英美概况名词解释
《英美概况》名词解释
《英美概况》名词解释《英美概况》名词解释1.backbone of England : It refers to the Pennines in England. The Pennines extend from north to south, from upland to Derbyshire.2.the act of 1801: In the year of 1801, the parliament passed the act to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom. From then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.3.the Bank of England: It is the center of the British financial system. It was founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946.4.Invisible Trade: It refers to a kind of unseen and unobvious trade. It includes the profits, dividend and capital investment.5.Black country: It refers to the industrial area in the west midland and Birmingham is the center. The area is very rich but is heavily polluted.6.Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, from Solway to Tyne; we call it Hadri an’s Wall.7.Julius Caesar：The king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded Britain twice.8. King Alfred: He is the king of Wessex in Britain. In the 8th century, he led the British people defeated the Danes and Vikings, and he was considered the first national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史)9. William the Conqueror: One the Christmas Day of 1066, French man William defeated the British King Harold at Hastings. In Westminster Abbey, he was crowned the King of Britain, so the Norman Conquest began. He established a strong monarchy inEngland, and unified the country. In 1086, he and his officials made a book about the survey of Britain, which is called Doomsday Book.10. Battle of Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at Hastings, French man William defeated the British King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of Hastings paved a way for the Norman Conquest.11. Henry : In the year of 1154, Henry built the Plantagenet and when he was a king, he made the monarchy stronger than before. He made a set of reformation and in the year of 1181, he issued the Assize of Arms. He died in 1189.24. O’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in the British history. During the civil war, he and his “New M odel Army”defeated the King’s army. In 1649, he killed Charles . In 1653, he became Lord Protector and later compressed the Diggers.25. new model army: It is the new kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war. The army includes farmers, craftsman, undermasters (学徒) etc.26.the Treaty of Paris in 1763: The treaty is between England and France. It includes four points. According to the treaty, France gave up many colonies, for example, it gave up the controlling on India, and Britain became the chief/leading colonial power.27. the House of Hanover: George began the House of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the Cabinet System was established and monarch was controlled by the Parliament.28.28. the Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain admitted the independence of America.29. the Corn Laws: It refers to a set of laws to regulate thecorn trade, for example: to increase the price of corn imported in 1815. The Corn Laws were cancelled in 1848.30. the Peterloo Massacre: In August 1819, a organization was founded in Manchester to demand universal suffrage, and yearly Parliament and the cancellation of Corn Laws. The government suppressed it and 11 died with so many people wounded. This is called the Peterloo Massacre.31. the Reform Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It made 3 changes in election system. (1) many “rotten boroughs” are cancelled （2）many new seats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的) countries. (3) the total elec torates increased to 217000. But working class still didn’t have to right to vote. 32. the Chartist Movement: 1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a movement to realize the “people’s charter” , in fact , they wanted to have the universal suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral force and physical force. At last, the Chartist Movement failed, but the working class entered the history stage for the first as an independent political force.33. the Opium War: In 1840, the Chinese government issueda law to stop the importing opium from Britain, to the Britain launched a war. The Qing Government surrendered (投降) to the Britain and signed the unequal Treaty :Nanjing Treaty in 1842.34. the Fabian Society ：It was founded in 1883-1884. It included the famous men such as G.B.Shaw andH.G.Wells, who played an important role in 20th century labour party.35.the Statute of Westminster: It was passed in 1931 and it gave the legislative recognition to the relation between British Kingdom her dominions. The dominions are independent in allaspects except the name.36. NATO: It is the acronym for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it is founded in 1949.37. Margaret Thatcher: She was the first woman Prime Minister in British history. She was in power from 1979-1990. She was called “iron lady”because she controlled Britain’s money policy tightly. She made Britain prosperous in the 1980s.38.Downing Street Declaration: It is a document between Britain and Ireland in 1993. According to the Downing Street Declaration, the future of Northern Ireland shold depend on the wished of majority.39.BBC: Its full name is British Broadcast Co-operation. It was established in 1922, it has 4 radio channels, and the programs are broadcasted in 39 languages. There is no advertisement in BBC programs, the money is from the people who watch the TV.40.GCE: Its full name is General Certificate Education. It refers to the exam of the secondary middle school, if the students can pass the exam, he can get the GCE.41.Reuters: Ruters is one of the 4 news agencies in the West, it was founded in 1851, it has 11000 employees and 1300 photographers and reporters in more than 80 countries.42. the Royal Society: It is a British organization to study science and one of the most famous scientific organizations in the world. It was founded in 1660 and Issac Newton was its president for 23 years.43. Whitehall: It is the most important street in London, some of the government offices are in Whitehall, such as: Home Office, Finance Office, etc.44. St. Paul’s Cathedral: the biggest and most well-known church in London , a typical(典型的) building of Renaissance(文艺复兴).45.Westminster Abbey: It is a national shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific persons are buried here. In 1066, William the Conqueror crowned himself in the Westminster Abbey.46.John Bull: the nickname of England or a typical English man.47.Speaker: the presiding officer(leader) of the House of Commons in British.48.Hollidays:(1) Christmas Day: It is on 25th, Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus. On Christmas Day, people will go home from far places, eat Turkey with families, and children will get the present from Christmas Father.(2) Boxing Day: It is on the first weekday after Christmas. It isa public holiday in England, Wale andNorthern Ireland. On Boxing Day, household employees or other service workers can receive some gifts.(3) Guy Fawkes Day: It is a day to celebrate a event in English history. A man Guy Fawkes wanted to blow up(炸平) the parliament in 5th , Nov and he was caught in the House of Commons.(4) Armistice Day: The day is also called Remembrance Day. It is a patriotic day on 11th, Nov, to remember the British or foreigners who died in World War Two.49. Protestantism: a main group of Christianity, separated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation in 1534.50.Salvation Army: one of the main nonconformist denominations, founded in London in 1865,They preach the story of Jesus Christ, and do social work to help the poor and sick.They are almost military.51. Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.52. House of Lords: It is the oldest part in Parliament which comes from the Great Council. The House of Lords doesn’t have real power. Normally speaking, the House of Lords can stop the law passing into the legislation, but after 1949, the House of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the legislation.53. the House of Commons: The House of Commons has 650 seats. The members of it are not pointed but are elected.. It has the real power. Strong part of the House Commons forms the government, the weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the House of Commons is called Speaker/President of Chamber.54. Opposition: The weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. They criticize the government or government’s policy, and give their new policies.55.Scotland Yard: It is the headquarters(总部) of Criminal Investigation Department in London. It has a history of 150 years. It does criminal detection, police training etc.55.the Mississippi River :It is the longest and most important river in the USA, and one of the greatest river in the world. It has two branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long.56.the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes are in the place between America and Canada. They are: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.57.the Niagara Falls: It refers to the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North America, 1240m wide, and 49m deep. Every year, thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it.58.Yellow Stone National Park: It is located in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world. A great number of wildlife live there.59.Grand Canyon: Grand Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the wonders（奇迹）in the world. Its wall has many layers, which tells you the story of the earth formation.60.Old Faithful: It is the most famous geyser（火山）in Yellow Stone National Park. It erupts more than 100 feet in the air every 73min.61. Pearl Harbor: It is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu in Hawaii.62. Microsoft: It is the most famous computer company founded in 1975 by Bill Gates. Now, it plays animportant role in the world.63. Christopher Columbus: He was an Italian; he believed that the earth is round. In 1492, he discoveredAmerica and in 1498 he discovered the main land of South America.64. The Stamp Act: When Britain controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp paper must be used forlegal documents. It was passed in 1765 and stopped in 1766.65. the Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston threwa small stone to the British soldiers, and Britishsoldiers fired at the people, with 4 died and many wounded. After it, the American people united together to fight against the British army./doc/75fb562ca8114431b80dd82b.ht ml mittees of Correspondence: In 1772, the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees ofCorrespondence”to call people to unite together to fightagainst the British army.67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain controlled America, according to the“Tea Act”, East Indian Companyexported tea to America to make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the English ship and poured the tea into the sea. The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of Americans.68. the First Continental Congress: It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed that they wouldn’t buy any goods from England until the objectional law was stopped.69. the Second Continental Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreedto sent army around Boston and made George Washington as the commander.70. the Articles of the Confederation: At the end of the Independent War, the people meet a question. How the United States should be governed? So a constitution（the Articles of the Confederation）was made. In 1781, it was accepted by all the states.71. the Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one should n’t stir up the hatred to the government. It was opposed by Republican Party, and was stopped by Jefferson in 1800.72. Monroe Doctrine: It was made by President Monroe in 1823. “America is American’s America”.According to the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open any colony in North America or South America, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in America. And America shouldn’t open any colony in Europe, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in Europe.73. Westward Movement: In the early time of 19th century, more Europeans immigrated to America to find abetter life, but in the northeast, they found themselves still poor. So the farmers without land and workers without work went to the west part. Now, the west part is developed and wild land is farmed.74. Douglas’ Bill: It is a bill made by Douglas, a person in senate. According to the bill, the slavery is possiblein some states, e.g.: Kentucky or Nebraska.75. Republican Party: The Party was founded in 1854; the members of this party were against the slavery.Lincoln is the famous leader from this party.76. Abraham Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president. He played an important role in the Civil Warand made two important documents: Homestead Bill, and Emancipation Proclamation. In 1864, he was elected for the second time. He was killed in 1865.77. the Confederate Union: After Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the seven southern states, set up a country “the Confederate Union”. They wanted to keep the slavery in it.78. Homestead Bill: It is one of the documents by Lincoln, according to the bill, the farmers and settlers gotenough land. So Lincoln got their support and the agriculture in the South developed.79. “Open Door Policy”: It is the policy which is made by Theodore Roosevelt in Chinese-American relation.By the policy, American invaded China by force and culture.80. the American Federation of Labor : the first national union in America .81. the League of Nations: According to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the League of Nations is set up to keep theworld peace. But it is controlled by England and France.82. the Washington Conference : In 1921,China , America and other countries held a meeting in Washington,and this is called the Washington Conference. The Washington Conference strengthened the power of Far East and Pacific Area.83. the Great Depression: It happened 1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market failed, many factoriesclosed down, many workers lost jobs, many products found no markets. Many extra goods were destroyed.84. the New Deal: It was made by Franklin?D?Roosevelt in 1932. According to the deal, in the country, manypublic projects were made to increase the employment; at broad, American strengthened the old market andfound new market.85. Franklin·D·Roosevelt：He was a member of Democratic Party and was the 32nd president in America.During 1929-1933, he made a New Deal, and made many contributions in WW.86.the Battle of Midway Island: In the Battle of Midway Island, America defeated the Japanese United Fleet.This is the turning point of the Pacific War.87. NATO: The full name is North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was set up in 1949. the main purpose was toform a political cooperation to fight against Russia.88. the Warsaw Pact: It was set up in 1955, the main purpose was to form a political cooperation to fightagainst NATO.89. the United Nations: In 1945, 48 countries had a meeting in San Francisco, they agreed to set up aorganization to keep the world peace. So the United Nations was founded.90.Trueman Doctrine: The Doctrine was made by President Truman in 1947. The purpose of the Doctrine was :expand the influence of America suppress the struggle of the different countries.91.the Eisenhower Doctrine(重点) : It was the foreign policy carried by the Eisenhower Government. The doctrine contains the point of instant and massive retaliation(迅速的大量的复仇), and avoid the frustrating war(阻碍发展的战争)，such as the Korean War.92. the Marshall Plan (此题去年考过): The plan was suggested by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947.The plan offered a great deal of money and machines to European countries to help them to recover their economy.93. the Cold War: It refers to the severe struggle between the America and other opposed political systems. TheCold War is not friendly, but didn’t use weapon.94. the sit-in(静坐): It is the way which is used by the Black men to fight against the racial segregation in1960s ( 它是1960年代黑人反抗种族隔离而采用的方式)95. Martin Luther King: He was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. Hewas a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.96. the Civil Right Movement : In 1950s-1960s, the American black men made the Civil Right Movement tofight against segregation. Martin Luther King was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. He was a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.97．Desert Storm(沙漠风暴行动) : American military attacked Iraq because Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991. The air attack lasted for 6 weeks, and Iraq was forced to leave Kuwait. The war costs 61billion dollars.98. NASA It refers to National Astronautics and Space Administration.99. double dating : Two young people go out together to have a dance, to see a football game, or to have apicnic before the marriage.100.drive-in : a kind of informal eating place which is surrounded by the parking lots, by a busy road.101. a cafeteria : a kind of informal eating place in which you can buy some quick and cheap meal. You can select the food as you are going along.102. diner: It refers to the little restaurant just like a railway car. The diver is very convenient and the price is very low. Drivers , students and other people like it very much..103.Quakers: The other name of this group is Society of Friends. It is a small group with 100000 members.They are not interested in Politics and they often go out to help others without any reward. People respect them very much.104.The People’s Temple: It is a small group which was founded by Jones, Jones used superstition to control people’s spirit, once people joined this group, he couldn’t come out. In 1978, 914people（including Jones and his wife）committed suicide.105.New morality: In the 1960’s-1970’s, the young people showed their new morality. They lived together before the marriage and had the sexual action.106. the city of Heroin : it refers to New York, many people take heroin in New York.107. Chief Justice : the head of the Supreme Court in the USA.108.white collar workers: it refers to the mental labor workers. They have a higher social position and social fame than blue collar workers , but their pay is lower than blue collar workers.109. the separation of powers: In USA, the government has 3 branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.Each branch has its own power and its power is limited by others.110. The Republican Party: It came into being in 1854. It is made up of northern capitalists who opposed the slavery.111.The Democratic Party: It came out of “Anti-Federalists”in 1787. It was founded in 1828, and the leader is Thomas Jefferson.112.St.V alentine’s Day: It is on 14th, Feb. On the day, the boys and girls in love will come out to have a date, send red roses or chocolate. The symbol of St.Valentine’s Day is a picture of a Heart and Cupid, Cupid hasa bow and arrow.113.Easter Day : It is on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March.. People , in this day , will celebrate the rebirth of Jesus.Children will dye the eggs and adults will kill lamb to eat.114 Halloween Day: It is on 31st, Oct. It is a night-time festival, which is held by children. On the Halloween Day children will wear a mask to frighten the parents and ask money from their parents. In 1950s, child sent the money to the poor countries’ children. The Halloween Day got Noble Peace Prize in 1965.115.Independence Day : It is the national day of the USA，on 4th, July.III. Explain the following terms.1. the Hardian’s Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crown ed king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastingsIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Domesday BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as DomesdayBook, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stat ed the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like t he Book of doom on Judgement Day.6. the Great CharterKing John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberi ties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years’ WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partl y territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recogniz e, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all th eir possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive t he English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England witho ut warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its dea th blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloody MaryHenry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she w as given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remaine d single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. T hen he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restorat ion of charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Cath olic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech withinboth the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutionalmonarchy began.15. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories w ere those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The T ories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designes to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. TheBritish Constitution is not set out in any single docu ment, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and inter pret statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the sy mbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of p olicy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forwa rd its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the governme nt of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the juryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens su mmoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In crimina l trials by jury, the judge passessentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Servi ce provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be f ull range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary edu cation for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a reputation for their high academic sta ndards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’ public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and gi rls’ famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establish ment were educated at a public school.28. the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fr esh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. ——Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except L ake Michigan.。
英美概况名词解释
名词解释：1.Great Britain: shortened as Britain ,it can be a geographical term ,referring to the island onwhich England ,Wales and Scotland are situated ,together with numerous smaller islands .2.The Union Flag :also known as the Union Jack ,it is the national flag of the United Kingdom .3.God Save the King /Queen : the national anthem of the United Kingdom.ke Poets: English poets at the turn of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District ofEngland and were inspired by it to create romantic works .5.Domesday Book(土地财产清册)：The written record of a census and survey of Englishlandowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086 .6.Black Death (黑死病)：also known as the Black Plague ,it was a devastating pandemic(流行的) that first struck European in the mid-14th century .7.Gunpowder Plot(火药阴谋)：conspiracy of a group of English Catholics to blow up the Houseof Parliament where King James I was present on 5 November ,1605.The plan was discovered and Guy Frank was caught and burnt alive .In England ,5 November is celebrated with bonfire ,fireworks and the burning of the effigies.(肖像)。
英美概况名词解释
英美概况名词解释刘春艳Glorious Revolution：After the Restoration of the Stuart, the King adopted some measures to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie, but took revenge on the revolutionaries. Under the reign of James Ⅱ, expansion of the king’s power soon clashed with the interests of the bourgeoisie and in 1688, the two bourgeois political parties, the Tories and the Whigs, united together and staged a bloodless coup d’état and put William of Orange on the throne. They formed an alliance with the landowners. This was spoken of by Englishmen as the “Glorious Revolution”.Lake District: Lake District is a region in Northwest of England, which is very famous for its many beautiful lakes and Lake Poets who were once born and lived there. Redbrick: Redbrick is a name for a group of universities founded between 1850 and 1930, aimed at providing higher education for local inhabitants who could not afford the cost of going away from home for their studies.Oxbridge:Oxbridge refers to the two must famous higher education institutions in England: Oxford and Cambridge. Included in this group are four other universities founded in Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries.Gold Rush: Gold Rush was one of the greatest mass movements in modern history, in which thousands of people came to California from all over the world to seek their fortunes in the rocks when gold was discovered in San Francisco in 1848. As a result of Gold Rush, the whole continent of North America was settled within 19th century.Melting Pot：Melting Pot is metaphorically used to refer to the United States because it is a country of many ethnic groups from different parts of the world, who came to the New World to seek for freedom in politics or religion. They have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures toward some “standard” by living and working together in the “melting pot”of the United States and gradually forming a new nation.WASP: The word “WASPs” is the abbreviation of White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. They were early settlers on North America from England, Northern and Western Europe. At present, they constitute the largest and dominant ethnic group in the United States. Yellow Dog:“Yellow dog” contracts. In the late of 19th century, along the development of workers’ unions, capitalists in America forced workers to sign contracts pledging not to join unions so as to sabotage the unions. Such contracts are called “yellow dog” contracts. The Renaissance: T he Renaissance was a cultural movement by progressive thinkers who represented the interests of the rising bourgeoisie and worked for freedom and enlightenment.Higher Education:Higher education in America includes undergraduate study and graduate study. The former lasts for four years while the latter varies with different fields of study.Blacklists: During the 1880s’, and 1890s’ workers in America began to form unions on a large scale. The capitalists tried to sabotage the unions by enlisting the union workers on “blacklist”, which would be sent to other companies in the industry with a warning not to hire them.。
英美概况知识点总结归纳
英美概况知识点总结归纳英美概况是指英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济、教育等各方面的概况。
这两个国家在世界上具有重要的地位，对世界文化和政治产生了深远的影响。
下面将对英美概况的各个方面进行总结归纳。
一、文化概况1. 英国文化英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其文化底蕴深厚。
英国文学自古至今在世界范围内具有重要地位，莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多文学家的作品至今仍然备受人们喜爱。
英国音乐、戏剧、电影等领域也有着丰富的传统。
2. 美国文化美国是一个移民国家，因此其文化融合了来自世界各地的元素，呈现出多元化和包容性。
美国文学、音乐、电影等在世界上具有很大影响力，如杰克·伦敦、海明威、福克纳等作家的作品、爵士乐、摇滚乐、好莱坞电影等都深受人们喜爱。
3. 英美文化交流英美两国之间的文化交流十分频繁，互相影响。
英国音乐、戏剧、文学等在美国具有很大影响力，而美国的流行音乐、电影、文化现象也在英国广受欢迎。
二、历史概况1. 英国历史英国历史可以追溯到古代，罗马、盎格鲁-撒克逊、诺曼底人等不同民族和文化在英国留下了深远的影响。
英国从16世纪开始成为世界上的帝国大国，殖民了大量领土。
20世纪初，英国逐渐衰落，但仍然在政治、文化方面占有重要地位。
2. 美国历史美国历史相对年轻，但是却是一个充满传奇色彩的国家。
美国独立战争后成为独立国家，并在19世纪成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
20世纪，美国在两次世界大战后成为世界超级大国，对世界政治、经济产生了深远影响。
3. 英美历史关系英国曾是美国的殖民地，双方有着深厚的历史渊源。
美国革命后，两国保持了密切的关系，经济、文化、政治等方面有着广泛的交流合作。
三、政治概况1. 英国政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是君主，首相是政府首脑。
英国的政治体系成熟稳定，经过数百年的发展，形成了一套完善的议会制度和法律体系。
2. 美国政治美国是一个总统制国家，总统是国家元首和政府首脑。
英美概况名词解释
英美概况名词解释英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。
下面是对英美概况中一些重要名词的解释：1. 英国（United Kingdom）：由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的岛国。
英国是世界上最古老的民主国家之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、披头士乐队等。
2. 美国（United States of America）：由50个州组成的联邦共和国，位于北美洲。
美国是世界上最强大的经济体之一，以及军事、科技、文化等各个领域的重要国家。
3. 英语（English）：英国和美国的官方语言，也是世界上被广泛使用的语言之一。
英国英语和美国英语在语音、发音、词汇等方面有一些差异，但是基本互通。
4. 联合国（United Nations）：成立于1945年的国际组织，致力于维护国际和平与安全、促进全球合作与发展。
英国和美国都是联合国的创始成员国，并在联合国中扮演着重要角色。
5. 环境保护（Environmental Protection）：指保护和改善环境，减少对环境的破坏。
英国和美国都高度重视环境保护，推行一系列措施，如减少污染排放、保护自然资源、推动可持续发展等。
6. 市场经济（Market Economy）：一种经济体制，以市场为基础，由供求关系决定资源配置和价格形成。
英国和美国都采用市场经济模式，注重市场竞争和个体自由，以及保护产权和鼓励创新。
7. 民主制度（Democracy）：一种政治制度，主权由人民拥有，通过选举和公民参与来决定国家事务。
英国和美国都是民主国家，实行三权分立和代议制度，保障公民的基本权利与自由。
8. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity）：指不同文化在一个社会、国家或地区共存，并且相互影响、交流的现象。
由于历史和移民等原因，英国和美国都具有丰富的文化多样性，包括语言、宗教、习俗、饮食等方面。
以上是对英美概况中一些重要名词的简要解释。
这些名词涉及到政治、经济、文化等多个领域，对于了解和认识英美两国有很重要的意义。
英美概况名词解释
英美概况名词解释1. the Hardian 'sWall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2.Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by theAnglo-Saxons to advise the ki ng. It 'sthebasisofthePrivyCouncil which still exists today.3.William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on ChristmasDay the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudalsystem in England.4.the battle of Hastin gsIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, theWitan chose Harold as king. William, Duke ofNormandy, invaded England. On October 14,the two armies met near Hasting.Afteraday 's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5.Domesday BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to theEnglish like the Book of doom on JudgementDay.6.the Great CharterKingJohn 'sreigncaused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the GreatCharter. It has 63 clauses. Though it haslong been regarded as the foundation of English liberities, its spirit was the limitation of theking ' spowers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal lawof the land.7.the HundredYears 'WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and Englandthat last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, thewar broke out. At first the English were successful, butin the end,they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions inFrance. Theexpelling of the English was a blessing for bothcountries.8. Joan ofArcWar.She was a national heroine of France during theHundredYearsShe successfully led the French to drive the English out of来源: France.(;a9d9e570100ats3.html)英美概况备考资-料!---名词解释部分1_蝉蝉angie_新浪博客9. the BlackDeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europein the14th century. It swept through England without warning and anycure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of thepopulation of England. Thus, much land was left untended andlabour wasshort. It caused far-reaching economicconsequences.10. the Wars ofRosesThey referred to the battles between theHouseof Lancaster and the House of Yorkbetween1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose,and thelatter by the white one. After the wars, feudalismreceiveditsdeathblowandtheking 'spowerbecame supreme. Thdor monarchs ruledEngland and Wales for over two hundredyears.11. BloodyMaryHenryVIII 'sdaughter and a devoutCatholic.When she became Queen, she persecuted andburnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname“Bloody Mary ”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French portof Calais.12.Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and ofgreat achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13.Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared Englanda Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of charles II in 1660.14.the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed theprinciple of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15.Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were thosewho opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16.James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17.Winston Church illPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18.AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, becauseit 'sequipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputsor products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designes to give the maximum outputof crops and animals.19.the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the UnitedKingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determinescommon law and interpret statues.20.Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbolof the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21.the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largestnumber of seats becomes theshadow cabinet ”. The offcial Opposition, with its own leader andaims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy andlegislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and toput forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22.the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power.It gave the S overeign private( “ privy ”) adviceon the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.mon lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24.the juryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons inScotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25.the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Actsof Parliament. This Service provides for everyresident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designedto help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive school sState secondary schools which take pupils wit hout reference toability and provide a wide-ranging secondaryeducation for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 percent of the state secondary school population in GB attendcomprehensiveschool.27. public school sFee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as theirexclusiveness and snobbery. Theboys 'publicschools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow,andgirls 'famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the Briti sh Establishmentwere educated at a public school.28. the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the UnitedStates.They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in theworlLake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.d, Lake Michiganthe only one entirely in the U.S.29.New EnglandNew England is made up of six states of the North-East. They areMaine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut. It is sometimes called the birthplace of America.来源:(;a9d9e570100ats5.html) - 英美概况备考资料!--- 名词解释部分2_蝉蝉angie_新浪博客30.baby boombabyboom”refers to the great increase of birth rate between 1946and 1964. People born in this period are called baby bammers31.the Chinese Exclusion ActIt was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years.32.the Bill of RightsIn 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them wereratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to theConstitution the Bill of Rights.33.the Emancipation ProclamationDuring the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support forthe Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.34.the Constitutional ConventionIn 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphiato consider what should be done to make theArticles of Confederation adequate. All the delegates agreed torevise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convertion.35.the Progressive Moveme ntThe Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.36.the Peace ConferenceThe Peace Conference or the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France, and Italy)37.the Truman Doctrine:On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government wouldsupport any country which said it was fightingagainst Communism.38.the Marshall PlanOn June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State GeorgeMarshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.39.the New FrontierIt was the President Kennedy 'sprogram whichpromised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolition of poverty.40.checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches,the legislative, the executive and the judicial,each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check,or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches arethus in balance. This called checks and balances。
英美概况知识点总结
英美概况知识点总结英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。
英国是位于欧洲的一个岛国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成，首都是伦敦。
美国则是位于北美洲的一个国家，由50个州组成，首都是华盛顿特区。
1. 地理位置英国位于欧洲西北部，东临北海，西濒大西洋，与法国相隔仅有英吉利海峡相隔。
美国则位于北美洲的中北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，与加拿大相邻。
2. 历史文化英国是一个具有悠久历史的国家，拥有世界上最古老的君主制度。
英国文化对世界产生了深远的影响，包括文学、音乐、戏剧、电影等方面。
美国则是一个相对年轻的国家，但在短短几百年的时间里，美国发展成为世界上最强大的经济体和军事力量之一。
美国文化以自由、多元和创新为特点，融合了来自世界各地的移民文化。
3. 政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，君主为国家元首，政府首脑为首相。
英国议会制度发源于英国，对世界各国影响深远。
美国则是一个联邦制共和国，总统为国家元首和政府首脑，国会为立法机关。
美国的总统制度也对世界其他国家的政治制度产生了影响。
4. 经济发展英国是一个高度发达的资本主义经济体，金融、服务业和创新产业是其经济的支柱。
英国拥有伦敦金融城，是全球金融中心之一。
美国则是世界上最大的经济体，以市场经济为基础，拥有发达的制造业、科技产业和金融服务业。
美国的股市和创新科技企业在全球具有重要地位。
5. 教育体系英国拥有全球顶尖的大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学，以及众多优秀的高中和中学。
英国教育体系注重学术传统和素质教育。
美国则拥有世界上最多的大学和研究机构，美国的教育体系注重实践和创新，鼓励学生个性发展。
6. 社会福利英国实行社会福利制度，医疗、教育、退休金等福利待遇相对较高。
美国的社会福利制度相对较少，个人的社会保障和福利待遇更多依赖于个人努力和私人保险。
7. 文化特色英国有悠久的文化传统，包括皇室、茶文化、乡村庄园、英式足球等。
美国则是一个多元文化的国家，融合了来自世界各地的移民文化，美国足球、篮球、好莱坞电影等都是美国文化的代表。
英美概况名词解释
英美概况名词解释1. Thanksgiving DayIt falls on the fourth Thursday of November. It is a holiday on which God is thanked for the crops which have been safely gathered2. The RenaissanceEurope rediscovering its origins in the culture of ancient Greek and Rome，It was a cultural movement that arose with the bourgeoisie. The representatives of this thought were called humanists, such as Sir Thomas More, William Shakespeare.3. The Civil Rights Act of 1964It was signed into law by President Jonson in 1964. It outlawed discrimination not only in public housing, but also in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.4. The Boston “Tea Party”According to the “T ea Act” the East India Company sold their tea to the colonies and made profit. On December 16th, 1773, some Boston men boarded an English ship in Boston Harbor, broke open the tea chests and poured the tea into the sea. It showed the fighting spirit of the people of the colonies.5. Roosevelt’s “New Deal”The policy advanced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, two principal purposes：(1) At home, many public projects were launched to create employment. Crops were destroyed and agricultural production was cut down to stabilize the falling farm prices. The big industries were compelled to make reforms.(2) At abroad, he took efforts to consolidate the old markets and to conquer new ones.6. The Wars of the RosesIt was the civil wars in Britain between the houses of Lancaster and York, from 1455—1485. The Lancastrians used the red roses as their badge, while the Yorkists the white roses. The Yorkists deposed Henry VI in 1461 and made Edward W King. Henry was King again in 1470—1471 f but Edward won the throne back from him. In 1483 Richard H took the throne from his young nephew Edward V, but He was defeated and killed by Henry of Richmond, who became Henry Ⅶ, Henrys a Lancastrian, married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, so united the two houses. The Wars of the Roses were the wars of feudal lords. The thirty years’ wars finally weakened the fendal nobility7. ReutersOne of the four major news agencies in the West; the principal news agency in every country in the world is affiliated to Reuters Reuters，the Press Association Ltd, and the Exchange Telegraph Co. Ltd,Reuters is one of the four major news agencies in the world. It wasfounded in 1851 in London. It has about 1，200 reporters stationed in 183 countries and regions. It is an important propaganda tool of the British monopoly bourgeoisie8. Buckingham PalaceThe monarch's present London home, facing St. James Park.9. The Fire of LexingtonLexington Fire was the prelude of American War of Independence.It’s the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within thetowns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America.10. The Great Depression of 1929-1933It took place from 1929 to 1933, In 1929 there swept a ”Great Crash”. The New York Stock Market failed, many banks closed down, many shops shut down too. In 1933, 17 million people lost their jobs. Agriculture got worse for the products found no market. Plenty of “extra” goods and products were destroyed.11. What does the British Parliament consist of?The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It is referred to as the legislature12. What are the primary sources of British law?The primary sources of British law include Statutes of Parliament，common law，equity law and European Community law.13. What kind of economic system does the United States have? The U.S. has a free-market economy with a dominant private secto r14. Why is education very important to Americans?It contributes to developing the national strength and personal success.15. What is the meaning of the “Lost Generation”?In the aftermath of World War, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived abroad. They were known as the “Lost Generation”. The two most representativewriters of the “Lost Generation” were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.16. What were the two guiding principles underlying Americadiplomatic activities in World War Two?There were two guiding principles behind all America’s diplomatic a ctivities:the first was to win the war;the second was to establish a p ostwar political structure in accord with Amercian interests and to p revent the Soviet Union from overexpansion.17. What are the prerequisites for the industrial revolution inBritain?The Industrial Revolution first started in Britain because Britain had several special conditions. Britain’s population grew faster and this helped account for the increased labor supply and consumerdemand. Britain had built a powerful navy and a huge merchant fleet. British merchants greatly increased their foreign trade and reaped large profits. Britain had created a world-wide market for its goods and its colonies supplied raw materials. And capitalist farms were also built in rural areas. Many landless farmers went to towns and became unskilled workers. All of these factors sped up a primitive accumulation and provided an important prerequisite for the Industrial Revolution18. What are the major social problems faced by the United States?(1)The gap between the poor and the rich (2)violence (3)decaying morality (4)racial discriminations.19. List some features of a typical American in terms of attitudes and views.More informality and less social distinction; Show respect for woman; frankness of admitting weakness; Do it yourself; Manuallabor is highly valued; Striving for equality; having gained success by one’s own efforts20. What lessons can we draw from the rise and fall of the Great Britain?21. How did the American Imperialism grow before the First World War?The overseas expansion; The U.S.-Spanish war; The monopolistcapitalists and their policies.22. What attitude should we hold towards the Western culture, especially the American culture, in cross-cultural communication?23. Make an analysis of the road to the world great powers in the cases of the Great Britain and the United States.24. What are the major causes for the American Civil War?The Westward Movement, the two different economic systems of the North and the South and the upsurge of the workers’ movement25. Make a comparison between the British Parliament and the American Congress.American and British legislative systems have the same principles in general, such as natural rights, popular sovereignty etc.Parliament is the center of the British political stage and is Britain’s top legislative branch. The government is elected from the parlia ment and it should be responsible for the parliament. Parliament is a bicameral legislature. The House of Commons and the House of Lords constitute the British Parliament.In the meantime, the U.S. congress is the highest legislative bran ch, which consists of the senate and the House ofRepresentatives . The main powers of congress are legislative power, supervisory p ower of judicial administration, examination and approval authorityand amending power. In addition, congress can pass the resolution which does not need the president to sign。
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The bill of rights
The bill of rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791 .the bill of rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech , the rights to assemble in public places , the rights to own weapons and so on .
The great depression
The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade.
WASP
It stands for the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant. it is the dominant group in the US controlling economic assets and political power
The civil rights movement
The American civil rights movement (1955-1968)refers to the reform movements in the united states aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African American and restoring suffrage in southern states
The westward movement
American Westward Movement, movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, Anglo-American peoples and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast.
George Washington
George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the America republic , he was the commander-in –chief of the Continental Army in the war of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first president of the the United States
Industrial Revolution in American
After independence ,America was principally an agricultural country ,the industrial revolution in England brought many to American industry between 1776 and 1860 , one key development was the introduction of the factory system , A second development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks ,A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization-the bank and the corporation
Three faiths in the US
By the 1950s ,the three faiths model of American religion had developed , American were considered to come in three basic varieties : protestant , catholic and Jewish ,in terms of numbers ,the protestants and Jewish are the smallest among the groups
Boards of education
Boards of education refer to groups of people who make policies for schools at the state and district level ,they also make decision about the school curriculum , teachers standards and certification ,and the overall measurement of student progress
Consumer economy
an economy driven by consumer spending as a percent of its gross domestic product, as opposed to the other major components of GDP。