Why+Peer+Review+-+adapted (1)
农村小学英语面试题目(3篇)
第1篇一、自我介绍1. 请您用英语进行简短的自我介绍，包括您的姓名、学历、专业、教学经验等。
面试官参考答案：Good morning, everyone. My name is [Your Name]. I am a [Your Age] years old. I graduated from [Your University] with a Bachelor's degree in English Language and Literature. I have been teaching English for [Your Teaching Experience] years, and I have worked in both urban and rural schools. I am passionate about teaching and believe in creating a positive and engaging learning environment for my students.2. 您认为作为一名农村小学英语教师，您有哪些优势和特长？面试官参考答案：As a rural primary school English teacher, I believe my strengths and specialties include:- Strong communication skills: I am able to communicate effectively with students, parents, and colleagues in both English and Chinese.- Adaptability: I am able to adapt my teaching methods to suit the diverse needs of my students in a rural setting.- Patience: Teaching in a rural area often requires more patience due to limited resources and varying student backgrounds.- Creativity: I enjoy creating engaging and interactive lessons that make learning English fun and enjoyable.- Commitment: I am dedicated to improving the English proficiency of my students and am willing to go the extra mile to ensure their success.二、专业知识与技能1. 请简要说明您对小学英语教学大纲的理解。
英语大赛优秀教案模板范文
Subject: English Language ArtsGrade Level: 8th GradeDuration: 1 hourObjective:To prepare students for an upcoming English speech contest by developing their public speaking skills, confidence, and understanding of various speech genres.Materials:- Projector and screen- Whiteboard and markers- Speech contest rubric- Writing materials (pens, pencils, paper)- Examples of successful speech videos or podcasts- Access to online resources for speech writing and public speaking tipsLesson Outline:I. Introduction (5 minutes)1. Warm-Up Activity:- Begin with a quick activity to energize the class, such as a fun English game or a short round of "speed speaking" to get students comfortable with speaking in front of their peers.2. Objective Introduction:- Introduce the purpose of the lesson, which is to prepare for the upcoming English speech contest.- Explain the importance of public speaking and its relevance in both personal and professional life.II. Understanding Speech Genres (10 minutes)1. Group Discussion:- Divide the class into small groups and ask each group to research and present one type of speech genre (e.g., persuasive, informative, narrative).- Have each group share their findings with the class, discussing the characteristics and purpose of each genre.2. Interactive Presentation:- Use the projector to display examples of different speech genres and have students analyze them, identifying key features and strategies used by the speakers.III. Writing a Speech (20 minutes)1. Speech Writing Guide:- Provide a step-by-step guide for writing a speech, including:- Choosing a topic- Conducting research- Organizing the speech structure (introduction, body, conclusion)- Crafting an engaging opening and a strong closing- Using evidence and examples effectively2. Brainstorming Session:- Have students individually brainstorm potential speech topics related to their interests or current events.- Encourage them to think creatively and choose a topic that they are passionate about and can speak confidently about.IV. Practicing Public Speaking (15 minutes)1. Role-Playing:- Pair students up and have them practice delivering their speechesto each other, offering constructive feedback.- Rotate partners to ensure everyone gets a chance to practice speaking.2. Feedback and Tips:- Circulate around the class, offering individual feedback on the students' speeches and providing tips on voice projection, body language, and engagement with the audience.V. Peer Review and Preparation (10 minutes)1. Peer Review Activity:- Have students exchange their written speeches and provide peer feedback, focusing on content, structure, and delivery.2. Final Preparation:- Remind students to review their speeches, practice their delivery, and prepare for any potential questions from the audience.VI. Conclusion (5 minutes)1. Reflection:- Ask students to reflect on what they have learned during the lesson and how they feel about their upcoming speech contest performance.2. Encouragement:- Encourage students to embrace the opportunity to showcase their talents and to enjoy the experience of public speaking.Assessment:- Evaluate students based on their participation in activities, the quality of their peer reviews, and the progress they make in their speech writing and delivery.Homework:- Assign students to continue practicing their speeches and to prepare for any additional feedback they receive.Note:This template can be adapted to fit the specific needs and abilities of the students, as well as the requirements of the speech contest.。
日记写作课英语教案模板
Grade Level: 6th GradeObjective:- To enable students to express their daily experiences and thoughts in English through diary writing.- To enhance students' vocabulary and grammar skills relevant to diary writing.- To foster students' creativity and personal expression.Duration: 90 minutesMaterials:- Whiteboard and markers- Handouts with sample diary entries- Writing paper or notebooks- Pencils, pens, and erasers- Dictionary or digital translation toolLesson Structure:I. Introduction (10 minutes)1. Warm-up Activity:- Begin with a brief discussion on the importance of keeping a diary and the benefits of writing about daily experiences.- Ask students to share why they think keeping a diary is important.2. Objective Setting:- Clearly state the objectives of the lesson: to write a diary entry in English.II. Vocabulary Building (15 minutes)1. Vocabulary List:- Present a list of common vocabulary related to diary writing (e.g., yesterday, today, tomorrow, happy, sad, excited, bored, etc.).- Use visual aids or flashcards to help students memorize these words.2. Interactive Activity:- Conduct a vocabulary game, such as "Simon Says," where students have to use the new vocabulary words in sentences.III. Grammar Review (15 minutes)1. Grammar Point:- Review the use of past tense for describing past events and present tense for current feelings and thoughts.- Provide examples and have students practice forming sentences using these tenses.2. Practice Activity:- Give students a prompt and ask them to write a sentence using the past tense.- Then, ask them to write a sentence using the present tense.IV. Model Diary Entry (10 minutes)1. Sample Entry:- Read a sample diary entry aloud and discuss its structure and content.- Highlight the use of vocabulary and grammar in the entry.2. Group Discussion:- Divide the class into small groups and have students discuss what they would write in their diary about a recent event or feeling.V. Writing Activity (30 minutes)1. Prompt:- Provide a prompt for the diary entry (e.g., "Write about your favorite holiday and why it is special to you.")2. Writing Process:- Encourage students to brainstorm ideas before writing.- Allow students to write in pairs or small groups for support.3. Peer Review:- After writing, have students exchange their entries with a partner and provide constructive feedback.VI. Sharing and Reflection (10 minutes)1. Volunteer Sharing:- Ask for volunteers to share their diary entries with the class.- Encourage classmates to give positive feedback and ask questions about the entries.2. Reflection:- Conclude the lesson by asking students to reflect on what they have learned and how diary writing can help them express themselves.VII. Homework Assignment (5 minutes)1. Assignment:- Assign students to write a full diary entry based on the prompt provided during the class.- Instruct them to use the vocabulary and grammar studied in the lesson.Evaluation:- Assess students' diary entries for content, grammar, and vocabulary usage.- Observe participation during the lesson and provide feedback on individual progress.Note: This template can be adapted to different grade levels and specific curriculum requirements.。
2022年-2023年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力能力检测试卷A卷附答案
2022年-2023年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力能力检测试卷A卷附答案单选题（共30题）1、Compound words consist of __________ morphemes．A.boundB.freeC.both bound and freeD.derivational【答案】 B2、Which of the following underlined words will be stressed when Julia responds to the person who hasmistaken her for Julian?A.My name is Julia, not JulianB.My name is Julia, not JulianC.My name is Julia, not JulianD.My name is Julia, not Julian【答案】 B3、I only know the man by__________but I have never spoken to him.A.chanceB.heartC.sightD.experience【答案】 C4、Which of the following tasks fails to develop students′ skill of recognizing discoursepatternsA.Analyzing the structure of difficult sentencesB.Checking the logic of the author's argumentsC.Getting the scrambled sentences into a paragraphD.Marking out common openers to stories and jokes【答案】 A5、Around two o’clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ________ us.A.bothersB.had bothereDC.would botherD.bothereD【答案】 B6、Which of the following is a typical feature of informal writingA.A well-organized structure is preferredB.Short and incomplete sentences are commonC.Technical terms and definitions are requiredD.A wide range of vocabulary and structural patterns are used【答案】 B7、Passage 2A.aggravate in our unconscious mindB.develop into happy dreamsC.persist till the time we fall asleepD.show up in dreams early at night【答案】 D8、--Hi, this way, please.A.directionB.positionC.situationD.condition【答案】 A9、When it comes to airline travel, perhaps nothing hasrevolutionized the passenger experience more than airline apps. Indeed, they're becoming so ubiquitous that more than 50 percent of U.S travelers have at least one airline app installed on their smart device, according to travel industry research firm Phocuswright.A.Airline apps have made airline competitions fiercer than everB.Airline apps have immensely transformed travelers' digital livesC.Airline apps will probably replace airline staff in the near futureD.Airline apps have provided magazines and newspaper for travelers【答案】 B10、Evidence came up ____ specific sounds are recognized by babies as young as six months old.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whose【答案】 B11、In the foreign languages bookstoreto be found books in various languages.A.isB.is beenC.areD.are been【答案】 C12、请阅读短文，完成此题。
教资的教案模板英语(3篇)
第1篇Course Title: Teacher Qualification Exam PreparationSubject: [Subject Area e.g., English Language Teaching]Grade Level: [Grade Level e.g., Grade 6]Duration: [Duration e.g., 1 hour]Objective:- To familiarize students with the structure and format of the Teacher Qualification Exam (TQE).- To develop students' skills in answering multiple-choice questions, essay questions, and practical tasks.- To enhance students' understanding of key educational theories and teaching methods relevant to the TQE.Materials:- Teacher Qualification Exam study materials- Whiteboard or projector- Handouts or printed resources- TimersTeaching Aids:- PowerPoint presentation or handouts for key concepts- Practice test questions- Sample essays- Peer review sheetsLesson Outline:I. Introduction (5 minutes)- Greet students and briefly introduce the lesson's objectives.- Explain the importance of the Teacher Qualification Exam and how it relates to their future as educators.- Provide a brief overview of the exam format and structure.II. Warm-Up Activity (10 minutes)- Engage students with a quick quiz or discussion about their knowledge of the TQE.- Ask students to share their experiences with standardized tests andany strategies they have used.III. Key Concepts and Theories (15 minutes)- Introduce key educational theories and teaching methods relevant tothe TQE.- Use visual aids or handouts to explain concepts such as constructivism, Bloom's Taxonomy, and differentiated instruction.- Provide examples and case studies to illustrate these theories in practice.IV. Practice Session: Multiple-Choice Questions (15 minutes)- Distribute practice multiple-choice questions based on the key concepts discussed.- Set a timer and allow students to work through the questions individually.- Review the answers as a class, discussing correct responses and explaining any misconceptions.V. Essay Writing Workshop (15 minutes)- Introduce the structure and format of essay questions in the TQE.- Provide a sample essay prompt and guide students through the writing process.- Offer tips on how to organize thoughts, use evidence, and maintain a clear argument.VI. Peer Review and Feedback (10 minutes)- In pairs, students exchange their essays and provide constructive feedback.- Encourage students to focus on strengths and areas for improvement.VII. Practical Tasks (10 minutes)- Assign practical tasks that simulate real-life teaching scenarios.- Students will be asked to plan a lesson, create a teaching resource, or develop an assessment tool.VIII. Wrap-Up and Homework (5 minutes)- Summarize the key points covered in the lesson.- Assign homework that reinforces the day's learning, such as completing additional practice questions or writing a full-length essay.Assessment:- Monitor student participation and engagement throughout the lesson.- Evaluate the quality of students' practice essays and practical tasks.- Provide individualized feedback and support as needed.Reflection:- After the lesson, reflect on the effectiveness of the teaching strategies used and identify areas for improvement.- Consider how the lesson aligned with the students' learning needs and the TQE requirements.---This template can be adapted to fit different subject areas and grade levels. The duration of each section can be adjusted based on the complexity of the content and the time available.第2篇Subject: Teacher Certification Exam PreparationGrade Level: N/A (Applicable to all teacher certification exam candidates)Duration: 1 hour (Can be adjusted based on the specific content)Objective:- To familiarize candidates with the structure and format of the teacher certification exam.- To enhance candidates' understanding of key concepts and strategiesfor exam success.- To provide practical tips and techniques for effective time management and test-taking skills.Materials:- Teacher Certification Exam study guide- Whiteboard and markers- Projector and computer (optional)- Handouts with key points and practice questions- Timer or clockActivities:1. Introduction (10 minutes)- Begin with a brief overview of the teacher certification exam, including its importance and structure.- Introduce the different sections of the exam (e.g., content knowledge, pedagogy, ethics, etc.).- Explain the grading system and pass/fail criteria.2. Key Concepts Review (20 minutes)- Divide the class into small groups and assign each group a different section of the exam to review.- Provide each group with a study guide and key points to focus on.- Instruct groups to prepare a brief presentation or summary of their assigned section.- After each group presents, facilitate a class discussion to reinforce understanding and clarify any confusion.3. Strategy and Technique Workshop (20 minutes)- Discuss effective study strategies, such as active reading, mnemonics, and flashcards.- Introduce test-taking techniques, such as skimming, scanning, and elimination strategies.- Provide examples and practice exercises for each technique.- Use a timer to simulate exam conditions and have candidates practice applying these strategies to sample questions.4. Time Management and Test-Taking Skills (10 minutes)- Discuss the importance of time management during the exam.- Provide tips for prioritizing questions and managing time effectively.- Demonstrate how to use the scratch paper and eraser effectively.- Conduct a short role-play activity where candidates practice applying time management techniques.5. Practice Questions and Review (10 minutes)- Distribute handouts with a variety of practice questions covering different exam topics.- Allow candidates to work on these questions individually or in pairs.- Review answers as a class, discussing correct responses and common errors.6. Wrap-Up and Feedback (5 minutes)- Summarize the key points discussed during the lesson.- Encourage candidates to ask questions or seek clarification on any remaining points.- Provide contact information for additional resources and support.- Collect feedback from candidates to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and identify areas for improvement.Assessment:- Observation of candidate participation and engagement during activities.- Completion of practice questions and participation in discussions.- Feedback from candidates regarding the lesson's effectiveness.Reflection:- As a teacher, reflect on the effectiveness of the lesson plan and identify any areas for improvement.- Consider how the lesson plan can be adapted to different learning styles and levels of understanding.- Reflect on the overall impact of the lesson on candidates' readiness for the teacher certification exam.第3篇Subject: Teacher Qualification Exam Preparation (English)Grade Level: N/A (varies depending on the exam level)Course Duration: N/A (varies depending on the exam preparation period)Objective:- To provide students with a structured approach to preparing for the Teacher Qualification Exam.- To enhance students' understanding of key concepts and test-taking strategies.- To build confidence and readiness for the exam through practice and feedback.Lesson Overview:- This lesson will focus on a specific topic or skill area relevant to the Teacher Qualification Exam.- The lesson will include a mix of theoretical knowledge, practical application, and test-taking practice.Materials Needed:- Projector and screen or whiteboard- Handouts or worksheets- Timetable for practice questions- Access to online resources or textbooks- Feedback forms or rubrics- Marking criteria for assessments- Timer or clock- Copies of the Teacher Qualification Exam format for students to familiarize themselves with- Pencils, erasers, and other writing materialsLesson Structure:I. Introduction (10 minutes)- Greet students and review the agenda for the lesson.- Briefly introduce the topic or skill area to be covered.- Explain the importance of the topic/skill in the context of the Teacher Qualification Exam.II. Lecture and Explanation (20 minutes)- Present key concepts and theories related to the topic/skill area.- Use visual aids such as slides, diagrams, or videos to enhance understanding.- Provide examples and explanations to clarify complex ideas.- Encourage students to ask questions and engage in discussions.III. Practice Activities (30 minutes)- Divide the class into small groups or pairs for collaborative learning.- Assign specific tasks or activities related to the topic/skill area, such as:- Role-playing scenarios- Group discussions- Case studies- Problem-solving exercises- Completion of practice questions- Monitor student progress and provide individual feedback as needed.IV. Test-Taking Strategies (15 minutes)- Discuss effective test-taking strategies, such as time management, reading comprehension, and elimination techniques.- Provide examples of question types commonly found in the Teacher Qualification Exam and demonstrate how to approach them.- Offer tips on how to handle stress and maintain focus during the exam.V. Group Presentations or Peer Review (15 minutes)- If applicable, have groups present their findings or solutions to the class.- Encourage peer review and constructive criticism.- Facilitate a discussion on how to improve the presented ideas or solutions.VI. Assessment and Feedback (10 minutes)- Administer a short quiz or practice test to assess students' understanding of the topic/skill area.- Review the quiz with the class, discussing correct answers and providing explanations.- Offer individual feedback based on the assessment.VII. Conclusion (5 minutes)- Summarize the key points covered in the lesson.- Assign homework or additional reading materials to reinforce learning.- Provide information about the next lesson or upcoming assessments.- Thank students for their participation and encourage them to seek help if needed.Assessment:- The lesson will be assessed based on student participation, engagement, and performance in activities and assessments.- A rubric or marking criteria will be used to evaluate the quality of student work.- Students' progress will be monitored through ongoing feedback and assessments.Follow-Up Activities:- Continue to provide additional resources and support for students to prepare for the exam.- Organize review sessions or Q&A sessions to address any remaining questions or concerns.- Encourage students to practice regularly and set realistic goals for their exam preparation.Note: This template is adaptable to different topics and skill areas within the Teacher Qualification Exam. Adjust the content and structure as necessary to meet the specific needs of your students and the exam requirements.。
PeerReviewShouldWeModifyOurProcess
measure of the peer review process. We typi-cally use two and sometimes three reviewers when the decision rendered is significantly different. In our experience, if there is inter-reviewer agreement, specifically on the qual-ity of the manuscript, the end result is that articles receive more attention (press releas-es) and are more frequently cited by other researchers. Finally, reviewer bias has been suggested as a negative factor for the peer review process. In our experience, reviewer bias may include research bias (“I’m an ex-pert in the field so no one else can be”), au-thor bias (chemistry issues when a reviewer thinks he or she knows the authors), institu-tion bias, and vendor bias. In these situations, our reviewers are instructed to recuse them-selves and decline review of the manuscript.Suggestions for alternatives to the peer review process have increased in the past de-cades [2, 4]. Our ability to modify the peer review process has been presented with more options, partially driven by the electronic era and the multiple online tools available. Open peer review, community peer review, and re-viewer bidding are a few of the options cur-rently under discussion or implementation by other journals [2, 7]. The open peer review process identifies the reviewers. The litera-ture regarding this approach to peer review is limited [2, 7]. It has been argued that if the reviewers are known to the submitting authors, reviewers will be more consistent in providing quality reviews. If we were to make this change, I suspect we would have more trouble getting reviewers to accept our invitations to review. However, I would agree they may be more inclined to provide more in-depth reviews. An additional concern is the potential for conflict of interest issues in our small community of subspecialty authors and reviewers.Community or public review enables open evaluation by interested parties for a defined period once the manuscript is launched elec-tronically. This results in a period of po-tentially dynamic change in the content of the article, presumably resulting in the fin-ished product once the active online period is completed. There are concerns with this approach. First, if the manuscript is cited during the active review process, those cit-ate each manuscript with CrossCheck to avoid duplicating previously published work before consideration for peer review [4]. The staff also checks each submission to ensure the correct manuscript category has been selected and the authors have made substan-tive contributions. Once the initial check is complete, the manuscript is forwarded to the appropriate section editor for assignment to peer review. We typically select two review-ers by matching their expertise to that of the submitted manuscript. When the reviews are discrepant, additional reviewers are invited.Other radiology journals may use similar, or in some cases quite different, approaches to peer review. For example, some open ac-cess journals do not clearly define their peer review process. In addition, several open ac-cess journals allow the authors to maintain the copyright. This may potentially increase the already large number of duplicate publi-cations listed in PubMed. What are and have been the criticisms of the peer review process and should we modify our current approach?First, as noted, there are inconsistencies in how each journal approaches the peer review process. With the electronic era, the variety of approaches has become even more diverse [1, 2, 4]. Birukou et al. [2] provided a superb discussion of the controversies and potential approaches to manuscript evaluation. Scien-tific data on the value or lack thereof for peer review are most often focused on what can or cannot be accomplished—namely, detecting errors in content and determining the impact of the article on future medical practice [2, 5, 6]. Some data suggest that the peer review process is effective, at least in the former, whereas other data suggest the process is in-effective [2, 5, 6].Birukou et al. [2] reviewed potential met-rics of peer review, including impact of peer-reviewed manuscripts, interreviewer agree-ment, and bias. For example, if reviewers improve manuscripts and scientific content, do the articles accepted provide significant new material and are they cited more fre-quently? Once again, some data suggest that if reviewers’ recommendations are followed, the articles become more important. Other data suggest this may not be the case [2]. In-terreviewer agreement may be an additional Peer Review: Should We Modify Our Process?The peer review process for bio-medical publications began in the 1700s with the Royal Soci-ety of Edinburg’s Medical Es-says and Observations [1]. Since that time, most medical journals have used peer review to ensure scientific integrity. However, the methods of peer review vary extensively [2]. The approaches are definitely evolving and variable. For example, the processes insti-tuted by a given journal may include single- and double-blinded peer review, open peer review, and postpublishing peer review. Peer review has become even more controversial in the electronic era with the recent explo-sion in the number of open access journals. There are currently more than 100 radiology journals throughout the world.The American Journal of Roentgenology (AJR) follows the International Committee for Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guide-lines for scientific publications (). The ICM JE guidelines clearly define the role of editors and reviewers in the peer review process [3].Editors“The editor of the journal is the person responsible for its entire content. Editors must have full authority for determining the editorial content of the journal” ().ReviewersPeer review must provide an “unbiased, independent, critical assessment that is an intrinsic part of all scholarly work, includ-ing the scientific process. Peer review is the critical assessment of manuscripts submitted to journals by experts who are not part of the editorial staff. Peer review can therefore be viewed as an important extension of the sci-entific process” ().Historically, we have used a double-blinded process in which the authors and reviewers remain anonymous. The editors are responsible for the scientific content and quality of the AJR . Therefore, on occasion a submission may be rejected without review if there are concerns about content or the manuscript is not considered suitable for our readership. The normal process is to evalu-EditorialD o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .a j r o n l i n e .o r g b y 220.176.50.14 o n 07/22/16 f r o m I P a d d r e s s 220.176.50.14. C o p y r i g h t A R R S . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e dEditorialing the manuscript may have to retract as-pects of their study once the review period is completed. This issue may result in fewer citations. Second, how do you prevent pro-fessional antagonistic activity?Finally, bidding for peer review is another method presented so that researchers may assist the authors in improving their product because of the high level of interest in the work and expertise of the bidder to review a given topic [2]. There are electronic systems to assist with this approach. Although more data are required, this approach does allow the reviewer to select a topic that is of high interest. The end result is that the reviewer may be able to assist the authors more effec-tively. The downside is the potential increase in turn-around time for the article and the potential for reviewers with a negative bias on the topic to bid [2, 4].How should the AJR approach potential changes to improve our peer review process? The editorial staff members have clearly de-fined job descriptions regarding their roles in the peer review process. The content of these job descriptions is reviewed annually and revised as necessary. We have a well-defined process for reviewing and decision making, and for potential author appeals de-pending on the final decision. Our process is designed to be author friendly and provideoptimal turn-around time from submission to final decision. Our new online vendor, Atypon, provides the ability to publish ahead of print for key manuscripts. This gives us the opportunity to present key manuscripts to our readers far ahead of the normal publi-cation process time. However, publish ahead of print will not change the fact that full co-pyediting and layout will occur before on-line publication. We want to avoid ongoing changes in articles that can occur with the public review process.We’ve taken some important new steps in our approaches to reviewer assistance so that reviews are more complete and useful to the authors. We now require new reviewers to at-tend an orientation WebEx session. We also have new reviewer assistance material on our reviewer site, including templates for review-ing each of the manuscript types that authors may select. We also plan on holding “how to get published” sessions at the ARRS annual meetings and will offer our WebEx sessions to all reviewers beginning this year.At this time, we have no plans to modify our current peer review process. However, we will continue to monitor the changing electronic environment for potential ways to improve the peer review process for the AJR . Our goal is to define the best mechanisms to optimize constructive, consistent reviews forour authors and provide manuscripts with significant practice impact for our readers.Thomas H. BerquistEditor in Chief ******************DOI:10.2214/AJR.13.12415References1. Kronick DA. Peer review in 18th-century scien-tific journalism. JAMA 1990; 263:1321–13222. Birukou A, Wakeling JR, Bartolini C, et al. Alter-natives to peer review: novel approaches for re-search evaluation. Front Comput Neurosci 2011; 5:563. Berquist TH. Editors and reviewers: roles and re-sponsibilities. AJR 2012; 198:2454. Berquist TH. Peer review: is the process broken.AJR 2012; 199:2435. Godlee F, Gale CR, M artyn CN. Effect on thequality of peer of blinded reviewers and asking them to sign their reports in a randomized con-trolled trial. JAMA 1998; 280:237–2406. Goodman SN, Berlin J, Fletcher SW, et al. Manu-script quality before and after peer review and editing at Annals of Internal Medicine. Ann In-tern Med 1994; 121:11–217. Solomon DJ. The role of peer review for scholarlyjournals in the information age. Journal of Elec-tronic Publishing website. /j/jep /3336451.0010.107?rgn=main;view=fulltext. Pub-lished Winter 2007. Accessed December 19, 2013\D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .a j r o n l i n e .o r g b y 220.176.50.14 o n 07/22/16 f r o m I P a d d r e s s 220.176.50.14. C o p y r i g h t A R R S . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d。
考研英语(一)-32
考研英语(一)-32(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, "uccelli di passaggio", birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don"t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today"s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.（分数：20.00）(1)."Birds of passage" refers to those who（分数：4.00）A.find permanent jobs overseas.B.leave their home countries for good.C.immigrate across the Atlantic.D.stay in a foreign country temporarily. √解析：[解析] 细节题。
peer review 示例 英语
标题：深度剖析peer review示例中文在科研领域，peer review（同行评议）是一种非常重要的机制，它不仅能够保证学术论文的质量，也能够促进学术界的交流与发展。
本文将以peer review为主题，深入探讨其实例与意义，帮助读者更好地理解这一主题。
1. peer review的定义与意义peer review是指学术界专家学者对他人学术工作进行评价和审核的过程，简而言之就是专家对专家的评审。
这一机制的意义在于保证学术成果的真实性、可信度和严谨性，避免了不严谨、虚假和低质量的学术成果影响学术界的发展。
2. peer review的实例举一个peer review的实例：一篇关于新药研发的学术论文被提交给某一知名期刊，经过编辑初审后进入了peer review阶段。
该论文由多位同行专家进行了匿名评审，他们审阅了论文并就其创新性、学术价值、实验设计和数据分析等方面提出了意见和建议。
论文作者在接收到审稿意见后进行修改和完善，并重新提交给期刊编辑。
经过多轮的修改和审议，该论文被接受并发表在该期刊上。
3. peer review的个人观点与理解在我看来，peer review不仅是一种学术责任，也是一种学术支持，因为它能够帮助学者提高自己的学术水平，促进学术研究的深入发展。
peer review也有助于建立学术界的信任机制，确保学术成果的质量和可靠性。
在我进行学术研究时，也会积极参与同行评议，将自己的观点和建议共享给他人，并从他人的评审中受益。
总结通过以上的讨论，我们可以知道peer review作为一种学术评审机制，在推动学术界发展和保障学术成果质量方面发挥着重要作用。
我们也要认识到peer review在实践中还存在一些问题，例如审稿人的评议标准不一、审稿时间过长等，这些问题需要学术界共同努力来解决。
期待peer review机制在未来能够得到进一步的完善和提升，为学术界的发展做出更大的贡献。
2022-2023学年河南省洛阳市孟津第一高级中学高一(上)期末英语试卷(A卷)(附答案详解)
2022-2023学年河南省洛阳市孟津第一高级中学高一（上）期末英语试卷（A卷）AAbsolutely Unputdownable Books You Have to ReadFlowers for AlgernonDaniel KeyesIf you're seeking a pleasant read，try this short story by Daniel Keyes.He'll show you how a person feels going from a simple cleaner at a bakery，whose IQ is less than 60，to a genius and the most intelligent person on the planet.In a situation like this，is it possible to overcome your fears and cope with loneliness？Keyes offers his answer to this question.Orphans of the SkyRobert A.HeinleinA giant generation ship is sailing without guidance through the depths of the universe.Its passengers have long forgotten the outside world and believed in a pre-technological culture marked by superstition （迷信）.This novel has brought Heinlein wide recognition，and will grasp you tight and won't let you go for months （or even years）afterward.Are we，the digital generation，different from the passengers of that imaginary spaceship？95 Pounds of HopeAnna GavaldaAdapted from the author's own experience，this story is about the main things in life：choices we make，the power of love and devotion.The story of a thirteen-year-old boy who one day has to gather all his strength and courage and take a step towards adulthood proves once again that dreams do come true.After all，no matter how many pounds we have，we're all trying not to lose hope.A Certain SmileFrancoise SaganIf you don't enjoy thrillers or sci-fi and stories about dragon-riding detectives，if you're longing for something emotional，slow and gentle，this beautiful little book by Francoise Sagan is just what you need.Strongly recommended by psychological doctors，it's a pleasant exception among traditional romance novels：you'll find all of the advantages of high-quality literature here.And yes，it's a realpage-turner.1. What kind of book is Orphans of the Sky？______A. A science fiction.B. A historical novel.C. A detective story.D. A fairy tale.2. What is special about 95 Pounds of Hope？______A. It is not suitable for adult readers.B. It is about a boy serving in army.C. It is based loosely on a true story.D. It brought its author great fame.3. Which is the best choice for someone suffering from mental illness？______A. Flowers for Algernon.B. Orphans of the Sky.C. 95 Pounds of Hope.D. A Certain Smile.BThe most eye-catching performance from the final weekend of the U.S.Olympic Track and Field Trials didn't break a world record or send a teenager to Tokyo.But Lindsay Flach still became the shining star.Lindsay Flach competed in the heptathlon（七项全能）18 weeks pregnant and showed off a growing belly.Though she finished a distant last among the 15 women who made it through all seven events of the heptathlon，her participation this past weekend was a victory in itself.The 2020 season was supposed to be Flach's last chance to compete in the heptathlon，the sport that developed into her enthusiasm over the past decade.She intended to grasp a chance on the U.S.Olympic team one final time before marrying her longtime boyfriend and starting a family together.In early 2020，Flach quit her job，temporarily left her soon-to-be-husband behind and moved nearly 250 miles south to train with her new coach at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley.She intended to remain there through the 2020 U.S.Olympic Trials.Then the pandemic（疫情）struck three months into her training.When the spread of COVID-19 forced the postponement（延迟）of the Tokyo Games and cast doubt on whether they would ever happen，Flach，31，decided she could no longer put her life on hold.In March，Flach began struggling to hit marks that had previously been routine to her.She took a pregnancy test that came back positive，a result that made her doubt whether her Olympic hopeful.The pregnancy weakened Flach's strength and energy but not her desire to say goodbye to track and field on her own terms.While Flach's final score was less than half her personal best，she's trying not to focus on that aspect，nor on the fact that she never qualified for an Olympics in her career.She's excited for what's to come in her life，excited she was able to participate in a third Olympic Trials and excited that she showed how strong would-be mothers can be.4. When did Flach begin to love the heptatblon？______A. At the age of 18.B. At the age of 21.C. At the age of 30.D. At the age of 31.5. Which word can best describe Flach according to Paragraph 3？______A. Determined.B. Ambitious.C. Unfortunate.D. Organized.6. What made Flach excited？______A. She was expecting a new life.B. She won the third Olympic Trials.C. She could marry her loved boyfriend finally.D. She was chosen to take part in the Olymipic Games.7. In which section of a magazine can this text be read？______A. Teens.B. Sports.C. Economy.D. Advertisement.CAre you patient？Do you have attention to detail，free time and access to a computer？Well，then a scientist might welcome your help.Researchers in the UK say it's becoming important to count on common people to help them with their projects.They need people to examine data and submit their observations online.British teenagers Sasha and Matthew are taking part in a study of penguins（企鹅）from the comfort of their homes.The pair look at pictures and tag（标签）photos identifying adults，chicks and eggs.Every click of their mouse is helping to build up a detailed picture of penguin colonies（群）.They，and thousands of others，are helping scientists to understand why some colonies are growing and others are decreasing.Within the first four hours of Penguin Watch going live，"citizen scientists" marked more images than the research team had in five years.Dr.Tom Hart，Penguin Watch Coordinator at Oxford University，says，"When you go beyond what a scientist can analyse to what a mass audience can do，then it increases beyond what any other project could do."The British Science Association says families are helping out with careful research.It made a difference to the Planet Hunters Project，which ran for five years.Volunteers looked at dots which showed how the brightness of a star changed at different points in its solar system.According to Dr.Robert Simpson from Oxford University，who took part in the project，the volunteers discovered planets and these are now in published papers.He says with pride，"We can go and look at these planets with other telescopes and we know they exist because of those helpers."But how do scientists guard their research against accidental or deliberate mistakes in observation？Dr.Simpson isn't worried. "We get lots of people looking at the same things，" he says.The researcher warns that people who are mistakenly clicking on the site are very obvious and can be identified very quickly.So，there's no fooling the scientists.And to make sure things go well，the Penguin Watch paper will go through a peer review before being published.After that，every "citizen scientist" will be credited.8. According to the passage，who will be suitable to help the scientists？______A. An engineer who works in a company.B. A university student who likes science.C. A businessman who invests in a new project.D. A careful teenager who uses the computer smoothly.9. What is a volunteer required to do？______A. Publish his observation data by himself.B. Observe pictures and record his observation.C. Discuss his observation with other volunteers.D. Take his report to the scientist and correct mistakes.10. How could scientists avoid mistakes in observation？______A. By working with volunteers.B. By using their own data.C. By identifying pictures and photos.D. By going through a peer review.11. What's Dr.Simpson's attitude towards the volunteers' observation？______A. Objective.B. Supportive.C. Negative.D. Doubtful.DSocial distancing is not a new concept in the natural world，where infectious diseases are commonplace.Through specialized senses animals can detect certain diseases and change their behavior to avoid getting ill.In 1966，while studying chimps（猩猩）in a Tanzanian national park，zoologist Jane Goodall observed a chimp named McGregor who had caught a highly infectious virus.His fellow chimps attacked him and threw him out of the group.In one instance，McGregor approached chimps in a tree.He reached out a hand in greeting，but the others moved away without a backward glance."For a full two minutes，old McGregor sat motionless，staring after them，" Goodall notes in her 1971 book In the Shadow of Man. "It's really not that different to how some societies react today to such a tragedy." Not all animals are so aggressive toward their sick neighbors.Sometimes it's as simple as avoiding those who may infect you.When Kiesecker，a lead scientist in America，studied American bullfrog in the late 1990s，he found that bullfrogs could not only detect a deadly smell of infection in other bullfrogs，but healthy members actively avoided those that were sick.Bullfrogs rely on chemicals signals to determine who is sick or not. Caribbean lobsters（龙虾）also avoid diseased members of their community，well before they become infectious.It takes about eight weeks for lobsters infected with the deadly virus to become dangerous to others.Normally social animals，lobsters begin keeping away from the diseased as early as four weeks afterinfection—once the lobsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals."Overall，it's important to note that，unlike us，animals don't realize if they stay home，they might actually reduce the infection rate，" Kiesecker explains. "As humans，we have that ability.It's a big difference."12. Why did other chimps attack McGregor？______A. He was a loner.B. He got seriously ill.C. He may cause the group ill.D. He hurt other chimps first.13. How did Goodall feel when seeing McGregor's result？______A. Supportive.B. Doubtful.C. Objective.D. Sympathetic.14. How long will the healthy Caribbean lobsters stay with the diseased ones？______A. About a month.B. About eight weeks.C. About four days.D. Fewer than four weeks.15. Which can be a suitable title for the text？______A. Social Distancing in Nature.B. Carrying out Social Distancing.C. Puzzling Social Distancing in Chimps.D. Social Distancing between Human and Animals.The comfort zone is a safe space where we don't risk，but neither do we grow. (1) Change and growth occur.We can not become what we want to be，remaining in what we are today.There are many good reasons to be encouraged to leave the comfort zone.Prepare yourself for difficult times.Safe as we feel in our comfort zone，that space will not protect us from the problems，which usually appear in life in an unexpected way producing great changes. (2) These problems can produce psychological disorders.But learning to live outside the comfort zone，dealing with novelty and uncertainty will make us people emotionally stronger.(3) The comfort zone represents everything we know.Outside is another world to discover.In the comfort zone there are no great ideas or new discoveries.It's necessary to leave the known to find the inspiration to creativity.In fact，a study conducted at the University of Florida found that students who spent just one term outside their country scored better on creativity tests than those who had been studying at the same university.Feel more alive.Leaving the comfort zone，we meet new people and live new experiences.Some of these experiences will not be positive but others will become a driving force that gives us new energy.Thus we're learning to enjoy more life. (4)Exercises to get out of your comfort zone will allow you to expand your growth zone without experiencing too much anxiety. (5) That's in the growth zone，and you can reach the best of ourselves，learn new things.16. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. G17. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. G18. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. G19. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. G20. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. GAfter watching my son Todd run in a race，I made my usual comment，"Todd，I could walk faster than those women run." Todd(21)as he knew I wasn't a runner." Listen，Mom，how about you run with me next year at this race？" Without thinking，I quickly agreed to this(22).I felt this was going to be a piece of cake! Never in my(23)dreams did I ever imagine what the next year would bring.When it was almost time for this race to(24)，Todd wasn't going to be running.He had died in a car accident.A few of his friends knew this "challenge" I had agreed to with Todd.They started to(25)me to run the race.I hadn't(26)or prepared anything.Quite(27)，I had almost forgotten I said I would do it.I decided I should keep my(28) .Before the race，I listened to some(29)talking about how to run your race.I played the race over and over in my(30)when I listened to the tapes.The day of the race finally came.I felt pretty(31).When it was time for the race，I was all dressed and ready.It was freezing cold that day，but I didn't care.I(32)all my warm clothes and ran with only a sleeveless shirt and shorts on.Nothing was going to(33) me.No one knew what(34)me to run.I finished my practice run，fell on the grass，and cried my eyes out.I found that running(35)the stress I was feeling of losing my dear Todd.21. A. sighed B. laughed C. nodded D. screamed22. A. challenge B. compromise C. command D. declaration23. A. mildest B. happiest C. deepest D. wildest24. A. occur B. reward C. end D. exist25. A. press B. encourage C. bother D. order26. A. applied B. recovered C. trained D. digested27. A. entertainingly B. frankly C. doubtfully D. obviously28. A. secret B. distance C. kindness D. promise29. A. tapes B. lectures C. friends D. experts30. A. dream B. memory C. mind D. soul31. A. desperate B. heartbroken C. emotional D. delighted32. A. took off B. tore up C. threw away D. handed out33. A. amuse B. depress C. ease D. disappoint34. A. influenced B. permitted C. directed D. motivated35. A. deepened B. proved C. relieved D. fostered36. Scientists at the University of Liverpool （UL）have developed a robot that can run experiments on its own.It's not new for labs to use robots.But earlier robots usually stayed in one place and （1）______ （do）one job over and over again.The UL robot is different.It's able to （2）______ （easy）move around in the same kind of space as humans do.It uses a special system called LiDAR to guide （3）______ （it）.With one long arm which can turn in almost any direction,the robot can use several different kinds of lab equipment and carry out（4）______ variety of tasks.The scientists says it took a lot of work（5）______ （program）the robot so that it could do things without（6）______ （make）mistakes.Once the programming is done,though,the robot makes （7）______ （few）mistakes than a human.To test their robot,the scientists gave it a task：find a material（8）______ was able to produce hydrogen（氢）from water.The robot was programmed to understand the basic methods for the experiment,but it（9）______ （give）10 different things it could change which could influence the results,That meant that the robot could choose from around 98 million differentmini-experiments.Over the next 8 days,the robot ran 688 experiments,always choosing its next experiment based（10）______ the results of the last one.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)37. 假定你是某国际高中的学生会主席李华。
2020届重庆市第一中学高三英语一模试题及参考答案
2020届重庆市第一中学高三英语一模试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AIn the age of social distancing, using robots for some health care interactions is a promising way to reduce in-person contact between health care workers and sick patients. However, a key question is how patients will react to a robot entering the room. Researchers from MIT and Brigham and Women’s Hospital recently set out to answer that question.In a study, the team found that a large majority of patients reported that interacting with a health care provider through a video screen fixed on a robot was similar to an in-person interaction with a health care worker.“We’re working on robots that can help provide care to ensure the safety of the patient and the health care workforce. The results of this study give us some confidence that people are ready and willing to join us. In a larger online survey carried out nationwide, we also found that a majority of respondents were open to having robots perform small tasks such as taking a nose swab (拭子).” says Giovanni Traverso, an MIT assistant professor and the senior author of the study.After the COVID-19 pandemic began early last year, Traverso and his colleagues turned their attention toward new strategies to reduce interactions between potentially sick patients and health care workers. To that end, they created a mobile robot that could interact with patients as they waited in the emergency department. The robots were equipped with sensors that allow them to measure vital signs, including skin temperature, breathing rate, and pulse(脉搏) rate. The robots also carried an iPad for remote video communication with a health care provider.The study suggests that it could be worthwhile to develop robots that can perform tasks that currently require a lot of human effort, such as turning a patient over in bed. These days, turning COVID-19 patients onto their stomachs requires several people. Doing Covid-19 tests is another task that takes a lot of time and effort from health care workers, who could be arranged for other tasks if robots could help.1. Why did the researchers from MIT and BWH carry out the studies?A. To shorten the social distance between doctors and patients.B. To figure out the response of patients to robotic doctors.C. To reduce the risk of being infected with coronavirus.D. To ensure the safety of patients during the pandemic.2. What could be learned from the study?A. Robots are not welcomed by patients.B. Robots will soon replace doctors.C. Robots may help to deal with Covid-19 patients.D. Robots can operate on different patients.3. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. StrengthsAnd Weaknesses In Robot CareB. The Robotic Doctor Will See You NowC. The Robots Speed Up COVID-19 TestingD. The Development Of Robots In HospitalsBFor fishermen and sailors in the seaside town of Shangpan in Linhai, Zhejiang province, where recently 12 stranded（搁浅的）whales were found, it is not unusual to spot whales or dolphins in the sea — they would always call them haizi, or “son of the ocean”. And if the local fishermen spot such intelligent sea creatures in need, they will save them from danger without hesitation.In the recent rescue of melon-headed whales, they tried their best to help as a 37-second video of a young man sleeping in the water holding a whale soon went viral online, with netizens applauding his constant efforts and caring heart in trying to keep the whale alive. “The melon-headed whale knew I was trying to save it and would be more cooperative and wouldn’t move.” said Lu Wenhui, a 21-year-old diver from Hangzhou Changqiao Polar Ocean Park, who held up the whale’s head so it could breathe easily. Lu had been staying in the water for 10 hours by 4 a.m. Wednesday after coming for the rescue work on Tuesday, when the stranded whales were first spotted.“Whales are mammals and need to breathe in air — that’s why I had to hold its head, to ensure it could breathe smoothly the whole time,” Lu said. The stranded whales, after the struggling of being transported, were worn out when they arrived at the fish farm and might have drowned if they were left unattended.The reason why the whales were stranded is still not clear. And these stranded whales were returned to the ocean because they are not adapted to artificial breeding environments on land.4. What do local fishermen usually do after finding haizi in danger?A. Ignore them.B. Feed them.C. Transport them.D. Protect them.5. Why does the author describe Lu’s rescue work?A. To introduce the whales in detail.B. To voice his views on the diver.C. To praise the efforts made by rescuers.D. To explain the value of the whales.6. What can we say about the melon-headed whales according to the text?A. They are rarely seen by locals.B. They are used to breathing in the sea.C. They aren’t suited to artificial surroundings.D. They are fond of swimming near the seaside.7. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Melon-headed Whales Were StrandedB. Rescuers Went All out to Help WhalesC. Fishermen Transported Stranded WhalesD. Witnesses Voiced Opinions on Rescue WorkCWhy isn’t science better? Look at career incentive(激励).There are oftensubstantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.All too often, however, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not toreplicate(复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them -but the amount that doesn’t is too much for comfort.But there are also waysin which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.It’s not like we don't know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls ondeaf ears.Why? Why aren't scientific methods better than they are? In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.In the 1970s, psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measuresfor social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance on standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.We can see this principle—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?An oft-used metric is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system. And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud(欺诈). If malicious fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.8. Which of the following is TRUE about the general trend in scientific field?A. Scientists are persistently devoted to exploration of reality.B. The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.C. Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments' results.D. The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.9. What doesdeaf earsin the fourth paragraph probably refer to?A. The public.B. The incentive initiators.C. The peer researchers.D. The high-impact journal editors.10. Which of the following does the author probably agree with?A. Good scientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions.B. Competition for resources inspires researchers to work in a more skeptical way.C. All the credentialed scholars and researchers will not take up university professorships.D. The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.11. According to the author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?A. High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.B. The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.C. Researchers are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.D. Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.DAccording to the study posted onScienceDirect, gardening just two to three times a week increase the benefits of better well-being as much as possible and lower stress levels.The research explored why residents engaged with gardening and the extent to which they recognized any health benefits from the activity.A questionnaire was handed out electronically within theUK, with 5,766 gardeners and 249 non-gardeners responding. Data was collected on factors including garden typology（类型学）, frequency of gardening and individual awareness of health and well-being."This is the first time the dose response（剂量效应）to gardening has been tested and the evidence from the survey strongly suggests that the more frequently you garden, the greaterthe health benefits," said Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) lead author Dr Lauriane Chalmin-Pui. In fact, gardening every day has the same positive impact on well-being than undertaking regular and powerful exercise like cycling or running.When gardening, our brains are pleasantly entertained by nature around us. Gardening takes our attention away from ourselves and our stresses, therefore, it helps restore our minds and reduce unfavorable feelings.Improving health, however, was not the main motive power to garden, but rather the direct pleasure gardening brought to the participants."Gardening is like effortless exercise because it doesn't feel as exhausting and hard as going to the gym, for example, but we canexpendsimilar amounts of energy," Chalmin-Pui added.Most people say they garden for pleasure and enjoyment, so people who like gardening may be easy to be addicted to it. However, this sometimes may become a piece of good news, from the aspect of mental health. "We hope all the millions of new gardeners will be getting their daily gardening and feeling all the better for it. " Chalmin-Pui said in the interview.12. What can be inferred about gardening from the survey?A. Improving health is the aim of the participants.BGardening makes no difference to health.C. Health benefits from frequent gardening.D. Too much gardening always does harm to health.13. What does the underlined word "expend" mean in paragraph 7?A. Consume.B. Make use of.C. Increase.D. Save.14. Why do so many participantslike gardening?A. It isn't exhausting.B. It is good for health.C. It brings pleasure.D. It is like going to the gym.15. What is Chalmin-Pui's attitude to the new gardeners' gardening?A. Carefree.B. SupportiveC. Tolerant.D. Indifferent.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The Importance of Peer Review in Academiaexcerpts from Why Peer Review Journals?by Ellen Yi-Luen Do 02,volume 01 International Journal of Architectural Computing. Issue 02, volume 1. pp.253-263)More than 50% of academic libraries’ budgets are spent on peer review journal subscriptions [1].One may wonder why these publications (often) with plain and dull covers (unlike those attractive,colorful magazines on newsstands),small subscription base and specialized readership carry such importance.The reason is simple. Publishing a journal for interested researchers, academics,and practitioners benefits the advancement of knowledge.To be recognized as an academic subject,a discipline must publish a peer review journal.Unlike magazines with short shelf lives for general reading,peer review journals are archived and referenced within a discipline.These journals serve as a forum for professional intellectual exchange,and as a platform to present cutting edge research.Peer review (refereed) journals give direction to the field and industry.They also help researchers strengthen their academic careers and seek research funding.What then exactly is “peer review” and why does a journal like IJAC International Jou rnal of Architectural Computing engage in a rigorous peer review process?The peer review process ensures high quality research in academia.Peer review lies at the core of science and academic life [2].The “invisible hand” of the peer review process is a laborintensive quality control and certification system [3].The peer review process is a means to assure that the journals act as a repository of information relevant to the discipline.Protecting literature from the pollution of erroneous claims also led to the practice of peer review.Such selectivity ensures that the material is correct,as well as relevant,original,and well written for the readers.It’s no secret that survival in academia depends on publication.Even in fields such as architecture where creative work is recognized,universities generally use a candidate‟s authorship of printed refereed papers as part of their tenure and promotion criteria and standards.Non-refereed publications such as articles in professional magazines or newspapers do not usually count as scholarly work.The peer review system performs a valuable screening function.It ensures that the authors have not overlooked anything substantial,the material is correct and significant,and based on solidly established research.The peer review process varies slightly from journal to journal.In general, manuscripts are submitted to an editor.The editor selects two or three recognized experts in the field as reviewers to evaluate the manuscript submissions [4,5].These reviewers evaluate the manuscripts for accuracy, clear and succinct writing,proper references,and significance to the field. Detailed reviewer comments and acceptance-revision-rejection recommendations are returned to the editor.The editor assembles the results and informs the author of the publication‟s decision.Work should be judged by its merits,not authorship.All manuscripts should be reviewed following a defined,formal process with uniform criteria and standards.Blind reviews are often performed to further ensure fairnes s in the review process.“Blind” means the exclusion of identifying information such as names,affiliations,and geographiclocations.Reviewers can be …blinded‟ from knowing the author names.Authors can also be kept from knowing the identity of the reviewers.This leads to the practice of single and double blind reviews. A “single blind” review means that reviewers know the identity of the authors,but the identit ies of the reviewers are not disclosed to the authors. In a “double blind” review,authors are asked to prepare the manuscripts with anonymity and the reviewers‟ identities are also not disclosed to the authors.Being an Editor or a Reviewer Reviewing is more than just grading or gate-keeping.It is a means of improving the manuscript;it is a service to the intellectual community. Reviewers are given criteria to guide their comments and evaluations. Reviewers act as a representative of the field for the journal. Therefore,reviews should be constructive,firm and polite.Detailed evaluation of the merits and deficiencies of the paper is needed so that editors can better assess the reviewer‟s acceptance recommendation,and for authors to make appropriate revisions.Even when a paper is not accepted,the work may be published elsewhere and can benefit from reviewer‟s constructive suggestions.Authors often appreciate careful and detailed critique and suggestions even if their paper is rejected.The main purpose of peer review is to improve the quality of published papers and to facilitate dissemination of accurate and valid knowledge to the field (and to humankind).。