第国际市场营销 六章
国际市场营销的任务、阶段与观念
国际营销观念（营销哲学 ）
• 从满足东道国顾客的需要为出发点，比 竞争者为顾客创造更多的价值,以实现企 业在国际市场生存和发展的目的.
路漫漫其悠远
七。中国企业所经历的国际营销 阶段
路漫漫其悠远
全球营销阶段
• 在全球营销阶段，公司将整个世界看作是 一个整体市场，认为全球是一个具有同质 偏好的一个市场，因而企业的营销策略是 为整个全球市场制定一套适用于各地区和 国家的营销组合策略。
• 实行全球营销的企业通常需要进行全球标 准化生产，整个经营、组织机构、资金来 源、生产和营销等都是从全球角度出发来 制定实施的。
路漫漫其悠远
国际市场营销经理主要任 务有：
• 1）适应环境差距（Environmental Distance）。
• 2）跨国的组织协调。 • 3）确定和管理企业的全球化决策。
路漫漫其悠远
五。国际市场营销的阶段
• 1。出口营销阶段；间接/直接，被动/主动 • 2。国际营销阶段（多国营销）：在目标市场
路漫漫其悠远
全球标准化的优点和适用范围
优点： • 规模经济 • 统一的品牌形象 适用范围： 需求存在着全球类似性的产品：如汽车、软饮料、化妆品等 需要技术标准化的产品：如电器，否则产品成本很高 研究开发成本高的技术密集型产品：补偿巨大的研发投入
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六。国际市场营销观念（决策的 价值取向）
路漫漫其悠远
• 国际市场营销学研究企业为了获取市场 份额和利润，如何进入国际市场并发展 壮大。涉及整体市场营销过程与企业发 展战略问题----战略性和战术性。
• 是一门研究如何参与国际市场竞争的学 问。国际贸易实务的成功实施需要国际 营销观念，策略技巧的指导。
国际市场营销学教学大纲
《国际市场营销学》课程教学大纲一、课程说明1.课程代码: 1060330312.课程中文名称：国际市场营销3.课程英文名称： Internation marketing4.课程总学时数： 515。
课程学分数： 36.授课对象：国际贸易本科7。
本课程的性质、地位和作用课程性质是一门国际贸易本科的专业课。
先修课程:市场营销,管理学，组织行为学，经济学，会计学等。
《国际市场营销学》是一门研究国际市场需求的应用性学科,旨在讲授企业进行国际市场营销的基本理论、基本知识和技巧。
内容包括国际市场营销管理哲学、国际市场营销环境分析、国际市场营销调研、国际目标市场营销战略、国际市场竞争战略、国际市场营销组合策略等。
本课程具有环境适应性、理论系统性和应用灵活性等特点，把基础市场营销学原理与国际市场营销实务紧密结合起来，立足中国与国际市场接轨,充分利用国内和国外两种资源，开拓国内与国外两个市场.二、教学基本要求1、本课程的目的、任务。
通过学习与讨论，使学生全面系统地掌握市场营销学的原理及其在国际市场营销中的应用，全面了解国际市场环境变化发展趋势，初步掌握进入国际市场经营和制定国际市场营销组合策略的基本理论和基本方法,培养和提高正确分析和解决国际市场营销活动中各种问题的能力。
2、教学基本要求通过本课程教学，帮助学生掌握现代国际市场营销的基本原理，培养学生的市场营销实战才干，使学生能运用所学的理论知识，具备进行国际市场营销策划的能力；具备进行国际市场研究的能力;具备制定国际经营战略,选择国际目标市场并进行市场定位的能力；具备进行国际市场产品决策、定价决策、分销决策、促销决策等方面的能力;提高分析和处理国际市场营销问题的综合能力和实践能力。
学生要在学习完《市场营销学原理》、《国际贸易》等基础课程；教师除了要有丰富的市场营销知识和经验以外，还应收集相关的案例,便于进行案例教学。
教学方法主要课堂讲授为主，课堂提问和讨论为辅。
包括教师讲授，案例分析，课堂讨论,专题讲座，实践调查相结合等主要采用多媒体等教学工具进行教学，以提高教学效率。
第6章 市场营销调研的方法
广告衡量——评价网络广告效果
顾客识别系统——安装登记程序，时刻跟踪顾客的访问 及购买，建立一续你的有代表性的用户对象组
嵌入研究 embedded research——与顾客互动，甚至提 供顾客在线产品设计的机会，把市场调研应用于产品开 发发挥到极至
二手资料库——需加以验证
互联网对市场调研的影响
观察相关的人、行为和环
境来收集原始数据
用于获取人们不愿或不能提 供的描述性信息 (偏好、购买 行为等)
可由人、或机器进行
可公开、可隐蔽
国际市场调查中，观 察法在调研以前未遇 到或者不了解的对象 非常有用。丰田派工 程师和设计人员到美 国加州观察妇女如何 操作汽车，发现手指 甲长的妇女在开门和 操作仪表盘时有困难。 基于观察结果而重新 进行汽车内外设计。
焦点集体访谈的特点（续）
适用于大规模调研前的预调研、为开发新产品提供创 意、或初步测试不同的市场策略 随着通信技术的发展，可以成为跨国性的不同焦点组 之间的互动访谈
用焦点集体访谈进行国际调研时，调研者应当意识到文化因素
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的重要性。不是所有的社会都鼓励坦率、公开个人的意见及分
歧。参与访谈人的社会地位的不同，可能导致某一人的观点被 所有人附和。产生分歧可能被认为不礼貌。某些话题是忌讳的。
调查关于工业品/服务的问题)
（3）焦点集体访谈
Focus Group Interviews
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较有用的互动调研方法。将7-12 人召集到一起，花2-4个小时，由 受过训练的主持人 (moderator) 引
导下充分讨论/评论某一既定话题
（产品、服务或某个组织）。参 加者往往能得到一些报酬。讨论 结果被记录或录像，供研究人员 作深入分析。
大一下市场营销学(第六章：价格策略)
需求收入弹性是负值，这意味着消费者货币收入的增加 将导致该产品需求量下降，如某些低档食品、低档服装 等。
需求收入弹性反映了消费者收入变化对商品需求的影响 程度，它是确定企业产品结构调整方向的重要依据。
3. 需求的交叉弹性
需求的交叉弹性是指产品线中的某一个产品项目，很可 能是其他产品的替代品或互补品。同时，一项产品的价 格变动往往会影响其他产品项目销售量的变动，两者之 间存在着需求的交叉价格弹性。
三、竞争为导向定价法
◦ 1. 高于竞争对手定价法
◦ 高于竞争对手定价法是企业产品定价比竞争对手高。 这一方法应用的前提是企业在产品上优于竞争对手。
◦ 2. 低于竞争对手定价法
◦ 低于竞争对手定价法是企业产品定价比竞争对手低。 这一方法应用的前提是企业在产品上与竞争对手相比 无优势可言。
◦ 3. 随行就市定价法
◦ 2. 供给对价格形成的影响
◦ 供给规律表明，商品的市场价格越高，企业愿意向 市场提供的商品数量也就更多，企业对某一商品供给 量与这一商品价格成正比。这种情况正好与需求相反。
◦ 除了价格对供给产生重大影响外，还有一些因素也 在影响供给。如政府的财税政策、生产技术和原材料 价格的变动，都会导致供给发生变化。
◦ 如上例，若该玩具公司智能玩具的单位产品成本为50 元，加成率仍为20％，采用售价加成定价法，则单价 为：
◦ 50÷（1-20%）=62.5（元） ◦ 3. 目标定价法 ◦ 目标定价法是指根据估计的总销售收入和估计的销售量来制
定价格的一种方法。
◦ 这种定价方法有一个重要缺陷，即企业定价的依据是估计出 来的。
..................
\
◦ 5. 盈亏平衡定价法
收 入 费 用
国际市场营销_国际市场进入方式
2、利用国外的代理商； a.佣金代理商；(不承担信贷风 险) b.存货代理商；(收取佣金和存 储、装卸费用) c.提供零部件和服务设施的代理 商；(向买主收取配件、服务费)。
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3、直接卖给最终用户； 不经过经销商、代理商等中间机构，把 产品直接卖给最终用户。 4、设立海外办事处；（Branch Office Abroad） 主要职能：搜集市场情报、推销产品、 实体分销、提供零部件、维修等服务。 好处： 可直接了解市场、掌握需求动态，提高 服务水平。 可集中力量经营本企业的产品。 局限性： 需要初始投资，以及持续的间接费用。 如市场潜力不大，则不必专设办事处。
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3、出口管理公司(Export Management Company— EMC) 专门为中小制造商从事进出口贸易的公 司。此方式主要以代理形式进行。这种公司在 我国不常见。 特点：⑴拥有外贸人才； ⑵熟悉出口业务程序； ⑶了解国际市场行情； ⑷拥有一定资金规模； ⑸可为中小企业提供人才信息资金等 服务。
1.
2. 3.
使用许可方授予的专利权或版权或 商标权从事有关产品的生产； 在指定的区域内从事销售活动； 按销售额的一定比例支付许可方的 许可费用。
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许可贸易与合同制造的区别： 1、合同制造条件下的国外生产者只负责生产产品， 不负责销售；而许可贸易条件下的国外生产者既负 责生产，又负责销售。 2、合同制造条件下的国外生产者只能获得生产利 润或加工利润；而许可贸易条件下的国外生产者既 获得生产利润又获得销售利润； 3、合同制造条件下本国企业只能从销售中获取利 润，而许可贸易条件下的本国企业只能获得许可费。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
在开始出口业务之前，不去寻求高质量 的出口咨询，不制定国际营销计划； 高层管理人员重视不够； 选择海外代理商或经销商时不够慎； 不去打好基础，保持盈利能力强的、稳 定的业务增长，而是盲目地向世界各地 寻求订单； 当国内市场兴旺时忽视出口业务；
《市场营销学》总复习资料第六章
《市场营销学》总复习资料第六章第六章、市场购买行为学习要点1.消费者市场是指所有为了个人消费而购买物品或服务的个人和家庭所构成的市场。
消费者市场是现代市场营销理论研究的主要对象。
2.影响消费者购买行为的主要因素。
（1）文化因素。
文化、亚文化和社会阶层等文化因素，对消费者的行为具有最广泛和最深远的影响。
（2）社会因素。
消费者购买行为也受到诸如参照群体、家庭、社会角色与地位等一系列社会因素的影响。
参照群体是指那些直接或间接影响人的看法和行为的群体。
直接参照群体又称为成员群体，即某人所属的群体或与其有直接关系的群体。
参照群体对消费者购买行为的影响，表现在三个方面：①参照群体为消费者展示出新的行为模式和生活方式。
②由于消费者有效仿其参照群体的愿望，因而消费者对某些事物的看法和对某些产品的态度也会受到参照群体的影响。
③参照群体促使人们的行为趋于某种"一致化"，从而影响消费者对某些产品和品牌的选择。
（3）个人因素。
消费者购买决策也受其个人特性的影响，特别是受其年龄所处生命周期阶段、职业、经济状况、生活方式、个性以及自我观念的影响。
（4）心理因素。
消费者购买行为要受到动机、知觉、学习以及信念和态度等主要心理因素的影响。
3.市场营销者需了解消费者如何真正作出购买决策，即了解谁作出购买决策，购买决策的类型以及购买过程的具体步骤：（1）参与购买的角色。
人们在购买决策过程中可能扮演不同的角色，包括：发起者、影响者、决策者、购买者、使用者。
（2）购买行为类型。
根据参与者的介入程度和品牌间的差异程度，可将消费者购买行为分为四种：①习惯性购买行为；②寻求多样化购买行为；③化解不协调购买行为；④复杂购买行为。
（3）购买决策过程。
在复杂购买行为中，购买者的购买决策过程由引起需要、收集信息、评价方案、决定购买和买后行为等五个阶段构成。
购买者的需要往往由两种刺激引起，即内部刺激和外部刺激。
消费者对产品的判断大都是建立在自觉和理性基础之上的。
国际市场营销复习资料
国际市场营销复习资料第1章国际市场营销导论关键术语市场营销：是组织的⼀项向顾客进⾏创造价值、沟通价值和传递价值并通过顾客关系来实现组织相关利益者利益的职能。
国际市场营销：是指在⼀国⼀上把企业⽣产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或⽤户中区的经营活动。
国际贸易：国家之间进⾏的有形商品，⽆形商品及服务的交换活动。
全球营销：是以全球为⽬标市场，将公司的资产、经验及产品集中于全球市场。
思考题⑴企业⾛向国际市场的主要动因；1.国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈2.国际市场的吸引⼒3.政府⿎励与⽀持企业出⼝政策4.科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提⑵国际市场营销学与市场营销学的关系；p9相同点：国际市场营销学是基础市场营销学的延伸和分⽀国际市场营销学的基本原理和⽅法同基础市场营销学⽆多⼤差异区别点：1.市场营销环境不同（最主要差异）2.市场营销组合策略不同A．在产品策略⽅⾯B．在定价策略⽅⾯C．在分销策略⽅⾯D．在促销策略⽅⾯3.国际营销战略及营销管理过程更复杂⑶国际营销与国际贸易有何区别与联系；p13共同点：1.都是以获取利润为⽬的⽽进⾏的跨国界的经营活动2.都是以商品与劳务作为交换对象3.都⾯临着相同的国际环境4.理论基础都是早期的“⽐较利益学说”及“国际产品⽣命周期理论”区别点：1.商品的交换主体不同（营销：企业：贸易：国家）2.商品流通形态不同（营销：多样化：贸易：跨国界型）3.国际贸易的作业流程⽐国际营销狭窄4.国际营销活动较国际贸易更富于主动及创作精神5.评估⼆者的效益的信息来源不同（营销：企业营销记录：贸易：国际收⽀平衡状况）⑷国际企业经营哲学的演变经历了哪⼏个阶段，⽬前我国企业的经营哲学主要处于哪⼀阶段，为什么？P171.以⽣产为导向的传统营销观念a．⽣产观念b。
产品观念c。
推销观念2.以国外顾客为导向的营销新观念3.以外部环境为导向的营销战略观念4.以全球市场为导向的全球营销观念我国⽬前处于以外部环境为导向的营销战略观念。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
市场营销单元测试第六章
第六章单元练习一、选择题。
1、下列对专业商店和百货商店产品线的描述中，正确的是（）A 专业商店产品线宽度小B 百货商店产品线宽度小C 专业商店产品线深度小D 百货商店产品线深度大2、企业投放和推广新产品时理想的目标市场分别是（）A 创新采用者和早期大众B 早期采用者和早期大众C 创新采用者和早期采用者D 早期采用者和晚期大众3、日本索尼电视机最初进入美国市场采用的是零售商希尔斯的商标“S·R”对于索尼公司来说，这种品牌策略属于（）A 企业自行设计品牌策略B 外来品牌策略C 中间商品牌策略D 其他生产者品牌策略4、下列关于品牌的说法中正确的是（）A 品牌是商标的一部分B 品牌中可以用语言表达的部分称为品牌标志C 品牌可以表达属性、功能、价值、承诺、文化等五方面的含义D 品牌是销售者向购买者长期提供的一组特定的特点、利益和服务5、投入期的选择行渗透策略指的是（）A 低价格和低促销费用B 低价格和高促销费用C 高价格和低促销费用D 高价格和高促销费用6、单热饮水机发展为冷热两用饮水机，其性能、特征有显著变化，可以理解为新产品概念中的（）A 全新产品B 换代新产品C 改进新产品D 地域性新产品7、全球空调行业唯一真正掌握并同时能展示变频1赫兹运转技术的是中国格力，这款格力空调属于（）A 全新产品B 换代新产品C 改进新产品D 地域性新产品8、家乐福超市经营的产品系列多，说明（）A 产品线宽度大B 产品线宽度小C 产品线深度大D 产品线深度小9、海飞丝“头屑去无踪，秀发更出众”，飘柔“令秀发飘逸柔顺”，潘婷“含有维他命原B5，令头发为健康亮泽”，可以（）A 较好分散风险B 识别产品质量档次C 树立企业整体形象D 突出产品特性10、长虹HD25933彩电指的是（）A 产品线B 产品项目C 产品档次D 产品系列11、惠普公司对原有笔记本电脑进行了创新，推出10寸规格的迷你型笔记本电脑，方便顾客携带，这款产品属于（）A 全新产品B 换代新产品C 改进新产品D 地域性新产品12、在家电领域，大多数企业采用的是统一品牌策略，该策略的缺点是（）A 品牌设计、传播费用高B 各种产品容易混淆，难以区分产品质量档次C 不利于推出新产品D 不利于塑造品牌及企业形象13、某企业产品线①的深度为8，产品线②的深度为6，产品线③的深度为7，产品线④的深度为3，则每条产品线的平均深度为（）A 3B 6C 7D 814、在产品生命周期的成熟期，企业为维持已有的市场地位，常常采用（）A 双底策略B 密集性渗透策略C 选择性渗透策略D 双高策略15、卡夫食品推出“迷你”奥利奥，这款新的奥利奥小饼干属于（）A 全新产品B 换代新产品C 改进新产品D 地域性新产品16、海尔电冰箱在“海尔”品牌下设有小王子、小小王子、大王子、帅王子、小小帅王子等，属于（）A 个别品牌策略B 多品牌策略C 品牌扩展策略D 主副品牌共用策略该企业的产品线宽度是_____，产品线深度是______。
市场营销学复习第四章—第六章
第四章购置行为研究概念消费者行为指消费者为满足其个人或家庭生活需要而发生的购置商品的决策或行动。
相关群体指能直接或间接影响一个人的态度、行为或价值观的团体。
重点问题一、影响消费者行为的内、外在因素影响消费者行为的内在因素包括:1.动机。
动机及行为有直接的因果关系，动机导致行为。
消费者行为的直接原因是动机。
消费者动机是很复杂的，可以把它们概括为两局部：生理动机与心理动机。
马斯洛指出人类的需要可以由低到高顺序排列成不同的层次，即生理需要、平安需要、社会需要、自尊需要、自我实现需要，前两个层次需要属生理的与物质方面的需要，后三个层次主要是心理的、精神方面的需要。
2．感受。
指消费者在其了解的范围内，通过其眼、耳、鼻、舌、身承受外界色、形、味等刺激或环境所形成的心理上的反响，是个体对于社会与物质环境的最简单、最初的理解。
感受有四个特征：〔１〕感受的选择性。
〔２〕感受的有组织性。
〔３〕感受受外在刺激的影响。
〔４〕感受个人因素的影响。
营销人员要掌握以上特点，充分利用企业的营销策略，使本企业的产品或效劳被更多的消费者感受到、理解正确。
3．态度。
通常指个体对事物所特有的一种协调一致的、有组织的、习惯性的内在心理反响。
态度不仅是在后天环境中产生的，也是针对某一对象产生的。
营销者研究“态度〞，主要从以下几个方面入手：消费者的态度形成、消费者态度的内容4、学习。
即指“在相似的情况下，由过去的行为所引发的行为改变〞，换言之，学习是指由于经历面引起的个人行为的改变。
影响消费者行为的外在因素包括：1、相关群体。
相关群体指能直接或间接影响一个人的态度、行为或价值观的团体。
相关群体可分为参及群体及非所属群体。
相关群体对消费者购置行为的影响。
主要有以下方面：第一，向消费者展示新的生活方式与消费模式，供人们选择；第二，相关群体能够影响人们的态度，帮助消费者在社会群体中认识消费方面的“自我〞；第三，相关群体的“仿效〞作用，使某群体内的人们消费行为趋于一致化；第四，相关群体中的“意见领袖〔或意见领导者〕〞，有时有难以估计的示范作用。