非谓语动词专题

非谓语动词专题(to+V原,V-ing,V-ed)

特别：to have been doing（完成时的进行式）

非谓语动词的语法功能（在句子中充当何种成分）

☆不定式的句法功能，除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 (作主语和表语)

To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短语作主语)

You should continue to learn as long as you live.

要活到老学到老。(不定式短语作宾语)

She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要开。(不定式短语作定语)

To /In order to do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对。(不定式短语作目的状语)

He got up early in order to/ so as to catch the first bus. (不定式短语作目的状语)

I didn't expect you to arrive so early.

我没想到你来得那么早。(不定式短语作宾语补足语)

☆不定式的省略

①两个并列的不定式由and或or连接时，省略后面的不定式中的to。

如：I want to finish my homework and go home.

I'm really puzzled what to think or say.

特例：To be or not to be，that is a question.

He is better to laugh than to cry.

They came not to save us, but to conquer us.他们不是为拯救我们而来，而是为征服我们而来

(表示对比，每个不定式都要有to)

②句中含有动词do时，but，except，besides等后面的不带to。即“前有do，后省to”。如：He didn't do anything but complain.

③在 cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but , could not but ,could not help but 的后面不带to , 它们的意思都是“只好，只有” ,如： He could not but walk home. / It’s raining hard, I cannot help but stay at home./ I cannot but admire his courage.

☆不定式的复合结构 It is brave of you to do that.

It is easy for you to do that.

当下列表示人物性质，身份，特征的形容词同of 后的名词或代词关系密切，有意义上的主表关系时，常与o f 搭配。brave, careful, careless, clever, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, right, wrong ,rude, stupid, silly, wise, thoughtful, etc

Eg：It was very kind of you to come to help me.

= You were very kind to come to help me.

下列表示事物性质的形容词同for后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有意义上的主表关系，但与句中的不定式结构关系密切，有意义上的主表关系，常与 for 搭配。easy, hard, heavy, necessary, impossible, possible, important, difficult, etc.

Eg：It’s hard for him to get rid of his bad habits .

= For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard

☆不定式主动表被动的情况

1. 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系，且与句中的另一名词或代词有主谓关系时。

I’ll give you a book to read.

Please lend me a pen to write with.

2. be+adj.+to do

The question is not easy to answer.

3. 不定式作形容词的宾语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系

The water is not fit to drink.

4.There be结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动式和被动式皆可

There is a lot of work to do/ to be done.

如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式→There is nothing for me to do today.

5.某些动词不定式与be连用作表语时

Be to blame, be to seek, be to let

● V-ing

☆不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别

不定式：出乎意料的结果

I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed. 现在分词：往往与主句有因果关系

She fell off the bike, breaking her left leg.

begin和start后跟不定式而不跟动名词的情况

1.当主语是无生命之物时

Snow began to melt.

2.begin和start用于进行时态时

He is beginning to study English.

3.begin和start后面的动词是表示心理状态的词（know, understand, believe, wonder等）

I began to believe his story.

☆关于分词选定的原则

分词短语做定语时，分词的选定依据分词与被其修饰的名词的关系而定。如果名词是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果名词是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词。分词短语做状语时，则要看分词与句子主语的关系。如果句子的主语是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果主语是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词。

(1)Seen from the mountain，the city looks beautiful.

(2)Seeing from the mountain，we can see the river running through the city.

注意：done, to be done, being done作定语的区别

The meeting being held now is of great importance.

The meeting held yesterday was of great importance.

The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.

考点解读

With复合结构

(1)With_the_children_following_him(由于孩子跟着他), he had to go back to the park.

(2) With the work finished, he could go home.

(3) With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.

(4) His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand (＝a book in her hand＝book in hand)．

(5) The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.