Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Superconductivity in kappa-[(BEDT-TTF)1-X(Bedse-TTF)X]2Cu
超高压辅助酶解法改性汉麻分离蛋白及其理化性质的研究
刘容旭，李春雨，王语聪，等. 超高压辅助酶解法改性汉麻分离蛋白及其理化性质的研究[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（19）：99−107.doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023010016LIU Rongxu, LI Chunyu, WANG Yucong, et al. Study on the Modification and Physicochemical Properties of Hemp Protein Isolate by Ultra-High Pressure Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(19): 99−107. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023010016· 研究与探讨 ·超高压辅助酶解法改性汉麻分离蛋白及其理化性质的研究刘容旭1，李春雨2，王语聪2，谢智鑫2，谢宜桐2，李双鹏2，刘丹怡1, *，韩建春2,*（1.黑龙江省绿色食品科学研究院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150028；2.东北农业大学 食品学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150030）摘 要：本研究以汉麻分离蛋白（Hemp Protein Isolate ，HPI ）为原料，通过超高压辅助酶解反应对HPI 进行改性，以溶解度和水解度为判定指标筛选酶解改性反应最佳条件，并探究超高压辅助酶解反应对酶解产物溶解性、起泡性、乳化性、持水性、持油性的影响。
结果表明，HPI 酶解反应最适条件为：加酶量（复合蛋白酶）5000 U/g 、酶解改性pH8.0、酶解改性温度55 ℃、酶解改性时间50 min 。
以HPI 为对照，当压力为200 MPa 时，酶解产物的溶解度、起泡性、乳化性、持油性最高，压力为100 MPa 时，泡沫稳定性最好，酶解后的乳化稳定性存在不同程度的下降，压力为0.1 MPa 时其持水性达到最大值。
SLAC压强系统压力测试程序说明书
ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY & HEALTH DIVISIONChapter 14: Pressure SystemsPressure Test ProceduresProduct ID: 613 | Revision ID: 2375 | Date published: 26 October 2021 | Date effective: 26 October 2021URL: https:///esh/eshmanual/references/pressureProcedTest.pdf1 PurposeThe purpose of these procedures is to ensure that pressure tests are conducted safely and effectively. They cover pressure testing of new and existing pressure systems and components. They apply to mechanics, supervisors, field construction managers, inspectors, custodians, subcontractors responsible for pressure tests, and the pressure systems program manager.2 ProceduresPressure tests are performed to ensure the safety, reliability, and leak tightness of pressure systems. A pressure test is required for a new pressure system before use or an existing pressure system after repair or alteration.There are two methods for pressure tests: hydrostatic and pneumatic. A hydrostatic test is performed by using water as the test medium, whereas a pneumatic test uses air, nitrogen, or any non-flammable and non-toxic gas. At SLAC pressure tests must be hydrostatic unless pneumatic tests can be justified.All pressure tests are to be conducted using a gauge that has been calibrated within the previous 12 months. The pressure gauge should be sized so that the test pressure is in the middle third of the gauge’s pressure range. Gauge materials and fluids are to be compatible with the test fluid.When possible, the use of blind/blank flanges or caps should be considered for test boundaries to prevent damage to valves..Pressure tests must always be performed under controlled conditions, following an approved test plan, and documented in a test record. A single approved test plan may be used for several similar tests, but a separate test record is required for each.2.1 Hydrostatic TestingHydrostatic is the preferred method of pressure test at SLAC.2.2 Pneumatic TestingPneumatic tests are potentially more dangerous than hydrostatic because of the higher level of potential energy. Pneumatic tests may be performed only when at least one of the following conditions exists:▪When pressure systems are so designed that they cannot be filled with water.▪When pressure systems are to be used in services where traces of the testing medium cannot be tolerated.Using a pneumatic test instead of hydrostatic requires approval by the pressure systems program manager. In addition to a justification, a piping schematic for pneumatic pressure test is required. A recommended typical piping schematic for pneumatic test is shown in Figure 1.Important Installation of a pressure relief valve is required for a pneumatic test.Figure 1 Recommended Typical Piping Schematic for Pneumatic Testing2.3 Test ProcedureStep Person ActionPlanning1.Mechanic Completes pressure test plan after consulting the project engineer and submits forapproval2.Supervisor Approves plan3.FCM in charge of test Approves plan4.Pressure systemsApproves plan (not required for routine testing of existing systems) program managerPerformingStep Person Action5. Mechanic Ensures the pressure gauges used have current calibration stickers6. Mechanic Removes pressure relief valves or non-reclosing relief devices from the vessel ortest boundary where the test pressure will exceed the set pressure of the valve ordeviceORHolds down each valve by means of an appropriate test clamp and pressurizesboth sides of non-reclosing relief devicesInstalls temporary, higher-rated devices where practical7.Mechanic Installs the calibrated test gauge so it is visible at all times8.Mechanic Ensures the skillet blanks, test plugs, or clamps are appropriate for use and arefree of obvious defects9.Mechanic Removes all persons not directly involved with the test from the pressure testexclusion zone. Posts barricades, signage, etc. as specified in Pressure Test Planto prevent unauthorized personnel entry.10.Inspector Reviews approved test plan; reviews test set-up; verifies test equipment isappropriate for the test11.Inspector Witness entirety of test12.Mechanic Verifies that the pressure is continually monitored to ensure that pressure neverexceeds the designated test pressure of the system13.Mechanic Hydrostatic testing: Fills and vents system as necessary to remove as much airas practical14.Mechanic Pressurizes system following testing protocol specified in Pressure Test Plan.Holds pressure at test pressure for specified time noting any drop in pressure. 15.Mechanic Pneumatic testing: reduces the pressure to the design pressure (or as specifiedin Pressure Test Plan) before proceeding with the inspection; holds the pressurefor a sufficient period of time to permit inspection of the system16.Mechanic Pneumatic testing: Applies a soap solution to accessible welds, screwed pipejoints, flanges, etc. where leakage is suspected17.Mechanic If there is evidence of structural distortion, either rejects the system or repairs asadvised by the inspector18.Mechanic If there is leakage in the system, performs the following as appropriate:▪Ensure repairs is performed and returns to Step 13 or▪Rejects the system19.Mechanic Pneumatic testing: When the test is completed, vents the test pressure toapproved discharge location and returns relief devices to normal configurationHydrostatic testing: Relieves pressure and disposes of test fluid as described inPressure Test Plan and returns relief devices to normal configuration Recording20.Inspector Signs pressure test recordStep Person Action21.Mechanic Completes pressure test record and submits copy to the pressure systemsprogram manager and to the Building Inspection Office (when applicable)22.Mechanic Submits copies of the test plan and test record to the custodian2.4 Test PressureCodes and standards organizations (ASME, NFPA) and state regulations (California Code of Regulations) specify test pressures and procedures applicable to various systems. The test pressure for a piping system is based on the maximum design pressure of the system, and for a pressure vessel based on the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the vessel. Systems undergoing retesting should not be tested at pressures higher than the original testing pressure.The project engineer and the pressure system mechanic are responsible for defining the pressure test plan and documenting it on the Pressure Test Plan Form. The following table provides guidance in selecting the appropriate test pressure and in developing the test procedure.Unless otherwise noted below; there should be no pressure drop in the system for the required test duration. Table 1 Test Pressures for New Pressure Vessel and Piping SystemsType of System Test Medium Test Pressure Test Procedure Code ReferencePressure Vessel (Division 1) Hydrostatic 1.3 times MAWPPneumatic 1.1 times MAWPASME BPVC-VIII UG-99Pressure Vessel (Division 2) Hydrostatic 1.25 timesMAWPPneumatic 1.15 timesMAWPASME BPVC-VIII-2Building Services (Hydrostatic)For non-toxic fluids, air, vacuum, non-flammable gasses installed as part of the building (excepting laboratory and experimental) Water 1.5 times design pressure(minimum)10 minutes ASME B31.9 ss 937.3Building Services (Pneumatic)For non-toxic fluids, air, vacuum, non-flammable gasses installed as part of the Non-toxic,non-flammablegasNot exceeding 1.25 timesdesign pressure, and notexceeding 150 psigPneumatic testing of plasticpipe or brittle materials notallowedPressure raised by notmore than 25% perstep.10 minutes (minimum)at test pressure.ASME B31.9 ss 937.4Type of System Test Medium Test Pressure Test Procedure Code Referencebuilding (excepting laboratory and experimental) Pressure may be reduced to design pressure before examining for leaks.Process Piping (Hydrostatic) For all gasses and fluids Water 1.5 times design pressure(minimum)30 minutes ASME B31.3 ss 345.4CMC 1405Process Piping (Pneumatic)For all gasses and fluids Air or a non-toxic, non-flammablegas1.1 to 1.33 times designpressureNot exceeding 150 psigwithout approval of PSWGPneumatic testing of plasticpipe or brittle materials notallowedFirst leak checkperformed (smaller of)0.5 times designpressure and 25 psigRaise pressuregradually in steps.30 minutes (minimum)at test pressure.Pressure shall bereduced to designpressure beforeexamining for leaks.ASME B31.3 ss 345.5CMC 1405Plumbing Fixture water supply Water 1.5 times the maximumsystem design pressure15 minutes CPC 609.4ASME B31.9Pressure SewerEjector SystemsWater 10' head of water 15 Minutes CPC 712.2Air 5 psi 15 minutes CPC 712.3Sewer Lines within building, drainage and storm drains Water 10' head of water except top10 feet fill to highest point15 Minutes CPC 712.2CPC 1107.2.1 Air 5 psi 15 minutes CPC 712.3CPC 1107.2.2Sewer line: Building tosewerWater Fill to highest point CPC 723.1Underground Fire Protection water supply Water 200 psi or 50 psi aboveworking pressure (whicheveris greater)2 hours+/- 5 PSI variationallowedNFPA 13: 6.10.2.2Type of System Test Medium Test Pressure Test Procedure Code ReferenceWet Pipe Fire Protection Systems water 200 psi or 50 psi aboveworking pressure (whicheveris greater)2 hours NFPA 13 28.2.1Dry Pipe Fire Protection System Air 40 PSI Hydrostatic testrequired in addition toPneumatic test.Pneumatic test for 24hours with less than 1.5PSIG pressure loss.NFPA 13 28.2.2.1Field Constructed Refrigerant Piping Inert gas Refer to CaliforniaMechanical Code section1116.2 and table 1116.2CMC 1116.2ASHRAE 15:10.1.2Hydronic Piping (Hydronic systems are building heating, cooling, ventilation, and air conditioning systems) Water 1.5 times the maximumsystem design pressure butnot less than 100 PSI30 Minutes CMC 1205.2Fuel Gas Pressure testusing air,nitrogen,carbondioxide or aninert test gas -never oxygen 1.5 times the maximumworking pressure, but notless than 10 PSI1/2 hour for each 500cubic feet of pipevolume (or fraction of)but not less than 15minutesCPC 1213.3CMC 1313.3NFPA-54 8.1.4Vacuum Systems Air extractor For ordinary vacuumsystems: Full atmospheredifferential.For systems not intended tobe pumped out to fullatmospheric pressuredifferential: 110% of maxallowable externaldifferential pressure, but notmore than full atmosphericpressure.For vacuum systems withina pressure vessel: 110% ofASME Section VIIIType of System Test Medium Test Pressure Test Procedure Code Referencemax allowable workingpressure differential2.5 Test PlansA pressure test plan at a minimum contains the following formation:▪Approved Pressure Test Plan Form▪Drawings of the system being tested. Identify the location of test setup, test boundaries, identify all blank/blind flange locations if applicable▪Drawing showing the exclusion zone with location of signage, barricades, or other controls▪Detail of the test setup. Identify the pressure ratings of all components and pressure relief valve setting.Provide product data sheets if needed.▪Pressure gauge calibration sheet▪Detailed test procedure3 FormsThe following forms and systems are required by this procedure:▪Pressure Systems: Pressure Test Plan Form (SLAC-I-730-0A21J-044). A detailed pressure test plan is required for every pressure test conducted at the laboratory. An approved plan may be used for several similar tests.▪Pressure Systems: Pressure Test Record Form (SLAC-I-730-0A21J-045). A separate test record is required for each pressure test.▪Pressure Systems Database. Database of pressure systems4 RecordkeepingThe following recordkeeping requirements apply for this procedure:▪The custodian of a given pressure system must maintain copies of test plans and records for five years. ▪The pressure systems program manager maintains copies of all pressure test plans and records permanently.5 ReferencesSLAC Environment, Safety, and Health Manual (SLAC-I-720-0A29Z-001)▪Chapter 14, “Pressure Systems”–Pressure Systems: Installation, Inspection, Maintenance, and Repair Requirements (SLAC-I-730-0A21S-053)–Pressure Systems Safety Program (SharePoint)▪Chapter 51, “Control of Hazardous Energy”Other Documents▪Title 24, California Code of Regulations, “California Building Standards Code”–Part 4, “California Mechanical Code”, Part 4 (24 CCR Part 4)–Part 5, “California Plumbing Code”, Part 5 (24 CCR Part 5)▪American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) (ASME BPVC)▪ASME. Code for Pressure Piping (ASME B31) (including applicable addenda and code cases) –ASME B31.1, “Power Piping” (ASME B31.1)–ASME B31.3, “Process Piping” (ASME B31.3)–ASME B31.9, “Building Services Piping” (ASME B31.9)▪National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors (NBBI)–NB 23, National Board Inspection Code(NBIC) (NBBI NB 23)▪National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 13, “Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems”(NFPA 13)▪Brookhaven National Laboratory. Vacuum Systems Consensus Guideline for Department of Energy Accelerator Laboratories (BNL-81715-2008-IR)。
The effect of pressure on gas solubility
The effect of pressure on gassolubility气压对气体溶解度的影响在日常生活中，我们经常会感受到气压的变化，比如搭乘高速列车时耳朵发痛，登高时呼吸困难等等。
除了这些显而易见的感觉外，气压变化对其他方面的影响也是不容忽视的。
本文将重点探讨气压对气体溶解度的影响。
一、气体溶解度的定义和计算在化学中，溶解度指的是一种物质在一定条件下溶解于另一种物质中的最大量。
气体的溶解度则指的是气体在液体或固体中的溶解度。
具体计算方法可参考亨利定律，该定律指出在一定温度下，气体在液体中的溶解度与气体分压成正比。
单位时间内气体分子从气相转移到溶液中的速度称为气体的溶解速率，公式为：R=kP其中，R为溶解速率，k为比例系数，P为气体分压。
为了比较不同气体在同一条件下的溶解度，通常使用气体的摩尔溶解度进行计算。
它的定义为单位质量溶剂中溶质分子数的摩尔数。
显然，摩尔溶解度与分压和溶解速率之间的关系是密不可分的。
二、气压对气体溶解度的影响气压是指单位面积上垂直于该面积方向的力的大小。
在常温下，气体的分子运动速度远远高于液体或固体的分子运动速度。
因此，气体的分子往往呈自由分子状态，在空气压力的作用下，随机撞击容器内壁，产生压强。
而当容器顶部为液体或固体时，气体分子产生的撞击会使溶解在液体或固体中的气体分子发生溶解和析出的动态平衡。
这就是溶解的基本过程。
气体溶解度受气压的影响非常明显。
由于液体是固体和气体之间的中介体，并且气体分子在空气压力下会产生压强，因此气压的变化会导致气体的分压发生变化，对气体溶解度产生直接影响。
亨利定律表明溶解度与气体的分压成正比，因此气压越高，气体的分压就越高，气体分子进入液体或固体中的速度也就越快，气体的溶解度就越大。
反之，气压越小，气体的分压就越小，气体分子进入液体或固体中的速度也就越慢，气体的溶解度也就越小。
三、应用了解气体溶解度的影响因素及其计算方法，对于一些实际问题的解决具有重要意义。
The effect of pressure on materials properties
The effect of pressure on materialsproperties材料是人类生活中不可或缺的一部分，它们具有多种功能，如支撑和保护结构、储存和分离物质、传递和转换能量等。
材料的特性与压力密切相关，这是因为压力可引起材料内部结构与组成的变化，从而影响其力学、物理、化学和生物性质。
一、力学性质在力学方面，压力对材料的影响主要表现为两个方面：一是压力下材料的承载力，即抗拉抗压性；二是压力下的形变能力，即材料的韧性和脆性。
抗拉抗压性一般指材料在单向应力（拉伸或压缩）下的应变状况。
随着压力的不断增加，材料内部分子间距将变得更小，其内在分子力相互作用也将随之增加。
在一定压力范围内，材料的抗拉抗压性能随之增强，而超出这一范围则会引起塑性变形和裂纹扩展，从而失去承载能力。
韧性是描述材料在受应力时能够承受塑性变形的能力。
材料韧性越高，意味着其在受外力的冲击后能够保持变形，而不破裂或塑性变形不明显，同时能够回复原本状态。
而脆性则是指材料的抗冲击性能，即材料在外力冲击下破裂或断裂的趋势。
例如，玻璃是一种具有高硬度和脆性的材料，在受到冲击后容易破碎。
二、物理性质在物理学方面，压力会直接影响物体的体积、密度、热传导率和电导率等特性。
当物体受到压力时，其分子之间的距离将减小，导致物体的密度变化。
例如，当把一块海绵压缩成小块时，其密度将随之增加。
因此，体积与密度两个参数可以相互转换。
此外，压力还会影响材料的热传导率和电导率。
特定压力下材料的热传导性质与材料分子的振动速率有关。
随着压力的增加，分子振动速率会减缓，这将影响其热传导率。
同理，在压力下，金属的导电性能也会受到影响。
当压力过大时，会导致金属电子的难以流动，进而降低其电导率。
三、化学性质压力对化学性质的影响主要体现在材料的反应速率和反应的数量上。
当压力增加时，化学反应速率往往也随之增加。
例如，在工业生产中，许多高压反应器用于加速化学反应。
同时，在一些体积的金刚石附近，由于高压和高温的作用，常发现一些新的化学物质。
Thriving at high hydrostatic pressure the example of ammonoids (extinct cephalopods)
Introduction
In the marine living mollusk Nautilus, a number of internal walls (called septa) divide the shell into chambers filled with gas at atmospheric pressure. This configuration is neutrally or slightly negatively buoyant so that a water jet from a conduit (called hyponome) is sufficient to propel the mollusk horizontally or vertically in the water column. The intersection of septa with the external wall, the so-called suture line, is only slightly curved in most living or fossil Nautili. In contrast, this line features greater complexity in ammonoids, the close extinct relatives of Nautili. Whereas suture lines in early ammonoid species are straight or slightly curved, their patterns became extremely complex during the evolution of the group, when highly sinuous and fractal-like features evolved [1] with fractal dimension in some cases as high as 1.6-1.7 [2]. Figure 1 shows some examples of suture lines observed in specimens of various geologic periods. Numerous hypotheses have been put forward to explain the complexity of suture lines. The earliest theories were based on the premise that high sinuosity reinforced the shell against hydrostatic pressure perpendicular to the external shell [3] or parallel to the shell [4] preventing the mollusk from the fatal risk of an implosion when diving in deep waters. Explanations based on the external pressure were further elaborated with possible variants in more recent works [5]. Alternatively, complexity in septa has been regarded as completely unrelated to external pressure. Some researchers have suggested that complex lines increased the attachment area for muscles [6]. Others have envisaged complexity either as a consequence of the morphogenetic processes, or as a viscous fingering process [7]. Recently, the pressure hypotheses have been disputed based on the results of finite-element calculations showing that septal complexity decreases shell resistance [8], although other researchers concluded differently based on comparable modeling techniques [9,10]. In this work I present analytical calculations of shell deformation and stress with variable shell complexity. Because of the simplifications made, calculations will address the simplest, low-complexity geometries where suture lines are more or less parallel like in Manticoceras (upper drawing in figure 1). Given a certain area of the external shell comprised between two consecutive sutures (the shaded area in figure 1) the suture
地层压力基本知识
line.
Effective stress（有效应力） is the amount of overburden stress
一、孔隙压力术语
Typical trend curves for resistivity, sonic velocity, and density. Blue curves denote normal compaction trends. Arrows indicate deviations
一、孔隙压力术语
流体
气体（气态*） 气体（液态）
油 水
正常密度范围 （g/cm3） 0.007~0.30 0.200~0.40 0.400~1.12 1.000~003~1.130 0.090~0.174 0.174~0.486 0.433~0.500
*气体=84.3%C1+14.4%C2+0.5%CO2+0.8%N2
a pressure versus
depth curve.
➢The most basic
pressure gradient
that we use is
equivalent mud
weight (EMW).
Pressure profile for hypothetical reservoir unit
Cross-section of hypothetical reservoir unit. In the absence of fluid flow, the difference in pore pressure between points A and B is simply the weight of the fluid in the vertical reservoir column.
大气压强起作用的作文事理说明文
大气压强起作用的作文事理说明文英文回答：Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure, is the force exerted by the weight of the atmosphere on a given area. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives and has various effects on the environment and our bodies.Firstly, atmospheric pressure affects weather patterns. Differences in air pressure create wind, which in turn affects the movement of weather systems. For example, low-pressure systems are often associated with stormy weather, while high-pressure systems bring clear skies and calm conditions. Understanding atmospheric pressure helps meteorologists predict and track weather patterns, which is crucial for planning outdoor activities and ensuring public safety.Secondly, atmospheric pressure affects the behavior of gases. According to Boyle's law, the pressure and volume ofa gas are inversely proportional at a constant temperature. This means that as atmospheric pressure increases, the volume of gases decreases. This principle is applied in various industries and technologies. For instance, scuba divers need to monitor their air pressure and adjust their equipment accordingly to prevent barotrauma, a condition caused by rapid changes in pressure.Furthermore, atmospheric pressure affects our bodies. The human body is accustomed to living under a certain pressure, and changes in atmospheric pressure can have physiological effects. For example, when flying in an airplane, the decrease in atmospheric pressure can cause the expansion of gases in our body, leading to discomfortin the ears or sinuses. Similarly, high-altitude areas with lower atmospheric pressure can cause altitude sickness due to the reduced oxygen availability. Understanding these effects helps us take precautions and adapt to different pressure conditions.In conclusion, atmospheric pressure has significant effects on weather patterns, gas behavior, and our bodies.It is essential to understand and monitor atmospheric pressure for various reasons, such as predicting weather, ensuring safety in activities involving pressure changes, and taking care of our health in different pressure environments.中文回答：大气压强，也被称为气压，是大气对于特定区域的重力所施加的力量。
大气压强起作用的作文事理说明文
大气压强起作用的作文事理说明文英文回答：Atmospheric pressure plays a crucial role in our daily lives, affecting everything from the weather to our physical well-being. As a matter of fact, atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air above us. The air in the atmosphere is constantly moving and changing, which in turn affects the pressure exerted on us.One of the most obvious ways in which atmospheric pressure affects us is through the weather. Changes in atmospheric pressure can lead to the formation of high or low pressure systems, which in turn influence the weather patterns in a particular region. For example, when a low-pressure system moves in, it often brings with it rainy and stormy weather, while a high-pressure system typically results in clear skies and sunny weather.But atmospheric pressure doesn't just impact theweather – it also has a direct effect on our bodies. Our bodies are used to a certain level of atmospheric pressure, and any sudden changes can cause discomfort or even health issues. For instance, when flying in an airplane, the change in altitude can lead to changes in atmospheric pressure, which can cause our ears to pop or even result in altitude sickness for some individuals.In addition to its impact on the weather and our bodies, atmospheric pressure also plays a role in a variety ofother phenomena. For example, it affects the boiling pointof water – the higher the atmospheric pressure, the higher the boiling point. This is why it takes longer to cook food at high altitudes, where the atmospheric pressure is lower.In conclusion, atmospheric pressure is a fundamental force that influences numerous aspects of our lives. Fromthe weather to our physical well-being, its effects arefar-reaching and significant. So next time you feel a change in the air pressure, remember that it's not just a number on a weather report – it's a force that shapes ourworld in more ways than we may realize.中文回答：大气压强在我们日常生活中扮演着至关重要的角色，影响着从天气到我们的身体健康等方方面面。
211188577_高静水压技术及其在乳制品中应用研究进展
胡航伟，段秋虹，刘凌霄，等. 高静水压技术及其在乳制品中应用研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（10）：423−429. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070163HU Hangwei, DUAN Qiuhong, LIU Lingxiao, et al. Research Progress of High Hydrostatic Pressure Technology and Its Applications in Dairy Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(10): 423−429. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070163· 专题综述 ·高静水压技术及其在乳制品中应用研究进展胡航伟1，段秋虹1，刘凌霄2，陈英杰2，王 亮3，刘云国4, *（1.郑州科技学院食品科学与工程学院，河南郑州 450064；2.临沂市农业科学院，山东临沂 276000；3.新疆大学生命科学与技术学院，新疆乌鲁木齐 830017；4.临沂大学生命科学学院，山东临沂 276000）摘 要：高静水压技术是一种重要的非热物理技术，其能耗小、无污染、效率高、对食品品质几乎无影响。
因此，在食品加工中有较好的应用前景。
乳及乳制品作为人们日常消费的食品，其营养物质组成丰富，也具有诸多有益的生理功能，对改善人体健康、预防疾病有重要价值。
本文系统地总结了高静水压技术的特点、作用机制以及近年来在乳制品方面应用的研究状况，旨在为高静水压技术在科学研究和食品加工应用提供一定的理论参考。
关键词：高静水压，非热加工，乳制品，营养价值本文网刊:中图分类号：TS252.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002−0306（2023）10−0423−07DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070163Research Progress of High Hydrostatic Pressure Technology and ItsApplications in Dairy ProductsHU Hangwei 1，DUAN Qiuhong 1，LIU Lingxiao 2，CHEN Yingjie 2，WANG Liang 3，LIU Yunguo 4, *（1.College of Food Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Science and Technology,Zhengzhou 450064, China ；2.Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi 276000, China ；3.College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China ；4.College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China ）Abstract ：High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology is an important non-thermal physical technology with low energy consumption, no pollution, high efficiency and almost no effect on food quality. Therefore, it has a better application prospect in food processing. As a food for daily consumption, milk and dairy products are rich in nutrient composition and also have many beneficial physiological functions, which are of great value for improving human health and preventing diseases. This paper systematically summarizes the characteristics, mechanisms, and applications of HHP technology in dairy products in recent years. It aims to provide some theoretical reference for the application of HHP technology in scientific research and food processing.Key words ：high hydrostatic pressure ；non-thermal processing ；dairy products ；nutritional value乳制品市场占有率呈现逐年增长的趋势，为迎合消费者的需求，对产品质量提出更高的标准，同时需要最大限度保留其原有的营养价值，并确保食品的安全性[1−3]。
The Effect of pH on Solubility of Ionic Compounds
The Effect of pH on Solubility ofIonic CompoundsSolubility, or the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, is an important physical property of a chemical compound. It can vary depending on several factors, such as temperature, pressure, and pH. In this article, we will focus on the effect of pH on the solubility of ionic compounds.Ionic compounds are composed of positively and negatively charged ions. These ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces, which make them relatively insoluble in water. However, the solubility of an ionic compound can be affected by the pH of the solution it is dissolved in.The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity or basicity. A neutral solution has a pH of 7, while acidic solutions have a pH below 7 and basic solutions have a pH above 7. The presence of acidic or basic species in a solution can interact with the ions of an ionic compound, affecting their solubility.Let us take the example of calcium carbonate, a common ionic compound found in rocks, shells, and marine organisms. Its chemical formula is CaCO3, and it dissociates in water to form calcium ions (Ca2+) and carbonate ions (CO32-).CaCO3(s) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)Under neutral conditions (pH 7), the solubility of calcium carbonate is low because the carbonate ion can combine with hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which decomposes to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).CO32-(aq) + H+(aq) ⇌ HCO3-(aq)HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) ⇌ H2CO3(aq)H2CO3(aq) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2O(l)The removal of carbonate ions from the solution decreases the solubility of calcium carbonate. However, if we increase the pH of the solution by adding a basic substance such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the solubility of calcium carbonate increases because the carbonate ions are stabilized by the presence of hydroxide ions (OH-).CO32-(aq) + OH-(aq) ⇌ HCO3-(aq)The addition of OH- ions to the solution shifts the equilibrium towards the formation of carbonate ions, thus increasing the solubility of calcium carbonate.Similarly, the solubility of other ionic compounds can be affected by pH. For example, the solubility of iron(III) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) decreases as the pH of the solution increases, because the hydroxide ions tend to combine with the iron ions to form a solid precipitate.Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) ⇌ Fe(OH)3(s)On the other hand, the solubility of copper(II) hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) increases as the pH of the solution increases, because the hydroxide ions stabilize the copper ions in solution.Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) ⇌ Cu(OH)2(s)Thus, it is important to consider the pH of a solution when predicting the solubility of an ionic compound. This knowledge is particularly relevant in fields such as environmental chemistry, where the pH of natural waters can affect the transport and fate of pollutants.In conclusion, the solubility of ionic compounds can be affected by the pH of the solution they are dissolved in. The presence of acidic or basic species in the solution can interact with the ions of the ionic compound, altering their stability and solubility. Understanding this relationship is essential for predicting the behavior of chemicals in different environments and designing efficient chemical treatments.。
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M/H (emu/Oe) M/H
1.5 10-6 1 10-6 5 10-7 0
x = 0.17 1bar
0 -5 10 -9
Aft er RAPID cool ing -1 10-8
-1 .5 10 -8 0
5
10
T, K
-5 10-7
-1 10-6
After SLOW cooling
0
2
4
6
8
10
2
homogeneity through the entire sample volume7. In all reported here experiments a measuring magnetic field was applied normal to the ac plane of a crystal. The data are not corrected for the demagnetization factor.
1.6 10-5 25 Oe
0
17% FC
M (emu)
-1.6 10-5 50 Oe
-3.2 10-5
125 Oe 150 Oe 175 Oe 200 Oe
0
2
4
6
T (K)
8
10
Fig. 2. FC branch of M vs. T dependence for x = 0.17 salt in different magnetic fields.
Extreme sensitivity to an applied pressure is a well known property of the BEDT-TTF kappa-phase salts, leading, as in a case of κ-[(BEDTTTF)]2Cu[N(CN)2]Cr, to a very complex pressure-temperature phase diagram5, that exhibits, among other things, the phase coexistence (between a 13K superconducting state and a magnetic insulator state) with strong cooling-speed- and magnetic-fieldhistory dependencies6. Since pressure effect data on materials with a mixed (BEDTTTF)/(BEDSe-TTF) cation sublattice are not available yet, we studied and report here the magnetization of κ-[(BEDT-TTF)1-x(BEDSe-TTF)x]2Cu[N(CN)2]Br alloys under pressure.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
The single crystals with x = 0.17 and x = 0.27, grown by a standard electrocrystallization technique1, were studied. Susceptibility measurements under pressure were performed with a Quantum Design MPMS SQUID magnetometer combined with a helium-gas pressure technique which provides good strain
pressure, remain a subject of intensive theoretical and experimental investigations since their discovery more than 15 years ago. In 1998 the x = 1 salt κ-(BEDSeTTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br was reported by Sakata et al.4 to be a metal undergoing transition to an insulating and magnetic (supposedly SDW) state below ~25K and becoming superconducting only under an applied pressure of more than 1.5 kbar (with a Tc of ~7.5K, about 30% smaller than in the BEDT-TTF analog). Interesting findings of the work of Sasaki et al. on the alloys are that (i) superconducting state exists even at ambient pressure, provided that (BEDSe-TTF) concentration is relatively weak, x<1/3, and (ii) the dependence of Tc on x is approximately monotonic.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Superconductivity in κ-[(BEDT-TTF)1-X(BEDSe-TTF)X]2Cu[N(CN)2]Br
Y. V. Sushko1, S. O. Leontsev1, O. B. Korneta1, A. Kawamoto2 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
PACS numbers: 74.62.Fj, 74.70.Kn.
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, Sasaki et al.1 reported synthesis of a new member of the family of kappa-phase (BEDT-TTF) superconductors, namely a series κ-[(BEDT-TTF)1x(BEDSe-TTF)x]2Cu[N(CN)2]Br in which organic cation layers are composed of a mixture of (BEDT-TTF) and (BEDSe-TTF) molecules. The prototype x = 0 salt, an ambient pressure superconductor2 with Tc = 11.5K as well as an isostructural compound, the Cl-salt, known to be a weak ferromagnet3 and insulator at ambient
For the x =0.27 salt no reentrance of paramagnetism was observed, as illustrated by the shown in Fig. 3 M(T) curves measured on cooling in fields of 10 and 100 Oe.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The susceptibility vs. temperature plot shown in Figure 1 presents our finding that a magnitude of diamagnetic signal in the alloy compound strongly depends on the cooling rate. Namely, for the x = 0.17 salt, cooling from 300K with a rate of 0.5K/min results in a diamagnetic signal that for both zero field cooling (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) processes is approximately 50 times stronger than after cooling at a rate of 5K/min. For the x = 0.27 salt, a rate of 5K/min suppresses superconductivity completely.
T (K)
Fig. 1. M/H vs. temperature plots for x= 0.17 salt after slow and rapid cooling at P =1bar for a FC process.
3
We also note that a shape of the field cooled (FC) magnetization vs. temperature curve shown in Fig.1 is rather peculiar, with a largest diamagnetic signal observed not at the lowest temperature, but at ~4K, and with an appearance and growth of a paramagnetic signal under further lowering temperature. No such effect was observed in ZFC magnetization.
As shown in detail in Figure 2, an increase in external magnetic field steadily suppresses the reentrance of paramagnetism, and for H > 150 Oe the change of magnetization with temperature comes monotonic.