计算机网络_自顶向下方法_(中文版课件)第八章_网络安全.TopDownV3-8
计算机网络自顶向下课后习题答案答案
计算机网络自顶向下课后习题答案答案1复习题1.没有不同。
主机和端系统可以互换。
端系统包括PC，工作站，WEB服务器，邮件服务器，网络连接的PDA，网络电视等等。
2.假设爱丽丝是国家A的大使，想邀请国家B的大使鲍勃吃晚餐。
爱丽丝没有简单的打个电话说“现在我没一起吃晚餐吧”。
而是她先打电话给鲍勃建议吃饭的日期与时间。
鲍勃可能会回复说那天不行，另外一天可以。
爱丽丝与鲍勃不停的互发讯息直到他们确定一致的日期与时间。
鲍勃会在约定时间（提前或迟到不超过15分钟）出现再大使馆。
外交协议也允许爱丽丝或者鲍勃以合理的理由礼貌的退出约会。
3.联网（通过网络互联）的程序通常包括2个，每一个运行在不同的主机上，互相通信。
发起通信的程序是客户机程序。
一般是客户机请求和接收来自服务器程序的服务。
4.互联网向其应用提供面向连接服务（TCP）和无连接服务（UDP）2种服务。
每一个互联网应用采取其中的一种。
面相连接服务的原理特征是：①在都没有发送应用数据之前2个端系统先进行“握手”。
②提供可靠的数据传送。
也就是说，连接的一方将所有应用数据有序且无差错的传送到连接的另一方。
③提供流控制。
也就是，确保连接的任何一方都不会过快的发送过量的分组而淹没另一方。
④提供拥塞控制。
即管理应用发送进网络的数据总量，帮助防止互联网进入迟滞状态。
无连接服务的原理特征：①没有握手②没有可靠数据传送的保证③没有流控制或者拥塞控制5.流控制和拥塞控制的两个面向不同的对象的不同的控制机理。
流控制保证连接的任何一方不会因为过快的发送过多分组而淹没另一方。
拥塞控制是管理应用发送进网络的数据总量，帮助防止互联网核心（即网络路由器的缓冲区里面）发生拥塞。
6.互联网面向连接服务通过使用确认，重传提供可靠的数据传送。
当连接的一方没有收到它发送的分组的确认（从连接的另一方）时，它会重发这个分组。
7.电路交换可以为呼叫的持续时间保证提供一定量的端到端的带宽。
今天的大多数分组交换网（包括互联网）不能保证任何端到端带宽。
计算机网络：自顶向下方法-课本课后习题答案(1-3)
课后习题答案：Chapter 1:Review questions: 1,4,11,13,15,16,18,19,23,25,261没有不同，在本文书中，“主机”和“终端系统”可以互换使用。
终端系统包括PCs ，工作站，Web 服务器，电子邮件服务器，连接Internet 的PDA ，WebTV 等。
41 通过电话线拨号调制解调器：住宅2 通过电话线的DSL ：住宅或小型办公室3 光纤电缆：住宅4 100 Mbps 交换以太网：公司5 无线LAN ：移动电话6 蜂窝移动接入（例如WAP ）：移动电话11电路交换网络可以为一个通话保证特定数量的端到端带宽。
大多数现在分组交换网络（包括Internet ）可以提供所有端到端带宽保证。
13在时间t0发送主机开始传输。
在t1 = L/R1时，发送主机完成传输并且整个分组到达路由器（没有传播延迟）。
因为路由器在时间t1拥有整个分组，所以它在时间t1开始向接收主机传输此分组。
在时间t2 = t1 + L/R2，路由器完成传输并且接收主机接收整个分组（也没有传播延迟）。
因此端到端延迟是L/R1 + L/R2。
15a) 可以支持两个用户因为每个用户需要一半的链路带宽。
b) 因为在传输过程中每个用户需要1Mbps ，如果两个或更上用户同时传输，那么最大需要2Mbs 。
因为共享的链路的可用带宽是2Mbps ，所以在链接之前没有排队延迟。
然而，如果三个用户同时传输，那么需要的带宽将是3Mbps ，它大于共享链路的可用带宽，在这种情况下在链接前存在排队延迟。
c) 给定用户传输的概率是0.2。
d) 所有三个用户同时传输的概率是()333133--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛p p = (0.2)3 = 0.008。
因为当所有用户都传输时，队列增加，所以在队列增加的分数（它等于所有三个用户同时传输的概率）是0.008。
16延迟组件是处理延迟，传输延迟，传播延迟和排队延迟。
除了排队延迟是变化的，其它所有延迟都是固定的。
计算机网络：自顶向下方法-课本课后习题答案(1-3)
课后习题答案：Chapter 1:Review questions: 1,4,11,13,15,16,18,19,23,25,261没有不同，在本文书中，“主机”和“终端系统”可以互换使用。
终端系统包括PCs ，工作站，Web 服务器，电子邮件服务器，连接Internet 的PDA ，WebTV 等。
41 通过电话线拨号调制解调器：住宅2 通过电话线的DSL ：住宅或小型办公室3 光纤电缆：住宅4 100 Mbps 交换以太网：公司5 无线LAN ：移动电话6 蜂窝移动接入（例如WAP ）：移动电话11电路交换网络可以为一个通话保证特定数量的端到端带宽。
大多数现在分组交换网络（包括Internet ）可以提供所有端到端带宽保证。
13在时间t0发送主机开始传输。
在t1 = L/R1时，发送主机完成传输并且整个分组到达路由器（没有传播延迟）。
因为路由器在时间t1拥有整个分组，所以它在时间t1开始向接收主机传输此分组。
在时间t2 = t1 + L/R2，路由器完成传输并且接收主机接收整个分组（也没有传播延迟）。
因此端到端延迟是L/R1 + L/R2。
15a) 可以支持两个用户因为每个用户需要一半的链路带宽。
b) 因为在传输过程中每个用户需要1Mbps ，如果两个或更上用户同时传输，那么最大需要2Mbs 。
因为共享的链路的可用带宽是2Mbps ，所以在链接之前没有排队延迟。
然而，如果三个用户同时传输，那么需要的带宽将是3Mbps ，它大于共享链路的可用带宽，在这种情况下在链接前存在排队延迟。
c) 给定用户传输的概率是0.2。
d) 所有三个用户同时传输的概率是()333133--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛p p = (0.2)3 = 0.008。
因为当所有用户都传输时，队列增加，所以在队列增加的分数（它等于所有三个用户同时传输的概率）是0.008。
16延迟组件是处理延迟，传输延迟，传播延迟和排队延迟。
除了排队延迟是变化的，其它所有延迟都是固定的。
计算机网络教程自顶向下方法选择题及答案-Chapt-4-Network-Layer-QUIZZ
计算机网络教程自顶向下方法选择题及答案-Chapt-4-Network-Layer-QUIZZChapter 4 Network Layer1.Packetizing at the network layer involvesA) Encapsulating the payload at the sourceB) Adds a header that contains the source and destination informationC) Decapsulating the payload at the destinationD) All of the choices are correct2.Routers in the path are not allowed to ___________________________.A) fragment the packet they receiveB) decapsulate the packetC) change source or destination addressD) All of the choices are correct3.The network layer in the Internet provides _________________.A) comprehensive error and flow control.B) limited error control, but no flow control.C) comprehensive error control but limited flow control.D) All of the choices are correct4.In a virtual-circuit approach, the forwarding decision is based on the value of the _____________ field in the packet header.A) source addressB) destination addressC) labelD) None of the choices are correct5.In a datagram approach, the forwarding decision is based on the value of the _____________ field in the packet header.A) source addressB) destination addressC) labelD) None of the choices are correct6.The performance of a network can be measured in terms of ________.A) delayB) throughputC) packet lossD) all of the choices are correct7.Transmission delay (time) is the ratio of ______________________.A) transmission rate to packet lengthB) transmission rate to distanceC) packet length to transmission rateD) processing time to transmission rate8.Propagation delay (time) is the ratio of ______________________.A) transmission rate to propagation speedB) propagation speed to distanceC) packet length to propagation speedD) distance to propagation speed9.When the load in the network reaches the network capacity, the packet delay ___________ and the network throughput reaches______________.A) increases sharply; its minimumB) increases sharply; its maximumC) decreases sharply; its minimumD) decreases sharply; its maximum10.In open-loop congestion control, policies are applied ____________________.A) to prevent congestion before it happensB) to alleviate congestion after it happensC) to either prevent congestion before it happens or to alleviate congestion after it happensD) None of the choices are correct11.The __________________ technique is one of the open-loop congestion policyA) backpressureB) choke packetC) implicit signalingD) None of the choices are correct12.The __________________ technique is one of the close-loop congestion policyA) acknowledgment policyB) choke packetC) discarding policyD) None of the choices are correct13.IP is a _________ protocol.A) connection-oriented unreliableB) connection-oriented reliableC) connectionless unreliableD) connectionless reliable14.An HLEN value of decimal 10 means _______.A) there are 10 bytes of optionsB) there are 10 bytes in the headerC) there are 40 bytes of optionsD) there are 40 bytes in the header15.If the fragment offset has a value of 100, it means that _______.A) the datagram has not been fragmentedB) the datagram is 100 bytes in sizeC) the first byte of the datagram is byte 800D) None of the choices are correct16.What is needed to determine the number of the last byte of a fragment?A) offset numberB) total lengthC) both offset number and the total lengthD) None of the choices are correct17.The IP header size is _______ bytes long.A) 20 to 60B) 20C) 60D) None of the choices are correct18.Packets in the IP layer are called _________.A) segmentsB) datagramsC) framesD) None of the choices are correct19.The total length field defines the total length of the datagram _________.A) including the headerB) excluding the headerC) excluding the option lengthD) None of the choices are correct20.When a datagram is encapsulated in a frame, the total size of the datagram must be less than the _______.A) MUTB) MATC) MTUD) None of the choices are correct21.An IPv4 address is normally represented in base ____ in dotted-decimal notation.A) 16B) 256C) 10D) None of the choices are correct22.In classful addressing, the IPv4 address space is divided into _______ classes.A) 3B) 4D) None of the choices are correct23.The number of addresses assigned to an organization in classless addressing _______.A) can be any numberB) must be a multiple of 256C) must be a power of 2D) None of the choices are correct24.The first address assigned to an organization in classless addressing _______.A) must be evenly divisible by the number of addresses in the organizationB) must be divisible by 128C) must belong to one of the A, B, or C classesD) None of the choices are correct25.In subnetting, the number of addresses in each subnet must _______.A) be a power of 2B) be a multiple of 128C) be divisible by 128D) None of the choices are correct26.What is the default prefix length for class A in CIDR notation?A) 9B) 8C) 16D) None of the choices are correctWhat is the default prefix length for class B in CIDR notation?A) 9B) 8C) 16D) None of the choices are correct28.What is the default prefix length for class C in CIDR notation?A) 24B) 8C) 16D) None of the choices are correct29.DHCP is a (an) ___________ layer protocol.A) applicationB) transportC) networkD) data-link30.In DHCP, the client uses ________ port and the server uses _________ port.A) an ephemeral; a well-knownB) a well-known; a well-knownC) a well-known; an ephemeralD) None of the choices are correct31.DHCP uses the services of _______.A) UDPB) TCPC) IPD) None of the choices are correct32._________ allows a site to use a set of private addresses for internal communication and a set of global Internet addresses for communication with the rest of the world.A) DHCPB) NATC) IMCPD) None of the choices are correct33.The idea of address aggregation was designed to alleviate the increase in routing table entries when using ________ addressing.A) classfulB) classlessC) classful or classlessD) None of the choices are correct34.The use of hierarchy in routing tables can ________ the size of the routing tables.A) reduceB) increaseC) neither reduce nor increaseD) None of the choices are correct35.ICMP is a (an) _________ layer protocol.A) application-layer protocol that helps TCP/IP at the network layerB) transport-layer protocol that helps TCP/IP at the network layerC) network-layer protocol.D) data-link layer protocol that helps TCP/IP at the network layer36.Which of the following is true about ICMP messages?A) An ICMP error message may be generated for an ICMP error message.B) An ICMP error message may be generated for a fragmented datagram.C) An ICMP error message may be generated for a multicast datagram.D) None of the choices are correct37.Routing inside an autonomous system is referred to as ________ routing.A) interdomainB) intradomainC) out-of-domainD) None of the choices are correct38.Routing between autonomous systems is referred to as ______ routing.A) interdomain routingB) intradomain routingC) out-of-domainD) None of the choices are correct39.In _______ routing, the least cost route between any two nodes is the route with the minimum distance.A) path vectorB) distance vectorC) link stateD) None of the choices are correct40.In ________, each node maintains a vector (table) of minimum distances to every node.A) path vectorB) distance vectorC) link stateD) None of the choices are correct41.。
计算机网络(第3版)zw8
第8章网络安全8.1概述8.1.1网络安全的重要性1. 网络经济业务容易引入恶意攻击2. 网络安全是Internet的一个薄弱环节3. 攻击者很容易进入开放的Internet进行非法网络活动8.1.2网络攻击和网络安全服务1. 网络攻击2. 网络安全结构SA8.2两种密码体制8.2.1密码学基础1. 相关术语2. 早期的密码体制3. 现代密码体制4. Kerckoff原则5. 穷举攻击和计算上不可破译8.2.2对称密钥密码体制与公开密钥密码体制1. 对称密钥密码体制计算机网络（第3版）图8.1对称密钥密码体制2. 公开密钥密码体制图8.2公开密钥密码体制3. 应用场合8.2.3对称密钥密码体制的经典算法DES 1. DES算法计算机网络（第3版）图8.3DES加密算法图8.4初始置换和逆置换图8.5扩展变换E()图8.6S1()计算机网络（第3版）图8.7P()置换图8.8置换2. DES算法的发展图8.9DES-CBC加密解密过程3. 对称密钥密码体制的其他算法计算机网络（第3版）8.2.4公开密钥密码体制的经典算法RSA1. RSA算法2. RSA算法示例3. 实用中的密钥长度8.3数字签名和报文摘要8.3.1数字签名1. 数字签名的特点2. 基于公开密钥算法的数字签名计算机网络（第3版）图8.10采用公开密钥算法的数字签名3. 加密的数字签名8.3.2报文摘要1. 报文摘要产生的背景2. 报文摘要及其特点3. 使用报文摘要的数字签名图8.11使用报文摘要的数字签名4. MD5和SHA-1计算机网络（第3版）8.4身份认证和密钥分发8.4.1概述1. 身份认证2. 密钥分发8.4.2基于对称密钥的身份认证和密钥分发1. 密钥分发与密钥分发中心2. 基于对称密钥的身份认证和密钥分发机制图8.12基于KDC的身份认证和密钥分发3. 一次性随机数和会话密钥8.4.3基于公钥的身份认证和公钥分发1. 基于公钥的认证2. 公钥分发图8.13X.509版本3公钥证书结构计算机网络（第3版）8.5Internet网络安全技术8.5.1网际层安全技术1. 安全协议AH和ESP图8.14AH和ESP格式图8.15传输模式中的AH和ESP计算机网络（第3版）图8.16隧道模式中的AH和ESP2. 安全关联（SA）3. 因特网密钥交换（IKE）8.5.2传输层安全技术图8.17TLS记录协议的操作过程8.5.3应用层安全技术1. 安全电子邮件计算机网络（第3版）图8.18PGP加密过程2. WWW安全标准3. 通用安全服务API8.6防火墙8.6.1概述8.6.2防火墙技术1. 包过滤技术2. 代理服务技术3. 防火墙技术示例图8.19防火墙的例子8.6.3防火墙系统1. 防火墙系统的结构2. 包过滤防火墙3. 双穴主机网关防火墙图8.20包过滤防火墙图8.21双穴主机网关防火墙4. 屏蔽主机网关防火墙图8.22屏蔽主机网关防火墙5. 屏蔽子网防火墙图8.23屏蔽子网防火墙8.7虚拟专用网（VPN）8.7.1概述1. 什么是VPN2. VPN类型8.7.2VPN隧道和隧道协议1. VPN隧道2. 隧道技术涉及的协议种类3. 隧道协议8.7.3L2TP VPN1. L2TP隧道2. L2TP报文及其格式3. L2TP VPN的数据封装与传输图8.26Internet上的L2TP数据传输8.7.4IPSec VPN1. 内联网IPSec VPN和外联网IPSec VPN图8.27LAN-to-LAN IPSec VPN 2. 远程访问IPSec VPN图8.28远程访问IPSec VPN思考题8.1网络攻击主要有哪几种方式？网络安全服务主要涉及哪些方面？8.2什么是密码技术中的Kerckoff原则？为什么会有这样的原则？8.3什么样的密钥可以做到计算上不可破译？试举一例说明。
计算机网络自顶向下方法第七章中文版答案全文优选
WRI 研究生0601最新精选全文完整版（可编辑修改）7复习题流式存储音频/视频: 暂停/恢复, 重新定位, 快进, 实时交互的音频视频: 人们进行实时的通信和响应。
第一阵营：TCP/IP协议中的基本原理没有变化, 按照需求增加带宽, 仍然使用有超高速缓存, 内容分布, 多点覆盖的网络。
1.第二阵营: 提供一个可以使应用在网络中节省带宽的网络服务。
2.第三阵营: 有区别的服务: 提出了在网络边缘的简单分类和维护方案。
并且根据他们在路由队列中的级别给出了不同的数据包和级别。
6.1: 简单, 不需要meta file 和流媒体服务器3. 6.2：允许媒体播放器通过web服务器直接进行交互, 不需要流媒体服务器。
4. 6.3：媒体播放器直接与流媒体服务器进行交互, 以满足一些特殊的流媒体应用。
5.端到端时延是分组从源经过网络到目的地所需要的时间。
分组时延抖动是这个分组与下个分组的端到端时延的波动。
6.在预定的播放时间之后收到的分组不能被播放, 所以, 从应用的观点来看, 这个分组可以认为是丢失了。
7.第一种方案: 在每n个数据块之后发送一个冗余的数据块, 这个冗余的被。
【the redundant chunk is obtained byexclusive OR-ing the n original chunks】8.第二种方案：随起始的数据流发送一个低分辨率, 低比特率的方案, 这种交错不会增加数据流的带宽需求。
不同会话中的RTP流: 不同的多播地址同一会话中不同流: SSRC fieldRTP和RTCP分组通过端口号区别。
9.传达报告分组: 包括分组丢失部分的信息, 最后序列号, 两次到达时间间隔的抖动。
发送报告分组: 大部分目前产生的RTP分组的时间戳和wall clock time , 发送分组的数量, 发送字节的数量, 源描述分组: 发送方的e-mail 地址, 发送方的姓名, 产生RTP流的应用。
计算机网络自顶向下课后答案及解析
7第一章R11 L/R1 + L/R2R13a. 两个用户b. 每个用户需要1Mbps进行传输，若两个或更少用户同时进行传输，则带宽需求量最大为2Mbps，由于链路总带宽为2Mbps，所以无排队时延；若三个或更多用户同时进行传输，带宽需求超过3Mbps，多于链路总带宽，因此会出现排队时延。
c. 0.27d. 0.008；0.008R19a. 500kbpsb. 64sc. 100kbps；320sR23应用层：网络应用程序及应用层协议存留的地方；传输层：在应用程序端点之间传送应用层报文；网络层：将网络层分组（数据报）从一台主机移动到另一台主机；链路层：将分组从一个结点移动到路径上的下一个结点；物理层：将帧（链路层分组）中的一个一个比特从一个结点移动到下一个结点。
R25路由器：网络层，链路层，物理层链路层交换机：链路层，物理层主机：所有五层P3a. 电路交换网。
因为应用包含可预测的稳定带宽需求的长运行时间，由于传输率已知且非猝发，可在无明显浪费的情况下为每个应用周期预留带宽。
且建立与中断连接的总开销可被均摊在应用长时间的运行时间中。
b. 在最坏的情况下，所有应用同时经一条或多条链路传输。
然而由于每条链路都有足够带宽提供给所有应用，不会出现拥塞情况，因此不需要拥塞控制。
第二章R5目的主机的IP地址与目的进程套接字的端口号R12当用户首次访问网站时，服务器创建一唯一标识码，在其后端服务器中创建一入口，将该唯一标识码作为Cookie 码返回，该cookie 码储存在用户主机中，由浏览器管理。
在后来每次的访问与购买中，浏览器将cookie 码发送给网站，因此当该用户（准确地说，该浏览器）访问该网站时，网站会立即获知。
R15FTP 使用两平行TCP 连接，一条连接发送控制信息（例如文件传输请求），另一条连接用作实际传输文件。
由于控制信息不会通过与文件传输相同的连接发送，因此FTP 在“带外”发送控制信息。
R19是的，一个机构的邮件服务器和Web 服务器可以有完全相同的主机名别名。
计算机网络教程自顶向下方法选择题及答案Chapt3TransportLayer-QUIZZ
Chapter 3 Transport Layer1.One of the main duties of the transport layer is to provide ____________ communication.A) node-to-nodeB) host-to-hostC) process-to-processD) None of the choices are correct2.A client program normally uses ____________ port number. A server program normally uses __________ port number.A) a well-known; an ephemeralB) an ephemeral; a well-knownC) a private; a well-knownD) None of the choices are correct3.A socket address is a combination of __________.A) A MAC address and a logical addressB) A MAC address and a port numberC) a user-specific address and a logical addressD) None of the choices are correct4.______________ means accepting items from more than one source. ______________ means delivering items to more than one source.A) Demultiplexing; MultiplexingB) Multiplexing; DemultiplexingC) Encapsulation; DecapsulationD) Pulling; Pushing5.________ means the producer delivers the items when they are produced. _______ means the consumer takes the items when it is ready to do so.A) Pushing; pullingB) Pulling; pushingC) Forwarding; acceptingD) None of the choices are correct6.In the stop-and-wait protocol, the maximum send window size is ______ and the maximum receive window size is _______ where m is the number of bits in the sequence.A) 1; 1B) 2m; – 1C) 1; 2mD) 2m; 2m7.In the Go-Back-N protocol, the maximum send window size is ______ and the maximum receivewindow size is _______, where m is related to the number of bits in the sequence. number.A) 1; 1B) 1; 2mC) 2m – 1; 1D) 2m – 1; 2m – 18.In the selective-repeat protocol, the maximum send window size is ______ and the maximum receive window size is _______, where m is the number of bits in the sequence.A) 1; 1B) 1; 2m – 1C) 2m – 1; 1D) 2m – 1; 2m – 19.UDP is a ________________ transport protocol.A) connectionless, reliableB) connection-oriented, unreliableC) connectionless, unreliableD) None of the choices are correct10.UDP is an acronym for _______.A) User Delivery ProtocolB) User Datagram ProcedureC) User Datagram ProtocolD) None of the choices are correct11.At the transport layer, to define the processes, we need two identifiers called ____________.A) logical addressesB) physical addressesC) port addressesD) None of the choices are correct12.The ports ranging from 0 to 1,023 are called the ___________ ports. The ports ranging from 1,024 to 49,151 are called ___________ ports. The ports ranging from 49,152 to 65,535 are called the ___________ ports.A) well-known; registered; dynamic or privateB) registered; dynamic or private; well-knownC) private or dynamic; well-known; registeredD) private or dynamic; registered; well-known13.UDP and TCP are two protocols at the ___________ layer.A) data linkB) networkC) transportD) application14.Which of the following functions are performed by UDP?A) process-to-process communicationB) host-to-host communicationC) node-to-node communicationD) None of the choices are correct15.A port number is _______ bits long.A) 8B) 16C) 32D) 6416.Which of the following does UDP provide?A) flow controlB) connection-oriented deliveryC) error controlD) None of the choices are correct17.The source port number on the UDP user datagram header defines _______.A) the sending computerB) the receiving computerC) the process running on the sending computerD) None of the choices are correct18.To use the services of UDP, we need ________ socket addresses.A) fourB) twoC) threeD) None of the choices are correct19.UDP packets are called __________ .A) user datagramsB) segmentsC) framesD) None of the choices are correct20.UDP packets have a fixed-size header of _______ bytes.A) 16B) 8C) 40D) 3221.TCP is a __________ protocol.A) byte-orientedB) message-orientedC) block-orientedD) None of the choices are correct22.TCP groups a number of bytes together into a packet called a ___________.A) user datagramB) segmentC) datagramD) None of the choices are correct23.TCP is a(n) ___________ protocol.A) connection-orientedB) connectionlessC) both connection-oriented and connectionlessD) None of the choices are correct24.TCP is a(n) _______ transport protocol.A) unreliableB) best-effort deliveryC) reliableD) None of the choices are correct25.TCP uses _________________ to check the safe and sound arrival of data.A) an acknowledgment mechanismB) out-of-band signalingC) the services of another protocolD) None of the choices are correct26.The bytes of data being transferred in each connection are numbered by TCP. The numbering starts with a __________________.A) 0B) 1C) randomly generated numberD) None of the choices are correct27.In TCP, the sequence number for each segment is the number of the _______ byte (virtual byte) carried in that segment.A) firstB) lastC) middleD) None of the choices are correct28.Communication in TCP is ___________.A) simplexB) half-duplexC) full-duplexD) None of the choices are correct29.In TCP, the value of the acknowledgment field in a sent segment defines the sequence number related to the ______ byte a party expects to receive next.A) firstB) lastC) nextD) None of the choices are correct30.The inclusion of the checksum in the TCP segment is ________.A) optionalB) mandatoryC) depends on the type of dataD) None of the choices are correct31.In TCP, a SYN segment consumes _____ sequence number(s).A) noB) oneC) twoD) None of the choices are correct32.In TCP, a SYN + ACK segment consumes _____ sequence numbers.A) noB) threeC) twoD) one33.In TCP, an ACK segment, if carrying no data, consumes ______ sequence number(s).A) noB) oneC) twoD) None of the choices are correct34.The connection establishment procedure in TCP is susceptible to a serious security problem called the _________ attack.A) ACK floodingB) FIN floodingC) SYN floodingD) None of the choices are correct35.The SYN flooding attack belongs to a group of security attacks known as a _____ attack.A) denial of serviceB) replayC) man-in-the middleD) None of the choices are correct36.In TCP, a FIN segment consumes ____ sequence numbers if it does not carry data.A) twoB) threeC) noD) one37.In TCP, a FIN + ACK segment consumes _____ sequence number(s) if it does not carry data.A) twoB) threeC) oneD) no38.In TCP, one end can stop sending data while still receiving data. This is called a ______ termination.A) half-closeB) half-openC) full-closeD) None of the choices are correct39.TCP sliding windows are __________ oriented.A) packetB) segmentC) byteD) None of the choices are correct40.In TCP, the size of the send window is the ________ of rwnd and cwnd.A) maximumB) sum ofC) minimumD) None of the choices are correct41.In TCP, the window should not be _________.A) openedB) closedC) shrunkD) slide42.In TCP, the receiver can temporarily shut down the window; the sender, however, can always send a segment of _____ byte(s) after the window is shut down.A) tenB) zeroC) oneD) None of the choices are correct43.A serious problem can arise in the sliding window operation when either the sending application program creates data slowly or the receiving application program consumes data slowly, or both. This problem is called the ______.A) silly window syndromeB) unexpected syndromeC) window bugD) None of the choices are correct44.Nagle's algorithm can solve the silly window syndrome created by the _________.A) senderB) receiverC) both sender and receiverD) None of the choices are correct45.Clark's solution can solve the silly window syndrome created by the _________.A) senderB) receiverC) both sender and receiverD) None of the choices are correct46.Delayed acknowledgment can solve the silly window syndrome created by the _________.A) senderB) receiverC) both sender and receiverD) None of the choices are correct47.In TCP, an ACK segments that carry no data consumes _______ sequence number(s).A) noB) oneC) twoD) None of the choices are correct48.In modern implementations of TCP, a retransmission occurs if the retransmission timer expires or ________ duplicate ACK segments have arrived.A) oneB) twoC) threeD) None of the choices are correct49.In TCP, ________ retransmission timer is set for an ACK segment.A) oneB) a previousC) noD) None of the choices are correct50.In TCP, there can be ______ RTT measurement(s) in progress at any time.A) twoB) only oneC) severalD) None of the choices are correct51.We need to multiply the header length field by _______ to find the total number of bytes in the TCP header.A) 2B) 4C) 6D) None of the choices are correct52.In TCP, urgent data requires the urgent pointer field as well as the URG bit (to be set) in the _______ field.A) controlB) offsetC) sequence numberD) None of the choices are correct53.In TCP, if the ACK value is 200, then byte _______ has been received successfully.A) 199B) 200C) 201D) None of the choices are correct54.In TCP, the _______ timer prevents a long idle connection between two TCPs.A) retransmissionB) persistenceC) keepaliveD) None of the choices are correct55.In TCP, the _______ timer is needed to handle the zero window-size advertisement.A) retransmissionB) persistenceC) keepaliveD) None of the choices are correct56.In TCP, Karn's algorithm is used in calculations by the _______ timer.A) retransmissionB) persistenceC) keepaliveD) None of the choices are correct57.In TCP, a special segment called a probe is sent by a sending TCP when the _______ timer goes off.A) transmissionB) persistenceC) keepaliveD) None of the choices are correct58.__________ control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to keep the load below the capacity.A) flowB) errorC) congestionD) None of the choices are correct59.In TCP's ________ algorithm the size of the congestion window increases exponentially until it reaches a threshold.A) congestion avoidanceB) congestion detectionC) slow startD) None of the choices are correct60.In TCP's __________ algorithm the size of the congestion window increases additively until congestion is detected.A) congestion avoidanceB) congestion detectionC) slow startD) None of the choices are correct61.________ treats the two signs of congestion detections, timeout and three duplicate ACKs, in the same way.A) Taho TCPB) Reno TCPC) new Reno TCPD) None of the choices are correct62.In ______ TCP, when the connection is established, TCP starts the slow start algorithms and sets the ssthresh variable to a pre-agreed value (normally 64 or 128 kilobytes) and the cwnd variable to 1 MSS.A) Taho TCPB) Reno TCPC) new Reno TCPD) None of the choices are correct63.The ___________ added a new state to the congestion control FSM, called the fast recovery state.A) Taho TCPB) Reno TCPC) new Reno TCPD) None of the choices are correct64.The ___________ treated the two signals of congestion, timeout and arrival of three duplicate ACKs, differently.A) Taho TCPB) Reno TCPC) new Reno TCPD) None of the choices are correct65.The __________ state in Reno TCP is a state somehow between the slow start and the congestion avoidance states.A) congestion avoidanceB) congestion detectionC) slow recoveryD) None of the choices are correct66.In the Reno TCP, when TCP enters the fast recovery, if duplicate ACKs continue to come, TCP ____________________________________.A) stays in this state, but the cwnd grows additivelyB) stays in this state, but the cwnd grows exponentiallyC) moves to slow start stateD) moves to the congestion avoidance state but deflate the size of the cwnd to ssthresh value67.In the Reno TCP, when TCP enters the fast recovery, if a timeout occurs, TCP ____________________________________.A) stays in this state, but the cwnd grows additivelyB) stays in this state, but the cwnd grows exponentiallyC) moves to slow start stateD) moves to the congestion avoidance state but deflate the size of the cwnd to ssthresh value68.In the Reno TCP, when TCP enters the fast recovery, if a new (non duplicate) ACK arrives TCP.____________________________________.A) stays in this state, but the cwnd grows additivelyB) stays in this state, but the cwnd grows exponentiallyC) moves to slow start stateD) moves to the congestion avoidance state but deflate the size of the cwnd to ssthresh value69.A later version of TCP, called ______ TCP, made an extra optimization on the _______ TCP.A) New Reno; RenoB) New Taho; TahoC) New Reno; TahoD) New Taho; Reno70.In the slow start algorithm, the size of the congestion window grows ______________ until ___________________.A) exponentially; it reaches a thresholdB) exponentially; congestion is detectedC) additively; it reaches a thresholdD) additively; congestion is detected71.In the congestion avoidance algorithm, the size of the congestion window grows ______________ congestion is detected.A) exponentially; it reaches a thresholdB) exponentially; congestion is detectedC) additively; it reaches a thresholdD) additively; congestion is detected72.The congestion window size, after it passes the initial slow start state, follows a saw tooth pattern called _________________________________.A) exponential increase, additive decreaseB) additive increase, exponential decreaseC) multiplicative increase, additive decreaseD) 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