2018考研英语一真题解析：阅读理解难度微涨

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2018考研英语：阅读真题难点精析(2004年Text3)_毙考题

2018考研英语：阅读真题难点精析（2004年Text3）31. By Ellen Spero isn t biting her nails just yet , the author means _______.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation定位句：When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she d like to, either. 当遇到经济疲软期时，Ellen Spero并没有咬她的指甲。

但是这个47岁的美甲师所做的指甲确实不如想象的那么多了。

两句话之间是转折相反关系，下文说她的生意大不如前了，所以前面的意思应该是生意还可以说的过去。

所以答案选择[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation 她并没有处在绝望的境地。

32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic [B] Confused [C] Carefree [D] Panicked定位句：Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.消费者只是有一点担忧，并没有恐惧，甚至很多人还说他们对经济的长期前景保持乐观态度，即使他们开始采取了一些节约措施。

2018考研英语一真题试卷及答案完整版本.docx

2018 考研英语一真题和答案完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。

Choose the best word （s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。

（10 points）Trust is a tricky business。

On the one hand， it ‘s a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things ：child care，friendships，etc。

On the other hand，putting your 2， in the wrong place often carries a high 3。

4， why do we trust at all ？ Well， because it feels good。

5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution ， their brains release oxytocin， a hormone that6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7 with one another 。

Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us ina trusting 9： In a Swiss study， researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects； those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else。

2000年-2018年考研英语一考研阅读难易系数表

2000年-2018年考研英语一考研阅读难易系数表-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One12000年-2018年考研英语一考研阅读难易总目录注: 难易设定标准按照文章内容和题目难度综合考虑。

2000. Text 1 顺境表面不好，但还是好中上Text 2 人类已经停止进化易Text 3 未来派诗歌不好易Text 4 日本道德社会风气不好中上Text 5 鼓励公开树立远大理想难2001. Text 1 专业细分和专业化难Text 2 数字鸿沟中Text 3 美国的媒体不好易Text 4 合并浪潮易Text 5 辞职低调的生活难2002. Text 1 幽默的效果中Text 2 机器人不如人类聪明中上Text 3 石油危机为什么不会引起恐慌易Text 4 安乐死非法和医疗死亡原则的漏洞和建议难2003. Text 1 网络间谍中上Text 2 动物有没有动物权利易Text 3 铁路系统兼并不会垄断难Text 4 死亡的现实性中上2004. Text 1 网络找工作中Text 2 人名歧视易Text 3 美国经济不景气，但还行中上Text 4 美国教育不应重视实用主义难2005. Text 1 猴子和人一样会因不公而愤怒中Text 2 环境保护与抽烟一样，要引以为戒中上Text 3 睡觉中做梦是可以被控制的难Text 4 语言向非正式语言发展难2006. Text 1 美国大熔炉同化能力中Text 2 英国旅游小镇中上Text 3 海洋生物保护难Text 4 忧愁艺术难2007. Text 1 足球明星出生于上半年纯属偶然中Text 2 IQ测试是否科学中Text 3 美国中产阶级生活已经危险难Text 4 信息安全立法的必要性难2008. Text 1 女人更容易忧伤中Text 2 新兴网络在线出版易Text 3 人的身高其实没有多大变化中上Text 4 美国早期总统们其实并没有马上废除有利于他们的奴隶制难2009. Text 1 习惯可以创新中上Text 2 DNA检测以及问题中上Text 3 正式教育不能促进经济发展（非正式培训即可）难Text 4 美国早期移民难2010. Text 1 报纸艺术评论的范围和严肃性在下降难Text 2 最高法院将减少商业方法专利的授权难Text 3 普通人驱动了社会时尚难Text 4 会计准则的修改无助于银行复兴难2011. Text 1. 对新任指挥家不看好中上Text 2. 辞职追求自己的理想易Text 3. 网络新新媒体中上Text 4. 批评社会和媒体对育儿观的负面影响难2012. Text 1. 同辈压力真的有益处吗？难Text 2. 核电站公司背水一战起诉州政府违宪难Text 3. 科学发现声明的取信过程中上Text 4. 工会势力太大会阻碍改革难2013. Text 1. 着装过度会污染环境中上Text 2. 微软与隐私：信息追踪的改变中上Text 3. 人类未来没有那么悲观易Text 4. 最高法院反对奥巴马攫取权利难2014. Text 1. 失业救济金的领取不应该有条件限制中上Text 2. 美国法律服务费用太昂贵必须改革的方法中上Text 3. 新兴科学巨奖引发争议难Text 4. 《问题核心》好，但没有揭示美国文科教育面临的危机实质难2015 Text 1. 欧洲皇室是否行将就木中Text 2. 高法应该开始为手机隐私保护制定条例难Text 3. 《科学》努力推进论文统计审查的行列中上Text 4. 从电话窃听案看公共生活中的道德缺失难2016 Text 1. 反对时尚业推崇的骨感过瘦之美易Text 2. 拯救英国乡村绿地中上Text 3. 企业社会责任有助于减轻罚款难Text 4. 报纸将成为奢侈消费品中2017 Text 1. 安检队伍过长易Text 2. 夏威夷人反对望远镜站点修建中上Text 3. GDP不是衡量国家经济实力的标准中Text 4. 偏袒不属于贪腐难2018 Text 1. 中产阶级面临机器人就业的挑战易Text 2. 美国年轻人社交媒体分辨力好中上Text 3. 英国医保病人隐私不能被数据公司处理中上Text 4. 美国邮政巨额赤字中。

【考研】2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版

2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numberedblank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessarycondition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On theother hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains releaseoxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herdinginstruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have foundthat exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; thosesubjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money tostrangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us.A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months candifferentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlerswere each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container,smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-andrealized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating thatthey trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired withthe “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobslike gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — havearoused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so theywill be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technologicalupheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolutiondidn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanizedlooms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobsthan it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boostproductivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workersfrom hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers mayneed a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in TheSecond Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus lesson memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies mustbe made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have tobe rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boostincomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduceinequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the nextfew years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their livesand careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that arecoming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adaptwill be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be fi ltered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A KnightFoundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They c ross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the surv ey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conductedin Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social medialed to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimatelyand immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as aprojection of their values and interests. This forces users to be moreconscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barnaresearch group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake newsphenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factualmistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news liesin “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans castdoubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpreta tion[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start byacknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If softwarepromises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reporteda net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-cardmakers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimateoverseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the PostalService, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter stepwould largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at theUSPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminatingSaturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide publicsupport and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postalspecial-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself dueto[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can beaddressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State DepartmentBuilding. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a GreekRevival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other sideof the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design byAlfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceilingstenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known,housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associatedwith formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the lastquarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentiethcentury-the period when the United States emerged as an internationalpower. The building has housed some of the nation's most significantdiplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participatedin historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a uniqueposition in both the national history and the architectural heritage ofthe United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury,Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growingstaffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing bywing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building inWashington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almostall of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of woodwas minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircasesof granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are cappedby four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) andovercrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing TreasuryBuilding. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41. à Cà42. à 43. à F à 44 à 45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period ofextraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of hisbirth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and thecreation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performedby amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, thegrowth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the dramapopular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literaryor farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in thispublic stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel,who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but theprofessional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, anduniversity men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-fiveyears is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, forin this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming”instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In youressay, you should2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。

2018考研英语一真题及答案

2018考研英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3 .4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good.5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited tolook 15 .Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “20 ”tester participated in a follow-up activity.86941. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training andinstruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential. [B]job-hunting skills. [C]individual needs. [D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A]encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it. [B]possible solutions to it. [C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement. Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous. [B] cautious. [C] appreciative. [D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exertself-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step wouldlargely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect. [B] tolerance.[ C] discontent. [D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth centuryand the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41. →C→ 42. → 43. → F→ 44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who wenta grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.(49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points) Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly2)interpret the meaning and3)give your comments(20 points)You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points )2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题答案详解Section I Use of English1、[答案][B] for[解析]此处考察介词的用法。

2018年考研英语一真题与答案原题+答案+详解

2018年考研英语一真题〔后附答案详解〕Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following te*t. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _____(1) many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your _____(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _____(3)._____(4), why do we trust at all" Well, because it feels good. _____(5) people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release o*ytocin, a hormone that _____(6) pleasurable feelings andtriggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _____(7) with one another.Swiss Scientistshave found that e*posure _____(8) this hormone puts us in a trusting _____(9): In a study, researchers sprayed o*ytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _____(10) who inhaled something else._____(11) for us, we also have a si*th sense for dishonesty that may _____(12) us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _____(13) a credible person and a dishonest one. Si*ty toddlers were each _____(14) to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, "What's in here"〞 before looking into the container, smiling, and e*claiming, "Wow!〞 Each subject was then invited to look _____ (15). Half of them found a toy; the other half _____ (16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had _____(17) them. Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were _____ (18) to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. _____ (19), only five of the 30 children paired with the "_____(20)"tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. A．on B．like C．for D．from2. A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest3. A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price4. A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again5. A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When6. A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains7. A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare8. A．at B．by C．of D．to9. A．conte*t B．mood C．period D．circle10. A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters11. A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic12. A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight13. A．between B．within C．toward D．over14. A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted15. A．out B．back C．around D．inside16. A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remembered17. A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked18. A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled19. A．In contrast B．As a result C．On the whole D．For instance20. A．infle*ible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitableSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four te*ts. Answer the questions below each te*t by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.〔40 points〕Te*t 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the ne*t presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs"Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of O*ford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-classoccupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — havearoused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus lesson memorizing facts and more on creativity and comple* communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education cansupplement the traditional kind. It could make e*tra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, ta*es and the safety net will have to be rethought. Ta*es on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income ta* credit should be e*panded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the ne*t few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.【题干】Who will be most threatened by automation"A．Leading politicians.B．Low-wage laborers.C．Robot owners.D．Middle-class workers.22 .【题干】Which of the following best represent the author's view"A．Worries about automation are in fact groundless.B．Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.C．Issues arising from automation need to be tackledD．Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.【题干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_____. A．creative potential.B．job-hunting skills.C．individual needs.D．cooperative spirit.24.【题干】The author suggests that ta* policies be aimed at_____. A．encouraging the development of automation.B．increasing the return on capital investment.C．easing the hostility between rich and poor.D．preventing the income gap from widening.25.【题干】In this te*t, the author presents a problem with_____.A．pposing views on it.B．possible solutions to it.C．its alarming impacts.D．its major variations.Te*t 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president's social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of O*ford. And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use "distributed trust〞 to verify stories. They cross-check sources andprefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are openabout any bias. "Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,〞 the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to e*perience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is "reader error,〞 more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in "misinterpretation or e*aggeration of actual news〞 via social media．In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. "This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,〞 says Ro*anne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, theyreveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices onwhen to share on social media.26.【题干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on【选项】A．the justification of the news-filtering practice.B．people's preference for social media platforms.C．the administrations ability to handle information.D．social media was a reliable source of news.27.【题干】The phrase "beer up〞(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to【选项】AA．sharpenB．defineC．boastD．share28.【题干】According to the knight foundation survey, young people【选项】A．tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.B．verify news by referring to diverse resources.C．have s strong sense of responsibility.D．like to e*change views on "distributed trust〞29.【题干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is【选项】A．readers outdated values.B．journalists' biased reportingC．readers' misinterpretationD．journalists' made-up stories.30.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the te*t"【选项】A．A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB．A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC．The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D．The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Te*t 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 onthe basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their e*pectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned．There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms. Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under e*isting law it "controlled〞 the data and DeepMind merely "processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be e*pected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denham's report is a welcome start.31.【题干】Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind "【选项】A．It caused conflicts among tech giants.B．It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.C．It fell short of the latter's e*pectationsD．It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.【题干】The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with【选项】A．empty promises.B．tough resistance.C．necessary adjustments.D．sincere apologies.33.【题干】The author argues in Paragraph 2 that【选项】A．privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B．leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.C．making profits from patients' data is illegal.D．the value of data comes from the processing of it34.【题干】According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is___【选项】A．the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B．the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.C．the uncontrolled use of new software.D．the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.【题干】The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is【选项】A．ambiguous.B．cautious.C．appreciative.D．contemptuous.Te*t 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its e*penses have e*ceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the fle*ibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers e*ert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimateoverseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills e*cept by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finallyagreed on a plan to fi* the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase andfrom shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to thebare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminatingSaturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapseat the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious abouttransforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.【题干】The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by_____.【选项】A．its unbalanced budget.B．its rigid management.C．the cost for technical upgrading.D．the withdrawal of bank support.37.【题干】According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to_____.【选项】A．the interference from interest groups.B．the inadequate funding from Congress.C．the shrinking demand for postal service.D．the incompetence of postal unions.38.【题干】The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by_____.【选项】A．removing its burden of retiree health care.B．making more investment in new vehicles.C．adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.D．attracting more first-class mail users.39.【题干】In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with_____.【选项】A．respect.B．tolerance.C．discontent.D．gratitude.40.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the te*t"【选项】A．The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old DaysB．The Postal Service: Keep Away from My CheeseC．The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick CureD．The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered bo*es. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who e*pected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.[B]. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.[C]. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three E*ecutive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.[D]. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.[E]. The Eisenhower E*ecutive Office Building (EEOB) commands a uniqueposition in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best e*amples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.[F]. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.[G]. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first e*ecutive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the e*isting Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41.【答案】E【解析】很多项选择项中都出现了EEOB这个简称，则就意味着这个专有名词一定会先有交代它的全称，再出现简称，这里只有D选项符合。

2018考研英语一全真试题解析

2018考研英语一全真试题解析全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Analysis of the 2018 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English PaperThe 2018 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English paper included four parts: Listening, Reading Comprehension, Translation, and Writing. Let's delve into each section and analyze the questions and common mistakes made by test takers.In the Listening section, one common mistake was failing to pay attention to the instructions. Some questions requiredtest-takers to choose the correct option based on the speaker's tone or attitude. However, some candidates neglected to listen carefully and chose the wrong answer.Moving on to the Reading Comprehension section, there were four passages that covered a variety of topics such as psychology, economics, and history. One challenging aspect was the vocabulary used in the passages. Many test-takers struggled with unfamiliar words and phrases, leading to incorrect answers.Additionally, some questions required a deep understanding of the text, which posed a challenge for those who skimmed through the passages.The Translation section included both Chinese to English and English to Chinese translations. Many candidates found the Chinese to English translation more challenging due to the nuances of the Chinese language. Some common errors included incorrect word order, awkward phrasing, and literal translations.Finally, the Writing section required candidates to write an essay on a given topic. One common mistake was veeringoff-topic or failing to structure the essay properly. Some candidates struggled with coherence and organization, leading to a lack of clarity in their arguments.In conclusion, the 2018 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English paper posed challenges for test-takers in various sections. To succeed, candidates must pay attention to instructions, improve their vocabulary, practice translation skills, and work on essay writing techniques. With dedication and practice, test-takers can improve their English proficiency and perform better in future exams.篇2Title: Analysis of the 2018 Postgraduate English Exam (Paper One)The 2018 postgraduate English exam was a challenging one, testing a wide range of skills and knowledge in the English language. In this analysis, we will discuss the key points of the exam, along with helpful strategies for tackling each section.The first section of the exam focused on reading comprehension. This section required candidates to read a series of passages and answer questions based on the information provided. The passages covered a variety of topics, ranging from literature to science, ensuring that candidates needed a strong comprehension of English text in order to answer accurately.To excel in the reading comprehension section, candidates should focus on improving their reading speed and comprehension skills. Practice reading a variety of English texts, including newspapers, magazines, and academic articles, to increase your familiarity with different styles of writing.The second section of the exam tested candidates on their writing skills. This section required candidates to write an essay on a given topic, demonstrating their ability to present a coherent argument and use correct grammar and vocabulary.To succeed in the writing section, candidates should practice writing essays on a variety of topics. Focus on structuring your essay in a clear and logical manner, using appropriate transitions to guide the reader through your argument. Pay attention to grammar and vocabulary usage, ensuring that your writing is clear and concise.The final section of the exam focused on listening comprehension. This section required candidates to listen to a series of recordings and answer questions based on the information provided. The recordings covered a variety of topics, testing candidates' ability to understand spoken English in different contexts.To improve your listening comprehension skills, practice listening to a variety of English audio materials, such as podcasts, news broadcasts, and academic lectures. Focus on understanding the main ideas and key details of the recordings, and take notes to help you remember the information.In conclusion, the 2018 postgraduate English exam was a comprehensive test of candidates' English skills. To excel in the exam, candidates should focus on improving their reading, writing, and listening skills through practice and study. Bymastering these key areas, candidates can increase their chances of success in the exam and achieve their academic goals.篇3Analysis of 2018 Graduate Entrance Examination English Exam Paper 1The 2018 Graduate Entrance Examination English Exam Paper 1 consists of 10 reading comprehension questions, 10 cloze questions, and 15 vocabulary questions. In this analysis, we will break down each section to provide insights into the types of questions and strategies to answer them effectively.Reading Comprehension:The reading comprehension section tests the candidates' ability to understand and analyze written texts. The questions are usually based on either a single passage or a set of related passages. In the 2018 exam, the passages covered a wide range of topics, including science, history, literature, and social issues. To excel in this section, candidates should carefully read the passages, identify the main ideas, and pay attention to details that support the main idea.Cloze Test:The cloze test evaluates the candidates' knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and syntax. In the 2018 exam, candidates were required to fill in the blanks with appropriate words based on context. To do well in this section, candidates should have a good grasp of English grammar rules and a wide vocabulary. Reading extensively and practicing cloze tests regularly can help improve performance in this section.Vocabulary:The vocabulary section assesses the candidates' knowledge of word meanings, synonyms, antonyms, and word usage. In the 2018 exam, candidates were asked to choose the most suitable word to fill in the blanks in sentences. To succeed in this section, candidates should expand their vocabulary by reading extensively and using vocabulary-building tools such as flashcards and word lists.Overall, the 2018 Graduate Entrance Examination English Exam Paper 1 tests a wide range of language skills, including reading comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, and syntax. By practicing regularly and developing a sound understanding of these areas, candidates can improve their performance in the exam and increase their chances of success.。

2018年考研英语真题及答案

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。

Choose the best word （s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。

（10 points）Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand，it’s a nece ssary condition 1 many worthwhile things：child care, friendships，etc。

On the other hand，putting your 2，in the wrong place often carries a high 3。

4, why do we trust at all？Well，because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution，their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another。

Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9：In a Swiss study，researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else。

2018年考研英语(一)真题原文及答案解析

2018考研英语（一）真题原文及参考答案（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, ―What’s in here?‖ before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, ―Wow!‖ Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the ―20‖tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. V ocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. Anda survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use ―distributed trust‖ to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. ―Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,‖ the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is ―reader error,‖ more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in ―misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news‖ via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. ―This indicate s there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,‖ says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase ―beer up‖(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on ―distributed trust‖29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it ―controlled‖ the data and DeepMind merely ―processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislationis moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service a float, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood wasminimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.【答案】41. (E)→C →42. (G) →43. (A)→F→44. (B)→45. (D)Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, howe ver, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth,blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.【参考译文】46.到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。

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2018考研英语一真题解析：阅读理解难度
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2018考研英语一真题解析：阅读理解难度微涨
2018考研英语终于告一段落，这是对自己的一个很大交代。

就今年英语一的题目而言，发现很多考生都反映出题难，出题怪，简直不知云里雾里什么的。

其实，并非如此，今年的考题从题目上而言，并没有特别的难，当然前提是备考地非常好，这才是实事，也是最关键的。

因此，全面而合理的备考才是考场上取胜的法宝，这也给各位考生提出了备考的关键之路。

首先，从时事角度来分析
今年的考题从文章角度上看，貌似读起来很拗口，不知所云，但其实只要认真读，没有那么难理解。

详细来说，第一篇文章讲到了一个当今时代发展的核心话题，即automation，也是如今经济发展到现在这个阶段，所必须讨论的，不可避免的话题。

虽然这是英语一的考题，但与英语二2014年第三篇man versus machine中的内容有相同之处，以及2013年英语二第一篇文章average is over中也有相应内容，这也是相似话题的重复命题考察。

本篇文章中提到的在automation时代education需要强调creative potential，也恰恰和2013年英语二考的内容完全一致，没有任何差别。

所以，再次强
调，真题很重要，复习好真题，并且多遍反复看真题是重中之重。

接下来，看看第二篇文章，文章一上来就考察了Trump这个人物，是不是很时新，是不是很潮流，出题人也会紧跟整个全球的发展。

比如，各位有没有发现，2015年英语二第四篇文章考察了Obamacare奥巴马医改，这个话题，当年的奥巴马还是很热门的啊;再比如2007年第三篇文章考察了President Push的Social Security活动，当然还有很多很多。

这说明什么，说明出题人越来越关注最新时事话题，越来越倾向于贴合全新的当下和热点有一定关联的内容选出阅读文章，大家平时要读报纸，也要多读些时事要闻了呀。

英一第三篇文章涉及的话题与隐私数据等密切相关，该话题在2007年text 4文章有相应的提及。

2007年text 4中提到的是有关于data insecurity的话题，主要是网上的数据信息内容的泄露，以及末段提到的解决措施。

而本篇文章中在第一段提到了patient隐私的泄露，又属于同类题型的再次复现。

另外，本篇文章还提到了the monopoly of big data from tech giants，科技行业巨头的垄断话题，今年的考题又反复考察了和并购垄断相关的题材，虽然旧题目时效性可能不好，但是内容的本质是有相关性的。

最后一篇文章的内容与U.S. Postal Service的财务问题有很大关系，并提出了如何去解决该问题，与经济内容挂钩。

从以上的分析可以看出，一方面要多次反复地复习曾经考过的题目;另一方面，要相应地关注一下时事新闻，最好是最新的期刊杂志等多关注一下。

其次，从命题思路方面看，今年的出题类型与往年保持一致，没有太大的出入，其中出现的题型都是之前跨考教育英语教研室给大家反复强调的题型，只要做好充足的准备，熟悉这些题型的出题思路就不会有问题的。

具体来说，
主旨题。

2018年英语一的主旨题考查了两道，一个是第二篇的最后一道，另外一个是第四篇的最后一道。

主旨题是反复强调的最重要的题目，而且现在的主旨题越来越倾向于在开篇用一个现象引出主题，第二篇用一个survey引出要讲述的内容;第四篇讲述了U.S. Postal Services的现状与事实。

现在的文章越来越明显地倾向于通过这种引述形式来出题目，各位要特别注意了。

态度题。

2018年英语一同样考察了两个态度题，一个是第三篇文章的最后一题，另外一个是最后一篇的39题。

态度题我们反复强调必须要牢记真题中反复出现的态度词汇。

今年考题中的这些态度词都是曾经考过的，并且要通过文中相应内容判断出倾向和态度。

词义句意题。

2018年考察了一道词义题，就是要根据上下文的逻辑关系找到相应的线索点，选出正确答案。

当然前提是一定要认识选项中的A，B，C，D四个选项啊。

剩下的题目都是推断题与细节题了，推断和细节每年都是出题人特别青睐的题目，也是出题人最喜欢考察的。

通过以上分析，可以得出，真正的研究真题与分析真题是最为重要的任务了。