Chapter 2 - exercises
新思维3AChapter2教案
Which festival do you like best
1.Teacher asks and Ss answer.
2.pair work.
What do people do
Show the picture and teach the new phrases.
教学重点
Students canread the story accurately and fluently.
教学难点
Students can read and use words“coat, story, sunny, wind. anything, feel”
Students canread the story accurately and fluently.
What’s the weather like today
Warm up
Prelearning
Afford some questions for the Ss and check them how many festivals they know. T: What Chinese festivals do you know Which festival do you like best
(Focus on pronunciation of the words and phrases.)
教学难点
Pronunciation of the words and phrases.
课前准备
Multimedia, puter, power point,flash cards , pictures and material objects
物流专业英语课后习题答案
Exercises 1Part II Vocabulary exercises1. B2. C3. D4.B5. D6. B7. A8. C9. C 10. BII Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:1.“Logistics” is a term, which originates from both the army and French. According tothe French, the Baron of Jomini, who of Swiss origin who had served in Napoleon’sarmy before joining the Russians and who later founded the Military Academy of St.Petersburg, first used the term in the early 19th century. So in a military sense, theterm ‘logistics’ encompasses transport organization, army replenishments andmaterial maintenance.2.Logistics deals with satisfying the customer. This implies that management must firstunderstand what those requirements are before a logistics strategy can be developedand implemented to meet them. As will be discussed in more detail later, customerservice is the most important output of an organization’s logistics system. This focuson customer satisfaction will be emphasized through the text just as it should be inthe firm.Part III Vocabulary exercises1. B2. D3. A4.C5. D6.D7.A8.A9.C 10. AII Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:1.Transportation refers to the physical movement of goods from a point of origin to apoint of consumption and can involve raw materials being brought into theproduction process and/or finished goods being shipped out to the customer.2.Since these inputs can have a direct impact on both the cost and quality of the finalproduct/service offered to the consumer, this activity is vital to the overall success ofthe logistics effort. In addition, the move away from local sourcing in favor of globalbuying has complicated this entire process dramatically in recent years.Part IIII Vocabulary exercises1. D2.C3.B4.D5. A6. C7. D8. D9. B 10. CII Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:1.Cost has a relation to service. They go hand in hand. As you define your serviceagainst your costs or costs against service, the give and take develops into youroperating costs and budgets. Then you have to make sure that the cost can bemanaged. Otherwise costs can go out of control, or seem to.2.Logistics is a process, which runs from the vendor's door through to the customer's. Itinteracts with almost every group within the company and with many companiesoutside the company, including its customers. Effective logistics revolves around fivekey issues--movement of product, movement of information, time/service, cost andintegration. Each of this is critical to the success of logistics and to creatingvalue-added to the company and improving competitiveness.Exercises 2Part II Vocabulary exercises1. A2. B3. B4.B5.A6. B7. B8.B9. A 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. B 14. B 15.DPart III Vocabulary exercises1. A2.C3.A4. D5.A6. D7.B8. B9. D 10. B II Structure1. C2. C3.C4.D5.CPart IIII Vocabulary exercises1.A2. B3. C4. A5. A6.C7.A8. CII Structure1.C2. C3. C4. A5. BExercisesPart II. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:. The Public sector ______an important role in transport, through the construction, ownership and control of roads, railroads and in most countries.(A) do (B) get (C) play (D) plays2. This does not only relate to the handling techniques, _______to the equipment itself.(A) and (B) which (C) but also (D) too3. A ship may be moved from one trade or route to another, _______a port cannot be moved.(A) that (B) which (C) while (D) why4. The high cost of provision, longevity and scale economies associated _______the fixed componentscreate tendencies towards monopoly control, while the ease of entry, flexibility and lack of scale effetstend to stimulate competition in the mobile sector.(A) on (B) in (C) to (D) with5. Public authorities are most often responsible (1) planning, construction and maintenance of the fixed elements of transport, the infrastructure. It is assumed that their main (2) is to secure the international trade to and from a region or a country. But the investments they are willing to undertake must in most cases be demonstrated to have a viable economic basis through projections of cargo flows and (3) national gains. The careful planning and (4) of road and port projects are examples of this. The shipowners, as the suppliers of ships, will have similar interests in evaluating the cargo flow to and from a specific area. But as they operate internationally and their ships most likely serve other regions or countries, at least in liner operations, their considerations will have a wider scope within some profit motive. They may not be willing to add capacity to a service to cater for local needs.(1) (A) on (B) in (C) to (D) for(2) (A) objective (B) object (C) objectively (D) objecting(3) (A) result (B) resulting (C) results (D) resulted(4) (A) evaluation (B) improvement (C) development (D) increaseII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:1. mobile, relate, infrastructure,influenced, link, consists,(1) The _____elements are also generally cheap.(2) This does not only ______to the cargo handling techniques, but also to the equipment itself.(3) It is the features of the fixed and mobile components of transport that have _______the present institutional arrangements in the industry.(4) A particularly important ________ between transport and development is in international interaction.(5) A transport system _______of inland transport, ports and ocean going vessels.(6) The importance of building up a transport that involves considerable cost has madethis a widely accepted public task.Part IIExercises:I. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1. The capability to efficiently transport large tonnage over long distance is the main reason _____ continue to handle significant inter-city tonnage and revenue.(A) motor carrier (B) water transport (C) railroads (D) pipelines2. _______is the oldest mode of transportation(A) Motor carrier (B) Water transport (C) Railroads (D) Air transport3. _____ can not be transported by pipelines.(A) gas (B) general cargo (C) liquid (D) slurry4. One ______aspect of air transport is the high cost.(A) prohibitive (B) limited (C) obstacle (D) advantage5. There has been an increasing _ (1)__ on these vehicles both in developed and in developing country. The construction of motorway and trunk road network, the concentration of manufacture into bigger production units and the general trend towards containerization have supported and (2) to this trend. Road transport shares the road or highway (3) other user. The (4) of roads are normally financed either through direct taxes (toll roads), by petrol or other indirect taxes or by combination.(1) (A) to rely (B) rely (C) relied (D) reliance(2) (A) lead (B) led (C) leading (D) to lead(3) (A) with (B) on (C) and (D) in(4) (A) build (B) building (C) manufacture (D) constructII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:. unique, complementary, extremely, ranks, shifted, reduced,(1). The basic nature of a pipeline is ______in comparison to all other modes of transport.(2) Water transport _______ between rail and motor carrier in respect to fixed cost.(3) The replacement of steam by diesel power ______ the railroads’ variable cost per ton-mile.(4) In many situations road and rail transport may be seen as ______ rather than a competitor.(5) Port and freight station are places where goods are _____from one mode of transport to another.(6) The main advantage of water transportation is the capacity to move large shipments.Part IIIExercises:I. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1. According to the passage, transport economics is influenced by _______factors.(A) five (B) six (C) seven (D) eight2. ______ is a major influence on transportation cost since it directly contribute to variable cost, such as labor, fuel and maintenance.(A) Product density (B) Stowability (C) Market (D) Distance3. Items with standard rectangular shapes are much easier to stow ______odd-shaped items(A) with (B) than (C) to (D) at4. The bill of lading serves as a receipt and documents commodities and quantities ______.(A) ship (B) shipped (C) shipping(D) to ship5. The multi-modal transport operator (MTO) acts (1) the principal for the performance of the multi-modal transport contract and, in (2) capacity undertakes to contract and provide for the different modes of transport and other services required for expeditious, efficient and safe transport of goods from the place where he takes the goods in charge to the place where he deliver the goods (3) the contract. In the execution of the contract he has necessarily to engage the services of several carriers such as shipowners, road operators, railways, airlines or inland water way operators in addition to non-carriers like terminal operators, warehouses, container freight stations, groupage or consolidation depots, container (4) organizations or freight forwarders.(1) (A) on (B) as (C) to (D) at(2) (A) which (B) what (C) that (D) where(3) (A) according to (B) due to (C) because (D) in addition to(4) (A) lending (B) borrowing (C) owning (D) leasingII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:Applied , decreases, arrange, delivery, lists, required(1) Special handling equipment may be for loading or unloading trucks, railcars, or ships.(2) Transportation cost per unit of weight ________as load volume increases.(3) The shipping manifest ______ individual stops or consignees when multiple shipments are placed on a single vehicle.(4) The primary task of forwarding is to ______ international transport of general cargo on behalf of others.(5) Export rates may reduce total cost if to domestic origin or destination line-haul transport.(6). In many situations the place of ______ of a cargo may not be known at the time of loading. A typical example is oil.Answers:Part I I.1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.CBDC II. (1)mobile (2)relate (3)influenced (4)link (5)consists(6) infrastructurePart II I.1.C 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.DBAB II. (1)unique (2)ranks (3)reduced (4)complementary(5)shifted (6) extremelyPart III I.1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.BAAC II.(1)required (2)decreases (3)lists (4)arrange (5)applied(6)deliveryChapter IV ExercisesPart II. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1.Contract warehousing, which is ______ from the public warehouse segment, provides benefitsof both the private and public alternative.(A)to evolve (B)evolving (C)develop(D)development2. A private warehouse is operated by the firm _______ the product.(A)owning (B)own (C) have (D) has3. Public warehouses frequently offer operating and management expertise ______ warehousing istheir core business.(A)because of (B)since (C)that(D) which4. There are contract warehouses capable of _______ total logistics responsibility for enterprises that desire only to manufacture and market.(A) assume (B) assuming (C) respond(D) responding5. The major benefits of private warehousing (1) control, flexibility, cost, and other (2) benefits. Private warehouses provide more control since the enterprise has absolute decision-making authority over all activities and priorities in the facility. This control (3) the ability to integrate warehouse operations with the (4) of the firm’s logistics.(1) (A) include (B) includes (C) include to (D) is to include to(2) (A) perception (B) intangible (C) tangible (D) advantage(3) (A) facilitates (B) available (C) have (D) provide(4) (A) other (B) that (C) rest (D) allII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:standardized, specialized, combines, substantial, results, application,(1) Public warehouse operators generally offer relatively _______ service to all clients(2) A warehouse requires _______ material-handling activities.(3) Firms with very _______ customers or products are often motivated to develop their own warehouse facilities.(4) Contract warehousing _______ the best characteristics of both private and public operations.(5) This ______ in high-volume operations that can spread fixed costs and justify more efficient handling equipment.(6) ABC analysis is an inventory _______ of what is known as the Pareto Principle.Part 2Practice:I. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1 _____are utilized in the combination with four-wheel trailers on a continuous power basis.(A) Forklift truck (B) Towlines (C) Conveyors(D) Carousels2. A pallet or slip sheet forms a platform upon _____ master cartons are stacked.(A) that (B) which (C) where (D) why3. It is not as economical _______ the towline because it requires greater labor participation and is often idle.(A) on (B) at (C) such (D) as4. Typical application _____ selection of individual packages in pack-and repack and service parts operation.(A) involve (B) involving (C) involves (D) to involve5. The holding of the inventory is risk with because of the capital's investment and the potential for _(1)__. First, investment for inventory cannot be used _(2)__ other goods or assets that could improve the enterprise performance. Alternatively, funds supporting inventory investment must be borrowed, (3) the firm' s interest expense. A second form of risk is the possibility that the product will be pilfered or become obsolete. These factors and the relative magnitude of assets that are inventory-related contribute substantially to the risk of most enterprises. It is important to understand that the nature and extent of risk vary (4) on an enterprise' s position in the distribution cha nnel.(1) (A) lack (B) over time (C) obsolescence (D) broken(2) (A) to obtain (B) get (C) have (D) obtain(3) (A) rising (B) raising (C) increasing (D) developing(4) (A) depend (B) to depend (C) depends (D) dependingII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:advancements, indicates, merchandise, automated, installation, development(1) Forklift trucks are most effectively utilized in shipping and receiving, and to place _______ in high cube storage.(2) Considerable ________ have been made in automated-guided vehicle system.(3) A series of lights or a “light tree” in front of each pick location _______ the number if items to pick from each location.(4) A number of _______ decoupling devices have been perfected that route trailers from the main line to selected shipping docks.(5) In-floor _______ is costly to modify and difficult to maintain from a housekeeping viewpoint.(6) An exciting and revolutionary technological ______ for managing a firm’s operation is the Internet.Part IIIExercises:I. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1. _____ we may think of service as not having inventory , that is not the case.(A) since (B) but (C) although (D) so2. Finished goods inventory is completed awaiting shipment.(A) cargo (B) goods (C) product (D) things3. _____ inventory is the minimum inventory necessary to keep a perfect system running.(A) WIP (B) MROs (C) ABC analysis (D) JIT4. It is not realistic to monitor inexpensive items with the same intensity _______ very expensive items.(A) with (B) so (C) as (D) to5. E-commerce is revolutionizing the way operations managers achieve (1) efficiencies. Economical collaboration can (2) decision-making and reduce costs. Cost reduction can occur in transaction (3) , purchasing efficiencies, inventory reduction, scheduling, and logistics. Stragglers won’t just be left behind---they will be eliminated. Operations personnel (4) use e-commence to their advantage will overpower their rival.(1) (A) bigger (B) greater (C) less (D) smaller(2) (A) improve (B) rise (C) lift (D) increase(3) (A) working (B) making (C) processing (D) doing(4) (A) that (B) who (C) which (D) whereII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:common, technologies, lack, consideration, benefits, generated,(1) Scale economies refer to the ability to reduce material-handling and storage cost through application of advanced _______.(2) The most ______ value-added service relate to packaging.(3) Operation of early warehouse illustrated the ______ of concern with material-handling principles.(4) Service ________ gained through warehouses in a logistical system may or may not reduce costs.(5) Supply requests are ______ as a pick list at the inventory center.(6) Management of service inventory deserves some special ________Answers:Part I: I.1.B 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.ABAC II. (1)standardized (2)substantial (3)specialized(4)combines(5)results (6)applicationPart II: I.1.B 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.CABD II.(1)merchandise (2)advancement (3)indicates(4)automated(5)installation (6)developmentPart III: I.1.C 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.BACA II.(1)technologies (2)common (3)lack (4)consideration(5)generated (6)benefitsExercisesPart II. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1.Prior (1) the 1980s, a significant portion of the information flows between functional areas (2) an organization and between logistics organization were paper-based.(1) (A) in (B) at (C) to√( D) on(2) (A) within√(B) with (C) in (D) to2.However, firms that are embarking logistics management initiatives now recognize the vital importance of information and the technologies that make this information available.(A)on (B)upon√(C)in (D)at3.Through a of agreements with giant retail customer ,P&G has made a major commitment to the development of dedicated customer teams to handle these major accounts.(A)lot (B)number (C)serious (D)series√4.Continuing through the supply chain, P&G orders to its supplier, 3M, indicated the mostof all.(A)Alternation (B)variability√(C)change (D)difference5.Several interorganizatonal come into play when addressing information sharing across the logistics.(A)Dynamics√(B)initiative (C)purpose (D)determinantII. Put the words or phrases in the box under the correct headings.III.. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:1.phenomenon, impacts, access, objective, distorted,facilitate(1) Four causes of this .phenomenon,were identified.(2) In fact, distorted information from one end of logistics to the other can lead to tremendous inefficiencies.(3) A primary objective of these teams is to facilitate the sharing of information between the firms.(4) This consolidation impacts the entire supply chain.(5) Fewer and fewer firms control access to customer trading areas.2. capabilities, demonstrate, impeded, deliberate, approach, technique(1) Just-in-time, or JIT, is a philosophy as much as it is a technique.(2) The conventional approach to meeting customer requirements is based upon some form of statistical inventory control.(3) This approach also impeded efforts to develop and capitalize on successful interorganizational ventures.(4) The Wal-Mart and P&G experience demonstrate how information sharing can be utilized for mutual advantage.(5) However , only as the variety of available information technologies and capabilities began to emerge.3.transactions, unreliable, accurate, crucial, resources, bullwhip, executives(1) Timely and accurate information is more critical now than at any time in the history of American business.(2) Information is a crucial factor in the manager’s abilities to reduce inventory and human resources requirements to a competitive level..(3) Distorted information throughout the logistics is a common result from what logistics executives at P&G and other organizations have termed the bullwhip effect.(4) These paper-based transactions and communications were slow, unreliable and error prone.Part III. Match the meanings to their actual explanation1.order cycle time ( )2.order status information( )3.background information( )4.IOIS ( )5.documentation quality ( )6.business systems planning ( )A . Interorganizational Information SystemB. Time from customer order to delivery. Standards should be defined against customer’s stated requirements.C. Procedures or hot line for informing customers of potential problems on stock availability or delivery.D. Identification of problems and decisions associated with an organizational process and determines what information is needed to address them.E. The error rate on invoices, delivery notes and other customer communications, and also the documentation “user friendly” is necessary.F. Information required by decision makers in the member organizations to effectively andefficiently perform their roles within the logistics.II. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1.The participants indicated that current approaches used to share information internally, and with suppliers and customers, are in themselves to improving cycle-time performance..A. detestB. detachC. detersiveD. deterrents√2.Clearly, the main point of for improving cycle-time performance across the supply chain was “informating”.A. leverage √B. letupC. liableD. legal3.A (1) theme in the cycle-time problems discussed by the participating organizations was a critical (2) of information.(1)A. recurrence B. recurring √ C. repeated D. recycle(2)A. lacking B. wanting C. lack √ D. shortage4.To the information process, the research team decided to explore the development of an IOIS.A. facilitate √B. pushC. implementD. enhance5.This is not valid.A. assuranceB. supposeC. assumption √D. assuringIII. Read this articles about the logistics information system. Are this statements true(T) or false(F)?Increasingly, it seems that successful companies have one thing in common—their use of information and information technology (IT) to achieve quick response. Information systems are re-shaping the organization and also the nature of the linkages between organizations. Information has always been central to the efficient management of logistics but now, enabled by technology, it is providing the driving force for competitive logistics strategy.We are now starting to see the emergence of integrated logistics system that link the operations of the business, such as production and distribution, with the supplier’s operations on the one hand and the customer on the other. These systems are often referred to generically as Enterprise Planning Systems or Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Already it is the case that companies can literally link the replenishment of product in the marketplace with their upstream operations and those of their suppliers through the use of shared information. The use of these systems has the potential to convert supply chains into demand chains in the sense that the system can now respond to known demand rather than having to anticipate that demand through a forecast.1. Because of the good linkages between organizations, a logistics enterprise can response quickly.( )2.The efficient management of logistics mainly depends on the IT system.( )3.Production scheduling is the driving force of the competitive logistics strategy. ( )4. Production and distribution are the emergence of integrated logistics system. ( )5. The use of shared information enable the logistics company to convert supply chains intodemand chains. ( )6.Responding to known demand will be more efficient than having to anticipate that demand through a forecast. ( )Part IIII. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1. Today , a laptop computer weighing 5 pounds exceeds all of the power of an old mainframe by several order s of .A. capacityB. magnitude √C. volumeD. content3. The of new telecommunications and computer technology has also made real-time, on-line communications throughout the entire logistics a reality.A. increaseB. inflationC. raiseD. proliferation√4.One of the major of traditional logistics is the lack ofplanning between logistics partners.A. weakness √B. defectC. faultD. fallingA. collaborationB. collaborative √C. collaborationismD. corporation5.Many organizations are some form of IOIS.A. accomplishB.implementing √C. enforceD. complete6.What makes these systems so important is the caused by inaccurate forecasts.A. instability √B. wavyC. volatilityD. unsteadinessII. Match the meanings to their actual explanation1.Global inventory management2.Intercompany information access3.Total logistics management4.Global sourcing5.Data capture6.Data interchangeA. consolidation of the purchasing function across organizational lines, facilitating leverage and component standardization across business units.B. integrating all transportation ordering and manufacturing system.C. ability to locate and track the movement of every item.D. between affiliates and nonaffiliated through standard telecommunications channels.E. ability to acquire data about an order at the point of origin, and to track products during movement and as their characteristics change.F. clarity of production and demand information residing in organizations both upstream and downstream throughout the value chain.III. Complete the missing information of the following form of the “Functions of a logistics informati on system” with the given phrases.D. system performanceE. internal dataF. customer order statusG. production schedulingH. inventory availabilityI. carrier performancePart IVI. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1.How to best value from information technology resources is a major challenge facing both business and IT manager.A. wringB. distortionsC. extractD. extort√2.The development of software applications to logistics management is currently a hotbed of activity, promising continued growth into the future.A. relevantB. applicableC. significantD. pertinent√3. This software provides an end-to-end enterprise resource planning solution .incorporating the most advanced supply chain planning available.A. capabilities √B. abilitiesC. fitnessD. competency4. EDI improves productivity through faster information transmission as well as reduced information entry .A. reduplicateB. redundantC. redundancy √D. redundantly5.The great advantage of this approach was that it made the internet virtually .A. undeservedB. indestructible √C. indistinctD. indestructiveII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:1.profitable, potential , maintenance, utilized, tremendouslyA.EDI is also tremendously beneficial in counteracting the bullwhip effect described earlier in this chapter.B. The Internet offers tremendous potential for logistics members to share information in a timely and cost-effective manner.C.GE is now the most profitable U.S. company from the electronic commerce.D. Electronic commerce i s the term used to describe the wide range of tools and techniques utilized to conduct business in paperless environment.E. In the development and maintenance of the logistics’ information systems, both hardware and software must be addressed.2. significant, meld, numerous, exaggerations, replenishment1.GE will also release software to meld traditional EDI with the Internet,2.Electronic commerce is having a significant effect on how organizations conduct business.3.The benefit of EDI are numerous .4.They have implemented EDI to support their continuous replenishment program with many of their customers.5.Through the use of EDI, logistics partners can overcome the distortions and exaggerations in supply and demand information.3.scanning, legacy, maintained, coupon, sponsoredanizations adopt distributed computing architectures while they leverage their isolated legacy systems.2.In most cases, a data warehouse is a consolidated database maintained separately from an organization’s produc tion system database.3.Separate production systems may track sales and coupon mailings.4.The Internet was an initiative sponsored by the U.S> Department of Defense.5.Bar coding and electronic scanning are identification technologies that facilitate information collection and exchange.。
语言学练习（一,二）
语言学练习（一,二）Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 2Multiple choices (3*15=45?)1. Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe English consonants?A. voicelessB. oralC. alveolarD. lateral2. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?A. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeB. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meaning.D. Allophones are language-specific.3. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. matB. mudC. dotD. boot4. Phoneticians adopt the following standards in describing English consonants. Which of the following is NOT correct about [s] sound?A. fricativeB. voicelessC. alveolarD. affricate5. The syllabic structure of “blade” can be described as______.A. CCVCB. CCVCVC. CVCD. CVCV6. _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. AssimilationD. Metathesis7. Assimilation includes the following phenomena except________.A. nasalizationB. palatalizationC. dentalizationD. transmutation8. Which of the following statements is correct? ( )A. Diacritics added to letter-symbols bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone can do.B. The lips are the most flexible part in articulation, only secondary to tongue.C. The [e] sound in English is a front, semi-close, unrounded, tense vowel.D. Minimal pairs are created in order to show the distinctive value of one phone.9. Which is not a suprasegmental feature? ( )A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. conjuncture10. About phone, phoneme and allophone, which statement is wrong? ( )A. Phones are speech sounds we actually hear and produce during linguistic communication.B. Phones do not necessarily have distinctive values but phonemes do.C. Allophones in some cases also have distinctive values.D. Phones in complementary distribution are not necessarily allophones.11. Which one is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [?]C. [e]D. [I]12. _____ doesn?t form a minimal pair.A. meter-metreB. ill-isC. pad-patD. ton-tongue13. Conventionally, a ____ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme14. In the word______, [l] is velarized.A. leadB. stealC. lethalD. glide15. There are ____ syllables and _____ phonemes in the wordgentlemanly.A. 4, 9B. 3, 10C. 4, 10D. 3, 9Blank-filling (2*10=20?)16. If a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds are in__________ _________ (two words).17. The maximal numbers of consonants in coda position and onset position are respectively _____ and_____ (e.g. ________ and _______).18. The [g] sound is silent in design and paradigm but present in their corresponding forms signature and paradigmatic. This is due to a _______ rule which could be stated as: when occurring before a final consonant, a[g] sound is not pronounced.19. In terms of places of articulation, [θ] and [e ] can be classified into the category _______.20. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit which has distinctive value.21. When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _______. True or false (T for true and F for false 1*10=10?)22. Linguists are concerned with all the sounds produced by the human speech organs. ( )23. English has four basic types of intonation. ( )24. Suprasegmental features cannot distinguish meaning. ( )25. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. ( )26. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception ofspeech sounds. ( )27. The stress can be laid on different syllables of a word, resulting in different meanings. ( )28. Because of assimilation, the negative forms of legal and possible are illegal and impossible. ( )29. All vowels are voiceless. ( )30. [m] sound is both a labiodental and a nasal. ( )31. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. ( )Brief definitions (3*5=15?)32. phonology33. articulatory phonetics34. complementary distributionSound Description (2*5=10?)Describe the following speech sounds according to the criteria that we have learnt.35. [Λ]____________________________________________36. [ j ]____________________________________________37. [d?]____________________________________________38. [ h ]____________________________________________39. [ I ]____________________________________________Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 1Multiple choices (4*10=40?)1.Which of the following does not fall into the core of linguistics?A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. sociolinguisticsD. semantics2.Of the following statements, which is incorrect?A.Applied linguistics in a narrow sense refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching.B.The study of language variation in terms of gender and psychology belongs to the category ofpsycholinguistics.C.Modern linguistics takes a descriptive attitude rather than a prescriptive one in language study.D.The ultimate goal of language is not just to generate grammatically well-formed sentences but to createmeaningful sentences.3.Which of the following statements are problematic?A.Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective, which seeks to describe the language people actually use.B.According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of acommunity, while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.C. A diachronic approach in modern linguistics is given priority over a synchronic one.D.N. Chomsky thinks what a linguist should study is an ideal speaker’s performance instead of his competence.4.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in some different ways except ____.A.Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is laying down rules of “correctness”.B.Spoken language is given prominence, not the written language in modern linguistics. The situation wasreverse in traditional grammar.C.Traditional grammar only examined one aspect of language while modern linguistics studies language in a comprehensive way.D.Modern linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for all others while traditional grammarians proposed a universal framework.5.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”--The famous quotation from Shakespeare's playRomeo and Juliet demonstrates that language and objects in physical world are associated by _____.A. conventionB. rulesC. arbitrarinessD. symbols6.Choose correct statements about arbitrariness of language.______/doc/fd6908020.html,nguage is not entirely arbitrary.B.Onomatopoeic words in language are motivated.C.Some compounds in language are not formed entirely arbitrarily.D.Different sounds may refer to the same object in different languages.7. A professor is employing the _____ function when he says, “Next, I will explain what …Paleozoic? means.”A. referentialB. conativeC. metalinguisticD. poetic8.Human language can be used to refer to situations removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This design feature is called _____.A. productivityB. displacementC. discretenessD. duality 9.According to Halliday, when we use language to organize our experience of the real or imaginary world, we are performing the _____ function of language.A. textualB. interpersonalC. ideationalD. evaluative10.We can understand abstract words like happiness and motivation. This shows language has the propertyof _______.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacementTrue or false (T for true and F for false) (4*6=24?)11. Recursiveness, as seen in some sentences, well illustrates the creativity of language. ( )12. Some animal communication systems do show the feature of duality. ( )13. The sentence “I like the idea that Joseph proposed at the conference” shows referential function of language.( )14. Human child must learn a specific language after s/hewas born though genetically endowed with the ability to learn. ( )15. The distinction between syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation was made by N. Chomsky. ( )16. A linguistic study is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. ( )Brief Definitions17. What is language? (6’)18. What is called general linguistics? (10’)Thought-provoking Question (20’)19. Is it necessary to make a distinction between speech and writing in linguistic study? Why?。
哈工大英语文化基础 英国习题答案
Understanding UK & IrelandKey to Chapter 9 A General Survey of UKI. 1.T 2. F 3. F 4. TII. 5. C 6. D 7. BIII. 8.C 9. B 10. AIV.a11. What are the four regions of Britain?The four regions of Britain are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England is the largest of the four with an area of 130,000 square kilometers，making up the south and east, which takes up nearly 60% of the British Isles. It is the most populous and richest section of the country.12. What kind of geographical position doesBritain have?Britain is an island country. It lies in the NorthAtlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by theEnglish Channel in the south and the NorthSea in the east.13. Which places in Great Britain are mostlyhighland and lowland？The north and west of Britain are mainlyhighland，while the south and south-east aremostly lowlands.14. Does Britain have a favorable climate?Yes，it has a favorable climate，because ithas a maritime type of climate ——winters aremild，not too cold and summers are cool，nottoo hot. It has a steady reliable rainfallthroughout the whole year. It has a smallrange of temperature，too.15. What are the factors which influence theclimate in Britain? Which part of Britain hasthe most rainfall and which part is the driest?The factors which influence the climate inBritain are the following three：1) The surrounding waters balance theseasonal differences；2) The prevailing south-west winds bringwarm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate；3) The North Atlantic Drift ，a warm current，passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.The northwestern part has the most rainfall，while the south-eastern corner is the driest. Key to Chapter 10Geography & History of UK◆Key to Section ExercisesSection A. GeographyI. 1.F 2.F 3.TII. 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.ASection B．HistoryI. 1.T 2.T 3.T 4.F 5.TII. 6.D 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.C◆Key to Chapter ExercisesI. 1. T 2. F 3.F 4.T 5.FII. 6. A 7. D 8.D 9.D 10.BIII.11. The total area of Britain is about244,110 square kilometers.12. Britain is separated from the European continent by North Sea, Strait of Doverand English Channel.13. The capital of the Scotland is 1) Edinburgh, the capital of Wales is2) Cardiff and the capital of Northern Ireland is 3) Belfast.14.England is the largest and most populous of the three political divisions on the island of Great Britain.15. The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the design in 1765.IV.16. The Hundred Years' War: it refers to thewar between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.17. The Lowland Zone: the island of Great Britain can be divided into two major natural regions—the lowland area and the highland area. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. The lowland zone has a milder climate and better soils for farming. Historically, most people in Britain have lived in the lowland zone rather than in the harsher highland zone. The lowland area comprises Midland, southern and eastern England.18. Norman Conquest of 1066: In January 1066, King Edward, the last Saxon king, died childless. He had promised to leave the English throne to his cousin William, but he chose Harold, his wife’s brother as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history.19. Industrial Revolution: The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.The Industrial Revolution forever transformedthe way people live and work in most parts ofthe world. It changed the world so much thatpeople called it a revolution.Typical inventions during the IndustrialRevolution:John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733;James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766;Richard Arkwright’s water frame in 1769;Edmund Cartwright’s power looms in 1784;James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.20. The Chartist Movement: Chartism was oneof the major popular reform movements of the Victorian era. The Chartists sponsored aPeople’s Charter demanding suffrage for allmale citizens over age 21, a secret ballot, andother rights. Chartist leaders are shown here addressing a large crowd in 1848. Most oftheir demands eventually became law.The Reform Bill of 1832 was the firstsuccessful attempt to correct these inequities.In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London WorkingMen’s Association. They drew up a charter ofpolitical demands (a People’s Charter) in 1838,with the intention of presenting it toParliament. It had six points: 1)the vote for alladult males; 2)voting by secret ballot;3)equal electoral districts; 4)abolition ofproperty qualifications for members ofParliament; 5)payment of members ofParliament; 6)annual Parliaments, with aGeneral Election every June.Key to Chapter 11Political System & National Economy of UK ◆Key to Section ExercisesA．Political SystemI. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.TII. 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.BIII. 1０．1)-e 2)-a 3)-dB．National EconomyI. 1.T 2.F 3.TII. 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.AIII. 1０．1)-ｂ2)- d 3)- e◆Key to Chapter ExercisesI．1. The British were the first in the world to enter the Industrial Revolution.2. The main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside, and Northern Ireland.3. An industrial complex in suburban Glasgow dubbed "Silicon Glen" is the center of Scotland’s thriving technology industry.4. Historically, the financial services industry has been based in the city of London in an area called the Square Mile.5. The Bank of England, chartered in 1694, was nationalized in 1946 and is the only bank that issues banknotes in England and Wales.6. The predecessor of the English parliament is the Great council.7. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain.8. In the UK, the party which wins the second largest number of seats in the House becomes the Opposition, with is one leader, and forms a Shadow cabinet.9. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.10. In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the second number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition. II．11. Constitutional monarchy：Constitutional monarchy means that the power of the monarch is limited by the country’s constitution, the legal authority is given to Parliament, and the executive authority to thegovernment. Theoretically, the Queen has the power，but in reality , she has no power at all. The Sovereign reigns, but does not rule; the country is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her Majesty’s Government, who is responsible to the Parliament.12. Primogeniture: Primogeniture refers tothe passing of the throne to the eldest son when a monarch dies, has been the rule of succession, and when there are no sons, the eldest daughter ascends the throne.13. First past the post:The current voting system in UK is called “first past the pos t.” This means that the party and candidates receiving the most votes win the election and become the party in power even if they do not receive more than 50 percent ofthe vote.14. The Conservative Party and the Labor Party: The Conservative Party developed outof the Tory Party(托利党). It supports private enterprise and is opposed to nationalization （国有化）and extending social services. It openly helps the monopolists to getsuper-profits.The Labor Party was founded in 1900 by a union between the Trade Union, the Independent party and the Fabian Society. It practices social democracy or bourgeois reformism.15. High Street Banks: High Street Banks are the main banks, such as Royal Bank of Scotland, HSBC, NatWest, Citibank, and Barclays.III.16. What is a general election?The election of all Members of Parliament (MPs) for each constituency (local area) is called aGeneral Election. In the US it is like voting fora Congressman or Senator. However, unlike the US, the voters do not choose the Prime Minister (PM). He/she is voted for within their party.17. What is the supreme legislative authorityin Britain? What does it consists of?British Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in the realm. It consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords（上院）and the House of Commons（下院）. Most of the power of Parliament is in the House of Commons. The Parliament was called in 1264 and is generally considered the beginning of “parliament”.18. What are the three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth? The three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth are:1)the area between London and South Wales,2)the Cambridge area of East Anglia and 3)the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is now often referred to as the “Silicon Glen”.19. What is the British government’s role inthe economy?Like many modern developed countries, the United Kingdom has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of the economy are operated by the government and some are operated by private businesses.After World War II, the government nationalized a number of large and troubled industries including coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, certain car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding, and aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the governmenthas privatized a number of these industries. The Conservative governments between 1979and 1996 denationalized oil companies, telecommunications, car and truck production, gas, airlines and aircraft building, electricity, water, railways, and nuclear power. The government also seeks to encourage competition in the economy and increase productivity by sponsoring and subsidizing training and educational programs.20. How did the structure of British industry change in the last half of the 20th century? The coal mining and cotton textile industries declined sharply. As coal production declined, oil production replaced it as a major industry. Motor vehicle production became a significant part of the industrial base but was subject to severe foreign competition. As incomes increased, consumer demand rose for durable goods such as cars and kitchen appliances. British industrial production also expanded into communications equipment, including fiber optics, computers, computer-controlled machine tools, and robots.Key to Chapter 12Society & Culture of UK◆Key to Section ExercisesSection 1 British People & Their Ways of Life I. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.FII. 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.-c 9.-a) 10.-dSection 2 Holidays and Special DaysI. 1.T 2.F 3.TII. 4. C 5. B 6.C 7.-c 8.-d 9.-a 10.-bSection 3 EducationI. 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.FII. 5.C 6.A 7.AII. 8.-f 9.-e 10.-aSection 4 English LiteratureI. 1.F 2.T 3.T 4.FII. 5.C 6.D 7.AIII. 8. 1)-b 2)-a 3)-dIV. Gap-filling9. Romance is the most popular literary form in the medieval period.10. The Romantic Movement appeared on the literary arena of England from the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in 1798 to the deathof Sir Walter Scott in 1832. The literary form which is the most flourishing during the Romantic Period is poetry.11. Samuel Richardson was the master of writing epistolary novels and the first novelist of sentimentalism tradition. His novels have a moral purpose, trying to inculcate virtue and good deportment. Pamela was his best novel.12. W. M. Thackeray was another representative of critical realism in 19th England. In 1847 he published his masterpiece Vanity Fair with a subtitle “a Novel without a Hero”.13.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth are considered as Shakespeare's four greatest tragedies.V.1. Spenserian stanzaA nine-line verse stanza originated by Edmund Spenser is known as the Spenserian stanza. In the nine-line Spenserian stanza the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter, with the rhyme scheme being ababbcbcc. This form of stanza creates a special musical effect and contributes greatly to the technique of poetry composition.2. Stream of ConsciousnessIt is a literary technique in which a character’s thoughts are presented in the confusing, jumbled, and inconsequential manner of real life without any clarificationby the author. The aim of the technique is toprovide a textual equivalent to the stream ofa fictional character’s consciousness. Itcreates the impression that the reader is eavesdropping on the flow of conscious experience in the character’s mind, gainingintimate access to their private “thoughts”.James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are mastersof this literary technique.Key to Chapter 13 Understanding Ireland ◆Key to Section ExercisesSection 1 A General SurveyI. 1.F 2.T 3.TII. 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.DII. 8.-d 9.-a 10.-bSection 2 Geography and HistoryI. 1.F 2.T 3.FII. 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.DII. 8.-b 9.-a 10.-cSection 3Political System and National EconomyI. 1.F 2.T 3.TII. 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.AII. 8.-d 9.-a 10.-cSection 4 Society and Culture of IrelandI. 1.T 2.F 3.TII. 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.CII. 8.-c 9.-e 10.-b◆Key to Chapter Exercises1. Ireland means "Eire land". Eire is the Irishname for the country and is believed tomean "western land".2. Originally founded as a centre for theViking slave trade, Dublin has been Ireland's capital city since medieval times.3. In 432, St. Patrick arrives in Ireland and confronts King Laoghaire who allows him tospread the word of Christianity in Ireland.4. In 1914, the implementation of home rulebill is postponed because of the outbreak ofWorld War I.5. The state operates under the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937. The constitution may only be amended by referendum.6. The population within the administrative area controlled by Dublin City Council was 505,739 at cork the census of 2006. A person from Dublin is known as a Dubliner or a Dub. is the country’s secondlargest city and major port. English is the main language used in Ireland (spoken with an Irish accent). The traditional Gaelic language is spoken mainly in areas along the west coast of Ireland. The major religions of Ireland are Roman Catholic and Protestant. The Republic of Ireland's flag is made of three equal-sized rectangles of orange, white, and green. The green color on the flag represents the native people of Ireland, most are the native people of Ireland.7. Two popular national sports in Ireland probably are: Gaelic football and hurling, both strictly amateur sports. Soccer has become a particularly popular spectator sport in the 1990s. Besides, rugby, sailing, cycling, golf, and horse and greyhound racing are also favorite activities.8. Major public holidays observed in the Republic of Ireland include: New Year's Day, St Patrick's Day, Easter Monday, Labor Day（May Day）and Christmas Day, among which St Patrick’s Day honors the patron saint of Ireland and Labor Day was newly introduced in 1994.9. The Republic of Ireland's education system is quite similar to that of most other western countries. There are three distinct levels of education in Ireland: primary, secondary and higher.10. Ireland's most widely-known literary works are undoubtedly in English. Particularly famous examples of such works are those of James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, and Ireland's four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney.II. Terms Explanation1. The River ShannonThe River Shannon is the longest river in Ireland, rising in northwestern County Cavan and flowing for about 259 km in a southerly direction to enter the Atlantic Ocean via a 113-kilometre estuary below. It drains an area of 15,695 square km. Dividing Ireland almost in two and dominating the midlands landscape, the River Shannon has acted as a formidable barrier to movement from East to West while providing a marine highway from North to South. It is the longest river in both Ireland and Britain, and has influenced the military, social and economic history of Ireland since the beginning of time. Traveling over 300 km. from its source to the sea, it is home to over a dozen lakes and more than a hundred islands. It is joined on its journey by dozens of smaller rivers and streams some of which are also navigable. The River Shannon is now the backbone of a vast network of inland waterways, joined to the Erne via the newly restored Shannon-Erne link.2. The Irish Free StateIn 1921 a treaty between southern Ireland and Britain established the Irish Free State, a self-governing dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. This allowed the Northern Ireland Parliament to take the six northern counties out of the dominion. Inthe Free State it led quickly to a vicious civil war between both sides; those who agreed with the Treaty, and those who disagreed, but ultimately the treaty stood.3. ShamrockAccording to the legend, the shamrock was used by St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, in the fifth century to demonstrate the meaning of the Trinity when converting the Celts to Christianity. To this day it remains one of Ireland's most famous national emblems.4. George Bernard ShawIrish-born British playwright. A founder of the Fabian Society, he wrote plays of iconoclastic social criticism, including Arms and the Man (1894), Pygmalion (1913), and Saint Joan (1923). He won the 1925 Nobel Prize for literature.5. The Supreme CourtThe final court of appeal is the Supreme Court, which consists of the Chief Justice and seven other justices. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review and may declare to be invalid both laws and acts of the state which are repugnant to the constitution.III. Answer the Following Questions1. What kind of holiday is St Patrick's Day? Saint Patrick’s Day (March 17), which honors the patron saint of Ireland, is the most important national holiday and is marked by parades, shamrock decorations, Irish songs and jigs and sometimes the wearing of green (the national color) to represent the lushness of Ireland - The Emerald Isle. Today St. Patrick's Day is celebrated by the Irish as well as many Americans, Canadians and English people.2. What is the origin of the Irish nationalanthem “The Soldier's Song”?The Soldier's Song was written in 1907 by Peadar Kearney, but was not widely known until it was sung both at the General Post Office during the Easter Rising in 1916 and later at various camps where republicans were interned. Soon after, it was adopted as the national anthem, replacing God Save Ireland.3. What is “the Potato Famine”?The potato crops of the 1840s failed and a devastating famine resulted. The English government were so slow to react to the crisis that by the time the famine was over, an estimated one million people had died, and a further one million had left Ireland, arriving in the US and Britain, penniless and desperate. The Irish potato famine created a legacy of emigration from Ireland that did not stop until the late 20th Century. By 1960, the population of Ireland had dwindled to 4.3 million from an 1841 population of over eight million.4. What do Protestant groups in Ireland include?Protestant groups include the Church of Ireland (Anglican) and the Presbyterian and Methodist denominations.5. How much do you know about James Joyce?The novels and short stories of James Joyce are distinguished by their keen psychological insight and use of literary innovations, most notably the stream of consciousness technique. The stories in Dubliners, his only collection of short fiction, are generally regarded as models of the genre. His works include Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939).。
Chapter 2 The Ship Electricity 船舶电气
《中华人民共和国海船船员适任考试培训教材：电子电气员英语（电子电气专业）》根据中华人民共和国海事局制定的《中华人民共和国海船船员电子电气员适任考试大纲》编写，满足STCW公约马尼拉修正案的要求，适合于750kw及以上船舶电子电气员适任证书培训、考试使用，也可作为海事大专院校的教学用书。
目录Chapter 1 Familiarization of ShipsLesson 1 Types of ShipsLesson 2 The Structure of Ships and Their Principal Dime ioLesson 3 The Equipment Configuratio on the BridgeLesson 4 The Main Propulsive Power PlantLesson 5 The Auxiliary MachineryExercises for Chapter 1Chapter 2 The Ship ElectricityLesson 6 The Basic A.C. CircuitsLesson 7 The Electrical Measuring I truments and ToolsLesson 8 The Power Electronic Devices and Their UsesLesson 9 The Classificatio and Co tructio of the Three-phaseAsynchronous MotorLesson 10 The Nameplates and Main Paramete of the Three-phaseAsynchronous MotorLesson 11 The Starting and Control of the Three-phase AsynchronousMotorLesson 12 The A.C. Motor ProtectionLesson 13 The A. C. Frequency ConverterLesson 14 The Drive and Control Methods of the Deck MachineryLesson 15 The Electric Drive and Control of the Steering GearLesson 16 The Components，Classificatio and Requirements of theElectric Propulsion SystemLesson 17 The Working Principle and Safety Protection of the MarineElectric Propulsion SystemLesson 18 The Working Principle of Ship A.C. SynchronousGeneratorLesson 19 The Parallel Running，Management and Protection of theShip Synchronizing G-eneratorLesson 20 The Overview of Ship Power SystemLesson 21 The Classificatio ，Components and Functio of the Ship A. C. SwitchboardLesson 22 The Ship Electrical Power System ProtectionLesson 23 The Battery MaintenanceLesson 24 The Basic Functio of Ship Automatic Electric Power StationLesson 25 The Automatic Control of the Marine Electric Power StationLesson 26 The Protection of Ship Power StationLesson 27 The Operation and Management of Ship Automatic Power Station Lesson 28 The Electric Paramete of Marine High Voltage System and EquipmentLesson 29 The Common Knowledge on the Safety of the Ship High Voltage System and EquipmentLesson 30 The Operation and Management of the Ship High Voltage System Exercises for Chapter 2Chapter 3 The Marine Engine Automatic Control TechnologyLesson 31 The Feedback Control SystemLesson 32 The Effect Laws of RegulatoLesson 33 The Programmable Logic ControlleLesson 34 The F.O. Viscosity Automatic Control SystemLesson 35 The Automatic Control of Auxiliary BoilerLesson 36 The Automatic Control System of PurifierLesson 37 The Components，Functio ，and Basic Operatio of AC-ⅣLesson 38 The Parameter Sets and Stimulation Testing for AC-ⅣLesson 39 Troubleshooting for AC-ⅣMain Engine Remote Control System Lesson 40 The Working Principle and Adjustments for Electronic GovernoLesson 41 The Network Main Engine Remote Control. SystemLesson 42 The Common Types of Se oLesson 43 The Functio and Categories of Monitoring System and Engine Room AlarmLesson 44 The Compositio and Working Principle of Network Type Alarm and Monitoring SystemLesson 45 The Fire Detecting Method and DetectoLesson 46 The Basic Principle and Related Actio of Fire Alarm SystemLesson 47 The Basic Principles of Bus Type Fire Monitoring SystemExercises for Chapter 3Chapter 4 Ship Computer NetworkLesson 48 The Configuratio and Applicatio of Commercial Computer System Lesson 49 The Basic Knowledge on the Windows Operation SystemLesson 50 The Operatio of Common Network Application SoftwareLesson 51 The General Uses of the Microsoft Office （WORD，EXCEL）Lesson 52 The Basic Knowledge and Common Standards of Computer Network and Communication ProtocolsLesson 53 The Ship-LAN Architecture and Hardware DevicesLesson 54 The Operation，Maintenance and Management of Ship-LAN Lesson 55 The Basic Knowledge on the Security of the Ship Computer Network Exercises for Chapter 4Chapter 5 Shipborne Communication and Navigation DevicesLesson 56 The Integrated Bridge SystemLesson 57 The Basic Principles and Compositio of Radar SystemLesson 58 The Main Technical Paramete of RadarLesson 59 The Operation and Maintenance of RadarLesson 60 The Global Positioning SystemLesson 61 The Shipborne GPS Navigation I trumentLesson 62 The Automatic Identification SystemLesson 63 The Voyage Data RecorderLesson 64 The Marine GyrocompassLesson 65 The Echo SounderLesson 66 The Marine Speed LogLesson 67 The Introductio to the ECDISLesson 68 The Basic Compositio and Functio of GMDSSLesson 69 The Approaches of GMDSS Distress AlarmingLesson 70 The Maintenance of GMDSS EquipmentLesson 71 The Introduction to the Inma at SystemLesson 72 The Components，Functio and Maintenance of Inma at C Lesson 73 The Compositio . Functio and Maintenance of Inma at-FLesson 74 The Compositio ，Functio and Maintenance of MF/HFLesson 75 The Marine VHF and VHF DSC SystemLesson 76 The Compositio and Applicatio of NAVTEX SystemLesson 77 The Compositio anti Applicatio of the Weather Fax DeviceLesson 78 The Compositio and Performance Index of S-EPIRBLesson 79 The Compositio and Performance Index of the 9 GHz SART Device Lesson 80 The Compositio of Marine Telephone ExchangerLesson 81 The Fundamental Principle and Compositio of the Sound-powered TelephoneLesson 82 The Applicatio and Compositio of the Public Address System ~ Exercises for Chapter 5Chapter 6 The Ship ManagementLesson 83 The Introduction of Some Relevant International Organizatio and SpecificatioLesson 84 The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea （SOLAS）Lesson 85 The International Convention on Standards of Training，Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafare （STCW）Lesson 86 The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships （MARPOL）Lesson 87 The International Maritime Labour Convention 2006Lesson 88 The Supervising Process of the Port StatesLesson 89 Other Latest Conventio and Specificatio Concerning the Electronic Technical Office （ETO）Exercises for Chapter 6Chapter 7 Writing Skills for Correspondence on Electron PurposesLesson 90 Ship-to-shore and Shore-to-ship English Correspondence for Electron PurposesLesson 91 The Accidental Reports on Electrical I tallatio and EquipmentLesson 92 The I pection Reports on Electrical I tallatio and DevicesLesson 93 The Permits to I talling and Commissioning of Electrical I tallatioand DevicesLesson 94 The Maintenance Log and Notebooks for Electrical I tallatio and Devices。
《旅游英语视听说》chapter 10 (2)
After the waiter uncorks the wine, don’t smell the cork. Look at the cork and deduce whether or not the cork is tented
Once the waiter shows you the wine and you agree that this is the wine you in fact selected, they will go ahead and uncork the wine and he shoots up the cork on the table. Now, don’t go and smell the cork as it’s not going to give you any value, it is just going to smell like cork, but what you can do is to look at the cork and deduce whether or not, the cork is tinted or the wine maybe tinted based on cork discoloration.
(甜食)
clam:
(蛤蜊)
chowder: (杂烩)
Part One: Know-how for Tourism and Travel
American Food
Based on the above passage, decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false.
5.__T___ The variety of foods in the U.S.A. reflects
七年级英语上册《Chapter2 Our daily life Period 3》课件 牛津版
About Wendy 6 a.m. 1 Time she gets up _____________ 2 What she writes _____________ computer games 3 How many games ____________ over 5000,000 they sell every year accountant 4 Her brother’s job ____________ 5 How she gets to school ____________ in her car 6 What she does on the way makes phone ____________ calls
Every morning we discuss the Business at breakfast.
=
Every morning we talk over the business at breakfast.
关于这点，我们开会讨论吧。 Let’s have a meeting to discuss about it (talk it over). 同学们在讨论如何过暑假。 The students are discussing how to spend the summer holiday.
7. in my own car
one’s own 某人自己的 I always go to school in my own car. 我经常开着自己的车出去旅游。
I often travel in my own car.
他凭借着自己的努力完成了这项工作。
He finishes this work by his own efforts.
Let‟s learn a proverb of “must be”.
商务英语函电与合同第四章课后题答案
商务英语函电与合同第四章课后题答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chapter 4 Post-Chapter Exercises1. What are the three most important factors influencing a business person’s choice of words when drafting business letters, memos, and emails?Answer: The three most important factors influencing a business person’s choice of words when drafting business letters, memos, and emails are clarity, professionalism, and tone. Clarity ensures that the message is easily understood by the recipient, professionalism reflects the seriousness and credibility of the sender, and tone sets the appropriate mood for the communication.2. Why is it important to consider the cultural context when communicating with international clients or partners?Answer: Considering the cultural context when communicating with international clients or partners is important because people from different cultures may interpret messages differently. By understanding and respecting culturaldifferences, a business person can avoid misunderstandings, build trust, and strengthen relationships with international partners.3. What are the key components of a business contract?Answer: The key components of a business contract include the parties involved, the terms and conditions of the agreement, the obligations of each party, the payment terms, the duration of the contract, and any legal provisions or clauses.4. Why is it important to clearly define the terms and conditions of a business contract?Answer: Clearly defining the terms and conditions of a business contract is important to avoid misunderstandings, disputes, and legal issues. By having a detailed contract that outlines the rights and responsibilities of each party, there is a clear framework for the business relationship, which helps to prevent conflicts and ensure that both parties fulfill their obligations.5. What are the main differences between a letter of intent and a memorandum of understanding?Answer: A letter of intent is a document that outlines the preliminary agreement between parties and expresses theintention to enter into a formal contract. It is usually non-binding and serves as a starting point for negotiations. A memorandum of understanding is a more formal document that outlines the key terms and conditions of an agreement between parties. It is often used in complex business deals and may be legally binding.6. How can a business person ensure that their communication is effective and professional when drafting business correspondence?Answer: A business person can ensure that their communication is effective and professional by using clear and concise language, maintaining a respectful tone, proofreading for errors, and following the appropriate format for the type of communication (letter, memo, email, etc.). Additionally, they should consider the audience and cultural context to tailor their message appropriately.7. What are some common pitfalls to avoid when drafting business contracts?Answer: Some common pitfalls to avoid when drafting business contracts include vague or ambiguous language, incomplete or inconsistent terms, overlooking important details or clauses, and not getting legal advice when necessary. It isimportant to carefully review and negotiate the contract to protect the interests of all parties involved.8. Why is it important to maintain a professional tone and language when communicating in a business context?Answer: Maintaining a professional tone and language in business communication is important to convey credibility, respect, and authority. It helps to create a positive impression, build trust with clients, partners, and colleagues, and ensure that the message is taken seriously. Professionalism is essential for effective communication in a business setting.篇2Chapter Four: Business English Correspondence and Contracts1. Matching Exercise:a) 2b) 3c) 1d) 42. Fill in the Blanks:a) invoiceb) letterheadc) enclosedd) confirmation3. Multiple Choice:a) b) c) a) b)4. Rewrite the following sentence using the passive voice:The court awarded damages to the plaintiff.Answer: Damages were awarded to the plaintiff by the court.5. Answer the following questions:a) The purpose of a business letter is to communicate information or to request information in a formal and professional manner.b) Some examples of formal closing phrases include "Sincerely," "Yours faithfully," and "Best regards."c) The subject line in an email is used to briefly describe the content of the email to the recipient.d) A letter of acknowledgement is sent to inform the sender that their communication has been received and understood.篇3Chapter Four: Answer Key1. A letter of inquiry should contain the following information:- Purpose of the inquiry- Specific details about the product or service being inquired about- Request for additional information or clarification- Contact information for the sender2. In a letter of offer, the following points should be included:- Details of the product or service being offered- Price and payment terms- Delivery terms- Contact information for further communication3. A letter of acceptance should include:- Confirmation of the terms and conditions of the offer- Agreement to proceed with the purchase- Acknowledgment of receipt of the offer- Request for any additional information needed to finalize the transaction4. In a letter of refusal, the sender should:- Politely decline the offer- Provide a valid reason for the refusal- Express appreciation for the offer- Leave open the possibility of future collaboration5. A letter of cancellation should contain:- Reason for the cancellation- Details of the transaction being canceled- Request for confirmation of cancellation- Apology for any inconvenience caused6. A letter of complaint should include:- Details of the issue or problem- Evidence or supporting documentation- Request for resolution or compensation- Deadline for response7. A letter of adjustment should:- Acknowledge the complaint- Offer a solution or compensation- Apologize for any inconvenience caused- Ensure the customer's satisfaction8. In a letter of recommendation, the sender should:- Introduce themselves and their relationship to the recommended party- Highlight the qualities or achievements of the recommended party- Provide specific examples or anecdotes to support the recommendation- Offer to provide further information or references if needed9. A letter of appreciation should:- Express gratitude for a favor, service, or opportunity- Specify what is being appreciated- Explain the impact of the gesture or action- Offer thanks and best wishes for the future10. A letter of resignation should include:- Notice of resignation- Effective date of departure- Reason for leaving (optional)- Express gratitude for the opportunityOverall, effective business correspondence requires clear and concise communication, attention to detail, and professionalism. By following the guidelines outlined in this chapter, you can ensure that your letters and emails are well-received and facilitate successful business transactions.。
语言学Chapter 2
Auditory phonetics
Transcription of Speech Sounds
Broad transcription : used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. [ pit ] Narrow transcription : used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. [ phit]
Sentence stress
Generally, nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals and demonstrative pronouns are stressed. Other categories like articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs prepositions and conjunctions are usually not stressed. Note: for pragmatic reason, this rule is not always right, e.g. we may stress any part in the following sentences.
II. Phonology
Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.
1. Phonetics & phonology
固体力学基础习题
Exercises of continuum mechanics courseHUANG ZaixingCollege of Aerospace Engineering, NUAAChapter 1: Introduction to tensorExercises 1:1. Show that(1) ∈ijk ∈jki = 6(2) ∈ijk A j A k = 0(3) δij ∈ijk = 0(4) ∈ijk ∈ist = δj s δk t − δj t δk s2. Show that ∈ijk σjk = 0 if σjk = σkj .3. In an orthogonal Cartesian coordinate system, basic equations of elasticity may be written in the form of index notation:)u u (21G 2uf i ,j j ,i ij ij kk ij ij i i j ,ij +=εε+εμδ=σρ=ρ+σ&&By using the equations above, prove the following equation:i i kk ,i ki ,k uf Gu u )G (&&ρ=ρ+++μExercises 2:1) Let ~~~w ,v ,u and ~x be arbitrary vectors, and ~A , ~B and ~C be an arbitrary second-order tensor, show that a. )x u )(w v ()x w ()v u (~~~~~~~~⊗⋅=⊗⋅⊗ b. ~~~~~~v )u A ()v u (A ⊗⋅=⊗⋅ )v A (u A )v u (~T~~~~~⋅⊗=⋅⊗ c. T~T ~~~~~~~~~B :A B :A v A u )v u (:A =⋅⋅=⊗ ~T~~~~T ~~~~B :)C A (C :)A B ()C B (:A ⋅=⋅=⋅ d. ~T~~~~~A tr A tr v u )v u (tr =⋅=⊗T~T ~~T ~~T ~~~T ~~T ~~A :B )A B tr()B A tr(A :B )A B tr()B A tr(=⋅=⋅==⋅=⋅ e. n T ~T n ~n 1~1n ~)A ()A ( )A ()A (==−− 2) Evaluate 2~A tr , 3~A tr if T~~A A −=.3) Show that, if T~~A A =, then ~~~~B sym :A B :A =.Exercises 3 : With respect to the base vectors in the Cartesian coordinate system, the components of a tensor ~F are: 0F F F F 1F F F - 2F F 133132233322211211=====−====Write out the polar decomposition of ~F .Exercises 4:1) Show that ~~~A A A I II and I I ,I are the invariants independent of the coordinate system.2) Two symmetric second-order tensor ~A and ~B are coaxial, if they have the same eigenvectors ~i n . Prove that the sufficient and necessary condition that ~A and ~B are coaxial is ~~~~A B B A ⋅=⋅ 3) Give a counter-example to show that not all of the asymmetric second-order tensors have a principal representation.Exercises 5: Suppose ~A is an antisymmetric tensor of second-order, then ~Ae may be represented as the form below:2~2A A ~A A ~A A II )II cos(1A II )II sin(I e ~~~~~−++=Exercises 6:1) Under the assumption T ~~S S = calculate the partial derivative of the expression ~~S :S with respect to ~S . 2) Under the assumption T ~~S S = calculate the partial derivative of the expression ~~~n S n ⋅⋅ with respect to ~n , where ~n is an unit vector.3) Calculate the partial derivatives of three invariants of a second-order tensor.Chapter 2: Finite deformation1. A unit vector ~N is given at a point P 0 of a body in its undeformed state B 0. Express the unit vector ~n which determines the direction of ~N in the actual deformed state in terms of the deformation gradient ~F and ~N . 2. Evaluate the stretch in a given direction ~N of an undeformed body in terms of the deformation gradient ~F and the left stretch tensor ~v . 3. From the first and the second variation of the invariants of the right Cauchy-Green tensor ~C . 4. Show that det 1b ~= if ~3/2~b J b −=. 5. Show that ~~~~T ~~n d n n L n ⋅⋅=⋅⋅ for an arbitray vector ~n . 6. Show that the real eigenvalue of an antisymmetric tensor is zero and that the corresponding eigenvector showsin direction of the axial vector of this antisymmetric tensor.7. )U (~Ψ and )C (~Ψ are tensor function of the right stretch tensor ~U and the right Cauchy-Green tensor ~C , respectively, such that )U ()U ()C (~2~~Ψ=Ψ=Ψ. Establish the relation between the partial derivatives ~U ,Ψ and ~C ,Ψ.8. For the simple shear given by the equation ~2~1~~g g I F ⊗γ+= find the directions in the deformed configuration in which no extension takes place. Find also the directions orthogonal to planes in which no change of area occurs.9. A body is reinforced by embedding in it two families of inextensible fibres. The body has an undeformed configuration B 0 in which the fibres in each family are straight and parallel, and unit vectors defining their orientations have components (cos Θ, ±sin Θ, 0) (0<Θ<π/2) relative to an orthonormal basis ~i g . The body issubjected to a homogeneous triaxial extension in which stretches of amounts λ-1/2α, λ-1/2α-1, λ are applied in the directions defined by the base vectors ~3~2~1g ,g ,g respectively. Obtain an equation connecting α, λ and Θ and deducefrom it that(1). The extent to which the body can contract in the 3-direction is limited by the inequality Θ≥λ2sin .(2). When sin2Θ<λ≠1, two deformed configurations are possible.(3). When the maximum contraction in the 3-direction is achieved, the two families of fibres are orthogonal in thedeformed configuration.Chapter 3: Kinematics of deformation1. A motion of a continuum is given by the equations⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++=++=221332132223211t X t X X x t X t X X x t X t X X x .(1). Find the velocity and acceleration of: (a) the particle which was at the point (1, 1, 1) at the reference time t = 0, and (b) the particle which occupies the point point (1, 1, 1) at time t = 0.(2). Explain why this motion becomes physically unrealistic as t → 1.(3). Find the components of the tensor L , d and w .2. The velocity at a point x in space in a continuum is given by322222121212222122212)(2)()(e e x x x x a e x x x x a v γββ++++−=, where β, γ and a are constants.(1). Show that div v = 0.(2). Find the acceleration of the particle at x .(3). Find the components of the tensor L , d and w .Chapter 4: Stress1. In a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system x 1, x 2 and x 3, the components of the stress tensor at a point P are given in appropriate units by)(2)(224313311221332211e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ⊗+⊗+⊗+⊗+⊗+⊗+⊗=σ.(1). Find the traction at P on a plane through P parallel to the plane x 1+2x 2+3x 3=1.(2). Find the principal stress components at P .(3). Find the principal directions of the stress at P . Verity the principal axes of the stress are mutually orthogonal.(4). Let a new coordinate x’1, x’2, x’3 are related to x 1, x 2, x 3 by⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧++−=++−=+−=)22(31')22(31')22(31'321332123211x x x x x x x x x x x x . Find the components of the stress tensor defined above in the new coordinate system. Use the answer to check the answers to (2) and (3) above.2. Prove F C&&:2:π=Σ, where π and Σ are first and second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, respectively.3. Let n is an unit vector, p n the traction on the surface normal to n , and S the magnitude of the shear stress on this surface, so that S is the component of p n perpendicular to n . Prove that as n varies, S has stationary values when n is perpendicular to one of the principal axes of stress, and bisects the angle between the other two. Prove also that the maximum and minimum values of S are ±(T 1−T 3)/2.Chapter 5: Balance equations1. Determine the stress tensor conjugate to the Biot strain tensor.2. Let σm be the average stress defined on Ω, i.e.,∫=Ωdv V m σσ1, where V is the volume of Ω. Prove the Signorini theorem: )(1∫∫⊗+⊗=∂ΩΩdv x f ds x p V n m σ, where p n be the traction on the surface and f the body force.3 Derive the virtual power principle:∫∫∫=⋅+⋅∂ΩΩΩdv d dv v f ds v p n δσδδ:, where p n be the traction on the surface, f the body force and v the velocity. d denotes the tensor of deformation rate.Chapter 6: Constitutive equations1. Calculate the stress components in a compressible elastic body subjected to the deformationx 1 = X 1+kX 2, x 2 = X 2+kX 3, x 3 = X 3,where k is a non-zero constant, and deduce that they satisfy the universal relationsσ22−σ11 = σ13 = (σ12−σ22)/k , σ22−σ33 = σ13+k σ23.Show also that the deformation is isochoric.。
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Micro chapter 2
1. A 1. A perA personerson has a comparative advantage over another person in a particular task if:A)he or she can perform the task in a shorter amount of time compared to the other person.B)he or she is more proficient at all tasks compared to the other person.C)he or she has a lower opportunity cost of performing the task compared to the other person.D)he or she has a higher opportunity cost of performing the task compared to the other person.
2An individual that is absolutely better at all tasks compared to another
individual:A)should therefore complete all tasks for themselves.B)can still benefit from specializing in the task they are relatively best at.C)also is comparatively better at all tasks compared to another individual.D)both A and C.
3For every potato Brad peels he could have mashed 2 potatoes. For every
potato Graciela peels she could have mashed 4 potatoes. Which of the following statements is true?A)Brad has a comparative advantage in peeling potatoes.B)Graciela has a comparative advantage in mashing potatoes.C)We need more information to determine who has a comparative advantage in each task.D)Both A and B.
4Suppose Lucia has a comparative advantage in weed-wacking and Alfonso
has a comparative advantage in hedging. Which of the following statements is true?A)Lucia must have an absolute advantage in weed-wacking.B)Alfonso must have an absolute advantage in hedging.C)Both A and B are true.D)We cannot conclude who has an absolute advantage in each task based on this information.
5The principle of comparative advantage implies that a person (or country)
should concentrate on an activity if:A)he or she has the greatest desire to pursue that activity.B)he or she is strong at other similar activities.C)the opportunity cost of that activity is lowest.D)the resources used while engaging in the activity are lowest.6All points lying on the production possibilities curve are:
A)unattainable and efficient.B)attainable and inefficient.C)unattainable and inefficient.D)attainable and efficient.
7Any combination of goods (for which currently available resources enable)
is efficient if:A)an increase in the production of a good results in the use of more resources.B)an increase in the production of one good does not result in a reduction in the production of another.C)an increase in the production of one good must result in a reduction in the production of another.D)a decrease in the production of one good must result in the decrease in the production of another.
8The production possibilities curve for a large economy generally has a
gentle outward bow shape because:A)economies are equally proficient at producing all goods.B)some resources are better suited at the production of some goods than others.C)the quality of goods and services differs throughout the economy.D)the economy generally fluctuates between contractionary and expansionary periods.9The figure above shows Mary and Al's production possibilities curves for Use the diagram below to answer the following question.
hunting meat and gathering wood. The opportunity cost to Mary of hunting one pound of meat is:A)2 pounds of wood.B)45 pounds of wood.C)80 pounds of wood.D)½ pound of wood.10The figure above shows Mary and Al's production possibilities curves for Use the diagram below to answer the following question.
hunting meat and gathering wood. In order to maximize the production of meat and wood:A)Mary should specialize in wood and Al should specialize in meat and they should exchange with one another.B)Mary should specialize in meat and Al should specialize in wood and they should exchange with one another.C)Mary should produce both meat and wood while Al should specialize in meat and they should exchange with one another.D)Mary and Al should both divide their time and produce half meat and half wood and they should not exchange with one another.
FFeeFeedbaedback: Mary has a comparative advantage in meat and Al has a comparative advantage in wood. Therefore, as implied by the Principle of Comparative Advantage, production is maximized when Mary specializes in meat and Al specializes in wood and they exchange with one another.