Review grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice production regions(水稻氮肥利用率综述)

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英语作文介绍杂交水稻

英语作文介绍杂交水稻英文回答：Hybrid rice, also known as interspecific orintervarietal rice, is a type of rice that is created by crossing two different varieties of rice. This process results in a new variety that combines the desirable traits of both parent varieties. Hybrid rice has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its high yield potential and resistance to diseases and pests.One of the main advantages of hybrid rice is itsability to produce higher yields compared to traditional varieties. For example, the hybrid rice variety Shanyou 63 has been shown to produce 20-30% higher yields than conventional rice varieties. This increased productivity can help to address food security issues in countries with growing populations.In addition to higher yields, hybrid rice also exhibitsimproved resistance to diseases and pests. This is because the genetic diversity resulting from the crossing of two different varieties can help to strengthen the plants' immune systems. For instance, the hybrid rice variety Liangyoupeijiu has been found to be more resistant to bacterial blight compared to traditional rice varieties.Furthermore, hybrid rice is known for its adaptability to different environmental conditions. This means that hybrid rice can be grown in a variety of climates and soil types, making it a versatile option for farmers around the world. For example, the hybrid rice variety Xieyou9308 has been successfully grown in both tropical and temperate regions.Overall, hybrid rice has the potential to revolutionize rice production and contribute to global food security. By harnessing the benefits of genetic diversity, hybrid rice varieties offer a promising solution to the challenges faced by modern agriculture.中文回答：杂交水稻，又称为种间或品种间水稻，是通过杂交两种不同水稻品种而创造出的一种水稻。

中国水稻遗传育种历程与展望

Hereditas (Beijing)2018年10月, 40(10): 841―857 收稿日期: 2018-07-26; 修回日期: 2018-09-04基金项目:科技部“七大作物育种”专项(编号：2016YFD0100301)，国家自然科学基金项目(编号：31701391)，湖北省自然科学基金项目(编号：2015CFA006)和武汉市应用基础研究项目(编号：2016020101010090)资助[Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFD0100301), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31701391), the Natural ScienceFoundation of Hubei Province (No.2015CFA006) and the Application Basic Research Program of Wuhan City (No.2016020101010090)]作者简介: 吴比，博士，研究方向：水稻遗传学。

E-mail: wubi@通讯作者:邢永忠，教授，博士生导师，研究方向：水稻遗传学。

E-mail: yzxing@DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.18-213网络出版时间: 2018/9/20 11:41:50URI: /kcms/detail/11.1913.R.20180920.1141.002.html综述中国水稻遗传育种历程与展望吴比，胡伟，邢永忠华中农业大学，作物遗传改良国家重点实验室，武汉 430070摘要: 我国的水稻育种经历了矮化育种、杂种优势利用和绿色超级稻培育3次飞跃，其间伴随矮化育种(第一次绿色革命)、三系杂交稻培育、二系杂交稻培育、亚种间杂种优势利用、理想株型育种和绿色超级稻培育等6个重要历程。

Integratednutrie...

Integrated nutrient management for sustainable agriculture in ChinaFan Ming-sheng, Zhang Fu-suo *, Jiang Reng-fengDepartment of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100094.************************************.cnAbstract:China’s economy has made great strides since 1949, and especially since China initiated economic reforms and the open-door policy in the 1980’s. The growth in agricultural production has been one of the main national accomplishments. By 1999 China was feeding 22 % of the global human population with only 9 % of the world’s arable land and per capita food availability reached the levels of developed countries. The use of fertilizers has played a crucial role, accounting for about 50 % of the yield increase. However, rapid economic growth has led to unprecedented resource exhaustion and environmental degradation. China’s ‘grain security’ will face multiple pressures stemming from resource limitation, environmental pollution and population growth. The Chinese government regards agriculture as the primary field of development of the national economy in the 21st century. The optimal agricultural developmental path for China is to improve the ratio of resource utilization and protect the environment while guaranteeing the grain supply. The Chinese government is committing major resources to national research and extension programs, including a soil test and fertilizer recommendation project, a best nutrient management practices project and an integrated crop and soil management for high yield and high resource efficiency in major cropping systems.This paper summarizes the trends in crop production and crop yields, fertilizer use and soil quality in China, and presents the approach of integrated nutrient management (INM) for improving crop productivity with efficient resource utilization and environmental protection. In INM approach, strategy is to emphasize the integrated use of nutrients from fertilizers, wastes and soil and environmental sources; managing nutrient according to different nutrients’ specific characteristic; nutrient management should also be integrated with sound soil management practices and other farming techniques.Key wordsHigher yield, efficient resource utilization, integrated nutrient management, crop systems1 Accomplishments and challenges in Crop productionSince 1949, especially when China initiated economic reforms and the open-door policy in the 1980’s, China’s economy has made great strides. The growth of agricultural production has been one of the main accomplishments of the country. Cereal yield increased steadily from 2041 kg/ha in 1961 to 6432 kg/ha in 2007 for rice, from 557 kg/ha in 1961 to 4607 kg/ha in 2007 for wheat, and from 1139 kg/ha in 1961 to 5166 kg/ha in 2007 for maize, respectively (Fig. 1). The net increase was 349.1 Mt with an annual growth rate of 3.6 % which is higherthan the world mean growth rate of 2 %. China accounts for about 29 % of global rice production, 15 % of maize and 24 % of wheat production (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2007; FAO, 2006).Annual growth rates of cereal yields are gradually declining. Over the last 10 years rice yields have shown declining or stagnant trends in most rice production provinces and the average annual growth rate was -0.3 % from 1998 to 2006. Maize yields have been stagnant with a growth rate of only 0.3 %. Due to stagnant or decreasing yield trends as described above and decreasing cultivated area, a stagnant trend in cereal production can be clearly observed, especially over the last 8 years. For example, cereal production decreased from 198.7 Mt in 1998 to 182.6 Mt in 2006.However, the grain yield potential of the current cereal varieties is far from actual yields obtained in China. For example, the average maize yields in farmers’ fields are 5295 kg/ha in northeast China, 5055 kg/ha on the North China Plain, and 3990 kg/ha in hill areas in the south of China (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2002-2006). While maize yields in regional new variety test experiments in the regions above are 8460, 7305, and 6690 kg/ha, increases of 60, 45, and 68 % over the average farm field yields in those regions. A similar situation can be found for wheat and rice. This also implies that there is great potential to increase cereal grain yields above current farmers’ yields.Fig 1. Changes in cereal production in China from 1949 to 2007. Total cereal harvest area and grain yields of rice, maize and wheat. Source: China Agriculture Yearbook 1961-2006.To meet the demand for grain and to feed a growing population on the remaining arable land by 2030, crop production must reach 5.8 Mt and yield has to increase by 2 % annually in China. This is a great challenge to China for the decades to come.2 Fertilizer utilization and efficiency in major cereal crop systems100020003000400050006000700019491952195519581961196419671970197319761979198219851988199119941997200020032006C e r e a l y i e l d (k g /h a )102030405060708090100C e r e a l c u l t i v a t i o n a r e a (M h a )On the nutrient utilization side, China has a long tradition over thousands of years of recycling organic materials to maintain relatively high yield levels and prevent soil fertility from declining. Mineral fertilizers were introduced in the 1950s and their use has increased rapidly. The inputs of fertilizer N, P and K increased almost linearly from 8.9, 2.7 and 0.4 Mt in 1980 to 35.4, 11.5 and 7.5 Mt in 2007. The total consumption of chemical fertilizers in China exceeded 54.4 Mt in 2007, nearly 3 5% of the total global consumption (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 1949-2007). Concomitantly, the contribution to total nutrient supply from organic manures decreased from almost 100 % in 1949 to only 35 % in 2001. For example, applied organic manures accounted for 18 % of N, 28 % of P and 75 % of K overall in 2000.Nutrient (NPK) efficiency is quite low in China. For example, the partial factor productivity of applied N is 54.2 kg/kg for rice, 43.0 kg/kg for wheat and 51.6 kg/kg for maize, respectively. Recovery efficiency of N (% fertilizer N recovered in aboveground crop biomass, REN) for cereal crops was 35 % on average in the 1990’s. However, this value has gradually reduced since then and the current REN is 28.3 % for rice, 28.2 % for wheat and 26.1 % for maize (Table 1), all of which are lower than the world values (40-60 %).Tab. 1 Fertilizer N application rates, grain yields and various nutrient use efficiencies for rice, wheat and maize (Zhang et al, 2008)Crop SamplesFertilizer rate(kg/ha) Yield (kg/ha)PFP(kg/kg)RE (%)Rice 179 150 6835 54.2 28.3 Wheat 273 169 5721 43.0 28.2 Maize 215 1627045 51.6 26.1Note: PFP : partial factor productivity of applied nutrient (kg grain per kg nutrient applied); RE: recovery efficiency of nutrient (% fertilizer nutrient recovered in aboveground crop biomass)The low nutrient use efficiency may be attributed to fertilizer overuse and high nutrient loss resulting form inappropriate timing and methods of fertilizer application, especially in high yielding fields. As shown in Table 4, the average fertilizer N application rate for rice of 150 kg/ha is higher than in most countries and as much as 67 % above the global average, but rates of 150–250 kg N/ha are common. Fertilizer application is often not based on real-time nutrient requirements of the crop and/or site-specific knowledge of soil nutrient status. For example, in rice production systems most farmers apply N in two split dressings (basal and top-dressings) within the first 10 days of the rice growing season (Fan et al., 2007). This large amount of fertilizer-N is prone to loss over an extended period because the rice plants require time to develop their root systems and a significant demand for N. In addition, nutrients derived from the environment and the soil are not taken into account when farmers determine fertilizer applied rates. This will also contribute to low nutrient utilization efficiency.Irrational fertilizer utilization has led to environmental pollution. Losses of N and P through1200002000400060008000100000200040006000800010001200A c h i e v e d y i e l d (k g h a )A c h i e v e d y i e l d (k g /h a )020004000600080001000002000400060008000100004000100002000020006000800012000040006000800010001200Control yield (kg/ha)A c h i e v e d y i e l d (k g /h a )leaching and run-off have led to drinking water pollution which affects 30 % of the population and results in eutrophication of 61 % of lakes in the country. Agricultural production also produces considerable emissions of nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere.Optimization of nutrient application and achieving greater nutrient use efficiency at national and provincial levels are urgently required in China.Fig 2. Relationship between achieved yields of rice, wheat and maize using best management practices and control yields with no fertilizer application. (Fan et al., 2009).3. The statues of soil fertility in crop production systemsCrop productivity is strongly dependent on soil quality. The soils with high inherent soil fertility consistently achieved significantly higher wheat, maize and rice yields than those with low inherent soil fertility (Fig 2). However, most arable land in China has low soil indigenous fertility so that it is difficult to achieve higher crop yields. Chinese scientists have classified the arable land based on grain yields into high, medium and low productivity land. Yields in higher productivity lands are usually 1-4 times and 2-6 times higher thanthose in medium and low productivity areas, respectively. Research is therefore required for a thorough understanding of the rates and causes of differences in soil indigenous fertility and subsequent effects on yields and input requirements to sustain yield increases in Chinese cropping systems.The enhancement and maintenance of SOM are fundamental to soil quality improvement and ensuring global food security (Lal, 2004). However, SOC in Chinese cropping systems is low compared with Europe. For example, the average content of SOM in cropland is 10 g/kg in China compared with 25-40 g/kg in European countries and the United States. In spite the increasing SOC in most cropland in China, which was attributed to amendment with crop residues and organic manures together with synthetic fertilizer applications and the optimal combinations of nutrients and the development of no-tillage and reduced-tillage practices, especially in east, north, northwest, south and central China. However, soil degradation is a very serious problem in China. Soil degradation in China comprises 145 Mha or 7.4% of the world total. The loss of the SOC pool has been widely reported in Chinese croplands. Huang and Sun (2006) estimated that SOC in 31.4 % of monitoring sites in China suffered some loss due to water loss and soil erosion together with low inputs.Because subtle changes in soil properties may lead to some reduction in the resource buffer provided by good soil quality, especially in high-yielding systems, it is very important to build up the SOC pool in Chinese croplands by appropriate management strategies such as returning large quantities of biomass to the soil and/or decreasing losses of SOC through erosion, mineralization, and leaching to give sustainability and high yields through improvement of soil quality.4 Integrated nutrient management in crop production systems for reducing environmental risk while increasing crop productivityChina’s ‘grain security’ will face multiple pressures stemming from resource limitation, environmental pollution and population growth. Given the low nutrient utilization efficiency and soil productivity, China must undertake a new step toward integrated nutrient management. Such an approach will focus on increasing crop productivity while optimizing nutrient use efficiency and soil quality.The key points of this strategy include (a) integrated use of nutrients from fertilizers, wastes (from both agriculture and industry), and soil and environmental sources such as atmospheric deposition and irrigation water, (b) synchronization of nutrient supply and crop nutrient demand and application of different management technologies based on the characteristics of different nutrient resources, and (c) integration of nutrient management with sound soil management practices and other farming techniques such as use of high yielding cultivation systems, water-saving techniques, conservation tillage, and cover crops (Fan et al., 2008).These new nutrient management systems can, on average, reduce N fertilizer inputs by 26%, save P fertilizer inputs by 20%, raise grain yields by 8%, and reduce N loss by 47 % compared to conventional agricultural practice as shown across 1517 experiments covering 12 cropping systems at 123 sites. Due to augmented plant productivity and increased return of crop residues, soil C sequestration will also increase and soil quality will be enhanced in the long term(Ju et al., 2009).The main channels that have been used for communicating INM technologies with farmers and growers are the official extension service systems operated by central and localgovernments and effective cooperation with the fertilizer industry. For instance, a Sinochem and China Agricultural University Research and Development Center established in 2003 focuses on new types of fertilizer exploitation, fertilizer market investigation, on-farm surveys of fertilizer applications, and training for staff in both the fertilizer industry and the official extension service. These arrangements have greatly facilitated the adoption of INM technology by farmers.AcknowledgementsWe thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40701089) and the Major State Basic Research Development Programme of the People’s Republic of China (Grant No. 2009CB118600) for generous financial support.ReferencesFan MS, Cui ZL, Chen XP, Jiang RF, Zhang FS. 2008. Integrated nutrient management for improving crop yields and nutrient utilization efficiencies in China. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 63 (4): 126A-128A JUL-AUGFan MS, Lu SH, Jiang RF, Liu XJ, Zeng XZ, Goulding KWT, Zhang FS. 2007. Nitrogen input, 15N balance and mineral N dynamics in a rice-wheat rotation in southwest China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 79: 243-253Fan. M.S. Zhang W. Christie P., Zhang F.S. 2009. Crop production, fertilizer use and soil quality in China. In: Ratten Lal Eds, Advanced in Soil Science. (In press).FAO. 2006. FAOSTAT Database - Agricultural Production. . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, RomeHuang Y, Sun WJ. 2006. Changes in topsoil organic carbon of croplands in mainland China over the last two decades. Chinese Science Bulletin 51: 1785-1803Ju X.T., Xing G. X., Chen X.P., Zhang S. L., Zhang L.J., Liu X.J., Cui Z. L., Yin B., P. Christie, Zhu Z. L., and Zhang F.S. 2009. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. PNAS, 106(9)3041–3046Lal R. 2004. Soil Carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security.Science 304: 1623-1627National Bureau of Statistics of China. 1949-2007. China Agriculture Yearbook. Beijing: China Agriculture PressZhang FS, Wang JQ, Zhang WF, Cui ZL, Ma WQ, Chen XP, Jiang RF. 2008. Situation and Countermeasures of Nutrient Utilization Efficiency for Major Cereal Crops in China. Acta Pedologica Sinica. 45(5):915-924.。

控制灌溉条件下施氮量对杂交籼稻F优498氮素利用效率及产量的影响

控制灌溉条件下施氮量对杂交籼稻F优498氮素利用效率及产量的影响张绍文;马均;何巧林;王海月;蒋明金;李应洪;严奉君;杨志远;孙永健;郭翔【摘要】[目的]阐明控制灌溉条件下施氮量对杂交籼稻氮素利用效率及产量的影响,以期为杂交籼稻制定科学合理的灌溉方式和氮肥施用技术提供理论依据.[方法]2015-2016年,以超级杂交稻F优498为供试材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,在控制性灌溉方式下设置5个施氮水平处理为N0、90、135、180和225 kg/hm2,调查了主要生育期水稻生长状况和氮素吸收及转运量.[结果]1)控制灌溉条件下施氮量对水稻产量及氮素利用效率影响显著.在施N 0～180 kg/hm2范围内,水稻产量及灌溉水生产力随施氮量增加而提高,超过此范围则下降.2015年和2016年试验产量分别在施氮量为180 kg/hm2和135 kg/hm2时达到最大值,与土壤肥力和温光条件密切相关.2)随着施氮量增加,成熟期水稻氮素积累量逐渐增加,氮肥回收利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮收获指数先增加后降低,而氮肥偏生产力、氮素生产效率、氮肥干物质生产效率和土壤氮素依存率则逐渐降低.氮肥回收利用率与产量呈极显著正相关(r=0.92**),施氮量为135 kg/hm2时,2015年和2016年试验中氮肥回收利用率均达到最大值.3)相关分析表明,控制灌溉条件下,抽穗期叶面积指数、高效叶面积指数、总根长、根表面积和根体积等与产量呈显著或极显著正相关,表明控制灌溉下适宜的施氮量能够促进地上部与地下部协同生长,有利于高产群体的构建.[结论]从两年的水稻产量和氮素利用效率来看,控制灌溉条件下,根据土壤肥力和温光条件,杂交籼稻F优498氮肥用量以135～180 kg/hm2为宜.%[Objectives] Effects of different nitrogen (N) rates on grain yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization of indica hybrid rice under the controlled intermittent irrigation were studied with expectations for providing theoretical basis for rationaluse of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer in indica hybrid rice.[Methods] A single-factor random block experiment based on 5 nitrogen rates(0,90,135,180 and 225 kg/hm2) with the combination of the controlled intermittent irrigation and super indica hybrid rice F You498 as material was conducted in 2015 and 2016.The nitrogen absorption and translocation amounts and growing indices of rice were measured at the main growing stages.[Results] 1) Nitrogen application had significant effects on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice,and the grain yield and irrigation water use efficiency were increased with the increase of N application level from 0 to 180 kg/hm2,and then decreased when the N application level was further increased.The highest grain yields in 2015 and 2016 were obtained at the N application rates of 180 kg/hm2 and 135kg/hm2,respectively,which were closely related to the soil fertility and temperature-light condition.2) With the increase of N application rate,the N accumulation at the mature stage was increased gradually,and the N recovery efficiency (NRE),N agronomic efficiency (NAE) as well as the N harvest index (NHI) were first increased and then decreased.However,the N partial factor productivity (NPP),N production efficiency (NPE),N dry matter production efficiency (NMPE) and soil N dependent rate (SDNR) were decreased gradually.There was a significant positive correlation between NRE and grain yield (r =0.92**),and the highest NRE could be obtained at the N application rate of 135 kg/hm2.3) Correlation analysis indicated that the grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with leaf area index (LAI),high valid LAI,total root length (TRL),total root surface area(TRSA) and total root volume (TRV).The appropriate N application rate under controlled intermittent irrigation could facilitate the cooperative growth of aboveground and underground part,which was beneficial to construct the high-yielding population.[Conclusions] With the consideration of high grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency,based on the soil fertility and temperature-light condition,the optimal N application rate of indica hybrid rice F You498 under the controlled intermittent irrigation condition should be about 135-180 kg/hm2.【期刊名称】《植物营养与肥料学报》【年(卷),期】2018(024)001【总页数】13页(P82-94)【关键词】控制灌溉;施氮量;杂交灿稻;产量;氮素利用效率【作者】张绍文;马均;何巧林;王海月;蒋明金;李应洪;严奉君;杨志远;孙永健;郭翔【作者单位】四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川成都611130;四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川成都611130;四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川成都611130;四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川成都611130;四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川成都611130;四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川成都611130;四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川成都611130;四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川成都611130;四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川成都611130;四川省农业气象中心,四川成都610072【正文语种】中文水稻作为主要的粮食作物，氮素利用率低和耗水量大是当前生产中面临的两大主要问题。

沿淮地区不同氮肥用量对水稻生长和产量的影响

Hans Journal of Agricultural Sciences 农业科学, 2023, 13(8), 786-790 Published Online August 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/hjas https:///10.12677/hjas.2023.138111沿淮地区不同氮肥用量对水稻生长和产量的影响王春姐江苏省农垦农业发展股份有限公司临海分公司，江苏盐城收稿日期：2023年7月7日；录用日期：2023年8月7日；发布日期：2023年8月14日摘要本试验以南粳9108为研究对象，通过不同施氮量和不同使用时期探讨氮肥对机插水稻生育进程、茎蘖动态以及产量构成因素的影响，结果表明，不同施氮量和施肥模式对生育期影响很小，误差在1天左右。

随着用氮量加大，分蘖性、株高呈上升趋势。

纯氮用量375 kg/hm 2，基肥和分蘖肥均为225 kg/hm 2，不施保花肥的处理产量结构合理，理论产量达到10444.65 kg/hm 2，实际产量达到9737.10 kg/hm 2，均为最高，并且产量三要素较为协调，田间病虫害较轻。

关键词施氮量，施肥模式，生育进程，茎蘖动态，产量Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Dosages on Rice Growth and Yield in the Huaihe River RegionChunjie WangLinhai Branch, Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Reclamation and Development Co., Ltd., Yancheng JiangsuReceived: Jul. 7th , 2023; accepted: Aug. 7th , 2023; published: Aug. 14th , 2023AbstractThis experiment takes Nanjing 9108 as the research object, and explores the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth process, stem and tiller dynamics, and yield components of machine in-王春姐serted rice through different nitrogen application rates and periods. The results show that differ-ent nitrogen application rates and fertilization modes have little impact on the growth period, with an error of about 1 day. With the increase of nitrogen usage, tillering ability and plant height show an upward trend. The pure nitrogen dosage is 375 kg/hm2, and the base fertilizer and tiller-ing fertilizer are both 225 kg/hm2. The yield structure of the treatment without applying flower-ing fertilizer is reasonable, with a theoretical yield of 10444.65 kg/hm2and an actual yield of 9737.10 kg/hm2, both of which are the highest. The three factors of yield are relatively coordi-nated, and the field diseases and pests are relatively light.KeywordsNitrogen Application Rate, Fertilization Mode, Fertility Process, Stem and Tiller Dynamics,YieldThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0)./licenses/by/4.0/1. 前言水稻产量高低，与水稻品种、栽培技术、气候条件等因素密切相关。

生物炭与氮肥配施对米粉稻产量与稻米品质的影响

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(１湖南农业大学食品科技学院ꎬ湖南长沙４１０１２８ꎻ ２湖南农业大学农学院ꎬ湖南长沙４１０１２８)
摘要:为探讨生物碳与氮肥配施对米粉稻产量与品质的影响ꎬ以米粉稻品种湘早籼３２号为材料ꎬ设置３个处理
(不施氮肥ꎬＣＫꎻ施纯氮１８０ｋｇ / ｈｍ２ ꎬＴ１ꎻ施纯氮１８０ｋｇ / ｈｍ２＋生物炭ꎬＴ２) 在湖南浏阳开展两年大田试验ꎮ 结果表
作物研究( ＣＲＯＰＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨ)
２０２３ꎬ３７(６) :５５１－５５５ꎬ５６９
引用格式:
胡溶ꎬ胡田ꎬ陈光辉ꎬ等生物炭与氮肥配施对米粉稻产量与稻米品质的影响[ Ｊ] 作物研究ꎬ２０２３ꎬ３７(６) :５５１－５５５ꎬ５６９
生物炭与氮肥配施对米粉稻产量与稻米品质的影响
胡溶１ ꎬ胡田２ ꎬ陈光辉２ ꎬ易镇邪２∗ ꎬ秦丹１∗
年份
２０２０
２０２１
ｐＨ
４９４
６１６
碱解氮 /
( ｍｇｋｇ )
８８６１
－１
１１９５３
有效磷 /
( ｍｇｋｇ )
４９３９
－１
３４５３
１２试验设计
设置３个处理ꎬＣＫ:不施氮肥ꎻＴ１:施纯氮１８０

内生细菌在植物修复中的应用

内生细菌在植物修复中的应用李安明;邓青云;李德华;汪宜宇【摘要】环境污染是严重威胁人类健康的全球性问题,植物修复就是利用植物吸收、富集以除去环境中的污染物尤其是重金属污染物或者将其转变成毒性较低的物质的过程,植物修复以其廉价、安全与环境友好的特点,为重金属环境污染的修复提供了新的途径.内生细菌是植物组织内的正常菌群,它们的存在不会使植物出现可见的伤害或者功能的改变,在植物修复中具有重要的作用,它们可以促进植物生长、加速有机污染物降解、提高植物对重金属的抗性以及增加植物对重金属的吸收、促进重金属在植物体内的转运过程.对内生细菌在植物修复中的应用进行了综述,并对其研究前景进行了展望.%Environment contamination posing great threats to human is a major global problem. Phytoremediation is a process whereby green plants are used to remove pollutants, especially heavy metals, from the environment or to reduce their toxicity. This technology has made rapid progress in the clean-up of heavy metal-polluted areas in a cost-effective and an environmentally friendly manner. Endophytic bacteria can be defined as bacteria colonizing the internal tissues of plants without causing symptoms of infection or negative effects on their host. Bacterial endophytes can play an important role in phytoremediation, by promoting plant growth, quickening degradation of organic pollutants, enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metals and improving heavy metals accumulation by plant, or accelerating heavy metals translocation from root to shoot. The latest applications of bacterial endophytes in improvingphytoremediation were reviewed and some suggestions were also put forward for the work in the future.【期刊名称】《湖北农业科学》【年(卷),期】2011(050)019【总页数】4页(P3893-3896)【关键词】植物修复;环境污染;内生细菌;有机污染物;重金属【作者】李安明;邓青云;李德华;汪宜宇【作者单位】孝感学院生命科学技术学院,湖北孝感432000;孝感学院生命科学技术学院,湖北孝感432000;孝感学院生命科学技术学院,湖北孝感432000;孝感学院生命科学技术学院,湖北孝感432000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】Q939.1;X173土壤是人类生存和发展的重要基础，但人类活动给环境造成了广泛污染。

不同时期三系杂交稻主栽品种对氮肥用量的响应

作物学报 ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2010, 36(2): 354−360/zwxb/ISSN 0496-3490; CODEN TSHPA9E-mail: xbzw@本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(30800674)和国家“十一五”科技支撑计划“粮食丰产科技工程”项目(2006BAD02A13-3-1)资助。

*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 章秀福, E-mail: zhangxf169@; Tel: 0571-********第一作者联系方式: E-mail: wdanying@Received(收稿日期): 2009-09-27; Accepted(接受日期): 2009-10-09.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.00354不同时期三系杂交稻主栽品种对氮肥用量的响应王丹英1 徐春梅1 袁江1,2 赵锋1,2 廖西元1 章秀福1,*1中国水稻研究所, 浙江杭州 310006; 2南京农业大学 / 农业部南方作物生理生态重点开放实验室, 江苏南京210095摘要: 以16个不同时期三系杂交籼稻主栽品种(育成时间1976—2006)为材料, 通过0 kg hm −2 (CK)、135 kg hm −2 (N1)、255 kg hm −2 (N2) 3种氮素水平试验, 研究施氮量对其氮素利用、积累和转运特性的影响。

结果表明: (1) 早期 (1983年前育成)和中期(1983—1993年育成)品种对氮肥反应比近期(1993年后育成)品种敏感。

增施135 kg hm −2 (N1)氮肥使早期品种产量大幅提高, 而近期育成品种在施氮量255 kg hm −2 (N2)时产量才明显增加。

(2) 施用氮肥增加水稻植株的氮积累量, 增施135 kg hm −2 (N1)氮肥时各品种植株各部分含氮量的增幅相近; 增施255 kg hm −2 (N2)氮肥时, 早期品种氮同化量的增加主要在开花前, 而近期品种主要在花后至成熟期间, 施氮量对早期品种茎叶的氮转运率无影响, 却显著降低近期品种的氮转运效率。

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015, 14(12): 2456–2466RESEARCH ARTICLEAvailable online at www.sciencedirect.comScienceDirect

Review grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice production regions in China

CHE Sheng-guo1, ZHAO Bing-qiang1, LI Yan-ting1, YUAN Liang1, LI Wei1, LIN Zhi-an1, HU Shu-wen2, SHEN Bing3

1 Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R.China2 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R.China

3 China Blue Chemical Ltd., Beijing 100029, P.R.China

AbstractAs one of the staple food crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is widely cultivated across China, which plays a critical role in guar-anteeing national food security. Most previous studies on grain yield or/and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice in China often involved site-specific field experiments, or small regions with insufficient data, which limited the representation for the current rice production regions. In this study, a database covering a wide range of climate conditions, soil types and field managements across China, was developed to estimate rice grain yield and NUE in various rice production regions in China and to evaluate the relationships between N rates and grain yield, NUE. According to the database for rice, the values of grain yield, plant N accumulation, N harvest index (HIN), indigenous N supply (INS), internal N efficiency (IEN),

reciprocal internal N efficiency (RIEN), agronomic N use efficiency (AEN), partial N factor productivity (PEPN), physiological

N efficiency (PEN), and recover efficiency of applied N (REN) averaged 7.69 t ha–1, 152 kg ha–1, 0.64 kg kg–1, 94.1 kg kg–1, 53.9 kg

kg–1, 1.98 kg kg–1, 12.6 kg kg–1, 48.6 kg kg–1, 33.8 kg kg–1, and 39.3%, respectively. However, the corresponding values

all varied tremendously with large variation. Rice planting regions and N rates had significant influence on grain yield, N uptake and NUE values. Considering all observations, N rates of 200 to 250 kg ha–1 commonly achieved higher rice grain

yield compared to less than 200 kg N ha–1 and more than 250 kg N ha–1 at most rice planting regions. At N rates of 200 to

250 kg ha–1, significant positive linear relationships were observed between rice grain yield and AEN, PEN, REN, IEN, and

PFPN, and 46.49, 24.64, 7.94, 17.84, and 88.24% of the variation in AEN, PEN, REN, IEN, and PFPN could be explained by

grain yield, respectively. In conclusion, in a reasonable range of N application, an increase in grain yield can be achieved accompanying by an acceptable NUE.

Keywords: rice, grain yield, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency, China

1. IntroductionRice (Oryza sativa L.) yields have substantially increased in the past 64 years from only 48.6 million tons (Mt) in 1949 to 204 Mt in 2012 (National Bureau of Statistics 2013), which accounts for ca. 28.6% of global rice production (FAO 2012).

Received 20 August, 2015 Accepted 5 November, 2015CHE Sheng-guo, E-mail: cheshengguo@caas.cn; Correspondence ZHAO Bing-qiang, Tel/Fax: +86-10-82108664, E-mail: zhaobingqiang@caas.cn

As population continuously increasing, projected to rise to 1.5 billion by 2030 (NPDSRG 2007; Zhao et al. 2010), an increase by 13.8% in rice production compared to in 2010 should be demanded to ensure food security (Cheng et al. 2007). However, the development of urbanization process and negative effects of climate limited the potential of avail-able arable land for crops cultivated (Cheng et al. 2007; Peng et al. 2009), so rather than planting area expanding, increasing crop yield per unit area was required to meet population growth in the future. Part of the progress in rice production in the past attribut-ed to a large amount of chemical fertilizer input, specially nitrogen (N) (Zhu and Chen 2002), consuming 38.3 Mt N in China in 2011, accounting for more than 30% of the world consumptions (FAO 2012). Simultaneous increase in the amounts of N fertilizer applied and rice production in the past led to farmers usually input luxurious N fertilizer to maximize crop yield (Lemaire and Gastal 1997; Peng et al. 2006; Gao et al. 2012). However, excessive application of chemical N can also lead to higher N surplus in soil and/or more losses by different pathways, such as emissions of gaseous, denitri-fication, surface runoff, and leaching. Low N use efficiency (NUE) and negative environmental impacts consequently occurred (Zhu and Chen 2002; Zhang et al. 2012). Many studies have been conducted to estimate NUE (Novoa and Loomis 1981; Dobermann 2005). According to Dobemann (2005), common NUE values for general crops ranged from 30 to 60 kg kg–1 for internal N efficiency (IEN),