与人民DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.3.TheBritishIslesare madeupof twolargeislands—GreatBritain(thelargerone)and Ireland,and hundredsofsmallones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛［大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛］及成千上万个小岛组成.4.Three politicaldivisions ontheislandofGreatBritain:England,Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.①EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.②ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenat uralzones(theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands;t hesouthUplands)Capital:Edinburgh.苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡.③WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫④NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特5.The Commonwealth(ofnations)isafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membe rnationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingagreements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers. ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountrie suntil1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.Chapter2TheOriginsofaNation(5000BC-1066)英国的起源1.ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts Atabout700BC theCeltsbegantoarriveinBritainandkeptcomingun tilthearrivaloftheRomans.TheymaycomeoriginallyfromeasternandcentralEurope,now France,Belgium and southernG ermany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部.Theycameinthreemainwaves:the Gaels~about600BC;the Brythons~about400BC;the Belgae~about150BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人.TheCeltictribesaretheancestorsofthe HighlandScots,the Irish andthe Welsh,andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofb oth Welsh and Gaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础.TheCelts’religionwas Druidism.凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教.The Belgae werethemost industrious and vigorous oftheCeltictribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的.TheCeltswere practisedfarmers.凯尔特人是有经验的农民.2.BasisofmodernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:盎格鲁—萨克逊(446-871)Inthemid-5th century Jutes,Saxons,and Angles cametoBritain.Theywerethree Teutonic tribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJ utland(now southernDenmark),cametoBritainfirst.ThentheSaxonscame.Theycamefrom northernGermany,established theirkingdomsin Essex,Sussex and Wessex.Inthesecondhalfofthe6th century,the Angles whoalsocamefromnorthernGerm anyandwereto givetheirnametotheEnglishpeople,settledin EastAnglia,Mercia and Northumbria.五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.Heptarchy:DuringtheAnglo-Saxon’stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykin gdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Su ssex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameforHeptarchy.在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.TheAnglo-Saxontribeswere constantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrok enupandoftenpiecedtogetheragain.盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分TheAnglo-Saxons broughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain.盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.AlthoughtheAnglo-Saxonswere ferocious people,theylaidthe foundations oftheEnglishstate.Firstly,theydividedthecountryinto shir es;Secondly,theydevisedthe narrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem whichcontinuedtothe18thcentury;Thirdly,theyalsoestablishedthe manorial system.Finally,t heycreatedthe Witan(council/meetingofwisemen)toadvisetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststo day.虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;他们还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院的基础.3.TheVikingandDanishinvasions The NorwegianVikings andthe Danes attackedvariouspartsofEnglandfr omtheendofthe8th century.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland—the Danelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区.AfterAlfred’sdeath,hissuccessorsreconqueredtheDanelaw.KingEthelredtheUnreadytriedpayingtheinvaderst ostayaway.ButtheDanesdidn’t goawaybutinvadeagain.亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区."未准备好者"埃塞尔雷德国王进贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯.AfterEthelred’sdeath,Canute,theDanishleaderwasmadeEnglishkingin1016.Heprovedtobeawiseruler.Afterhis deathin1035,hissons Harold and Hardicanute reignedsuccessively.AfterHardicanute’sdeaththesuccessionpassedt othesuccessor EdwardtheConfessor.埃塞尔雷德死后,丹麦首领喀奴特在1016年成为了英国国王.他是位英明的通知者.1035年他死后,他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪喀奴特先后统治王国.哈迪喀奴特死后,王位传给了"忏悔者"爱德华.4.KingAlfredandhiscontributions亚尔弗雷德国王和他所做出的贡献(849-899)①Alfredwasthe kingofWessex anddefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879亚尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王.他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议;②Hefoundedastrong fleet andisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”他因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世;③He reorganized the Saxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient他改组了撒克逊军队,使之更为高效;④Heissaidtohavetaughthims elf Latin and translated aLatinbookintoEnglish据说他自学了拉丁语并将一本拉丁语书译成英语⑤Heencouragedlearninginothers,establishedschools andformulateda legalsystem.Allthisearnshimthetitle“Alf redtheGreat”他鼓励向他人求知并修建学校,并且制订法律制度.5.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences诺曼征服及其影响(1066)ItwassaidthatkingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,buttheWitanchoseHaroldasking.So Willia m ledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.InOctober1066,William defeatedHarold inthe battleofHastings.OnChristmasDayWilli amwascrownedkingofEnglandin WestminsterAbbey.据说爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯战役中威廉打败了哈罗德军队.圣诞节这天在威斯敏斯特大教堂,威廉被加冕为英格兰国王.TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers. HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.TheNormanConquestendedtheEnglishhistoryofbeinginv aded,the feudalsystem wascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andcivilizati onandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mannersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwith Rome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.公元1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最着名事件.征服者威廉没收了几乎所有土地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强大的诺曼政府取代软弱的撒克逊人统治.诺曼征服结束了被侵略的英国历史,英格兰完全确立了封建制度:扩展了与欧洲大陆的关系;文明和商业都得到发展;引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑.教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法庭从世俗法庭中单独分离出来.Chapter3TheShapingoftheNation英国的形成（公元1066-1381）1.England'sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立;②Inthissystem,theKingownedallthelandpersonally根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地;③WilliamgavehisbaronslargeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofmilitaryserviceandaproportionoftheland’s produce威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是贵族保证服役和交租;④Theseestateswerescatteredfarandwideoverthecountry,sothatthosewhoheldthemcouldnoteasilycombinetorebelthe king贵族的这些地产分散于各处,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王;⑤Thebaronsparceledouthislandtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,alsoinreturnforgoodsandservices贵族又把土地分配给小贵族,骑士和自由民,同样要他们交租和服役;⑥Atthe bottom ofthefeudalscalewerethe villeins or serfs 在封建等级底层的是农奴;⑦OnepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandownersmusttaketheoathofallegiance,notonlytoth eirimmediatelord,butalsototheking英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人还是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主,而且要效忠于国王.William replaced the Witan withthe GrandCouncil.威廉用大议会取代了贤人会议.Inordertohaveareliablerecordofallhislands,histenantsandtheirpossessions,Williamsenthisclerkstocompil eapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBook,whichwascompletedin1086.为了使所有的土地,佃户和他们的财产记录可靠,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为末日审判书2.ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter大宪章的内容及意义AlsoknownastheMagnaCarta,GreatCharterwassignedby KingJohn in1215underthepressofthebarons.大宪章是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的.Itconsistsof63clauses.Itsimportantprovisionsareasfollows大宪章共有63条:①notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil没有大议会批准不得征税;②nofreemanshouldbearrested,imprisoned,ordeprivedofhispropertyexceptbythelawoftheland除依照法律,不得随意逮捕,拘禁自由民,不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产;③theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections教会拥有的权利和选举自由不受侵犯;④Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirancientrightsandprivileges伦敦和其它城市应保留其古老的权利和特权;⑤thereshouldbethesameweightandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry全国应统一度量衡.AlthoughtheGreatCharterhaslongbeenpopularlyregardedas thefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatement ofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchanda limitat ionofthepowersoftheking.The spirit oftheGreatCharterwasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,keepingthemwithi ntheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.尽管长期普遍认为大宪章是英国自由的基础,但它只是国王与贵族之间的封建与法律关系,保证教会的自由,限制国王的权力.大宪章的精神是限制王权,置王权于封建法律的约束下.3.TheoriginsoftheEnglishParliament英国议会的起源In1258,thebarons,under SimondeMontfort,forcedHenryⅢandhissonPrinceEdwardtosweartoacceptthe ter,HenryrefusedtoconfirmtotheProvisionsofO xford,thusacivilwarbrakeoutbetweentheking’ssupportersandthebaronialarmyledby SimondeMontfort.1258年,贵族们在西蒙德孟福尔的领导下迫使国王和他的儿子爱德华王子宣誓接受"牛津协定".亨利拒绝批准牛津协定,国王的支持者和西蒙德孟福尔领导的封建主组成的军队之间爆发了内战.TheGreatCouncilisknowntobetheprototypeofthecurrentBritishParliament.In1265,SimondeMontfortsummonedthe GreatCouncil,togetherwith twoknightsfromeachcountry and twocitizensfromeachtown.,ameetingwhichhasseenasthe earliestparliament.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonasaparliament.大议会是当今英国议会的原型.1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加,此次会议被看作是最早的议会.大议会发展到后来演变成议会.分为上议院和下议院Itsmainrolewastoofferadvice,nottomakedecisions.Therewerestillnoelections,noparties,andthemostimportantp artofParliamentwastheHouseofLords.其作用是咨询而非决定,也没有选举和政党.议会的最重要的部分是上议院4.TheHundredYears'WarwithFranceanditsconsequences百年战争及其结果WhenEdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrownbuttheFrenchrefusedtorecognize,thewarbrokeout.爱德华三世宣布要继承法国王位,但法国人民拒绝承认,于是引发了百年战争.TheHundredYears’WarwithFrancereferstothewarbetweenEnglandandFrancethatlasted intermittentlyfrom1337t o1453.Thecausesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.Theterritorialcauseswererelatedwiththepos sessionbytheEnglishkingsofthelargeduchyofAquitaine,whiletheFrenchkingscovetedthislargeslice.Theeconomic causeswereconnectedwithclothmanufacturingtownsinFlanders,whichweretheimporterofEnglishwool,buttheywerel oyaltotheFrenchkingpolitically.Besides,England'sdesiretostopFrancefromgivingaidtoScotsandagrowingsenseo fnationalismweretheothercauses.百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争.战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素.领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国阿奎丹大片的公爵领地有密切关系,随着法国国王势力日增,他们日益渴望占领这片从他们领土内被分割出去的土地.经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关.弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口地,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王.其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人,以及不断觉醒的民族意识.Whenthewarended,Calais wastheonlypartofFrancethatstillinthehandsofEnglish.战争结束的时候只有加来港还被英军占领.Consequences:TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries:hadtheyremained ,thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldcertainlyhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationaliden tity,whileFrancewashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.战争的结果:把英国人赶出了法国对两个国家都是幸事:若英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍英国作为一个独立民族的发展;而法国如被外国势力占领了大量的领土,其民族特性的发展也要长期受阻.HenryⅤrenewedthewarin1415andwonacrushingvictoryat Argencourt.HewasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.Afterhisde ath,theFrench,encouragedby JoanofArc,finallydrovetheEnglishoutofFrance.亨利五世在1415年重新发动战争.在阿根科特战役中大胜.他在1420年成为法国国王.亨利死后,法国人民在圣女贞德的鼓舞下,最终把英军驱逐出法国. 5.ConsequencesoftheBlackDeath黑死病的影响TheBlackDeathwasthemodernnamegiventothedeadlyepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleasacrossEurope inthe14th century .ItsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348withoutwarningand,mostimportantly,withoutanycure.ItreducedEnglan d’spopulation from fourmilliontotwomillion(aboutonehalfandonethirdofthepopulation waskilled)bytheendofthe 14th century.黑死病是现代名称,指老鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染性疾病.14世纪传播了到欧洲.1348年夏天横扫全英国,事先毫无预兆,而更重要的是无药可救.英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万.TheeconomicconsequencesoftheBlackDeathwerefar-reaching.Asaresultoftheplague,ndownersten dedtochangefromarabletosheep-farming,whichrequiredlesslabour.Thesurvivingpeasantshadbetterbargainningpowerandwereinapositiontochange theirserfdomintopaidlabour.Sosomelandlords,unableorunwillingtopayhigherwages,triedtoforcepeasantsbackin toserfdom.In1351thegovernmentissuedaStatuteofLabourerswhichmadeitacrimeforpeasantstoaskformorewagesorfo rtheiremployerstopaymorethantherateslaiddownbytheJusticesofthePeace.黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远.鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏.地主只得把耕地改成对人力需求较少的牧场.幸存的农民处于有利的可以讨价还价的地位,他们从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。
英语国家概况笔记整理
英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言或为第一语言的国家。
这些国家有着丰富的历史和文化，并且在全球范围内都有着重要的地位。
以下是对一些典型英语国家的笔记整理。
英格兰英格兰是指大不列颠岛上最大的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
英格兰是全球最重要的文化和商业中心之一，是世界上最重要的旅游胜地之一。
它以其壮丽的城市风光、古老的大学、世界顶级艺术品和丰富的文化遗产而著名。
英格兰还是口音最标准、最古老的英语发源地之一。
苏格兰苏格兰是英国的一个国家，位于英国北部，与英格兰隔着哈德里安长城相隔。
苏格兰地处北极圈附近，因此气候较为寒冷，但是其美丽的山川湖泊和独特的文化使得它成为了一个重要的旅游胜地。
苏格兰的联合王国象征是印有一只独角兽的盾牌。
苏格兰有着悠久的历史，并且拥有着独特的文化，比如苏格兰传统的音乐、服装和食品等。
威尔士威尔士是英国的一个国家，位于英格兰西部。
它以其壮观的山地风景和世界最佳的海岸线而著名。
威尔士人喜欢庆祝传统文化，并且其歌曲、舞蹈和风俗仍然在今天得到了广泛传承。
威尔士听起来有着特别的口音。
英国国旗上的红色龙即是威尔士的象征。
爱尔兰爱尔兰是一个欧洲国家，位于大不列颠岛西侧。
它分为爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰，后者是英国的一部分。
爱尔兰是一个美丽的国家，拥有许多独特的风景和文化遗产。
爱尔兰以其友好的人民、美妙的音乐和优美的文学而著名。
美国美国是世界上最强大的国家之一，是一个多元化的国家，拥有许多文化和民族。
美国以其灿烂多彩的文化、科技创新和政治制度而闻名于世。
美国是一个旅游胜地，拥有世界上最知名的城市之一，如纽约、洛杉矶和旧金山等。
在美国，许多地方需要汽车来进行通行，而且美国人也对汽车有着独特的热爱。
加拿大加拿大是北美洲最多元化和最友善的国家之一。
加拿大有着尽可能保持自然美和野生动物保护的承诺，拥有美丽的大自然风光，如落基山脉和尼亚加拉瀑布。
加拿大人民非常注重公民权利和社会公正，是全世界人权保护能见度最高的国家之一。
英语国家概况复习笔记TheUSA
THE USAGeography and People1.The United States of America (Since 1775)2. The National Flag：The Stars and Stripes(星条旗) OR popularly known as the Old Glory美国国旗的爱称3. The National Anthem：The Star-Spangled Banner星条旗之歌4. Capital City: Washington, District of Columbia (The District of Columbia was named after Christopher Columbus and the city Washington was named after George Washington. The city is governed directly by the Federal government. 哥伦比亚特区以克里斯托弗.哥伦布命名，华盛顿以华盛顿命名。
这个城市是由联邦政府直接管辖的。
)⏹Famous architectures: U.S. Capitol Hill 国会山; Pentagon（五角大楼the U. S. DefenseDepartment and the headquarters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are in it）;White House; Lincoln Memorial [mə'mɔːrɪəl]林肯纪念堂，etc.5. Size：the 4th largest country in the world6. Administrative Divisions: America consists of 50 states and a federal district, the District of Columbia. Two of the 50 states, Alaska and Hawaii, are separated from the continental America, which are the youngest states of the United States.7. Largest state: Alaska (the 49th state )Smallest state：Rhode island美国罗德岛州Largest city: New Y ork8. Landforms:Three major divisions⏹East—highlands：（Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉）⏹West—mountains：high plateaus['plætəʊ]高原(Cordillera[,kɔːdɪ'ljeərə]山脉Range: the Coast Range-the Sierra Nevada-the Cascades-the Rocky Mountains) 山脉范围:海岸山脉的林区的内华达州,Cascades-the 洛基山脉⏹In between—a vast plain region一个广阔的平原地区: The Great Plains大平原9. Highest point:The Sierra-Nevada内华达山脉: Mount Whitney惠特尼峰4418m(14,495 feet)the highest peak in the continental US（the highest peak of the USA is the Mount McKinley (20320 feet) in the south of Alaska）Lowest point: Death Valley死谷: in eastern California, 85 meters below sea level, the lowest point in the whole of N. America北美洲10. RiversThe Mississippi River, the most important and longest river in the US. This river is known to some native American Indians as ―the father of waters‖.父亲河The Missouri River密苏里河:Since the river runs through the dry west, it carries a large amount of topsoil表层土, so it is sometimes called as ―the Muddy泥泞的River‖.11. The Great Lakes⏹The Great Lakes are composed of five lakes: Lake Michigan['miʃiɡən]密歇根湖,Lake Superior苏必利尔湖, Lake Erie['iəri]伊利湖,Lake Huron['hjuərən]休伦湖and Lake Ontario[ɔn'tεəriəu]安大略湖.⏹Among the five lakes, only Lake Michigan belongs to the US completely while the other four are shared by the United States and Canada.⏹Lake Superior (82,414 km2 ), is the largest freshwater lake (by surface area) in the world.12. Natural Resources1) Large supplies of fresh water has played a very important part in America’s growth2) Rich in lumber resources3) The United States is also rich in mineral resources. ―Gold Rush‖: A rush of migrants [ 'maɪɡrənts ]移民者to an the western where gold was discovered in California in 184813. Principle Cities:Now Y ork: The S tatue of Liberty a gift from the French people in 1886, was placed on Liberty Island，The United Nations headquarters stands along the East River at 42nd Street in the city. 联合国总部位于沿着城市东河的第四十二条街上Philadelphia [ ˌfɪlə'delfjə ]费城the seat of the Continental Congress大陆会议所在地.⏹The First and Second Continental Congresses (1774 and 1775-1776) and the Constitutional Convention制宪会议(1787) met in the city, which served as the capital of the United States from 1790 to 1800.⏹Independence Hall: It was in this hall that the American Declaration of Independence美国独立宣言was signed on July 4, 1776 and Constitution of the US was framed美国宪法框架San Francisco: The Chinatown in San Francisco is the largest Chinese settlement in the US. The Golden Gate BridgeDetroit底特律[dɪ'trɔɪt] ：the largest center of the automobile industry in the US and is known as“the Mo tor City”汽车城Houston[ˈhju:stən]休斯顿: “Space City, USA.”太空城14. Population Distribution人口分布: Uneven不均匀&High urbanization15. From the “ Melting Pot大熔炉”--a country of many racial and ethnic[ˌeθnɪk]民族groups from different parts of the world , who came to the New World to seek for freedom in politics or religion.T o the “Salad Bowl沙拉碗” -- However, this country is tolerant and allow people with different cultural background to keep their own distinct culture and custom.16. The different ethnic groups:Native Americans --American IndiansWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestants (W ASPs) --- the dominant ethnic group占主导地位的民族Black People ----African American----the largest ethnic-racial minority groupHispanics西班牙裔---- the largest ethnic minorityAsian Americans have always been a small community.17. P.107Immigration Act of 1924 (restrict further immigration particularly from Europe)Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments《移民与国籍法修正案》18. P.107 The dominant American cultureThe dominant American culture is English-speaking, Western European, Protestant and middle-class in character. The first immigrants formed the land’s basic cultural values as freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living. (占美国文化主导地位的是说英语的人们，包括了西欧，新教和一些中产阶级。
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自考英语国家概况笔记（三）全1） Parliamentary Electoral System议会选举制A General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.Britis h citizens,together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and citizens of the Irish Republic resid ent in Britain,may vote provided they are 1)aged 18 or over,2)included in the annual register of electors f or the constituency,and 3)not subject to any disqualification.A candidate must deposit 500 pound.大选每5年一次，且经常不足5年就举行。
英国公民包括其他英联邦国家公民和爱尔兰共和国在英国的居民都有选举权。
选举条件1）18或18以上，2）选区全体选民的每年选民登记册上登记注册者 3）有资格参选者。
候选人必须交纳500英镑保证金。
2）The Political Party System政党体制Since 1945 either the Conservative Party or the Labour Parth has held power.自1945年以来，一直由保守党或工党轮流执政。
Chapter 9第九章Social Affairs英国社会III. Religion 宗教1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the community or the State. (He may believe in any church or none at all.) He may change his religion at will may man ifest his faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Ca tholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。
他可以随意改变宗教信仰，可以在布道，礼拜和仪式中表明他的信仰。
除了大法官不可以是罗马天主教徒外，公共职务对各种信仰或没有信仰的人一律公开。
2. Established churches国教There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and in Scotland the (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）。
3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of t hat Church and as “Defender of the Faith”. The Church is also linked with the State through the House o f loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament.英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。
因为君主作为“国教的捍卫者”必须是此教会的一员，他在登基时必须承诺维持国教。
国教还通过上议院与国家联系起来。
没有议会同意，英格兰教会不可随意改变“国教祈祷书”中规定的礼拜仪式。
4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at the general assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.苏格兰教的管理时长老制，也就是由教士和长老治理。
他们被授予圣职，王室高级代表通常代表君主光临会议。
5. Unestablished churches非国教教会There are include: the Anglican Churches(圣公会)，the Free Churches(自由教会)；(the largest of t he Free Churches – the Methodist Church 最大的自由教会—卫理公会)，the Roman Catholic Church（罗马天主教）。
IV. Festival and Public Holidays节假日1.Christian festivals 基督教节日The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.其主要的节日有圣诞节，复活节，圣灵降临节Christmas day, December 25th, celebrates the birth of Christ, and it is the greatest of Christian fes tivals. Easter celebrates the Resurrection (复活) of Christ. Easter is traditionally associated with the eati ng Easter eggs.Whit Sunday (圣灵节) celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ’s apostles seve n days after his death, and it is on the seventh Sunday after Easter.圣诞节，12.25，纪念耶稣的诞生，是最盛大的基督教节日。
复活节是庆祝基督的复活。
复活节有吃复活节彩蛋的习惯。
圣灵节是庆祝基督去世7周后，重新降临到他的使徒们中间，在复活节后第7个周日。
2.Other festivals 其他节日Britain’s other festivals include New Year’s Day, Gy Fawkes Day (篝火节), April Fools Day（愚人节）, Mother’s Day and the Remembrance Day (Armistice Day)Chapter 10第十章The education system in Britain1. primary education 初等教育，小学教育Primary education is compulsory(义务教育) in Britain. It begins at five in Great Britain and four i n Northern Ireland. All children have to attend primary school and they finish their primary education at t he age of 11. In addition to the many state primary schools(公立小学) which do not ask their pupils to pa y fees, there are also some fee-paying independent primary schools (收费的私立小学). The most famou s fee-paying primary schools are the preparatory schools which admit children from seven-plus to 11,1 2 or 13 years old.初等教育在英国是义务教育，大不列颠是从5岁开始，北爱尔兰是4岁。
所有的孩子必须参加初等教育，并在11岁完成。
除了许多国家公立小学不向学生收费外，也有一些收费的私立小学。
预备学校学生的年龄通常为7岁以上到11 12 13岁。
2.secondary education 中等教育，中学教育Secondary education in Britain is also compulsory. All the children must receive secondary educat ion after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. The secondary school age-range(中学生的年龄段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in Great Britain atte nd comprehensive schools.Secondary schools include comprehensive schools (综合中学), secondary m odern schools (现代中学) and grammar schools(文法学校). They are state schools（公立学校）。
中等教育在英国也是必须的，所有孩子必须在11岁完成初等教育后接受中等教育。