英美概况名词解释(美)
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名词解释
1. Marshall Plan（马歇尔计划，又称欧洲复兴计划；Chapter 9）：
An American policy presented by George Marshall in 1947, proposing massive and systematic aid to Western Europe in order to keep Communists out of political power in Europe and establish the international economic order.
2. Monroe Doctrine （门罗主义；Chapter 6）：
A foreign policy announced by James Monroe in 1823, opposing European colonialism in the Americas and taking a neutral attitude towards affairs of colonies still owned by European nations in the New World.
3. Electoral College （选举人团；Chapter 12）：
A mechanism in the United States for the indirect election
of the President and Vice President .Citizens of the United States vote in each state and the District of Columbia at a general election to choose a slate of "electors" pledged to vote for a particular party's candidate.
△各州选民先选出本州总统选举人，其数目与该州在国会中的议员数相等。全国50个州加哥伦比亚特区共选出538
名总统选举人。各州选举人组成选举人团，分别在各州府
选举正、副总统）
4. Missouri Compromise (密苏里妥协案; Chapter 6）：
A solution passed by the 16th US Congress in 1820，which balanced the number of "slave states" and "free states” and also made the rule of how to define a state as a slave state or a free one.
5. Winner – take – all principle （胜者全得原则；Chapter 12）：
A principle applied in American presidential election, which means that the candidate with most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes.
6. Melting pot （大熔炉，相对于Salad bowl；Chapter 2）
A metaphor for a heterogeneous society, which is commonly used to signify the mixture and assimilation融合of different races that have immigrated into the US.
7. Declaration of Independence （独立宣言；Chapter 4）
A statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress
in 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign
states, and no longer under British rule. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. It was an eloquent defence of human freedom.
8. Roaring Twenties （咆哮的20年代；Chapter 7）:
The Roaring Twenties a is term for Western society and Western culture during the 1920s. It was a period of sustained economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States, particularly in major cities such as Chicago Los Angeles, and New York.
9. Judicial review （司法审查权；Chapter 11）
A power of interpretation of the Constitution, which give The Supreme Court the highest authority to examine the bills passed by Congress and policies made by president, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them.
10. No taxation without representation （脱离代表权就不纳税；Chapter 4）
A slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s. This slogan showed people’s belief that, as they were not directly represented in the distant British Parliament, any laws it passed