第八章语法与翻译

立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本
第八章 语法与翻译
第一节 汉英语法范畴的差异
语法与经验表达
语法范畴与词汇范畴
语言之间语法范畴的多样性

第二节 语法差异对翻译决策过程的影响

数
请为译文选择正确的表达。
对失败一方来说，讲和条件通常是苛刻的。
The (terms; term) of the peace were usually hard for the defeated side.
多年的教学经验，帮助我改变了主意。
Years of teaching (experiences; experience) has helped me to change my mind.
我想今后不会有太多的金融机构破产，也许就没有了。
I don’t expect to see too many (bankruptcy cases; bankruptcies) of financial firms in the future,
and maybe there will be none.
在他的干预下，进行了不少盲目的重复建设。
Under his intervention there have been a lot of indiscriminate and duplicated (constructions;
construction projects)

时与体
这一吸引人的黑白相间的动物为人们所广泛地喜爱。作为世界自然基金会（WWF）的
标记，熊猫已经成为中国和国际性自然保护努力的象征。
This attractive black and white mammal has widespread human appeal and has become a
symbol for conservation efforts both within China and internationally as the symbol of The
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
像这一山杜鹃花等种类为19世纪的植物学家所采集，然后运回欧洲作为园艺收藏品。
Species like this mountain rhododendron were collected by 19th century botanists and then
transported back to Europe for horticultural collections.
请考虑以下两种表达方式的不同意义：（提示：出现在英语科学和工程技术等学术性论文
的摘要里面）
[1] It is proposed that…
[2] It has been proposed that…
思考题：
你记得她的名字吗？我忘了。
Do you remember her name? No, I (forget; forgot). I see. I know. I understand.
到2000年，这个比例将达到92%。By 2000, the percentage _______________92%.
你没有迟到，还有三分钟。You are not late.______________________
我们一出发，天就下起雨来了。It ____________ as soon as we started out.
如果她更用功些，她就会学得更好。
She (is going to; will)do better in her studies if she works harder.
电影已经开始十分钟了。The film _____________ on for ten minutes.
已经上课十分钟了。The class _____________ for ten minutes.
那本英语书他已丢了三天了。_____________________________
立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本
图书馆已经开门半小时了。The library _______________for half an hour.
爱迪生去世已经六十五年了。Edison _____________________ for 65 years.
中国人民不用多久就会变得富裕起来。
It won’t be long before the Chinese people ___________ well off.
我们某些产品应该说已经达到先进水平。
Some of our products ought to be said ______________advanced levels.
等我们的老师从国外回来，我们就要做完我们的工作了。
We _____________________our work by the time our teacher returns from abroad.
20年来，中国的科学家们为祖国做出了贡献。
In the past twenty years, the Chinese scientists ______________ great service to their
motherland.
语态
这儿讲的是英语。
中美已经建立了外交关系。
来宾请出示入场券。
请全系教师和干部于星期三下午二时在会议室集合，听报告。
人们认为 普遍认为 有人相信 众所周知 据说 据悉 据推测 据报导 必须指出 由此可见
不用说
无可否认
已经证明
可以肯定
可以有把握地说
人们有时会问
人们希望

第三节 与语法有关的其他翻译问题
一 及物与不及物
咱们吃饭去吧。
A. Let’s go and eat.
B. Let’s go and eat our meal.
他们在读书。
A. They are reading.
B. They are reading books.
我们要在音乐会上演唱。
A. We’re going to sing at the concert.
B. We’re going to sing songs at the concert.
你付钱了吗？
A. Have you paid money?
B. Have you paid yet?
因此在这个问题上我重复了这么多遍以后，我今天实在不想再讲了。
But after (repeating; repeating my answer; repetitions) so many times on the question, I’m
really very reluctant to talk about it any more today.
在亚洲的金融风暴当中，对香港的影响在今年已经陆续显现了，尤其是在今年的上半
年。
The effect on Hong Kong of the financial crisis in Southeast Asia has begun (to be shown;
立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本
to show), especially in the first half of this year.
如果今年再提出来，我想也不会有别的结果。
If they insist on (re-submitting; re-submitting the draft) this year, I don’t see any different
outcome.
二 比较句型
今年的产量比去年高。
A. This year’s output is greater than that of last year.
B. This year’s output is greater than last year.
中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其他许多国家。
A. China’s per Capita agricultural land cannot compare with many other countries in the
world.
B. China’s per Capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries
in the world.
不会取得过去七次会议上的那种结果。
A. The outcomes would not be different from those of the previous seven times.
B. The outcomes would not be different from the previous seven times.
学习外语的方法和学习游泳的方法一样，必须把实践放到第一位。
A. The way of learning foreign languages is the same as learning swimming. Practice
must be put first.
B. The way of learning foreign languages is the same as that of learning swimming.
Practice must be put first.
三 逐词对译与语法冲突
欢迎你参加我们商品交易会。
A. Welcome you to visit out trade fair!
B. Welcome to our trade fair!
店主让我父亲一天干16个小时的活。
A. The shop-owner let father work 16 hours a day.
B. The shop-owner made father work 16 hours a day.
作为一个世界贸易组织，缺乏中国，没有中国的参加，我看他很难发挥作为一个世界
贸易组织的应有作用。
A. As a world trade organization, I think, WTO without the participation of China will be
hard to play its due role.
B. As a world trade organization, I think, WTO without the participation of China will
find it hard to play its due role.
因为一连几天在下雨，他只得待在家里。
A. Having rained for successive days, he had to stay at home.
B. As it had rained for successive days, he had to stay at home.
一到北京，我的朋友就在机场等着接我。
A. On arriving at Beijing, my friend was waiting for me at the airport.
B. On arriving at Beijing, I found my friend waiting for me at the airport.
四 固定用法造成的误译
夜里下过一场雷阵雨。
There was a thunder shower (in the night; at night)
这水可以饮用吗？Is this water good (to drink; to be drunk).
安娜想明年结婚。Mary wants to (get; be) married next year.
我不怀疑你有科研工作的能力。