2013年职称英语考试理工类新增文章内容
2013年职称英语综合类新增文章(20121225)
Taking Pictures of the WorldMeet Annie Griffiths Belt, a National Geographic photographer. Belt has worked for National Geographic since l978，and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world．In fact，Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn’t seen yet．Belt’s photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality．They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world．Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra，Jordan，as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England．Recently，her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America．Everywhere that Belt goes，she takes pictures of people．Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language．“The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people’s lives．”she has said．“The camera is like a passport，and I am often overwhelmed by 1 how quickly people welcome me!”Knowing how to break the ice has helped to make Belt a successful photographer．but experts say that anyone can learn to connect with new people．When people speak the same language，greetings and small talk can make strangers feel more comfortable with each other．When people don’t speak the same language，a smile is very helpful．Having something in common can also help break the ice 2．For example，Belt has traveled with her two children，so when she takes pictures of children or their parents，they all have that family connection in common．Even bad weather can help people to connect when they are experiencing it together．Belt has some advice if you are thinking about a career in photography．You can volunteer to take pictures for a local organization that can’t afford to hire a professional photographer．You can also take a good，honest look at your best photographs．If you’re a real photographer，your photos are good because of your personal and technical skills．Belt also recommends studying and learning from photos taken by professional photographers．Remember，the next time you look at a beautiful photograph，you might be looking at the work of Annie Griffiths Belt．And the next time you meet a new person，don’t be afraid to break the ice．The connection you make could be very rewarding．1．Belt has never traveled to England．B．Wrong2．Belt has never traveled to Antarctica．A．Right3．Belt has worked for a number of magazines．A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned4．Petra is a very old city in Jordan．A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned5．Belt can only connect withEnglish-speakers．A．Right B．Wrong C．NOt mentioned6．People can connect with each other in bad weather．A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned7．V olunteering is one way to begin a photography career．A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentionedStarting a New TraditionShantelle Davis is a nine-year-old girl in New York．On a cold night in December．her family is standing around the kitchen table while she lights a candle．The table is decorated with baskets of fruits and vegetables and ears of corn for Shantelle and her two brothers．“This candle represents umoja，an African word that means being together，”Shantelle says．“That’s the most important thing for a family．”Tonight is the first night of Kwanzaa，and Shantelle is spending the holiday with her family．More than 5 million African Americans celebrate Kwanzaa every year from December 26 until January l．It’s a time when they get together with their families to thinkabout their history and their ancestors inAfrica l．Kwanzaa is very unusual because it wasstarted by one man．In l966,an Americannamed Maulana Karenga wanted a holiday forAfrican．Americans to honor their culture andtraditions．So he used words and customs fromAfrica to create a new celebration．He took thename Kwanzaa from the words for “first fruits”in Swahili, an African language．At first, a fewAmerican families had small celebrations athome．Now there are also Kwanzaa events inschools and public places，and Kwanzaa hasspread to other countries like Canada andJamaica．The main symbol of Kwanzaa is acandleholder with seven candies, one for eachof the principles of Kwanzaa．Each night，afamily member lights one of the candles andtalks about the idea it represents：beingtogether，being yourself，helping each other，sharing，having a goal，creating，andbelieving．The candles are red，black，andgreen，the colors of Kwanzaa．The parents alsopour drinks to honor family members who havedied．On the last night of Kwanzaa，there is abig dinner with African food, and childrenreceive small presents．Today people can buy Kwanzaa greetingcards and special Kwanzaa clothes．Stores sellKwanzaa candles and candleholders．Somepeople don’t believe that Kwanzaa is a realholiday, because it’s so new．But other peoplesay that customs and celebrations are alwayschanging and that Kwanzaa shows what isimportant in people’s lives 2．Shantelle Davis says she likes Kwanzaabecause it’s fun．“But I also learn new thingsevery year,” she says．1．Kwanzaa is celebrated at the end of theyear．A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned2．Kwanzaa is a holiday forAfrican-Americans.A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned3．Kwanzaa is a very old holiday．A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned4．People in Africa celebrate Kwanzaa．A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned5．People spend a lot of time with their familiesduring Kwanzaa．A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned6．Children receive presents at the end ofKwanzaa．A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned7．Everyone thinks Kwanzaa is an importantholiday．A．Right B．Wrong C．NotmentionedUS Signs Global Tobacco Treaty1 The United States has taken the first steptoward approving a global tobacco treaty thatpromises to help control the deadly effects oftobacco use throughout the world l．Health andHuman Services Secretary Tommy Thompsonsigned the Framework Convention on TobaccoControl(FCTC)this week at the UnitedNations．The Senate must still approve thetreaty before the US call implement itsprovisions．2 The FCTC was developed by theWorld Health Organization and approved bymembers of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year．Countriesthat ratify it would be required to enact stricttobacco control policies2．3 For instance．cigarettes sold in thosecountries would have to have health warningson at least 30％of the front and back of everypack3．The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes,restrictions on smoking in public places，andmore promotion of tobacco prevention andcessation programs．It also requires bans ontobacco advertising，though there are someexceptions for countries like the UnitedStates．where the Constitution prohibits such anoutright ban．4 The impact of the treaty could behuge．The World Health Organization estimatesthat tobacco use kills nearly 5 million peopleworldwide every year．In the US alone，about440，000 people die each year fromtobacco-related illnesses；about one-third of allcancels in the US are caused by tobacco use．Ifcurrent trends continue．WHO estimates．by2025 tobacco will kill l0 million people eachyear．5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40countries before it can take effect．So far．109countries have signed it,and l2 have ratified it．A What the FCTC DemandsB US Signing of the FCTCC Opposition to the FCTCD How the FCTC Came into BeingE What the FCTC Will Bring aboutF Ratification of the FCTC5．Signing the FCTC is only the first steptoward .6．Countries that ratify the FCTC will have to，among other things，.7．It is hoped that the FCTC will greatly help toreduce deaths .8．Much more countries have signed the FCTCthan those that .A Have ratified itB approving itC implement its provisionsD restrict smoking in public placesE caused by tobacco useD including higher tobacco taxesHow We Form First Impressionl We all have first impression ofsomeone we just met．But why? Why do weform an opinion about someone without reallyknowing anything about him or her-asideperhaps from a few remarks or readilyobservable traits．2 The answer is related to how your brainallows you to be aware of the world．Your brainis so sensitive in picking up facial traits，evenvery minor difference in how a person’s eyes，ears，nose．or mouth ale placed in relation toeach other makes you see him or her asdifferent1．In fact，your brain continuouslyprocesses incoming sensory information-thesights and sounds of your world．Theseincoming “signals” are compared against2 ahost of “memories” stored in the brain areascalled the cortex system to determine whatthese new signals “mean”．3 If you see someone you know and likeat school3,your brain says “familiar and safe.”If you see someone new, it says，“new-potentially threatening” .Then your brainstarts to match features of this stranger withother “known” memories. The height，weight，dress，ethnicity，gestures，and tone of voice are all matchedup．The more unfamiliar the characteristics．themore your brain may say，“This is new．I don’tlik e this person”.0r else，“I’m intrigued”. Oryour brain may perceive a new face butfamiliar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like yourother friends；so your brain says：“I like thisperson．”But these preliminary“impressions”can be dead wrong4．4 When we stereotype people, we use aless mature form of thinking(not unlike theimmature thinking of a very young child)thatmakes simplistic and categorical impressionsof others．Rather than learn about the depth andbreadth of people-their history，interest,values，strengths，and true character-wecategorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks．5 However, if we resist initialstereotypical impressions, we have a chance tobe aware of what a person is truly like．If wespend time with a person，hear about his or herlife, hopes, dreams, and become aware of theperson’s character, we use a different，moremature style of thinking—and the mostcomplex areas of our cortex, Which allow us tobe humane．A Ways of Departure from Immature andSimplisticB Comment on First ImpressionC Illustration of First ImpressionD Comparing Incoming Sensory InformationAgainstE Threatening Aspect of First ImpressionF Differences Among Jocks,Geeks and Freaks5．Sensory information is one that is perceivedthrough ．6．by comparing it againstthe memories already stored in your brain．7．The way we stereotype people is a lessmature form of thinking，which is similarto .thanks to .of thinkingB the most complex areas of our cortexC the meaning form of thinking of a very young childD the meaning of incoming sensory informationE the sights and sounds of the worldF an opportunity to analyze different form of thinkingShark Attack!Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard，scanning the distance for his next wave，when his board suddenly stopped moving．He looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark biting the front of his board．“I could have touched its eye with my elbow．”says Craig．The shark had surfaced so quietly that he hadn’t heard a thing．In his horror and confusion，he waved his arms and accidentally cut two of his fingers on the shark’s teeth1．He then slid off the opposite side of his surfboard into the water．Then, with Craig in the water and blood flowing from his fingers，the five-meter-long shark simply swam away，disappearing into the water below．Although sharks are often categorized as killers that hunt and eat as many humans as they can, this is factually inaccurate．Sharks very rarely kill humans．A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark．2 Only 74 people have been reported killed by great whites in the Iast century．But great white sharks Can reach six meters in length and weigh 2，200 kilograms or more．with frightening jaws that can hold up to 3，000 teeth arranged in several rows．they could very easily kill and eat a helpless human in the water．Why is it，then，that most people survive attacks by great whites? Shark researchers are trying to comprehend the reasons that allow people to escape without being eaten．The most common explanation is that great whites don’t see well．It has been thought that they mistake people for the seals or sea lions which make up a large part of their diet．There is reason to doubt this, however．Recent information shows that great whites can actually see very well．Also, when attacking seals．great whites shoot up to the surface and bite with great force．When approaching humans，however，they most often move in slowly and bite less hard．They soon discover that humans are not a high—fat meal．“They spit us out because we’re too bony．”says Aidan Martin，director of Reef Quest Center for Shark Research．Shark researchers like Martin hypothesize that great whites are actually curious animals that like to investigate things．It’s possible that they use their bite not only to kill and eat，but also to gather information．Although such an experience is unlucky for people like Craig Rogers，when sharks bite surfboards or other objects or people，they are likely just trying to learn what they are．1．After Craig Rogers fell into the water，the shark .2．It is difficult for the author to understand why great whites .A)often let humans escape3．Which of the following is closest in meaning to make up in line 2 0f paragraph 4?B)are．．4．The word their in line 2 0f paragraph 4 means .B)great whites’5．What is the main idea of the forth paragraph?C)We n ow know great whites don’t mistake humans for other animals．The Travels of lbn Battuta“I left Tangier，my birthplace，the l3th of June l325 with the intention of making the pilgrimage。
2013年全国职称英语等级考试(理工类C级)真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类C级）真题及详解部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）。
第1下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定l个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I grabbed his arm and made him turn to look at me.A. seizedB. threwC. brokeD. stretched【答案】A【解析】句意：我抓住他的胳膊使他扭头看我。
划线单词grabbed是grab的过去式，意为“抓住”。
seized逮住。
threw丢弃。
broke 打破。
stretched伸直。
因此，本题正确答案为A。
2. Traffic reaches its rush hour between 8:00 and 9:00 in the morning.A. borderB. goalC. peakD. level【答案】C【解析】句意：早八点至九点是上班交通高峰期。
划线词组rush hour意为“(上下班交通)高峰期”。
peak使达到最高点。
border接近。
goal攻门。
level水平；标准。
因此，本题正确答案为C。
3. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already.A. rightB. obviousC. unbelievableD. unclear【答案】C【解析】句意：这真是令人难以置信，他已经在那儿一个星期了。
划线单词incredible 意为“难以置信的，惊人的”。
unbelievable难以置信的，不可思议的。
right正确的。
obvious 明显的。
unclear 不清楚的。
因此，本题正确答案为C。
4. I tried to detach myself from the reality of these terrible events.A. bringB. separateC. putD. set【答案】B【解析】句意：我尝试让自己摆脱这些可怕的事情。
2013职称英语理工类A全部新增文章
2013年职称英语理工类A考试教材新增文章目录及内容下载汇总+第四十八篇：Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright 完型填空：+第十三篇：Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking UprightMost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don’t question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape — one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees — to walk on two legs.“These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "，said Dr. Richmond.The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University’s “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut — the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees’ behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.In such high-competition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available 一even their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.词汇：scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的chimpanzee n.黑猩猩ape n.无尾猿; 类人猿bipedal adj. 二足的anatomical adj.解剖的coula nuts( coula也可写作cola或kola)可乐果注释：1. GW’s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences:乔治•华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院。
2013职称英语(理工类)资料-推荐下载
光盘资料第一部分 考纲解读一、概述总述：全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由人事部组织实施的一项国家级外语考试。
专业类别注：三类考试的共同点和不同点：每个级别的试卷内容，除综合类外，普通英语和专业英语题目各占50%。
对于类别的区分意义不大，原则上考生报综合、理工、卫生的任何一类都是可以的，考生可结合自身情况及单位规定进行报考。
在正式考试中，50%的题都是一样的。
等级总分：100分考试时间：120分钟注：参加考试的考生允许带一本普通的英语字典进入考场。
建议参加C 级和B 级考试的考生可以使用《牛津英汉双解词典（中级）》，参加A 级考试的考生适用《牛津英汉双解词典（高级）》，还可以同时考虑准备一本《牛津英语同义词词典》。
二、评价目标总目标：要求：（一）词汇量注：可以主要掌握2000个左右的核心单词和短语结构。
实际考试中出现的超纲词一般都会给出中文注释。
（二）语法知识注：不直接考查语法，对基本语法的考查融入到各类考题中，进行间接考查。
（三）阅读理解能力三、考试内容与试卷结构总述：A、B、C三个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难以程度不同。
考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。
试卷结构及考查目的（总题量65题，满分100分）题型材料类型答题要求考查目的题量分值第一部分词汇选项（四选一）15个句子给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
在一定语境下理解单词或短语的意义。
1515第二部分阅读判断（三选一）1篇短文（300～450词）给出7句话，要求应试者根据文章内容做出判断（正、误、没有直接或间接提到）。
识别和判断文章信息。
77第三部分概括大意与完成句子(选择搭配)1篇短文（300～450词）分两部分：1.概况大意（6选4）；2.完成句子（6选4）。
抓大意，掌握细节。
88第四部分阅读理解（四选一）3篇短文（各300～450词）每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项，要求应试者从中选择1个最佳答案。
2013年职称英语真题参考答案(理工类A级仅供参考)
2013职称英语考试试卷2013年职称英语综合类真题参考答案(理工类A级仅供参考)2013年职称英语考试落下帷幕，笔者及时整理了2013年职称英语理工类真题试卷及参考答案（A级），由于时间仓促，有不对请指证，相互学习。
预祝大家取得好成绩！2013职称英语理工类A级真题试卷及答案：第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. The rules are too (rigid) to allow for human error.A. inflexibleB. generalC. complexD. direct2. This species has nearly (died out) because its habitat is being destroyed.A. turned deadB. passed byC. carried awayD. become extinct3. The contract between the two companies will (expire) soon.A. shortenB. endC. startD. resume4. Three world-class tennis players came to (content) for this title.A. argueB. claimC. wishD. compete5. The methods of communication used during the war were (primitive).A. simpleB. reliableC. effectiveD. alternative6. Respect for life is a (cardinal) principle of the law.A. moralB. regularC. fundamentalD. hard7. The drinking water has became (contaminated) with lead.A. pollutedB. treatedC. testedD. corrupted8. Come out, or I’ll (bust) the door down.A. shutB. setC. breakD. beat9. She (shed) a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.A. wipedB. injectedC. producedD. removed10. They didn’t seem to appreciate the (magnitude) of the problem.A. existenceB. importanceC. causeD. situation11. The tower remains (intact) ever after two hundred years.A. unknownB. unusualC. undamagedD. unstable12. Many experts remain (skeptical) about his claims.A. doubtfulB. untouchedC. certainD. silent13. The proposal was (endorsed) the majority of members.A. rejectedB. submittedC. consideredD. approved14. Rumors began to (circulate) about his financial problems.A. sendB. spreadC. hearD. confirm15. The police will need to keep a (wary) eye on this area of town.A. nakedB. cautiousC. blindD. private答案：1-5：A D B D A;6-10：C A C C B ; 11-15：C A D B B第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类(B级)试题(二)
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类（B级）试题第4部分：阅读理解（第31〜45题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。
请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇Energy and Public LandsThe United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production ；the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing (租赁)，both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf. Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.In 2000，32 percent of US oil，35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20，000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State governments. In 1999, for example，$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-Indian coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues，of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems，pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production, though the amount is still significant。
2013年职称英语等级考试用书(理工类A.B.C)阅读理解-第二篇
第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第二篇世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值crude oil原油Decade英 [ˈdekeɪd] 美 [ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked] n. 十年，十年间；十个一组；十年期In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in A CS’ Energy ＆Fuels1．科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。
这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年，已经发表在美国化学学会《能量与燃料》杂志上。
effort英 [ˈefət] 美 [ˈɛfət] n. 努力，尝试；工作；成就；杰作复数：efforts conserve英[kən'sɜ:v] 美[kənˈsɚv] vt. 保护，保藏，保存；predict英 [prɪ'dɪkt] 美 [prɪdɪkt] vt. 预言，预测；预示，预告vi. 预言，预示：预言某事，预言Energy英 ['enədʒɪ] 美 [ˈɛnədʒi] n. [物]能量；活力；精力；精神Fuels英 [fjʊəlz] 美 [fjʊrlz] n.燃料( fuel的名词复数 )；（为身体提供能量的）食物；v. 给…加燃料，给…加油( fuel的第三人称单数 )；激起；补充燃料Ibrahim Nashawi and colleague s point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil"．伊布赫姆·纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类(A级)试题(二)
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）试题第4部分：阅读理解（第31~45题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。
请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇On the Trail of the Honey BadgerOn a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾)The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地）as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before relea sing them. In view of the anima’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.“The problem with honey badgers Is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,”he says. “That，combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的) Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen. ’’The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got ail of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometres. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an Important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people，it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals，curiosity —or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seemed to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.28 Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?A To find where honey badgers live.B To observe how honey badgers behave.C To catch some honey badgers for food.D To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.29 What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?A They show interest in things they are not familiar with.B They are always looking for food.C They do not enjoy human company.D it is common for them to attack people.30 What did the team find out about honey badgers?A There were some creatures they did not eat.B They were afraid of poisonous creatures.C They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.D Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.31 Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?A They don't run very quickly.B They hunt over a very large area.C They defend their territory from other badgers.D They are more aggressive than females.32 What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?A They lost interest in people.B They became less aggressive towards other creatures.C They started eating more.D Other animals started working with them.第二篇Forecasting MethodsThere are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degrees today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees tomorrow, if two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation (降水量) Using this information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends method works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. If they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or change directions, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.The climatology (气候学）method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. For example, if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for New York City on July 4th, you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for every July 4th and take an average. The climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year, the climatology method will often fall.The analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It involves examining today’s forecast scenario (模式）and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. The analog method is difficult to use because It isvirtually impossible to find a predict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations as they were in the previous time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results.36 Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method?A Necessary amount of information.B Creativity of the forecaster.C Degree of difficulty involved in forecasting.D Practical knowledge of the forecaster.37 The persistence method fails to work well whenA it is rainy.B it is sunny.C weather conditions stay stable.D weather conditions change greatly.38 The trends method works well whenA weather features are constant for a long period of time.B weather features are defined well enough.C predictions on precipitation are accurate.D the speed and direction of movement are predicable.39 The analog method should not be used in making a weather forecast whenA the analog looks complicated.B the analog is more than 10 years old.C the current weather scenario is different from the analog.D the current weather scenario is exactly the same as the analog.40 Historical weather data are necessary inA the persistence method and the trends method.B the trends method and the climatology method.C the climatology method and the analog method.D the persistence method and the analog method.第三篇Students Learn Better with Touchscreen DesksObserve the criticisms of nearly any major public education system in the world, and a few of the many complaints are more or less universal. Technology moves faster than the education system. Teachers must teach at the pace of the slowest student rather than the fastest. And - particularly in the United States - school children as a group don’t care much for, or excel（擅长）at, mathematics. So it's heartening to l earn that a new kind of “classroom of the future” shows promise at easing some of these problems, starting with that fundamental piece of classroom furniture: the desk.AUK study involving roughly 400 students, mostly aged 8-10 years, and a new generation of multi-touch, multi-user, computerized desktop surfaces is showing that over the last three years the technology has appreciably boosted students ’ math skills compare d with peers learning the same material via the conventional paper-and-pencil method. How? Through collaboration，mostly, as well as by giving teachers better tools by which to micromanage individual students who need some extra Instruction while allowing the rest of the class to continue moving forward.Traditional instruction still shows respectable efficacy (效力）at increasing students’ fluency in mathematics, essentially through memorization and practice - dull, repetitive practice. But the researchers have concluded that these new touchscreen desks boost both fluency and flexibility - the critical thinking skills that allow students to solve complex problems not simply through knowing formulas and devices，but by being able to figure out what the real problem is and the most effective means of stripping it down and solving It.One reason for this, the researchers say, is the multi-touch aspect of the technology. Students working in the next-gen classroom can work together at the same tabletop, each of them contributing and engaging with the problem as part of a group. Known as SynergyNet, the software uses computervision systems that see in the infrared (红外线的）spectrum to distinguish between different touches on different parts of the surface, allowing students to access and use tools on the screen, move objects and visual aids around on their desktops, and otherwise physically interact with the numbers and information on their screens. By using these screens collaboratively, the researchers say, the students are to some extent teaching themselves as those with a stronger grasp on difficult concepts pull other students forward along with them.41 Which of the following statements is NOT true of the public education system?A It does not catch up with the development of technology.B Some similar complaints about It are heard in different countries.C Teachers pay more attention to fast learners than slow learners.D Many students are not good at learning mathematics.42 What has been found after the new tech is employed?A Students become less active in learning mathematics.B Teachers are able to give individualized attention to students in need.C Students show preference to the conventional paper-and-pencil method.D The gap between slow learners and fast learners gets more noticeable.43 What is the benefit students get from the new tech?A It makes them more fluent in public speech.B It offers them more flexibility in choosing courses.C It Is effective in helping them solve physical problems.D It enables them to develop critical thinking ability.44 What happens when students are using the desktop of the new tech?A Every student has an individual tabletop.B The multi-touch function stimulates students.C The software installed automatically identifies different users.D Students use different tools to interact with each other.45 How does the new tech work to improve students, mathematical learning?A It enables them to work together.B It helps fast learners to learn faster.C It makes teachers’ instruction unnecessary.D It allows the whole class to learn at the same pace.。
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类(C级)试题及参考答案
don’t, such as rolling. Choset’s snake robots could crawl(爬行)through the grass, swim in a pond and even climb a flagpole.But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well. For some heart surgeries, the doctor has to open a patient’s chest, cutting through the breastbone. Recovering from these surgeries can be very painful. What if the doctor could perform the operation by instead making a small hole in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake?Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati, a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School, to investigate the idea. Zenati practiced using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and they tested the robot in pigs.A company called Medrobotics in Boston is now adapting the technology to surgeries on people. Even after 15 years of working with his team's creations, “I still don’t get bored of watching the motion of my robots,” Choset says.16. Choset began to build robots in high school.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. Snake robots could move in only four directions.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Choset didn’t begin developing his own snake robots until he started working Carnegie Mellon.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Choset’s snake robots could make more movements than the ones others developed.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. The application of a thin robotic snake makes heart surgeries less time-consuming.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. Zenati tested the robot on people after using it in pigs.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. The robotic technology for surgeries on people has brought a handsome Medrobotics.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段1选择个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
2013职称英语综合类全部新增文章及答案
Taking Pictures of the World1. Belt has never traveled to England.W2. Belt has never traveled to Antarctica.R3. Belt has worked f or a number of magazines.N4. Petra is a very old city in Jordan.R5. Belt can only connect with English-speakers.W6. People can connect with each otherin bad weather.R7. Volunteering is one way to begina photography career.RStarting a New Tradition1. Kwanzaa is celebrated at the end of the year.R2. Kwanzaa is a holiday f or Af ri can-Americans.R3. Kwanzaa is a very old holiday.W4. People in Af rica celebrate Kwanzaa.N5. People spend a lot of time with their f amilies during Kwanzaa.R6. Children receive presents at the end of Kwanzaa.R7. Everyone thinks Kwanzaa is an important holiday.BUS Signs Global Tobacco Treaty1. Paragraph 2 US Signing of the FCTC2. Paragraph 3 How the FCTC Came into Being3. Paragraph 4 What the FCTC Demands4. Paragraph 5 What the FCTC Will Bring About5. Signing the FCTC is onlythe f irst step toward(approving it).6. Countries that ratif y the FCTC will have to, among other things, (restrict smoking in public places).7. It is hoped that the FCTC will greatly help to reduce deaths(caused by tobacco use).8. Much more countries have signed the FCTCthan those that(have rati f ied it).How We Form First Impression1. Paragraph 2 Comparing Incoming SensoryInf ormation Against Memories2. Paragraph 3 Illustration Of First Impression3. Paragraph 4 Comment on First Impression4. Paragraph 5 Ways Of Departure f rom Immatureand Simplistic Impressions5. Sensory inf ormation is one that is perceived through （the sights and sounds of the world）6. You interpret（the meaning of incoming sensory inf orm ation） by comparing it against the memories al ready stored in your brain.7. The way we stereotype people is a less mature f orm of thinking，which is similar to（the immature f orm of thinking of a very young child）8. We can use our more mature style of thinking thank s to（the most complex areas of our cort ex）Shark Attack!1. Af ter Craig Rogers f ell into the water,the shark(swam away).2. It is dif f icult f or the author to understandwhy great whites(of ten let humans escape).3. Which of the f ollowing is closest inmeaning to make up in line 2 of paragraph 4?(are)4. The word their in line 2 of paragraph 4means(great whites).5. What is the main idea of the f ourth paragraph?(We now know great whites don’t mistakehumans f or other animals)The Travels of Ibn Battuta1. What is the passage mainly about?(The adventures of Ibn Battuta)2. Which of the f ollowing is closest in meaningto set off f or in line 5?(lef t to go to )3. The Sultan of Delhi gave Ibn Battutaa position of judge because • .(Ibn Battuta had studied in Mecca)4. Which of the f ollowing would the writer ofthis passage most likely agree with?( IbnBattuta should be better known in the West today)5. Why did Ibn Battuta f inally return to his home?( The Sultan of Morocco asked him to return)Shark Attack!1. Af ter Craig Rogers f ell into the water,the shark(swam away).2. It is dif f icult for the author to understandwhy great whites(of ten let humans escape).3. Which of the f ollowing is closest inmeaning to make up in line 2 of paragraph 4?(are)4. The word their in line 2 of paragraph 4means(great whites).5. What is the main idea of the f ourth paragraph?(We now know great whites don’t mistakehumans f or other animals)The Travels of Ibn Battuta1. What is the passage mainly about?(The adventures of Ibn Battuta)2. Which of the f ollowing is closest in meaningto set off f or in line 5?(lef t to go to )3. The Sultan of Delhi gave Ibn Battutaa position of judge because • .(Ibn Battuta had studied in Mecca)4. Which of the f ollowing would the writer ofthis passage most likely agree with?( IbnBattuta should be better known in the West today)5. Why did Ibn Battuta f inally return to his home?( The Sultan of Morocco asked him to return)Taking Pictures of the World1. Belt has never traveled to England.W2. Belt has never traveled to Antarctica.R3. Belt has worked f or a number of magazines.N4. Petra is a very old city in Jordan.R5. Belt can only connect with English-speakers.W6. People can connect with each otherin bad weather.R7. Volunteering is one way to begina photography career.RStarting a New Tradition1. Kwanzaa is celebrated at the end of the year.R2. Kwanzaa is a holiday f or Af ri can-Americans.R3. Kwanzaa is a very old holiday.W4. People in Af rica celebrate Kwanzaa.N5. People spend a lot of time with their f amiliesduring Kwanzaa.R6. Children receive presents at the end of Kwanzaa.R7. Everyone thinks Kwanzaa is an important holiday.BUS Signs Global Tobacco Treaty1. Paragraph 2 US Signing of the FCTC2. Paragraph 3 How the FCTC Came into Being3. Paragraph 4 What the FCTC Demands4. Paragraph 5 What the FCTC Will Bring About5. Signing the FCTC is onlythe f irst step toward(approving it).6. Countries that ratif y the FCTC will have to, amongother things, (restrict smoking in public places).7. It is hoped that the FCTC will greatly help toreduce deaths(caused by tobacco use).8. Much more countries have signed the FCTCthan those that(have rati f ied it).How We Form First Impression1. Paragraph 2 Comparing Incoming SensoryInf ormation Against Memories2. Paragraph 3 Illustration Of First Impression3. Paragraph 4 Comment on First Impression4. Paragraph 5 Ways Of Departure f rom Immatureand Simplistic Impressions5. Sensory inf ormation is one that is perceived through（the sights and sounds of the world）6. You interpret（the meaning of incoming sensoryinf orm ation） by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain.7. The way we stereotype people is a less mature f ormof thinking，which is similar to（the immature f orm ofthinking of a very young child）8. We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to（the most complex areas of our cort ex）。
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第十一篇When our Eyes Serve our StomachOur senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world;they're affectedby what's going on in otir heads, A new study finds that hungry people see food-related wordsmore clearly than people who've just eaten.Psychologists have known for decades that what's going on,inside our head affects our senses.For example,poorer cliildren think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter, Remi Radel of University of Nice Sopbia-Antipolis, France, wanted to investigate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain's high-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index.On the day of his or her rest,each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they weretold there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour toget lunch first.So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment,the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one ,80 words flashedon the screen for about 1/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the studentscould only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word , eachperson was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen -a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception not in thinking processes,Radel says."This is something great to me, Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment,1 know that our brain can really be at the disposal of 6 our motives andneeds , " Radel says.词汇：threshold n. 起点，开端；门槛disposal n. 处理，处置：配置neutral adj.中性的；中立的motive n. 动机，目的strive v. 努力.力求：斗争注释：1.Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of …in our heads ：这个句子的大概意思是：我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界；五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响。
2.university of Nice Sophia-Antipolis ：法国尼斯·索菲亚·安提波利斯大学t 简称尼斯大学1965年经法国政令正式宣布成立。
尼斯大学在尼斯市设有7 处主校园，另外，还在萦菲亚，安提波利斯市( Sophia Antipolis) 、戛纳市( Cannes) 和芒东市( Menton) 设有校区。
索菲亚·安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南侧的科技园区，是许多高等学府的所在地。
3.body mass index ：身体质量指数4.at the threshold of：当……快要开始时5.in perception ：感知6.at the disposalof：受到……的控制练习：1. What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find?A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people.B Hungry people are always thinking of food-related words.C Hungrypeople are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.D Hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process.2. Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment?A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach.B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testees,hungry and non-hungry.C Because noon was not the right time for any experiment.D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index.3. What does the writer want to tell us?A Human's senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world.B What's perceived by our senses affects onr way of thinking.C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs.D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses.4. What did the results of the experiment indicate?A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive.B Hungry people were better at identifying neutral words.C People who bad just eaten were better at identifying food-related words.D The participants could barely perceive what they needed or wbat they strived for.5. What can we infer from the passage?A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation.B An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable.C Our thinking proeesses are independent of our senses.D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes.答案与题解：1.C 第一段第二句是本题答案的依据。
饥肠辘辘的人只是看food-related words 比较清楚.选项C 的句意与上述句子的意思完全一致，是答案。