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/locate/rggThe stages and duration of formation of gold mineralizationat copper-skarn deposits (Altai–Sayan folded area )I.V. Gaskov *, A.S. Borisenko, V.V. Babich, E.A. NaumovV.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,prosp. Akad. Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, RussiaReceived 20 March 2009; accepted l6 November 2009AbstractGold mineralization at copper-skarn deposits (Tardanskoe, Murzinskoe, Sinyukhinskoe, Choiskoe) in the Altai–Sayan folded area is related to different hydrothermal-metasomatic formations. It was produced at 400–150 ºC in several stages spanning 5–6 Myr, which determined the diversity of its mineral assemblages. Gold mineralization associated with magnetite bodies is spatially correlated with magnesian and calcareous skarns, whereas gold mineralization in crushing zones and along fault sutures in moderate- and low-temperature hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks (propylites, beresites, serpentinites, and argillizites) is of postskarn formation. Different stages were manifested with different intensities at gold deposits. For example, the Sinyukhinskoe deposit abounds in early high-temperature mineral assemblages; the Choiskoe deposit, in low-temperature ones; and the Tardanskoe and Murzinskoe deposits are rich in both early and late gold minerals. Formation of commercial gold mineralization at different copper-skarn deposits is due to the combination of gold mineralization produced at different stages as a result of formation of intricate igneous complexes (Tannu-Ola, Ust’-Belaya, and Yugala) composed of differentiated rocks from gabbros to granites.© 2010, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: gold mineralization; skarns, copper-skarn deposits; hydrothermal-metasomatic formationsIntroductionRecent data on the isotope geology and geochronology of rocks and ores and geological data on the ore genesis gaps proved that ore deposits formed for a much longer time than was assumed earlier (Rundkvist, 1997). This is also true for commercial gold mineralization at many Cu-skarn deposits in the Altai–Sayan folded area (ASFA).Gold-containing Cu-skarn deposits are widespread in many ore districts of the ASFA: Gorny Altai (Sinyukhinskoe,Murzinskoe, Choiskoe), Kuznetsk Alatau (Natal’evskoe, Fe-dorovskoe), Gornaya Shoria (Maisko-Lebedskoe), and Tuva (Tardanskoe, Khopto). Most of them are commercial deposits (Fig. 1).Skarn formation processes at these deposits were related to the Early and Middle Paleozoic granitoid magmatism in the Tannu-Ola (eastern Tuva), Yugala (Sinyukha, northeastern Altai), and Ust’-Belaya (northwestern Altai) intrusive com-plexes (Gusev, 2007; Shokalsky et al., 2000). Formation of commercial gold mineralization was a longer and more intricate process (Gaskov, 2008). In most part of these deposits, gold mineralization is the product of multistage ore process, which is characterized by different mineral composi-tions and spatial occurrences. Almost all these deposits bear gold mineralization spatially and genetically related to skarns and aposkarns in assemblage with magnetite and sulfides (Korobeinikov and Matsyushevskii, 1976; Korobeinikov and Zotov, 2006; Korobeinikov et al., 1987; Vakhrushev, 1972)and gold mineralization isolated from skarns and represented by sulfide-containing (pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite)hydrothermal products of moderate-temperature assemblage in crushing zones (Shcherbakov, 1974). Often, the deposits also bear epithermal gold-containing assemblage with low-tem-perature sulfides, tellurides, and selenides usually developed at the final stage of mineral formation in rocks of different compositions, including sedimentary, igneous, and skarn (Gas-kov, 2008; Gaskov et al., 2005).The recently obtained ages of ore formation products and igneous rocks (Gaskov, 2008; Rudnev et al., 2004, 2006;Shokalsky et al., 2000) provide a new concept of the sequence of ore formation and its duration and relation with multiphasemagmatism.Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101*Corresponding author.E-mail address : gaskov@uiggm.nsc.ru (I.V. Gaskov)doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2010.0.0011068-7971/$-see front matter D 2010, IG M, Siberian Branch of the RAS.Published by E lsevier B.V .All rights reserved.V S. .Sabolev 9Let us dwell on the specific features of gold mineralization at particular deposits.Gold mineralization at Cu-skarn depositsThe Tardanskoe deposit is localized in the zone of the Kaa-Khem deep fault, in the exocontact part of the Kopto-Baisyut gabbro-diorite-plagiogranite massif (Fig. 2) (Korobe-inikov and Zotov, 2006; Korobeinikov et al., 1987). At the massif contact, Lower Cambrian volcanogenic-carbonate de-posits are transformed into magnesian and calcareous skarns described in detail earlier (Korobeinikov, 1999; Korobeinikov and Matsyushevskii, 1976; Korobeinikov et al., 1997). The skarn bodies are spatially close to aposkarn metasomatites bearing actinolite, tremolite, epidote, serpentine, chlorite, talc,quartz, carbonate, magnetite, and hematite.Gold mineralization at the deposit is of two types: (1) in skarn-magnetite rocks and (2) in metasomatites of linear crushing zones. These types have specific mineralogical and geochemical features.Gold mineralization in skarn-magnetite ores is widespread at the deposit. It is described elsewhere (Korobeinikov and Matsyushevskii, 1976; Korobeinikov and Zotov, 2006; Koro-beinikov et al., 1987; Kudryavtseva, 1969). Gold is spatially related to areas of sulfide mineralization, and its contents are in direct correlation with the amount of sulfide minerals.Gold-sulfide mineralization is extremely unevenly distributed and is localized at the sites of magnetite ores that underwent cataclasis as well as in magnetite microcracks and interstices.The total amount of sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, and scarcer sphalerite, pyrrhotite, and arsenopyrite) is 1–3%. Gold occurs as fine thin (0.3–0.01 mm) native segregations. This is mainly high-fineness gold (820–990) (Fig. 3, a ) with impuri-ties of silver (up to 13.6%) and copper (up to 5.07%).According to Korobeinikov (1999) and Korobeinikov and Matsyushevskii (1976), the temperatures of formation of magnetite ores were 430–550 ºC, whereas the gold-sulfide assemblage and the hosting metasomatites (actinolite, tre-molite, serpentine, talc) were produced at 250–320 ºC (Gaskov et al., 2005; Vakhrushev, 1972).Gold mineralization in crushing zones is localized in steeply dipping linear tectonic structures of NW, NE, and NS strikes (Fig. 2), which develop after different rocks, including volcanosedimentary, igneous, and skarn ones. These zones reach several hundred meters in length and few tens of meters in width. The petrographic composition of these zones is di-verse and depends mainly on the composition of initial rocks that underwent transformation later. The rocks are metaso-matic, close in composition to propylites, listwaenites, talc-containing and sericite-quartz metasomatites, and beresite-like rocks. Almost each type of hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks is intimately associated with ore minerals. Though the total volume of these minerals does not exceed 3–5%, they are extremely diverse in composition and are extremely unevenly distributed. Along with sulfide minerals typical of Cu-skarn deposits (chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, chalcocite,digenite, sphalerite, galena), the mineralized zones of the deposit abound in tellurides—hessite (Ag 2Te), tellurobis-muthite (Bi 2Te 3), and tetradymite (Bi 2Te 2S),—and low-tem-perature Co and Ni sulfides and sulfoarsenides (Table 1). The latter have a variable composition and often consist of intermediate phases of continuous mineral series, e.g., allo-clasite(CoAsS)–arsenopyrite(FeAsS) or siegenite(CoNi 2S 4)–violarite(FeNi 2S 4).Gold occurs mainly as native fine thin (0.01–0.5 mm)disseminations in rock microcracks and as inclusions in pyrite,chalcopyrite, and bornite. The gold fineness varies over a broad range of values—from 440 to 820 (Fig. 3, b ). The lowest-fineness gold segregations are compositionally similar to electrum and have high contents of Ag (up to 54.78%) and Hg impurity (up to 3.65%).On the flanks of mineralized crushing zones, there is sometimes gold mineralization in low-temperature argillitized rocks of chlorite-kaolinite-carbonate-hydromica composition.This gold is of low fineness (no more than 600). The mainimpurities are Ag (20–66%) and Hg (up to 5.47%). The formation temperatures of sulfide-telluride assemblages andFig. 1. Schematic occurrence of gold-bearing Cu-skarn deposits in the Altai-Sayan folded area: 1, Murzinskoe; 2, Sinyukhinskoe; 3, Choiskoe; 4, Maisko-Lebedskoe;5, Fedorovskoe; 6, Natal’evskoe; 7, Tardanskoe; 8, Kopto.1092I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101gold mineralization in metasomatites and argillitized rocks are within 200–75 ºC.The Murzinskoe deposit is localized at the contact of a small stock-like granodiorite body of the Ust’-Belaya gabbro-diorite complex (Fig. 4). In the exocontact zone, calcareous skarns composed of garnet, pyroxene, wollastonite, and mag-netite develop after the calcareous sandstones of the Murzinka Formation (D1-2). In the local zones, there are aposkarnFig. 2. Schematic geologic structure of the Tardanskoe deposit (compiled after the data of K.M. Kil’chichakov and L.V. Kopylova and our new data). 1–4, Lower Paleozoic deposits: 1, andesitic porphyrites and tuffs with siltstone and sandstone interbeds in the lower part of the Tumat-Taiga Formation (Cm 1tm 1); 2, quartz porphyrites with interbeds of andesitic porphyrites and limestones in the upper part of the Tumat-Taiga Formation (Cm 1tm 2); 3, limestones and calcareous shales of the Tapsa Formation (Cm 1tp); 4, Lower and Middle Silurian conglomerates and sandstones (S 1-2); 5, Quaternary deposits (Q IV ); 6, 7, Lower Paleozoic igneous rocks of the Tannu-Ola complex (γδO 1-2): 6, gabbro-diorite-plagiogranite formation; 7, small granite-porphyry and quartz diorite bodies; 8, calcareous and magnesian skarns; 9, hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks in mineralized crushing zones; 10, gold orebodies; 11, tectonic zones; 12, geologic boundaries.I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–11011093Fig. 3. Variations in gold fineness in gold ores from skarn-magnetite bodies (a) and in ores from mineralized crushing zones (b) at the Tardanskoe deposit.Table 1. Mineral parageneses in gold-bearing ores produced at different stages and composition of host rocks at Au-Cu-skarn depositsDeposit Early aposkarn Au-sulfide mineralization in magnetite-skarn rocks Late Au-telluride-sulfide mineralization in superposed crushingzonesOre parageneses Host rocks Ore parageneses Host rocksTardanskoe Magneite (Fe3O4)Pyrite (FeS2)Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)Bornite (Cu5FeS4)Sphalerite (ZnS)Pyrrhotite (FeS)Arsenopyrite (FeAsS)Gold (Au)Magnesian skarns (pyroxene +fassayite + phlogopite +pargasite + forsterite + spinel).Calcareous skarns (pyroxene +garnet + epidote +wollastonite + skapolite).Aposkarn serpentine andserpentine-chlorite rocksCobaltite (CoFe)AsSGlaucodot (Co,Fe)AsSSiegenite (CoNi2S4)Violarite (FeNi2S4)Hessite (Ag2Te)Gold (Au)Propylites, listvaenites, talc-serpentine-containing andsericite-quartz metasomatites,and argillitized rocksMurzinskoe Magnetite (Fe3O4)Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)Pyrite (FeS2)Bornite (Cu5FeS4)Sphalerite (ZnS)Galena (PbS)FahloreArsenopyrite (FeAsS)Clinobisvanite (BiVO4)Gold (Au)Calcareous skarns (garnet +pyroxene + wollastonite).Aposkarn metasomatic rocks(quartz + epidote + chlorite +actinolite)Cinnabar (HgS)Metacinnabarite (HgS)Bismuthine (Bi2S3)Aikinite (CuPbBiS3)Emplectite (CuBiS2)Berryite [Pb2(Cu,Ag)3Bi5S11]Naumannite (Ag2Se)Polybasite (Ag16Sb2S11)Barite (BaSO4)Gold (Au)Quartz and quartz-carbonateveins, near-vein metasomatitesof quartz-chlorite-carbonatecomposition, and argillitizedrocksSinyukhinskoe Magnetite (Fe3O4)Pyrite (FeS2)Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)Bornite (Cu5FeS4)Chalcocite (Cu2S)Sphalerite (ZnS)Pyrrhotite (FeS)Cubanite (CuFe2S3)Gold (Au)Wollastonite, garnet-wollastonite, garnet-pyroxeneand pyroxene skarns, andaposkarn metasomatic rocks(chlorite + actinolite + calcite)Tetradymite (Bi2TeS)Siegenite (CoNi2S4)Cobaltite ((CoNiFe)AsS)Melonite (NiTe2)Wittichenite (Cu3BiS3)Hessite (Ag2Te)Petzite (AuAg3Te2)Altaite (PbTe)Clausthalite (PbSe)Gold (Au)Local zones of actinolite-chlorite-calcite-quartzcompositionChoiskoe Magnetite (Fe3O4)Pyrite (FeS2)Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)Gold (Au)Garnet, garnet-pyroxene,garnet-wollastonite, andpyroxene-epidote skarnsTetradymite (BiTe2S)Ingodite (Bi2TeS)Joseite (Bi4TeS2)Hedleyite (Bi2Te)Tellurobismuthite (Bi2Te3)Bismuthite (Bi2S3),Native bismuth (Bi)Gold (Au)Quartz and quartz-carbonateveins and quartz-carbonate-chlorite metasomatites1094I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101metasomatic rocks consisting of quartz, epidote, calcite,chlorite, actinolite, and, more seldom, tourmaline, apatite, and rodonite.Gold mineralization at the Murzinskoe deposit was earlier ascribed to gold-skarn type. But recent data have shown that only a minor part of the deposit ores — scarce postskarn sulfide mineralization spatially associated with skarn-magnet-ite bodies—can be referred to this type. Most of the commer-cial ores occur in mineralized crushing zones. They form gold-sulfide mineralization in quartz and quartz-carbonate veins and near-vein metasomatites in a 300–400 m thick zone stretching in the N-NW direction for more than 3 km (Fig. 4).The crust of weathering widespread at the deposit contains hypergene copper minerals: malachite, chrysocolla, azurite,chalcocite, coveline, and high-fineness gold.Gold-sulfide mineralization spatially associated with skarn-magnetite bodies is superposed on skarn rocks. It was produced either at the regressive stage of the skarn formation or at the postskarn hydrothermal-metasomatic stage and was accompanied by the formation of moderate- and low-tempera-ture metasomatic minerals—chlorite, actinolite, epidote, and quartz. Sulfide mineralization is unevenly distributed and occurs as veinlet-disseminated chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite,and sphalerite. It amounts to few percent. Gold occurs as fine thin (0.5–0.01 mm) native segregations. It is mainly of high fineness (840–994) (Fig. 5, a ).In crushing zones (Fig. 4), gold mineralization was found in quartz-carbonate-sulfide veinlets and veins in hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks of quartz-chlorite-carbonate composition with kaolinite, hydromica, and adularia (argillizite formation)developing after different rocks—skarns, hornfelses, shales,siltstones, and limestones,—often beyond skarning and horn-felsing zones. The quartz veins are 0.1 to 2.0 m (on average,0.4 m) thick, of N-S strike and eastern dip. In contrast to the gold-skarn-magnetite type, this mineralization is of more complex composition. In addition to minerals typical of skarn deposits (chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, sphalerite, and galena),it includes fahlore, arsenopyrite (FeAsS), cinnabar (HgS),metacinnabarite (HgS), bismuthine (Bi 2S 3), aikinite (CuPb BiS 3), emplectite (CuBiS 2), berryite [Pb 2(Cu,Ag)3Bi 5S 11],naumannite (Ag 2Se), polybasite (Ag 16Sb 2S 11), scheelite (Ca 3WO 4), hematite (Fe 2O 3), clinobisvanite (BiVO 4), bariteFig. 4. Schematic geologic structure of the Murzinskoe deposit. 1, mica-sili-ceous shales (O 1); 2, sandstones, siltstones, and aleuropelites (S 1); 3, terri-genous-carbonate deposits (D 1-2): a , conglomerates, b , limestones, c , sand-stones; 4, granodiorites of the Ust’-Belaya complex (D 3); 5, altered rocks and metasomatites: a , hornfelses, b , skarns, c , quartz-tourmaline metasomatites;6, mineralized crushing zones; 7, faults: a , established, b , predicted; 8, other types of mineralization: a , Murzinka-3 (Au), b, skarn Fe.Fig. 5. Variations in the fineness of gold associated with skarn-magnetite bodies (a ) and gold from ores of mineralized crushing zones (b ) at the Murzin-skoe deposit.I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–11011095(BaSO 4), and gold (Table 1). The content of gold in the ores varies over a broad range of values, from 0.1 to 232 ppm.This gold occurs as fine (<0.1 mm) thin segregations in assemblage with sulfides. Its fineness also greatly varies (640–840), but, compared with the first type of ores, low-fine-ness gold prevails here (Fig. 5, b ).The presence of cinnabar, sulfides and sulfosalts of Bi, Se,and Sb, and barite, predominance of low-fineness gold and electrum, and low-temperature wallrock alteration (formation of kaolinite, hydromica, and adularia) differ these ores from earlier formed ores in skarn-magnetite bodies. The gap between the skarn and ore formation processes is evidenced from the presence of basite dikes cutting the skarns, which bear superposed gold mineralization of this type. At the same time, the presence of gold–cinnabar intergrowths and fine dissemination of gold in cinnabar, presence of Hg-minerals (cinnabar, Hg-sphalerite, saucovite) in the ores, and high contents of As, Sb, and Ti (typical elements of many Au-Hg deposits) permit this mineralization to be referred to as epithermal Au-Hg type (Borisenko et al., 2006). Thermometric studies showed that the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz veins in the northern and central parts ofthe mineralized zone are 215–200 ºC and decrease to 160–130 ºC in the southern part.Fig. 6. Schematic geologic structure of the Sinyukhinskoe deposit (compiled by Gusev (2007) and supplemented by our data). 1, loose Quaternary deposits; 2–6, rocksof the Choya (O 1cs), Elanda (C−2-3el), Ust’-Sema (C −2us), and Upper Ynyrga (C −2vy) Formations: 2, conglomerates, 3, siltstones, 4, sandstones, 5, limestones,6, andesite-basaltic porphyrites; 7–9, rocks of the Yugala (Sinyukha) complex: 7, granites and granodiorites of the early phase (γδD 2-3), 8, granites of the late phase (γD 2-3), 9, dolerite and gabbro-dolerite dikes; 10, plagiogranites of the Sarakoksha complex (ν C −2); 11, skarns; 12, sites with gold mineralization (1, Pervyi Rudnyi (First Ore), 2, Zapadnyi (Western), 3, Faifanov, 4, West Faifanov, 5, Ynyrga, 6, Nizhnii (Lower), 7, Tushkenek, 9, Gorbunov); 13, faults.1096I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101The Sinyukhinskoe deposit is localized in northeastern Altai, at the contact of the large (600 km 2) complex Sarakok-sha pluton and Cambrian volcanosedimentary strata of the Ust’-Sema Formation (Shcherbakov, 1967; Vakhrushev, 1972)(Fig. 6). According to Shokalsky et al. (2000) and Gusev (2007), this massif includes the Lower Cambrian Sarakoksha diorite-tonalite-plagiogranite complex and Lower Devonian Yugala gabbro-diorite-granite complex (Sinyukha complex (Gusev, 2003)). It is in the latter complex that the commercial mineralization of the Sinyukha ore field is localized. In the contact zone of the Sinyukha massif, skarns of different compositions are developed in horizons of carbonate rocks and tuffs. Wollastonite and garnet-wollastonite varieties are the most widespread, and garnet-pyroxene and pyroxene ones are scarcer. Near the contact with basic effusive bodies, small magnetite orebodies have been revealed among garnet-py-roxene skarns.Gold mineralization occurs mainly among wollastonite,garnet-wollastonite, and pyroxene-wollastonite skarns and is intimately associated with an assemblage of sulfide minerals.The latter are dominated by bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite,and pyrite, which compose ore zones in these rocks and are present in the form of nest-disseminations and stockworks. In local zones of actinolite-chlorite-calcite-quartz composition we found minor amounts of sphalerite, pyrrhotite, cubanite, and tetradymite. There are also occasional findings of rare miner-als, such as siegenite (CoNi 2S 4), cobaltite ((CoNiFe)AsS),melonite (NiTe 2), wittichenite (Cu 3BiS 3), gessite (Ag 2Te),petzite (AuAg 3Te 2), altaite (PbTe), and clausthalite (PbSe)(Table 1). The total content of sulfides does not exceed 5–10%. The sulfides are extremely unevenly distributed—from occasional dissemination to densely disseminated, almost massive ores. The composition of sulfide mineralization slightly changes with depth: Gold-chalcocite-bornite assem-blage is changed by gold-chalcopyrite one. The accumulation of gold-sulfide mineralization was accompanied by the hy-drothermal-metasomatic alteration of the host skarns with the formation of actinolite, chlorite, and calcite near ore veins and nests. Magnetite ores are poorer in gold, and sulfide-free rocks(marbles and diorite-porphyry and granite-porphyry dikes)virtually lack it.Fig. 7. Variations in gold fineness in ores from the Sinyukhinskoe deposit.Fig. 8. Schematic geologic structure of the Choiskoe deposit (compiled by Gusev and Gusev (1998) and supplemented by our data). 1–5, rocks of the Ishpa (O 1is) andTandosha (C−2-3td) Formations: 1, conglomerates, 2, siltstones, 3, sandstones, 4, limestones, 5, felsic tuffs; 6–7, granitoids of the Yugala complex: 6, granites and granodiorites of the early phase (γδD 2-3), 7, leucocratic granites of the late phase (γD 2-3); 8, granite-porphyry, diorite, and lamprophyre dikes (γδD 2-3); 9, skarns;10, gold mineralization occurrences (1, occurrence of the Central skarn deposit, 2, Pikhtovyi, 3, Smorodinovyi); 11, faults.I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–11011097Gold often occurs in ores as native segregations in the form of hooks, fine wires, lumps, and sheets intimately intergrown with bornite, chalcocite, and chalcopyrite. Sometimes, native gold segregations are observed as fine inclusions in cracks and interstices of skarn minerals, most often, wollastonite. These gold particles are mainly no larger than hundredths of millimeter. The gold of primary ores of the Sinyukhinskoe deposit is of high fineness varying over a narrow range of values (911–964) (Fig. 7). The fineness of gold decreases to 860–870 only in its parageneses with tellurides, selenides, and rare sulfide minerals (Roslyakova et al., 1999). The main impurities in gold are silver (up to 19%) and copper (up to 1.7%). The content of Hg does not exceed 0.1%. By the formation conditions, these ores are postskarn hydrothermal,with their deposition temperatures not exceeding 350 ºC (Roslyakova et al., 1999; Shcherbakov, 1972).The Choiskoe deposit is localized 20 km northeast of the Sinyukha ore field, in the zone of contact between the Upper Cambrian terrigenous-carbonate deposits of the Ishpa Forma-tion and the Choya granitoid massif referred to the Lower Devonian Yugala gabbro-diorite-granite complex (Fig. 8). The Choya granitoid massif is small at the surface (1 × 5 km) and extends from west to east, tracing the Choya fault (Gusev,2007). The deposit abounds in dikes of dolerite porphyrites,diorites, and granite-porphyry and in rocks of the lamprophyre series—kersantites, minette, and spessartites. The zone of contact between the granitoids of the Choya massif and the horizons of limestones and terrigenous-carbonate rocks is composed of skarns, which form linear zones extending in the NE direction, like the other rocks. Most bodies are of persistent thickness, ~100 m. By composition, the skarn bodies are divided into zones of garnet, garnet-pyroxene, pyroxene,garnet-wollastonite, and pyroxene-epidote skarns. In the skarn zones and near lamprophyre bodies, poor scheelite-molybde-nite mineralization in quartz veins was established (Gusev,1998).Gold mineralization at the deposit occurs in linear tectonic zones and is not spatially associated with skarns. It develops as quartz veins and quartz-carbonate and quartz-carbonate-chlorite veinlets and nests with gold-sulfide mineralization in crushing and brecciation zones in both the skarns and the granitoids of the Choya massif (Fig. 8).The mineral composition of these objects is nearly the same—gold-sulfide and gold-telluride parageneses. A numberof rare tellurides have been revealed among the Choya deposit ores: tetradymite (BiTe 2S), ingodite (Bi 2TeS), joseite (Bi 4TeS 2), hedleyite (Bi 2Te), tellurobismuthite (Bi 2Te 3), bis-muthine (Bi 2S 3), and native bismuth (Table 1). Magnetite,pyrite, and chalcopyrite, typical minerals of Cu-skarn deposits,are extremely scarce here. The total content of sulfides does not exceed few percent. They occur mainly as fine thin dissemination and do not form large accumulations and nests.Gold in the Choya deposit ores occurs as fine inclusions in sulfide and telluride minerals in quartz veinlets and as intergrowths with ore minerals. The gold particles are hun-dredths and tenths of millimeter in size. By chemical compo-sition, the gold is divided into two groups: medium-fineness (843–880) and high-fineness (940–959); the latter is probably of exogenous nature (Fig. 9). The gold contains Ag (3–12.5 wt.%) and Hg (0–0.48 wt.%) impurities and Cu traces.The thermometric studies showed that homogenization of primary gas-liquid inclusions into liquid proceeds at 126–150 ºC in quartz and at 105–128 ºC in calcite from ore-bear-ing veins.The sequence and duration of formation of gold mineralization and its correlation with magmatism As seen from the above data, gold mineralization at all considered Cu-skarn deposits has a complex multistage for-mation history. But the same stages at different deposits ran with different intensities. For example, at the Sinyukhinskoe deposit, mainly early high-temperature mineral assemblages are widespread, whereas at the Choiskoe deposit, low-tempera-ture ones. The Tardanskoe and Murzinskoe deposits bear both early and late minerals. To elucidate the peculiarities of gold-ore formation, establish the correlation between different types of gold mineralization and magmatic activity, and evaluate the duration of ore formation, we performed Ar-Ar and U-Pb dating of different mineralization and igneous rocks from the Tardanskoe and Murzinskoe deposits.Our investigations have shown that the formation of gold mineralization at the Tardanskoe deposit lasted for a longer time than it was supposed earlier. Skarn mineralization formed at the contact of diorites with carbonate rocks as a result of the intrusion of the Kopto-Baisyut massif. Ar-Ar biotite dating of the massif yielded an age of 485.7 ± 4.4 Ma corresponding to the Early Ordovician (Table 2). The skarns at the massif contact as well as magnetite ores and gold-sulfide mineraliza-tion (pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, bornite, gold) spatially and genetically associated with skarn-magnetite bodies are of similar age. Gold was deposited together with sulfides, as evidenced from the direct correlation between the contents of gold and sulfides (especially chalcopyrite) and from gold inclusions in the sulfides. The formation of skarn and aposkarn mineralization was followed (with some temporal gap) by the intrusion of dike and stock-like small granitoid bodies, which is indicated by their cutting of the sulfide-bearing skarn and magnetite bodies. Ar-Ar dating of these granite bodies yielded an age of 484.2 ±4.3 Ma (Table 2).Fig. 9. Variations in gold fineness in ores from the Choiskoe deposit.1098I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101。
图像处理外文翻译 (2)
附录一英文原文Illustrator software and Photoshop software difference Photoshop and Illustrator is by Adobe product of our company, but as everyone more familiar Photoshop software, set scanning images, editing modification, image production, advertising creative, image input and output in one of the image processing software, favored by the vast number of graphic design personnel and computer art lovers alike.Photoshop expertise in image processing, and not graphics creation. Its application field, also very extensive, images, graphics, text, video, publishing various aspects have involved. Look from the function, Photoshop can be divided into image editing, image synthesis, school tonal color and special effects production parts. Image editing is image processing based on the image, can do all kinds of transform such as amplifier, reducing, rotation, lean, mirror, clairvoyant, etc. Also can copy, remove stain, repair damaged image, to modify etc. This in wedding photography, portrait processing production is very useful, and remove the part of the portrait, not satisfied with beautification processing, get let a person very satisfactory results.Image synthesis is will a few image through layer operation, tools application of intact, transmit definite synthesis of meaning images, which is a sure way of fine arts design. Photoshop provide drawing tools let foreign image and creative good fusion, the synthesis of possible make the image is perfect.School colour in photoshop with power is one of the functions of deep, the image can be quickly on the color rendition, color slants adjustment and correction, also can be in different colors to switch to meet in different areas such as web image design, printing and multimedia application.Special effects production in photoshop mainly by filter, passage of comprehensive application tools and finish. Including image effects of creative and special effects words such as paintings, making relief, gypsum paintings, drawings, etc commonly used traditional arts skills can be completed by photoshop effects. And all sorts of effects of production aremany words of fine arts designers keen on photoshop reason to study.Users in the use of Photoshop color function, will meet several different color mode: RGB, CMY K, HSB and Lab. RGB and CMYK color mode will let users always remember natural color, users of color and monitors on the printed page color is a totally different approach to create. The monitor is by sending red, green, blue three beams to create color: it is using RGB (red/green/blue) color mode. In order to make a complex color photographs on a continuous colour and lustre effect, printing technology used a cyan, the red, yellow and black ink presentation combinations from and things, reflect or absorb all kinds of light wavelengths. Through overprint) this print (add four color and create color is CMYK (green/magenta/yellow/black) yan color part of a pattern. HSB (colour and lustre/saturation/brightness) color model is based on the way human feelings, so the color will be natural color for customer computer translation of the color create provides an intuitive methods. The Lab color mode provides a create "don't rely on equipment" color method, this also is, no matter use what monitors.Photoshop expertise in image processing, and not graphics creation. It is necessary to distinguish between the two concepts. Image processing of the existing bitmap image processing and use edit some special effects, the key lies in the image processing processing; Graphic creation software is according to their own idea originality, using vector graphics to design graphics, this kind of software main have another famous company Adobe Illustrator and Macromedia company software Freehand.As the world's most famous Adobe Illustrator, feat graphics software is created, not graphic image processing. Adobe Illustrator is published, multimedia and online image industry standard vector illustration software. Whether production printing line draft of the designers and professional Illustrator, production multimedia image of artists, or Internet page or online content producers Illustrator, will find is not only an art products tools. This software for your line of draft to provide unprecedented precision and control, is suitable for the production of any small design to large complex projects.Adobe Illustrator with its powerful function and considerate user interface has occupied most of the global vector editing software share. With incomplete statistics global 37% of stylist is in use Adobe Illustrator art design. Especially the patent PostScript Adobe companybased on the use of technology, has been fully occupied professional Illustrator printed fields. Whether you're line art designers and professional Illustrator, production multimedia image of artists, or Internet page or online content producers, had used after Illustrator, its formidable will find the function and concise interface design style only Freehand to compare. (Macromedia Freehand is launched vector graphics software company, following the Macromedia company after the merger by Adobe Illustrator and will decide to continue the development of the software have been withdrawn from market).Adobe company in 1987 when they launched the Illustrator1.1 version. In the following year, and well platform launched 2.0 version. Illustrator really started in 1988, should say is introduced on the Mac Illustrator 88 version. A year after the upgrade to on the Mac version3.0 in 1991, and spread to Unix platforms. First appeared on the platform in the PC version4.0 version of 1992, this version is also the earliest Japanese transplant version. And in the MAC is used most is5.0/5.5 version, because this version used Dan Clark's do alias (anti-aliasing display) display engine is serrated, make originally had been in graphic display of vector graphics have a qualitative leap. At the same time on the screen making significant reform, style and Photoshop is very similar, so for the Adobe old users fairly easy to use, it is no wonder that did not last long, and soon also popular publishing industry launched Japanese. But not offering PC version. Adobe company immediately Mac and Unix platforms in launched version6.0. And by Illustrator real PC users know is introduced in 1997, while7.0 version of Mac and Windows platforms launch. Because the 7.0 version USES the complete PostScript page description language, make the page text and graphics quality got again leap. The more with her and Photoshop good interchangeability, won a good reputation. The only pity is the support of Chinese 7.0 abysmal. In 1998 the company launched landmark Adobe Illustrator8.0, making version - Illustrator became very perfect drawing software, is relying on powerful strength, Adobe company completely solved of Chinese characters and Japanese language support such double byte, more increased powerful "grid transition" tool (there are corresponding Draw9.0 Corel, but the effect the function of poor), text editing tools etc function, causes its fully occupy the professional vector graphics software's supremacy.Adobe Illustrator biggest characteristics is the use of beisaier curve, make simpleoperation powerful vector graphics possible. Now it has integrated functions such as word processing, coloring, not only in illustrations production, in printing products (such as advertising leaflet, booklet) design manufacture aspect is also widely used, in fact has become desktop publishing or (DTP) industry default standard. Its main competitors are in 2005, but MacromediaFreehand Macromedia had been Adobe company mergers.So-called beisaier curve method, in this software is through "the pen tool" set "anchor point" and "direction line" to realize. The average user in the beginning when use all feel not accustomed to, and requires some practice, but once the master later can follow one's inclinations map out all sorts of line, and intuitive and reliable.It also as Creative Suite of software suit with important constituent, and brother software - bitmap graphics software Photoshop have similar interface, and can share some plug-ins and function, realize seamless connection. At the same time it also can put the files output for Flash format. Therefore, can pass Illustrator let Adobe products and Flash connection.Adobe Illustrator CS5 on May 17, 2010 issue. New Adobe Illustrator CS5 software can realize accurate in perspective drawing, create width variable stroke, use lifelike, make full use of paint brush with new Adobe CS Live online service integration. AI CS5 has full control of the width zoom along path variable, and stroke, arrows, dashing and artistic brushes. Without access to multiple tools and panel, can directly on the sketchpad merger, editing and filling shape. AI CS5 can handle a file of most 100 different size, and according to your sketchpad will organize and check them.Here in Adobe Illustrator CS5, for example, briefly introduce the basic function: Adobe IllustratorQuick background layerWhen using Illustrator after making good design, stored in Photoshop opens, if often pattern is in a transparent layer, and have no background ground floor. Want to produce background bottom, are generally add a layer, and then executed merge down or flatten, with background ground floor. We are now introducing you a quick method: as long as in diagram level on press the upper right version, choose new layer, the arrow in the model selection and bottom ", "background can quickly produce. However, in Photoshop 5 after the movementmerged into one instruction, select menu on the "new layer is incomplete incomplete background bottom" to finish.Remove overmuch type clothWhen you open the file, version 5 will introduce the Illustrator before Illustrator version created files disused zone not need. In order to remove these don't need in the zone, click on All Swatches palette Swatches icon and then Select the Select clause in the popup menu, and Trash Unused. Click on the icon to remove irrelevant type cloth. Sometimes you must repeat selection and delete processes to ensure that clear palette. Note that complex documents will take a relatively long time doing cleanup.Put the fabric to define the general-screeningIn Illustrator5 secondary color and process color has two distinct advantages compared to establish for easy: they provide HuaGan tonal; And when you edit the general-screening prescription, be filled some of special color objects will be automatically updated into to the new color. Because process color won't let you build tonal and provides automatic updates, you may want to put all the fabric is defined as the general-screening. But to confirm Illustrator, when you are in QuarkXPress or when PageMaker quaclrochramatic must keep their into process of color.Preferred using CMYKBecause of Illustrator7 can let you to CMYK, RGB and HSB (hue, saturation, bright) color mode, so you want to establish color the creation of carefully, you can now contains the draft with the combination of these modes created objects. When you do, they may have output various kinds of unexpected things will happen. Printing output file should use CMYK; Only if you don't use screen display manuscript RGB. If your creation draft will also be used for printing and screen display, firstly with CMYK create printing output file, then use to copy it brings As ordered the copy and modify to the appropriate color mode.Information source：" Baidu encyclopedia "附录二中文译文Illustrator软件与Photoshop软件的区别Photoshop与Illustrator都是由Adobe公司出品的，而作为大家都比较熟悉的Photoshop软件，集图像扫描、编辑修改、图像制作、广告创意，图像输入与输出于一体的图形图像处理软件，深受广大平面设计人员和电脑美术爱好者的喜爱。
人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译2
人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译2.5万字符人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译：Title: Employee Turnover Issues and StrategiesAbstract:Employee turnover is a significant concern for organizations as it increases costs and disrupts the workflow. This paper aims to explore the causes of employee turnover and propose strategies to reduce turnover rates. The study identified several factors contributing to turnover, including job dissatisfaction, lack of career growth opportunities, and poor management. To address these issues, organizations can implement various strategies, such as improving employee job satisfaction through fair compensation and recognition programs, providing employees with development opportunities, and enhancing management practices. Additionally, fostering a positive work environment and promoting work-life balance can also help reduce turnover rates. The findings suggest that a proactive approach should be taken by organizations to retain valuable employees and minimize turnover. Introduction:Employee turnover refers to the rate at which employees leave an organization and are replaced by new hires. High turnover rates pose challenges for organizations, including increased costs associated with recruitment and training, reduced productivity due to constant turnover, and potential loss of valuable employees. This paper aims to examine the causes of employee turnover and propose strategies that organizations can adopt to reduce turnover rates and retain valuable talent.Causes of Employee Turnover:There are various factors that contribute to employee turnover. One major factor is job dissatisfaction. When employees are dissatisfied with their job, they may seek better opportunities elsewhere. This dissatisfaction can arise from several sources, such as low compensation, lack of recognition, limited growth prospects, and poor work-life balance.Another significant factor is the lack of career growth opportunities. Employees who feel that their career is stagnating may be more likely to look for advancement opportunities in other organizations. This is especially true for early-career professionals who seek growth and development.Poor management practices also contribute to employee turnover. When employees have ineffective or unsupportive managers, they may become disengaged and unhappy in their roles. In such cases, employees are more likely to leave the organization in search of better management practices and a healthier work environment.Additionally, lack of work-life balance and high levels of stress can result in employee turnover. When employees feel overwhelmed with work and have minimal time for personal and family-related activities, their job satisfaction and overall well-being may be affected, leading to higher turnover rates.Strategies to Reduce Turnover:Organizations can adopt several strategies to reduce employee turnover rates. Firstly, they can focus on improving employee jobsatisfaction. This can be achieved through fair and competitive compensation packages, recognition and rewards programs, and fostering a positive work environment. Regularly seeking employee feedback and addressing their concerns can also contribute to higher job satisfaction.Providing employees with growth and development opportunities is another effective strategy. Organizations can offer training programs, mentorship opportunities, and clear career paths to help employees progress in their careers. This not only fulfills employee aspirations but also enhances employee engagement and loyalty.Enhancing management practices is crucial in reducing turnover rates. Organizations should invest in training programs for managers to improve their leadership skills, communication abilities, and ability to support and motivate employees. Regular performance evaluations and constructive feedback can also contribute to better managerial practices.Finally, promoting work-life balance is essential in retaining valuable employees. This can be achieved by offering flexible work schedules, remote work options, and providing support for personal and family-related commitments. Organizations should create a culture that values work-life balance and encourages employees to maintain a healthy work-life integration. Conclusion:Employee turnover is a significant challenge for organizations globally. Understanding the causes of turnover and implementing effective strategies can help organizations retain valuable talentand reduce turnover rates. By focusing on improving job satisfaction, providing growth opportunities, enhancing management practices, and promoting work-life balance, organizations can create a supportive work environment that fosters employee engagement and loyalty.。
数控铣床毕业设计外文翻译 2
7.1 INTRODUCTIONAfter lathes, milling machines are the most widely used for manufacturing applications. In milling, the workpiece is fed into a rotating milling cutter, which is a multi-point tool as shown in Fig. 7.1, unlike a lathe, which uses a single point cutting tool. The tool used in milling is called the milling cutter.Fig. 7.1Schematic diagram of a milling operationThe milling process is characterised by:(i)Interrupted cutting Each of the cutting edges removes materialfor only a part of the rotation of the milling cutter. As a result, the cutting edge has time to cool before it again removes material.Thus the milling operation is much more cooler compared to the turning operation. This allows for a much larger material rates.(ii)Small size of chips Though the size of the chips is small, in view of the multiple cutting edges in contact a large amount of material is removed and as a result the component is generally completed ina single pass unlike the turning process which requires a largenumber of cuts for finishing.(iii)Variation in chip thickness This contributes to the non-steady state cyclic conditions of varying cutting forces during the contact of the cutting edge with the chip thickness varying from zero to maximum size or vice versa. This cyclic variation of the force can excite any of the natural frequencies of the machine tool system and is harmful to the tool life and surface finish generatedA milling machine is one of the most versatile machine tools. It is adaptable for quantity production as well as in job shops and tool rooms. The versatility of milling is because of the large variety of accessories and tools available with milling machines. The typical tolerance expected from the process is about ±0.050 mm.7.2 TYPES OF MILLING MACHINESTo satisfy various requirements milling machines come in a number of sizes and varieties. In view of the large material removal ratesmilling machines come with a very rigid spindle and large power. The varieties of milling machines available are:(i) Knee and Column type(a) horizontal(b) vertical(c) universal(d) turret typeThese are the general purpose milling machines, which have a high degree of flexibility and are employed for all types of works including batch manufacturing. A large variety of attachments to improve the flexibility are available for this class of milling machines.(ii) Production (Bed) type(a) simplex(b) duplex(c) triplexThese machines are generally meant for regular production involving large batch sizes. The flexibility is relatively less in these machines which is suitable for productivity enhancement.(iii) Plano millersThese machines are used only for very large workpieces involving table travels in meters.(iv) Special type(a) Rotary table(b) Drum type(c) Copy milling (Die sinking machines)(d) Key way milling machines(e) Spline shaft milling machinesThese machines provide special facilities to suit specific applications that are not catered to by the other classes of milling machines.7.2.1 Knee and Column Milling MachinesThe knee(升降台) and column type is the most commonly used machine in view of its flexibility and easier setup. A typical machine construction is shown in Fig. 7.2 for the horizontal axis. The knee houses the feed mechanism and mounts the saddle and table. The table basically has the T-slots running along the X-axis for the purpose of work holding. The table moves along the X-axis on the saddle while the saddle moves along the Y-axis on the guide ways provided on the knee.The feed is provided either manually with a hand wheel or connected for automatic by the lead screw, which in turn is coupled to the main spindle drive. The knee can move up and down (Z-axis) on a dovetail provided on the column.Fig. 7.2 Horizontal knee and column type milling machineThe massive column at the back of the machine houses all the power train including the motor and the spindle gearbox. The power for feeding the table lead screw is taken from the main motor through a separate feed gearbox. Sometimes a separate feed motor is provided for the feed gearbox as well.While the longitudinal and traverse motions are provided with automatic motion, the raising of the knee is generally made manually.The spindle is located at the top end of the column. The arbour used to mount the milling cutters is mounted in the spindle and is provided with a support on the other end to take care of the heavy cutting forces by means of an overarm with bearing. As shown in Fig.7.2 the overarm extends from the column with a rigid design. The spindle nose has the standard Morse taper of the suitable sizedepending upon the machine size.The milling cutters are mounted on the arbour at any desired position, the rest of the length being filled by standard hardened collars of varying widths to fix the position of the cutter. The arbour is clamped in the spindle with the help of a draw bar and then fixed with nuts.Milling machines are generally specified on the following basis:(i) Size of the table, which specifies the actual working area on the table and relates to the maximum size of the workpiece that can be accommodated.(ii) Amount of table travel, which gives the maximum axis movement that is possible.(iii) Horse power of the spindle, which actually specifies the power of the spindle motor used. Smaller machines may come with 1 to 3 hp while the production machines may go from 10 to 50 hp.Another type of knee and column milling machine is the vertical axis type. Its construction is very similar to the horizontal axis type, except for the spindle type and location.The vertical axis milling machine is relatively more flexible (Fig. 7.4) and suitable for machining complex cavities such as die cavities in tool rooms. The vertical head is provided with a swiveling facility in horizontal direction whereby the cutter axis can be swivelled. This isuseful for tool rooms where more complex milling operations are carried out.The spindle is located in the vertical direction and is suitable for using the shank mounted milling cutters such as end mills, In view of the location of the tool, the setting up of the workpiece and observing the machining operation is more convenient.Fig, 7.3 Vertical knee and column type milling machineFig.7.4 Some of the milling operations normally carried out on vertical axis machinesThe universal machine has the table which can be swivelled in a horizontal plane at about 45o to either the left or right. This makes the universal machine suitable for milling spur and helical gears as well as worm gears and cams.7.2.2 Bed Type Milling MachineIn production milling machines it is desirable to increase the metal removal rates. If it is done on conventional machines by increasingthe depth of cut, there is possibility of chatter. Hence another varietyof milling machines named as bed type machines are used which are made more rugged and are capable of removing more material. The ruggedness is obtained as a consequence of the reduction in versatility.The table in the case of bed type machines is directly mounted on the bed and is provided with only longitudinal motion.The spindle moves along with the column to provide the cutting action. Simplex machines (Fig. 7.5) are the ones with only one spindle head while duplex machines have two spindles (Fig. 7.6). The two spindles are located on either side of a heavy workpiece and remove material from both sides simultaneously.Fig. 7.5 Simplex bed type milling machineFig. 7.6 Duplex bed type milling machine7.3 MILLING CUTTERSThere are a large variety of milling cutters available to suit specific requirements. The versatility of the milling machine is contributed toa great extent by the variety of milling cutters that are available.7.3.1 Types of Milling CuttersMilling cutters are classified into various types based on a variety of methods.(i) Based on construction:(a) Solid(b) Inserted tooth typeBased on mounting:(a) Arbor mounted(b) Shank mounted(c) Nose mountedBase on rotation:(a) Right hand rotation (counter clockwise)(b) Left hand rotation (clockwise)Based on helix:(a) Right hand helix(b) Left hand helixMilling cutters are generally made of high speed steel or cemented carbides. The cemented carbide cutters can be of a brazed tip variety or with indexable tips. The indexable variety is more common since it is normally less expensive to replace the worn out cutting edges than to regrind them.Plain milling cutters These are also called slab milling cutters and are basically cylindrical with the cutting teeth on the periphery as shown in Fig. 7.7. These are generally used for machining flat surfaces.Fig. 7.7 Arbor mounted milling cutters for general purposeLight duty slab milling cutters generally have a face width, which is small of the order of 25 mm. They generally have straight teeth and large number of teeth.Heavy duty slab milling cutters come with a smaller number of teeth to allow for more chip space. This allows taking deeper cuts and consequently high material removal rates.Helical milling cutters have a very small number of teeth but a large helix angle. This type of cutter cuts with a shearing action, which can produce a very fine finish. The large helix angle allows the cutter to absorb most of the end load and therefore the cutter enters and leaves the workpiece very smoothly.Side and face milling cutters These have the cutting edges not only onthe face like the slab milling cutters, but also on both the sides. As aresult, these cutters become more versatile since they can be used for side milling as well as for slot milling.Staggered tooth side milling cutters are a variation where the teeth are arranged in an alternate helix pattern. This type is generally used for milling deep slots, since the staggering of teeth provides for greater chip space.Another variation of the side and face cutter is the half side milling cutter, which has cutting edges only on one side. This arrangement provides a positive rake angle and is useful for machining on only one side. These have a much smoother cutting action and a long tool life. The power consumed is also less for these cutters.Fig. 7.8Special forms of arbor mounted milling cuttersSlitting saws The other common form of milling cutters in the arbor mounted category is the slitting saw. This is very similar to a saw blade inappearance as well as function. Most of these have teeth around the circumference while some have side teeth as well. The thickness of these cutters is generally very small and is used for cutting off operations or for deep slots.Special form cutters In addition to the general type of milling cutters described above, there are a large number of special form milling cutters available which are used for machining specific profiles.Angular milling cutters are made in single or double angle cutters for milling any angle such as 30, 45 or 60o Form relieved cutters are made of various shapes such as circular, corner rounding, convex or concave shapes.T-slot milling cutters are used for milling T-slots such as those in the milling machine table. The central slot is to be milled first using an end mill before using the T-slot milling cutter. Woodruff key seat milling cutters are used for milling as the name suggests, woodruff key seats Some other special form cutters are dovetail milling cutters and gear milling cutters.End mills These are shank mounted as shown in Fig. 7.9 and are generally used in vertical axis milling machines. They are used for milling slots, key ways and pockets where other type of milling cutters cannot be used. A depth of cut of almost half the diameter can be taken with the end mills.The end mills have the cutting edge running through the length of the cutting portion as well as on the face radially up to a certain length. The helix angle of the cutting edge promotes smooth and efficient cutting even at high cutting speeds and feed rates. High cutting speeds(转速?) are generally recommended for this type of milling cutters.Fig. 7.9 Shank mounted milling cutters and various types of end mills There are a large variety of end mills. One of the distinctions is based on the method of holding, i.e., the end mill shank can be straight or tapered. The straight shank is used on end mills of small size and held in the milling machine spindle with the help of a suitable collet. The tapered shank can be directly mounted in the spindle with the help of the selfholding taper. If the taper is small compared to the spindle taper, then an adopter accommodating both the tapers is used.The end teeth of the end mills may be terminated at a distance from the cutter center or may proceed till the center (Fig. 7.9 f). Those with the cutting edge up to the center are called slot drills or end cutting end mills since they have the ability to cut into the solid material (Fig. 7.9 g). The other type of end mills which have a larger number of teeth cannot cut into solid material and hence require a pilot hole drilled before a pocket is machined.The cutting edge along the side of an end mill is generally straight and sometimes can be tapered by grinding on a tool and cutter grinder such that the draft required for mould and die cavities can be automatically generated.第七章铣削7.1介绍除了车床，铣床是制造应用中最广泛使用的。
高层建筑外文翻译 (2)
捆绑筒体结构——随着对高楼大厦不断的需求，框筒或桁架筒体结构逐渐被用于捆绑的形式，以创造更大的筒体结构，并保持其工作效率。在芝加哥10层的西尔斯总部大楼有九个筒体结构，在建筑的瓷砖基础捆绑三排。部分单独筒体建造到建筑的不同高度，展示了这一最新的建筑结构概念无限的可能性。西尔斯大厦有一千四百五英尺（442米）高，是世界上最高的建筑。
筒中筒结构——另一个在钢筋混凝土办公楼中结合了传统的外部框筒剪力墙施工的体系。该系统包括一个柱距紧密的外框架和内部剪力墙结构，将中央服务区包围起来。这种筒中筒结构，使得波士顿的目前全球最高（714英尺或218米）的轻质混凝土建筑的设计成为可能。
钢筋混凝土结构和钢结构的结合也得到了很好的发展，其中一个例子是Skidmore Owing和Merrill开发的混合结构，它是由外部的钢筋混凝土框架结构包围内部的钢结构所组成，从而结合了钢筋混凝土和钢结构的优点。新奥尔良52层的壳体广场大厦就是应用的这种结构。
Tall Buildings
Fazlur Rahrnan khan
Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.
通货膨胀会计外文资料翻译 (2)
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译题目:Inflation Accounting附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文通货膨胀会计自从我们开始认识我们周遭的事物, 我们常常从我们的祖父母那里听到关于他们那个时代的东西,尤其是黄金和酥油是非常便宜的.那时我们常常想为什么他们的那个时代的东西非常便宜,而我们的这个时代的东西开始变得昂贵. 因此, 这个问题使我们感到困惑.但是现在, 随着我们的知识的增加和认识, 我们已经知道了通货膨胀这中现象, 用一种外行的理解是国家定价的增长或货币的贬值是已知背后的最大的原因.现在出现的问题究竟是不是通货膨胀?在当今世界, 通货膨胀是一个全球性的现象. 在资本主义世界的今天,几乎没有任何国家不受通货膨胀幽灵般的困扰.不同的经济学家用不同的词语定义通货膨胀, Prof.Crowther 定义的通货膨胀是“随着国家币值的下降, 或者是价格的上涨.” Prof.Paul Einzig 说“通货膨胀是一个不平衡的状态,总体表现是购买力扩张的原因或者是价格水平增长的影响.”两个定义都强调了物价上涨.通货膨胀的最基本的因素不是需求的增加就是供应的减少.通货膨胀对企业的影响通货膨胀对企业的影响可以分为两部分理解1.影响成本和收益2.影响资产和负债至于通货膨胀对成本和收益的影响是忧虑的, 肯定的, 两者都将上升. 但是他们的结果是否表现出超常的利润是被公司旧的价格的可用的期初存货的多少和被公司受理的工资的需求的多少决定的.在货币资产和负债中, 一个公司将失去被债权人和取得在真实项目中的被债务人.如果我们说其他的资产如建筑物, 土地和其他证券, 则公司将在货币方面有持有收益,但是在实质情况中还是有一定的影响, 因此,在价格方面的增长是一方面, 货币币值的下降是另一方面.通货膨胀会计及其意义通货膨胀影响产出和资产价格上涨的形式. 因为财务会计通常是以历史成本为记帐原则, 因此他们不考虑资产和产出价格上涨的影响. 这样的结果很可能会导致利润上的虚增, 资产价格的低估以及误导企业的决策.因此, 在以历史成本为记帐原则编制的财务报表通常被证明是历史事实的一种陈述, 并不能反映企业当前的商业价值. 这就剥夺了如管理者, 股东以及债权人等的报表使用者去获取正确的财务信息从而做出正确的经营决策的权力.因此,这就导致了对通货膨胀会计的需要. 通货膨胀会计是一个会计制度范围的术语描述, 设计并去纠正当通货膨胀存在时历史成本会计产生的上升的问题.通货膨胀会计的意义是从固有的历史成本会计制度的限制中产生的.以下是历史成本会计的局限性:1.历史成本会计不考虑, 因受通货膨胀影响, 从资产的货币价值上升产生的未实现的持有性收益.2.折旧费用的目标是在资产的使用寿命期间摊销其成本, 并在将来为其更换储备. 但是, 他并没有考虑到受通货膨胀影响的结果可能导致折旧费用不足的替换成本.3.根据历史成本会计, 以旧的价格获得的存货实现的收益是按当年的价格计算的. 在通货膨胀期间, 由于持有收益和经营收益的最大化, 可能导致利润上的虚增.4.从历史收益上,不容易去预测未来盈利.通货膨胀会计的历史在过去的几年中, 通货膨胀会计已经被作为一种补充运用在英国和美国的财务报表中, 关于在通货膨胀期间调整财务账目的方法已经争论了50多年的时间.早在1900年代初, 美国和英国的会计师就以经讨论过通货膨胀对财务报表的影响, 开始于指标的数据理论和购买力. Irving Fisher 在1911年出版的书《The Purchasing Power of Money》被Henry W.Sweeney 在1936年出版的关于恒定购买力会计的书中《Stabilized Accounting》作为起源. Sweeney的这一模型通过美国注册会计师协会为他们的研究性学习(ARS6)报告《the Financial Effects of Price-Level Changes》所应用, 后来又被应用到会计准则委员会(美国), 金融标准委员会(美国),会计标准指导委员会(英国). Sweeney主张用涵盖在国民生产总值之上的价格指标.在1979年3月,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)写了恒定美元会计, 当中主张使用消费价格指数为所有的城市消费者(CPI-U)去调整帐目, 因为其可在每月计算一次.在大萧条期间, 一些公司重述他们的财务报表, 以反映通货膨胀. 在过去50年的时间里, 标准制定组织应经鼓励企业用价格水平调整的方法去补充以成本为基础的财务报表. 在20世纪70年代的高通货膨胀时期, 当美国证券交易委员会(SEC)发行ASR190时, 财务会计准则委员会(FASB)正在审查关于价格水平调整报表的草案, 这需要美国大约1000家最大的公司提供基于替换成本的补充信息. 财务会计准则委员会撤回了草案.然而为了迎合通货膨胀会计的需要, 国际会计准则委员会(IASB)推出了世界闻名的会计准则IAS29.通货膨胀会计的方法为了衡量通货膨胀对财务报表的影响,使用的技术如下:当前购买力法(CPP)根据这一价格变动调整帐目的方法, 在财务报表中所有的项目都被重述在一个固定的货币单位的项目里, 也即一般购买力.为了衡量价格水平的变化, 并用一般物价指数把这一变化纳入到财务报表当中去, 这就意味着我们的目标很可能是一个晴雨表. 该指数被用于转换在资产负债表和利润表中各个项目的价值. 这个方法考虑了账户一般货币购买力的变化以及忽略了给定项目价格的实际上升或下降. 在当前的购买力下, 购买力法(CPP)涉及了历史数据的翻新.为了这一目标, 在这一时期的最后时刻, 历史数据被转换成了购买力的价格. 被要求的两个指标数据: 一个显示在期末的一般价格水平上, 另一个反映相同的数据在交易日.这种方法下的利润一段时间内在净资产价值方面上是增长的, 在当前购买力的项目中所有的价格是被估计出来的.现行成本会计(CCA)的方法现行成本会计是对当前购买力法的替代方法. 现行成本会计方法相当于在盈利中现行的收益与被消耗资源的现行成本.一般物价水平的变动通过指标数据去衡量. 具体价格发生变化, 如没有任何价格变动的特定资产的价格发生变化. 可以根据这一方法去解决, 资产按照当前的成本估价, 即资产被替换时的成本.通货膨胀会计的局限性虽然通货膨胀会计是一种更实际的做法,并能反映公司真实地财务情况, 但是有些限制不允许它成为一个普及的会计系统. 以下是他的限制:1.价格水平的变化是一个持续的过程.2.这个系统使计算变得乏味, 因为有太多的转换和计算.3.该系统没有被税务机关给予优惠.结论:在地球上的每一个人都受到通货膨胀的影响, 一些人表现出积极,但是大部分人表现的消极, 因为通货膨胀导致了一般购买力的侵蚀.历史成本会计没有考虑帐户中资产价值的变化, 由于通货膨胀影响的资产负债表和利润表, 不能真实的反映企业的价值及所需要的有效的决策信息.通货膨胀会计已经剔除了这个缺陷, 通过根据一般或具体价格水平的方法去调整数据.尽管对财务报表提出了正确的方法, 但是通货膨胀会计由于某些限制仍然没有得到广泛的普及. 但是随着在这一领域更多的研究和会计软件的开发, 毫无疑问, 调整后的通货膨胀会计就是财务会计的未来.附件2：外文原文Inflation Accounting/Faculty_Column/FC1103/fc1103.htmlSince we started understanding things around us, we all used to listen from our Grandparents about the things and articles especially Gold & Ghee being cheaper in their times.That time we used to think that why the things were cheaper in our Grandparent’ time and why had they started becoming costlier. So this question would keep us puzzled.But now as we have grown in our knowledge and understanding, we have come to know about the phenomenon of Inflation which in layman’s language is known as the state of rising pricing or the falling value of maney was the greatest reason behind this.Now emerges the question that what exactly is the Inflation?Inflation is a global phenomenon in present day times. There is hardly any country in the capitalist world today which is not afficted by spectre of inflation.Different economists have defined inflation in different words like Prof.Crowther has defined inflation “as a state in which the value of money is falling, ie, prices are tising.” In the words of Prof.Paul Einzig, “Inflation is that state of disequilibrium in which an expansion of purchasing power tend s to cause or is the effect of an increase of price level.” Both the definition have emphasized on the rising prices of the goods.The basic factors behind the inflation are either the rising demand or the shortening of supply due to any reason.Effect of Inflation on BusinessThe impact of inflation on business can be bifurcated into two parts like1.Impact on costs and revenue2.Impact on assets and liabilitiesAs far as impact of inflation on costs and revenues is concerned, definitely both will rise but whether they result into extraordinary profits will be determined by that how much opening stock was available at old prices with the company and how much later the demand for increasing wages is entertained by the company.In case of monetary assets and liabilities, accompany will lose of being creditor and gain in case of being debtor in real terms.If we talk about other assets like building, land and other securities, the company will be having holding gains in monetary terms but may have neutral impact in real terms due to the rise in prices on the one hand but fall in value of money on the other.Inflation Accounting and its significanceThe impact of inflation comes in the form of rising prices of output and assets. As the financial accounts are kept on Historical cost basis, so they don’t take into consideration the impact of rise in the prices of assets and output. This may sometimes result into the overstated profits, under priced assets and misleading picture of Business etc.So, the financial statements prepared under historical accounting are generally proved to be statements of historical facts and do not reflect the current worth of business. This deprives the users of accounts like management, shareholders, and creditors etc. to have a right picture of business to make appropriate decisions.Hence, this leads towards the need for Inflation Accounting. Inflation accounting is a term describing a range of accounting systems designed to correct problems arising from historical cost accounting in the presence of inflation.The significance of inflation accounting emerges from the inherent limitations of the historical cost accounting system.Following are the limitations of historical accounting:1.Historical accounts do not consider the unrealized holding gains arising from the rise in themonetary value of the assets due to inflation.2.The objective of charging depreciation is to spread the cost of the asset over its useful life andmake reserve for its replacement in the future. But it does not take into account the impact of inflation over the replacement cost which may result into the inadequate charge of depreciation.3.Under historical accounting, inventories acquired at old prices are marched against revenuesexpressed at current prices. In the period of inflation, this may lead to the overstatement of profits due mixing up of holding gains and operating gains.4.Future earnings are not easily projected from historical earnings.History of Inflation AccountingIn the last few years, inflation accounting has been adopted as a supplementary financial statement in the United States and the United Kingdom. This comes after more than 50 years of debate about methods of adjusting financial accounts for inflation.Accountants in the United Kingdom and the United States have discussed the effect of inflation on financial statements since the early 1900s, beginning with index number theory and purchasing power. Irving Fisher’s 1911 book the Purchasing Power Accounting. This model by Sweeney was used by The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants for their 1936 research study(ARS6) Reporting the Financial Effects of Price-Level Changes, and later used by the Accounting Principles Board (USA), The Financial Standards Board (USA), and the Accounting Standards Steering Committee (UK). Sweeney advocated using a price index that covers everything in the gross national product. In March 1979, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) wrote Constant Dollar Accounting, which advocated using the Consumer Price Index for Al Urban Consumers (CPI-U) to adjust accounts because it is calculate every month.During the Great Depression, some corporations restated their financial statements to reflect inflation. At times during the past 50 years standard-setting organizations have encouraged companies to supplement cost-based financial statements with price-level adjusted statements. During a period of high inflation in the 1970s, the FASB was reviewing a draft proposal for price-level adjusted statements when the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued ASR 190, which required approximately 1,000 of the largest US corporations to provide supplemental information based on replacement cost. The FASB withdrew the draft proposal.Still to cater to the needs of an Inflation Accounting, the IASB came out with Accounting Standard known as IAS29.Techniques of Inflation AccountingTo measure the impact of inflation on financial statements, following are the techniques used: Current Purchasing Power (CPP) MethodUnder this method of adjusting accounts to price changes, all items in the financial statements are restated in terms of a constant unit of money ie in terms of general purchasing power. For measuring changes in the price level and incorporating the changes in the financial statements we use General Price Index, which may be considered to be a barometer meant for the purpose. The index is used to convert the values of various items in the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account. This method takes into account the changes in the general purchasing power of money and ignores the actual rise or fall in the price of the given item. CPP method involves the refurnishing of historical figures at current purchasing power. For this purpose, historical figures are converted into value of purchasing power at the end of the period. Two index numbers are required: one showing the general price level at the end of the period and the other reflecting the same at the date of the transaction.Profit under this method is an increase in the value of the net asset over a period, all valuations being made in terms of current purchasing power.Current Cost Accounting (CCA) MethodThe Current Cost Accounting is an alternative to the Current Purchasing Power Method. The CCA method matches current revenues with the current cost of the resources which are consumed in earning them.Changes in the general price level are measured by Index Numbers. Specific price change occurs if price of a particular asset change without any general price change. Under this method, asset are valued at current cost which is the cost at which asset can be replaced as on a date.While the Current Purchasing Power (CPP) method is known as the General Price Level approach, the Current Cost Accounting (CCA) method is known as Specific Price Level approach or Replacement Cost Accounting.Limitations of Inflation AccountingThough Inflation Accounting is more practical approach for the true reflection of financial status of the company, there are certain limitations which are not allowing this to be a popular system of accounting. Following are the limitations:1.Change in the price level is a continuous process.2.This system makes the calculations a tedious task because of too many conversions andcalculations.3.This system has not been given preference by tax authorities.ConclusionEvery person on this earth has been affected by Inflation, some positively but most of the people negatively because the Inflation leads to the erosion of general purchasing power. The Inflation spares none and it equally influences the Businesses like the people.Historical cost accounting does not take into account the change in the rise in the value of assets and its impact on Balance Sheet and P&L Account due to inflation and does not reflect the real worth of the business which is very required for effective decision making.Inflation Accounting has removed this drawback by providing methods for adjusting the figure accounting to General or Specific Price levels.Despite a right method of presenting financial statements, Inflation Accounting is still not widely prevalent due to certain limitations. But with more research and development of accounting software in this field, there is no doubt that Inflation adjusted accounting is the future of Financial Accounting.。
建筑外文翻译2
多层住宅楼结构设计的故事引言设计和建造在塞勒姆，泰米尔纳德邦州，印度是本文描述。
设计是交由证明第二次检查的作者。
该建筑是一幢公寓的泰米尔纳德邦房屋委员会给的建议。
这是一个钢筋混凝土框架建设。
这样做是在技术，哥印拜陀，印度，巴黎圣日尔曼学院作为高级论文设计的世平的一部分，在马萨诸塞州伍斯特，01609巴黎圣日耳曼技术，哥印拜陀，印度，学院在印度项目中心的7周内学生作为一个住宅项目。
学生姓名弗雷德里克嘉莉，亚伯拉罕松柏目和安东尼。
这是他们完成在巴黎圣日尔曼学院项目的技术，哥印拜陀，印度，中心在1998年。
这是对BSCE在土木与环境工程学士学位世平要求的一部分。
世平派出20名学生到印度计划在PSG技术学校，哥印拜陀，学院计划在美国拉惹博士，主席，中欧和东欧处圣日耳曼技术学院赞助。
拉惹古玛教授担任顾问的校园，而体育Jayachandran教授，担任过外的世平校园顾问。
学生们做了文献调查，问题的定义，没有一个完整的结构分析和4层住宅大楼在设计钢筋混凝土。
他们遵循国际清算银行在印度的代码456 - 1978和使用脑梗死- 1999和风能/加拿大代码使用1995年的地震荷载和ANSI标准检查1995。
分析和设计的地砖，梁，梁，柱和基脚已完成利用钢筋混凝土结构设计与分析理论，STAAD 进行第三软件，它使用有限元。
对板设计，梁，柱和基脚外出使用该软件进行钢筋混凝土设计套件。
图纸完成使用自动加元。
为了防止这些软件被滥用，极限状态设计是专门用来作为手工计算方法来验证从STAAD进行输出，三和RC设计套件。
估计和工料测量做是为了计算数量和建筑和制造规范移仍维持在H/500，在理论设计的改编，由 C.K. Wang和 C.G. Salmon的教科书钢筋混凝土设计和JGMcGrager，钢筋混凝土设计和S.Rajasekaran，有限元方法。
学生已完成结构设计和图纸和技术报告，并提出了结果的陈述，之前的资深教授和其他教师和大学生的心理服务技术的观众，以及在世平。
外文翻译 英文
2. WHAT CONSTITUTES FAIR DEALINGWEINBERGER v. UOP, INC.457 A.2d 701 (Del.Supr.19a3).MOORE, JUSTICE.This post-trial appeal was reheard en banc from a decision of the Court of Chancery. It was brought by the class action plaintiff below, a former shareholder of UOP, Inc., who challenged the elimination of UOP's minority shareholders by a cash-out merger between UOP and its majority owner, The Signal Companies, Inc. Originally, the defendants in this action were Signal, UOP, certain officers and directors of those companies, and UOP's investment banker, Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, Inc. The present Chancellor held that the terms of the merger were fair to the plaintiff and the other minority shareholders of UOP. Accordingly, he entered judgment in favor of the defendants.Numerous points were raised by the parties, but we address only the following questions presented by the trial court's opinion:1) The plaintiffs duty to plead sufficient facts demonstrating the unfairness of the challenged merger;2) The burden of proof upon the parties where the merger has been approved by the purportedly informed vote of a majority of the minority shareholders;3) The fairness of the merger in terms of adequacy of the defendants' disclosures to the minority shareholders;4) The fairness of the merger in terms of adequacy of the price paid for the minority shares and the remedy appropriate to that issue; and5) The continued force and effect of Singer v. Magnavox Co., Del.Supr., 380 A.2d 969, 980 (1977), and its progeny.In ruling for the defendants, the Chancellor re-stated his earlier conclusion that the plaintiff in a suit challenging a cash-out merger must allege specific acts of fraud, misrepresentation or other items of misconduct to demonstrate the unfairness of the merger terms to the minority. We approve this rule and affirm it.The Chancellor also held that even though the ultimate burden of proof is on the majority shareholder to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the transaction is fair, it is first the burden of the plaintiff attacking the merger to demonstrate some basis for invoking the fairness obligation. We agree with that principle. However, where corporate action has been approved by an informed vote of a majority of the minority shareholders, we conclude that the burden entirely shifts ^ to the plaintiff to show that the transaction was unfair to the minority^- But in all this, the burden clearly remains on those relying on the vote to show that they completely disclosed all material facts relevant to the transaction.Here, the record does not support a conclusion that the minority stockholder vote was an informed one. Material information, necessary to acquaint those shareholders with the bargaining positions of Signal and UOP, was withheld under circumstances amounting to a breach of fiduciary duty. We therefore conclude that this merger does not meet the test of fairness, at least as we address that concept, and no burden thus shifted to the plaintiff by reason of the minority shareholder vote. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent herewith.In considering the nature of the remedy available under our law to minority shareholders in a cash-out merger, we believe that it is, and hereafter should be, an appraisal under 8 Del.C. § 262 as hereinafter construed. We therefore overrule Lynch v. Vickers Energy Corp., Del. Supr., 429 A.2d 497 (1981) {Lynch II) to the extent that it purports to limit a stockholder's monetary relief to a specific damage formula. But to give full effect to section 262 within the framework of the General Corporation Law we adopt a more liberal, less rigid and stylized, approach to the valuation process than has heretofore been permitted by our courts. While the present state of these proceedings does not admit the plaintiff to the appraisal remedy per se, the practical effect of the remedy we do grant him will be co-extensive with the liberalized valuation and appraisal methods we herein approve for cases coming after this decision.Our treatment of these matters has necessarily led us to a reconsideration of the business purpose rule announced in the trilogy of Singer A v. Magnavox Co., supra; Tanzer v. International General Industries, JT > Inc., DeL.Supr., 379 A.2d 1121 (1977); and Roland International Corp. v. Najjar, Del.Supr., 407 A.2d 1032 (1979). For the reasons hereafter set forth we consider that the business purpose requirement of these cases v J is no longer the law of Delaware.The facts found by the trial court, pertinent to the issues before us, are supported by the record, and we draw from them as set out in the Chancellor's opinion.Signal is a diversified, technically based company operating through various subsidiaries. Its stock is publicly traded on the New York, Philadelphia and Pacific Stock Exchanges. UOP, formerly known as Universal Oil Products Company, was a diversified industrial company engaged in various lines of business, including petroleum and petro-chemical services and related products, construction, fabricated metal products, transportation equipment products, chemicals and plastics, and other products and services including land development, lumber products and waste disposal. Its stock was publicly held and listed on the New York Stock Exchange.In 1974 Signal sold one of its wholly-owned subsidiaries for $420,000,000 in cash. See Gimbel v. Signal Companies, Inc., Del.Ch., 316 A.2d 599, aff’d, Del.Supr., 316 A.2d 619 (1974). While looking to invest this cash surplus, Signal became interested in UOP as a possible acquisition. Friendly negotiations ensued, and Signal proposed to acquire a controlling interest in UOP at a price of $19 per share. UOP's representatives sought $25 per share. In the arm's length bargaining that followed, an understanding was reached whereby Signal agreed to purchase from UOP 1,500,000 shares of UOP's authorized but unissued stock at $21 per share.This purchase was contingent upon Signal^ making a successful cash tender offer for 4,300,000 publicly held shares of UOP, also at a price of $21 per share. This combined method of acquisition permitted Signal to acquire 5,800,000 shares of stock, representing 50.5% of UOP's outstanding shares. The UOP board of directors advised the company's shareholders that it had no objection to Signal's tender offer at that price. Immediately before the announcement of the tender offer, UOP's common stock had been trading on the New York Stock Exchange at a fraction under $14 per share.The negotiations between Signal and UOP occurred during April 1975, and the resulting tender offer was greatly oversubscribed. However, Signal limited its total purchase of the tendered shares so that, when coupled with the stock bought from UOP, it had achieved its goalof becoming a 50.5% shareholderAlthough UOP’ board consisted of thirteen directors, Signal nominated and elected only six. Of these, five were either directors or employees of Signal. The sixth, a partner in the banking firm of Lazard Freres & Co., had been one of Signal's representatives in the negotiations and bargaining with UOP concerning the tender offer and purchase price of the UOP shares.However, the president and chief executive officer of UOP retired during 1975, and Signal caused him to be replaced by James V. Crawford, a long-time employee and senior executive vice president of one of Signal's wholly-owned subsidiaries. Crawford succeeded his predecessor on UOP's board of directors and also was made a director of Signal.By the end of 1977 Signal basically was unsuccessful in finding other suitable investment candidates for its excess cash, and by February 1978 considered that it had no other realistic acquisitions available to it on a friendly basis. Once again its attention turned to UOP.The trial court found that at the instigation of certain Signal management personnel, including William W. Walkup, its board chairman, and Forrest N. Shumway, its president, a feasibility study was made concerning the possible acquisition of the balance of UOP's outstanding shares. This study was performed by two Signal officers, Charles S. Arledge, vice president (director of planning), and Andrew J. Chitiea, senior vice president (chief financial officer). Messrs. Walkup, Shumway, Arledge and Chitiea were all directors of UOP in addition to their membership on the Signal board.Arledge and Chitiea concluded that it would be a good investment for Signal to acquire the remaining 49.5% of UOP shares at any price up to $24 each. Their report was discussed between Walkup and Shumway who, along with Arledge, Chitiea and Brewster L. Arms, internal counsel for Signal, constituted Signal's senior management. In particular, they talked about the proper price to be paid if the acquisition was pursued, purportedly keeping in mind that as UOP's majority shareholder, Signal owed a fiduciary responsibility to both its own stockholders as well as to UOP's minority. It was ultimately agreed that a meeting of Signal's Executive Committee would be called to propose that Signal acquire the remaining outstanding stock of UOP through a cash-out merger in the range of $20 to $21 per share.The Executive Committee meeting was set for February 28, 1978. As a courtesy, UOP's president, Crawford, was invited to attend, although he was not a member of Signal's executive committee. On his arrival, and prior to the meeting, Crawford was asked to meet privately with Walkup and Shumway. He was then told of Signal's plan to acquire full ownership of UOP and was asked for his reaction to the proposed price range of $20 to $21 per share. Crawford said he thought such a price would be "generous", and that it was certainly one which should be submitted to UOP's minority shareholders for their ultimate consideration. He stated, however, that Signal's 100% ownership could cause internal problems at UOP. He believed that employees would have to be given some assurance of their future place in a fully- owned Signal subsidiary. Otherwise, he feared the departure of essential personnel. Also, many of UOP's key employees had stock option incentive programs which would be wiped out by a merger. Crawford therefore urged that some adjustment would have to be made, such as providing a comparable incentive in Signal's shares, if after the merger he was to maintain his quality of personnel and efficiency at UOP.Thus, Crawford voiced no objection to the $20 to $21 price range, nor did he suggest that Signal should consider paying more than $21 per share for the minority interests. Later, at the Executive Committee meeting the same factors were discussed, with Crawford repeating the position he earlier took with Walkup and Shumway. Also considered was the 1975 tender offer andthe fact that it had been greatly oversubscribed at $21 per share. For many reasons, Signal's manage¬ment concluded that the acquisition of UOP's minority shares provided the solution to a number of its business problems.Thus, it was the consensus that a price of $20 to $21 per share would be fair to both Signal and the minority shareholders of UOP. Signal's executive committee authorized its management "to negotiate" with UOP "for a cash acquisition of the minority ownership in UOP, Inc., with the intention of presenting a proposal to [Signal's] board of directors * * * on March 6, 1978". Immediately after this February 28, 1978 meeting, Signal issued a press release stating: The Signal Companies, Inc. and UOP, Inc. are conducting negotiations for the acquisition for cash by Signal of the 49.5 per cent of UOP which it does not presently own, announced Forrest N. Shumway, president and chief executive officer of Signal, and James V. Crawford, UOP president. Price and other terms of the proposed transaction have not y et been finalized and would be subject to approval of the boards of directors of Signal and UOP, scheduled to meet early next week, the stockholders of UOP and certain federal agencies.The announcement also referred to the fact that the closing price of UOP's common stock on that day was $14.50 per share.Two days later, on March 2, 1978, Signal issued a second press release stating that its management would recommend a price in the range of $20 to $21 per share for UOP's 49.5% minority interest. This announcement referred to Signal's earlier statement that "negotiations" were being conducted for the acquisition of the minority shares.Between Tuesday, February 28, 1978 and Monday, March 6,1978, a total of four business days, Crawford spoke by telephone with all of UOP's non-Signal, i.e., outside, directors. Also during that period, Crawford retained Lehman Brothers to render a fairness opinion as to the price offered the minority for its stock. He gave two reasons for this choice. First, the time schedule between the announcement and the board meetings was short (by then only three business days) and since Lehman Brothers had been acting as UOP's investment banker for many years, Crawford felt that it would be in the best position to respond on such brief notice. Second, James W. Glanville, a long-time director of UOP and a partner in Lehman Brothers, had acted as a financial advisor to UOP for many years. Crawford believed that Glanville's familiarity with UOP, as a member of its board, would also be of assistance in enabling Lehman Brothers to render a fairness opinion within the existing time constraints.Crawford telephoned Glanville, who gave his assurance that Lehman Brothers had no conflicts that would prevent it from accepting the task. Glanville's immediate personal reaction was that a price of $20 to $21 would certainly be fair, since it represented almost a 50% premium over UOP's market price. Glanville sought a $250,000 fee for Lehman Brothers' services, but Crawford thought this too much. After further discussions Glanville finally agreed that Lehman Brothers would render its fairness opinion for $150,000.During this period Crawford also had several telephone contacts with Signal officials. In only one of them, however, was the price of the shares discussed. In a conversation with Walkup, Crawford advised that as a result of his communications with UOP's non-Signal directors, it was his feeling that the price would have to be the top of the proposed range, or $21 per share, if the approval of UOP's outside directors was to be obtained. But again, he did not seek any price higher than $21.Glanville assembled a three-man Lehman Brothers team to do the work on the fairness opinion. These persons examined relevant documents and information concerning UOP, including its annual reports and its Securities and Exchange Commission filings from 1973 through 1976, as well as its audited financial statements for 1977, its interim reports to shareholders, and its recent and historical market prices and trading volumes. In addition, on Friday, March 3, 1978, two members of the Lehman Brothers team flew to UOP's headquarters in Des Plaines, Illinois, to perform a "due diligence" visit, during the course of which they interviewed Crawford as well as UOP's general counsel, its chief financial officer, and other key executives and personnel.As a result, the Lehman Brothers team concluded that "the price of either $20 or $21 would be a fair price for the remaining shares of UOP". They telephoned this impression to Glanville, who was spending the weekend in Vermont.On Monday morning, March 6, 1978, Glanville and the senior member of the Lehman Brothers team flew to Des Plaines to attend the scheduled UOP directors meeting. Glanville looked over the assembled information during the flight. The two had with them the draft of a "fairness opinion letter" in which the price had been left blank. Either during or immediately prior to the directors' meeting, the two-page "fairness opinion letter" was typed in final form and the price of $21 per share was inserted.On March 6, 1978, both the Signal and UOP boards were convened to consider the proposed merger. Telephone communications were maintained between the two meetings. Walkup, Signal's board chairman, and also a UOP director, attended UOP's meeting with Crawford in order to present Signal's position and answer any questions that UOP's non-Signal directors might have. Arledge and Chitiea, along with Signal's other designees on UOP's board, participated by conference telephone. All of UOP's outside directors attended the meeting either in person or by conference telephone.First, Signal's board unanimously adopted a resolution authorizing Signal to propose to UOP a cash merger of $21 per share as outlined in a certain merger agreement, and other supporting documents. This proposal required that the merger be approved by a majority of UOP's outstanding minority shares voting at the stockholders meeting at which the merger would be considered, and that the minority shares voting in favor of the merger, when coupled with Signal's 50.5% interest would have to comprise at least two-thirds of all UOP shares. Otherwise the proposed merger would be deemed disapproved.UOP's board then considered the proposal. Copies of the agreement were delivered to the directors in attendance, and other copies had been forwarded earlier to the directors participating by telephone. They also had before them UOP financial data for 1974-1977, UOP's most recent financial statements, market price information, and budget projections for 1978. In addition they had Lehman Brothers' hurriedly prepared fairness opinion letter finding the price of $21 to be fair. Glanville, the Lehman Brothers partner, and UOP director, commented on the information that had gone into preparation of the letter.Signal also suggests that the Arledge-Chitiea feasibility study, indicating that a price of up to $24 per share would be a "good investment" for Signal, was discussed at the UOP directors' meeting. The Chancellor made no such finding, and our independent review of the record, detailed infra, satisfies us by a preponderance of the evidence that there was no discussion of this document at UOP's board meeting. Furthermore, it is clear beyond peradventure that nothing in that report was ever disclosed to UOP's minority shareholders prior to their approval of themerger.After consideration of Signal's proposal, Walkup and Crawford left the meeting to permit a free and uninhibited exchange between UOP's non-Signal directors. Upon their return a resolution to accept Signal's offer was then proposed and adopted. While Signal's men on UOP's board participated in various aspects of the meeting, they abstained from voting. However, the minutes show that each of them "if voting would have voted yes".On March 7, 1978, UOP sent a letter to its shareholders advising them of the action taken by UOP's board with respect to Signal's offer. This document pointed out, among other things, that on February 28, 1978 "both companies had announced negotiations were being conducted".Despite the swift board action of the two companies, the merger was not submitted to UOP's shareholders until their annual meeting on May 26, 1978. In the notice of that meeting and proxy statement sent to shareholders in May, UOP's management and board urged that the merger be approved. The proxy statement also advised:The price was determined after discussions between James V. Crawford, a director of Signal and Chief Executive Officer of UOP, and officers of Signal which took place during meetings on February 28, 1978, and in the course of several subsequent telephone conversations. (Emphasis added.)In the original draft of the proxy statement the word "negotiations" had been used rather than "discussions". However, when the Securities and Exchange Commission sought details of the "negotiations" as part of its review of these materials, the term was deleted and the word "discussions" was substituted. The proxy statement indicated that the vote of UOP's board in approving the merger had been unanimous. It also advised the shareholders that Lehman Brothers had given its opinion that the merger price of $21 per share was fair to UOP's minority. However, it did not disclose the hurried method by which this conclusion was reached.As of the record date of UOP's annual meeting, there were 11,488,302 shares of UOP common stock outstanding, 5,688,302 of which were owned by the minority. At the meeting only 56%, or 3,208,652, of the minority shares were voted. Of these, 2,953,812, or 51.9% of the total minority, voted for the merger, and 254,840 voted against it. When Signal's stock was added to the minority shares voting in favor, a total of 76.2% of UOP's outstanding shares approved the merger while only 2.2% opposed it.By its terms the merger became effective on May 26, 1978, and each share of UOP's stock held by the minority was automatically converted into a right to receive $21 cash.II.A.A primary issue mandating reversal is the preparation by two UOP directors, Arledge and Chitiea, of their feasibility study for the exclusive use and benefit of Signal. This document was of obvious significance to both Signal and UOP. Using UOP data, it described the advantages to Signal of ousting the minority at a price range of $21-$24 per share. Mr. Arledge, one of the authors, outlined the benefits to Signal:Purpose Of The Merger1) Provides an outstanding investment opportunity for Signal—(Better than any recent acquisition we have seen.)2) Increases Signal's earnings.3) Facilitates the flow of resources between Signal and its subsidiaries(Big factor—works both ways.)4) Provides cost savings potential for Signal and UOP.5) Improves the percentage of Signal's 'operating earnings' as opposed to 'holding company earnings'.6) Simplifies the understanding of Signal.7) Facilitates technological exchange among Signal's subsidiaries.8) Eliminates potential conflicts of interest.Having written those words, solely for the use of Signal it is clear from the record that neither Arledge nor Chitiea shared this report with their fellow directors of UOP. We are satisfied that no one else did either. This conduct hardly meets the fiduciary standards applicable to such a transaction * * *The Arledge-Chitiea report speaks for itself in supporting the Chancellor's finding that a price of up to $24 was a "good investment" for Signal. It shows that a return on the investment at $21 would be 15.7% versus 15.5% at $24 per share. This was a difference of only two-tenths of one percent, while it meant over $17,000,000 to the minority. Under such circumstances, paying UOP's minority shareholders $24 would have had relatively little long-term effect on Signal, and the Chancellor's findings concerning the benefit to Signal, even at a price of $24, were obviously correct. Levitt v. Bouvier, Del.Supr., 287 A.2d 671, 673 (1972).Certainly, this was a matter of material significance to UOP and its shareholders. Since the study was prepared by two UOP directors, using UOP information for the exclusive benefit of Signal, and nothing whatever was done to disclose it to the outside UOP directors or the minority shareholders, a question of breach of fiduciary duty arises. This problem occurs because there were common Signal-UOP directors participating, at least to some extent, in the UOP board's decision making processes without full disclosure of the conflicts they faced.7B.In assessing this situation, the Court of Chancery was required to:examine what information defendants had and to measure it against what they gave to the minority stockholders, in a context in which 'complete candor' is required. In other words, the limited function of the Court was to determine whether defendants had disclosed all information in their possession germane to the transaction in issue. And by 'germane' we mean, for present purposes, information such as a reasonable shareholder would consider important. in Priding whether. to sell or retain stock.* * ** * * Completeness, not adequacy, is both the norm and the mandate under present circumstances. Lynch v. Vickers Energy Corp., Del.Supr., 383 A.2d 278, 281 (1977) (Lynch /). This is merely stating in another way the long-existing principle of Delaware law that these Signal designated directors on UOP's board still owed UOP and its shareholders an uncompromising duty of loyalty. The classic language of Guth v. Loft, Inc., Del.Supr., 5 A.2d 503, 510 (1939), requires no embellishment:A public policy, existing through the years, and derived from a profound knowledge of human characteristics and motives, has established a rule that demands of a corporate officer or director, peremptorily and inexorably, the most scrupulous observance of his duty, not only affirmatively to protect the interests of the corporation committed to his charge, but also to refrainfrom doing anything that would work injury to the corporation, or to deprive it of. profit or advantage which his skill and ability might properly bring to it, or to enable it to make in the reasonable and lawful exercise of its powers. The rule that requires an undivided and unselfish loyalty to the corporation demands that there shall be no conflict between duty and self-interest. Given the absence of any attempt to structure this transaction on an arm's length basis, Signal cannot escape the effects of the conflicts it faced, particularly when its designees on UOP's board did not totally abstain from participation in the matter. There is no "safe harbor" for such divided loyalties in Delaware. When directors of a Delaware ^ corporation are on both sides of a transaction, they are required to demonstrate their utmost good faith and the most scrupulous inherent P fairness of the bargain. Gottlieb v. Heyden Chemical Corp., Del.Supr., 91 A.2d 57, 57-58 (1952). The requirement of fairness is unflinching in v rP y demand that where one stands on both sides of a transaction, he has the burden of establishing its entire fairness, sufficient to pass the test of careful scrutiny by the courts. Sterling v. Mayflower Hotel Corp., N, Del.Supr., 93 A.2d 107, 110 (1952); Bastian v. Bourns, Inc., Del.Ch., 256 A.2d 680, 681 (1969), aff’d, Del.Supr., 278 A.2d 467 (1970); David J. Greene & Co. v. Dunhill International Inc., Del.Ch., 249 A.2d 427, 431 (1968).There is no dilution of this obligation where one holds dual or multiple directorships, as in a parent-subsidiary context. Levien v. Sinclair Oil Corp., Del.Ch., 261 A.2d 911, 915 (1969). Thus, individuals who act in a dual capacity as directors of two corporations, one of whom is parent and the other subsidiary, owe the same duty of good management to both corporations, and in the absence of an independent negotiating structure (see note 7, supra), or the directors' total abstention from any participation in the matter, this duty is to be exercised in light of what is best for both companies. Warshaw v. Calhoun, Del. Supr., 221 A.2d 487, 492 (1966). The record demonstrates that Signal has not met this obligation.。
工业设计_外文翻译-2
Design and Environment/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg原文：DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human.In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product.Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface.Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.With the development of science and technology ,more and more attention is paid to austerity of environmental promblems ,such as polluting of atmosphere,destroy of forest, soilerosion,land desertification, water resource polluting, a great deal of species becaming extinct,exhansting of petroleum , natural gas andcoal and so on . A designer should have a strong consciousness of protecting environment and to make his\her design to be based on avoiding destroying environment and saving natural recourse.Nowadays ,greenhouse effects,destroyed ozone layers and acid rain are three global environmental questions.Greenhouse effect is phenomena of the atmosphere becoming warmer . The forming principle of greenhouse effect is that the Sun short wave radiation can penetrate into ground through atmosphere ,long wave radiation emitted from ground after ground is warmed ,is absorbed by carbon dioxide of atmosphere , and then atmosphere gets warmer.The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes the earth to a large greenhouse like a thick layer of glass . Methane ,ozone,chlorine,Fluorine, hydrocarbon and aqueous vapor also make some contribution to greenhouse effects. With rapid increase of population and rapid development of industry ,more and more carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters into atmosphere. Because forest is cun down in a large amount also ,carbon dioxide increases gradally ,and the greenhouse effects are strengthened constantly .The results of the greenhouse effects are very serious. The great changes will take place in the natural ecology ,such as desert expanding ,land corroding aggravating, forest retreating to the polarregion, calamity of drought and waterlog serious and rainfall increasing. The temperate zone will be wetter in water and will be droughtier in summer . Tropical zone will become wetter and subtropical zone will become more arid . All of these above will forces the existing irrigation works to be adjusted. Coastal regions will be threatened seriously .Because the temperature is rising , ice-cubes will be melted at the two poles so to the sea level will be rising and a lot of cities and ports will be submerged.The ozone layer destroyed shocked academia and the whole international aommunity .American scientists,Monila and Rowland , pointed out that it is human activities bring ozone hole of today . arch-criminal that we now well know is freon and Kazakhstan dragon.Acid rain has already become a kind of air pollution phenomenon in extensive range,crossing over national boundaries at present. Acid rain destroys soil, makes lakeacid and endangers growing of abimals and plants. It also stimulates people's skin, brings out the skin disease, causes lung hydronces, lung harden ,and corrodes the metal product,paint ,leather, fabrics and building with carbonate .In a word , the environment of human life has already worsened day by day. The reasons of the worsening mostly come from the human own bad life style, disrespecting the objective law, eager for quick success,use of the earth resource without scientific plan ,and lack of consciousness pratecting the environment in design . So they destroy home by themselves,which not only harm human on contemporary, but also seriously influence existence of descendants.The environmental question is caused by people's bad design and life style to a great extent , which puts forward a serious question for a designer that designers should undertake the historical important task of environment protection.Industry has brought the disaster to world while creates a large amount of wealth for mankind . Industry design has accelerated the consumpition of the resource and energy resource and has caused enormous destruction to the ecological balance of the earth while creating modern life style and living environment for mankind.So as industry designers, setting up environmental awareness incarnates their morals and social sense of responsibility. Designers must be responsible for their own designs, and must take human health and blessedness , and harmonically coexisting of nature with the human as the rules necessarily obeyed in their own design.Designers must also master the necessary knowledege in material, craft, chemical industry, manufacturing,ect.,in order to be possible for avoiding to danger to environment causing by his design.The concept of "Sustainable development design"has epoch-maling meanings of humanity and real development of the world .It reflects the designer's morals and responsibility , and has already become the trend of designing development in the 21st century .Hence ,mankind's development made of traditional industrial civilization was turned to one of the modern ecological civilization. It is the coordination of social progress,economic growth and environmental protestion.Sustainable development is a kind concept of brand-new ethics,morals andvalues that people should follow. Its essence lies in fully utilizing the modern science and technongy ,exploiting green resources ,development constantly, impelling harmonious development between human and nature and pramoting inter-harmony of population ,resource and environment .Solving the problem of sustainable development is a change of technological innovation and behavior made.Sustainable development strategy is to solve the problem of meeting contemporary people's demands in maximum under the precondition of un-hurting several generations' demands of the future . It will realize the unity of the present interests and long-term interest and leave the development space for descendants.The question of the strategic consideration of sustainable development should include circulation, green energy and ecological efficiency.Green design comes from introspection on environmental and ecological disruption caused by design of modern technology and culture. Green design focuses on the balance relation of persons and natural ecology . Designers should consider the environmental benefits at every decision of the disign process, and try their best to reduce the destruction to environment.For industry design, the core of green design is "3R",namely Reduce,Recycle and Reuse.It is necessary not only to reduce consunption of substance and energy sources,and reduce letting of harmful substance,but also to classified reclaim, recycle and reuse products and parts conveniently.Green design is not only technical ,but also an innovative idea. It requires designer to give up some rat-fuck method excessively emphasizing at the style of products, and to focus on the real innovative. He or she would design the form of the products with more responsible method and make the products lengthen their wervice life as much as possible through succinct and permanent modeling.For materials,stock and regeneration of raw materials, consumption and pollution of environmental energy during obtaining materials,machining performance in follow-up manufacturing,low consumption and low pollution of energy ,and reclaimable during discarded should be considered.Problems of manufacturing are that pollution should be reduced or died out during beginning of manufacturing.Consideration on packing, transporting , sale, ect. is meant the environmental performance of packaging, green packing ,good performance of transportation ,decreasing self weight , reducing energy consumption , localized production and reducing consimption of work flow.Consideration on the use of product concerns with waste of energy and resources while produces are used , the modularization of environmental performance , recombined ability , and the mades of using product while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature , convenient decomposition and classification , reclaaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removes for other use should all be considered during the period while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature, convenient decomposition and classification , reclaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removed for other use should all be considered during the period while products are discarded .Clean energy souces should be Considered , such as solar ernergy , water, electricity and wind power .Clean materials concern with low pollution , innocuity, disaggregation and reclaimable . Clean manufacturing process is meant production with energy saving and environment protection while used, and reclaimable while discarded.Regeneration and reuse of parts are powerful measure of sustainable strategy. The fact has proved that through disassembly and analysis the proportion of reusable material would be higher after improving design and retread.For example , in a scrap car , metal meterial accounts for 80%.Among them , nonferrous metal accounts for 3%~4.7%. 45%of output of steel comes from scrap steeel in world and 25% output of steel comes from scrap steel in our country.Product Lifecycle Management is meant all life course of product from people'sdemand for product to be washed out , including the main stages of demand analysis, praduct planning , conceptual design , produce design , digitized simulation, proceess preparation , process planning,production testing and quaality control , sell and distribution, use \maintaining and maintain, as well as scrap and reclaiming . Advanced management idea and first-class information technology are taken into industrial and commercial operation in modern enterprises , which makes enterprises be able to adjust management means and management ways effectively in digital economic era , inoder to exert enterprise's unprecedented competition advantage . Helping enterprise to carry on products innovation , to win the market , and to obtain additional profit would improve the value of the enterprise products.译文：设计与环境产品设计是工业设计的主体和核心。
英文翻译 附原文
本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译（附外文原文）系 ( 院 )：资源与环境工程系课题名称：英文翻译专业(方向)：环境工程班级：2004-1班学生：3040106119指导教师：刘辉利副教授日期：2008年4月20使用褐煤（一种低成本吸附剂）从酸性矿物废水中去除和回收金属离子a. 美国, 大学公园, PA 16802, 宾夕法尼亚州立大学, 能源部和Geo 环境工程学.b. 印度第80号邮箱, Mahatma Gandhi ・Marg, Lucknow 226001, 工业毒素学研究中心, 环境化学分部,于2006 年5月6 日网上获得，2006 年4月24 日接受，2006 年3月19 日;校正，2006 年2月15 日接收。
摘要酸性矿物废水(AMD), 是一个长期的重大环境问题，起因于钢硫铁矿的微生物在水和空气氧化作用, 买得起包含毒性金属离子的一种酸性解答。
这项研究的主要宗旨是通过使用褐煤（一种低成本吸附剂）从酸性矿水(AMD)中去除和回收金属离子。
褐煤已被用于酸性矿水排水AMD 的处理。
经研究其能吸附亚铁, 铁, 锰、锌和钙在multi-component 含水系统中。
研究通过在不同的酸碱度里进行以找出最适宜的酸碱度。
模拟工业条件进行酸性矿物废水处理, 所有研究被进行通过单一的并且设定多专栏流动模式。
空的床接触时间(EBCT) 模型被使用为了使吸附剂用量减到最小。
金属离子的回收并且吸附剂的再生成功地达到了使用0.1 M 硝酸不用分解塔器。
关键词:吸附; 重金属; 吸附; 褐煤; 酸性矿物废水处理; 固体废料再利用; 亚铁; 铁; 锰。
文章概述1. 介绍2. 材料和方法2.1. 化学制品、材料和设备3. 吸附步骤3.1. 酸碱度最佳化3.2. 固定床研究3.2.1 单一栏3.2.2 多栏4. 结果和讨论4.1. ZPC 和渗析特征4.2 酸碱度的影响4.3. Multi-component 固定吸附床4.3.1 褐煤使用率4.4. 吸附机制4.5. 解吸附作用研究5. 结论1. 介绍酸性矿物废水(AMD) 是一个严重的环境问题起因于硫化物矿物风化, 譬如硫铁矿(FeS2) 和它的同素异形体矿物(α-FeS) 。
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对讲系统和基于VxWorks操作系统的以太网之间的联系吴海乐、贺尊文、贾江光通信技术研究所北京技术研究所中国北京Email: wuhaile0343@摘要：对讲机在安全防范系统中起着非常重要的作用。
然而，它有限的通话范围制约了它的应用范围。
作为基于Wind River, VxWorks发展起来的一种实时嵌入式操作系统，已经被广泛应用于通信信设备、宇宙飞船、军事等领域。
基于VxWorks操作系统，用以太网连接分布式的对讲机的方法是一种新的有前途的解决方案。
在这篇文章中，我们首先提出一个对讲系统互联建筑，然后分析它的工作原理。
在该建筑的一个确认系统的基础上，提供由Hwa发明的APEX-PMC-3010开发板。
此外，涉及的设计方案和关键技术也在文中被详细讨论。
关键字：对讲系统、ADPCM、以太网、通信一.深入讨论近几年，新技术革命所代表的以太网深深地改变着传统的电信系统的概念和结构。
随着通信市场的开放，新的商业需求剧增。
接入网技术【1】作为一种新的通信技术，将变成通信的一个新的发展方向。
对讲机的通信范围相对较小，它不能进行长距离的通话。
但是它有一个明显的优点就是通过PSTN不需要通话费用。
相对其他通信方式，对讲机不仅具有实时性、经济性和实际性等特点，而且支持组通话、保密通话和系统通话等。
随着宽带网络的流行和家庭多媒体的发展，许多传统的商业走上了IP的道路。
各种网络访问以太网已经成为下一代网络的一个发展趋势。
与以太网组合可以为对讲系统带来更广泛的发展。
这将意味着许多实际应用，例如同步管理不同的地区、部署一个统一的安全系统、处理意想不到的事件和突发事件，它的通信方式是不可替代的。
在军事方面，军方电台只能工作在有限的范围内。
这将会引起极大地资源浪费，而且信号将会很容易被敌人拦截，如果用于大功率发射将不能保证安全问题。
利用现有的军事网络把无线电信号传播给世界各地的需要，这不仅提高了有效性而且降低了成本提高了安全性。
VxWorks是一个实时多任务、高性能的操作系统，在许多领域已处于领先地位，例如，伸缩性，扩展性和可靠性都非常的高，这也是适用于各种主流CPU目标的平台。
VxWorks操作系统具有强大的网络功能,它被广泛应用在通讯设备、宇宙飞船、武器平台和其他实时性要求高的领域。
本文阐明了从一个应用点访问以太网的过程，并重点研究了对讲系统通过以太网的工作原理。
它将呈现建筑的综合接入系统(第二部分)、对讲机接入系统设计方案(第三部分),实施策略(第四章)和结论部分（第五部分)。
二．系统结构对讲系统或其他应用程序能通过以太网与其他的交流过程模块互联。
传播过程模块聚集多路信号包括语音和数据信号。
在一个共享访问链接到以太网，能同时处理传统的PSTN话音服务、数据包的声音服务等数据服务。
在军用和民用领域，它具有良好的可扩展性,兼容性,并具有广泛应用前景系统接入结构图如图1所示：各地都带有一个IP地址，当他们通过传播过程模块被处理时，应用程序所有的信号将被转换成IP数据包，当他们通过传播过程模块被处理时。
这意味着网络不需要考虑具体应用,同时，IP数据包将被转换成特定的用户信号。
应用可能是E1、电话、收音机、网络或电视，这些信号的格式是不同的。
如果所有的这些信号可能用一个统一的通信处理平台处理,它不仅可以降低成本,而且会使通信和多媒体有更广阔的发展空间。
这使改变应用程序或适应网络环境变得更方便。
它也在网络中扮演着重要的管理角色。
当然，不同的应用程序有不同的实施策略,因此，为满足不同的需求很容易添加特定功能。
三、实验系统的设计方案这一节将描述系统模型的对讲机通过以太网与彼此之间的互联。
在图一中，有四个对讲机，两个带有实时操作系统VxWorks 的PC电路板和两个PCM音频的编解码模块。
对讲机I, IV为手持终端，对讲机II,III为基本站由PCM音频的编解码模块和PC电路板组成, 对讲机I、II必须在同一频率,它可以同时申请III和IV,这四种缺省状态下对讲机为接受状态,但手持终端可以改变它们的状态。
对讲系统访问模式如图二所示：在每个PowerPC映射表电路板中都有一个IP地址,每个地区都有其IP地址。
这输出的是模拟信号,当它传播到PowerPC的电路板时，将以特定的格式与压缩比通过PCM音频编解码器模块把信号转换成数字信号。
以下部分都是调用启动和断开连接的过程(用从对讲机I到对讲机IV为例)。
如果把PTT的对讲机I(或激活的声音),对讲机II进行A / D转换后将检测和接收信号,PowerPC电路板I会利用IP地址映射表找到目的IP地址，同时，数字信号将被包装成TCP / IP资料封包。
这个数据包将通过以太网被传送到目的地，PowerPC电路板II接收到数据包，如果IP地址匹配的话并将处理这些数据。
PCM音频的编解码模块II,将把数字信号转换成模拟信号并将信号传送到对讲机III。
对于保证对讲机之间的安全性，尤其在军事领域，采取必要措施是非常有必要的。
例如，在对讲机I和对讲机II之间利用寻址模式，对讲机I的信号只能被对讲机II 接受或探测到。
为保证声音的质量，像时延、封包遗失率控制等服务质量策略可用于保证声音的质量。
四、实施策略为实现以上讨论的这一模型，有一些关键技术需要被解决：接口电路、PCM音频的编解码模块和软件设计。
A:接口电路在本文中，对讲机作为基站，具有PC电路板和PCM音频编解码模块的功能，它包括几乎所有的模数转换和数模转换TCP / IP包装或拆箱,整体框架是完整的。
所以PowerPC电路板、PCM音频的编解码模块和对讲机之间的连接是非常重要的。
电路接口设计包括两部分：一部分是PowerPC电路板和PCM音频的编解码模块之间的连接，另一部分是PCM音频的编解码模块和对讲机之间的连接。
在这个模型中用的对讲机是Huach v-60,它们有频率选择和语音控制传输的特点，而且它有一个2.5毫米大小的麦克风和一挺3.5毫米的耳机。
下面是和对讲机之间的连接。
这对于修改配置控制线路是非常方便的。
控制线路结构图如图3所示：这部分可以从两个方面考虑(以图1左边部分为例)当对讲机II处于接受状态时，它接收对讲机I传来的模拟信号，然后把接收来的信号通过耳机传输到PCM音频编解码模块，最后，以数字信号的形式到达PC电路板。
由于本文中所有的对讲机都有语音控制传输的特点。
如果有任何信号通过PC电路板或PCM音频编解码模块传输到对讲机II，对讲机II将由发送状态转换到接收状态。
对讲机通过麦克风接收信号，当信号通过麦克风时，由于电压改变，对讲机的语音控制传输功能将被启动。
对于这两种情形，PCM音频编解码模块需同时与耳机部分和麦克风部分连接。
如图3所示，对讲机的输入连接TDD,输出连接RDC。
如果有信号从PCM音频的编解码模块输出而不推动PTT，对讲机II状态可以改变为发送状态。
考虑PCM的音频的编解码模块的输出电压与对讲机II的输出电压是否相对应是非常必要的。
话筒部分的直流电压是3.6 V,所以的输出部分PCM音频的编解码模块的电压应该应根据这种情况设计。
基于APEX-PMC-3010的PCM接口电路使用了一种总线标准规格，可同时连接PMC 背板。
采用接口标准对于PCM音频编解码模块的数字部分与APEX-PMC-3010的连接是非常方便的。
B: PCM音频编解码模块的设计PCM音频编解码模块是APEX-PMC-3010中对讲机数字信号和模拟信号之间相互转换的很重要的部分。
这个模块使用ADPCM(自适应微分脉冲编码调制)[6],它是编码和解码技术相结合的自适应技术。
采用不同的编码技术将64kbps的PCM信号压缩到低速率(32 kbps),这意味着所需的带宽是减少了一半通信质量将会大大改善。
选择一个适合PCM音频的编解码芯片是设计关键。
MC145503是带有过滤器的PCM编码和解码芯片。
它具有A律和μ律压缩法，TTL 界面和 CMOS界面。
在许多情况下,MC145503无法直接连接到电路板,输入MC145503数据时钟频率只能选在128 k, 1.538M、1.544M、2.048M、2.56M,但是mpc8270的工作频率为100M,所以双向移位寄存器74 LS499是作为适配器接头输入，对于实现与电路板的互通，最重要的是确保调度的匹配。
时钟模块发电机的数据时钟频率是2.048兆赫，同步时钟频率为8 KHz,它源于晶体振荡器的APEX- PMC - 3010,可获得频分技术。
编解码模块的连接如图所示：由MC145503(TDD)发射数字数据的输出端与74 LS299的转变对部分(SR)的接收端连接，MC145503的数字数据输入(RDD)与74 LS299的高级串行输出连接。
MC145503芯片的发送/接收数据时钟输入(CPR / T)端、传送数据使输入(ENT),接受时钟使输入(全球)和74LS299的转移时钟(CLK),选择模式(S0,S1)都是时钟模块产生的。
同时，74 LS299的由中断控制的读写信号也是由时钟模块产生的。
因为74 LS299不能提供数据读写控制信号,必须加上一个具有平行74 LS299和PMC 背板之间接口的芯片。
它应该有双向数据缓存的特点和CPU输出门闩。
有另一件重要的事需要考虑如何控制切换A / D和D / A的模块。
这个模块的默认状态是把模拟信号转换成数字信号,如果电路板检测到有一些数据从网络传输过来、就会发送一个控制信号到控制端口,然后模块的状态将会改变把数字信号转换成模拟信号。
为实现这个功能, MC145503的使能信号可以由电路板的数字输出提供,因为当有数据从电路板PCM音频编解码器模块传输时，数字输出的电压会发生变化。
C. 软件设计在PowerPC电路板工作的操作系统是VxWorks。
它提供了一个良好的开发工具工作台。
APEX-PMC-3010是MPC8270处理器周围的一个系统构建。
它有着丰富的应用外围设备和标准接口。
APEX - PMC – 3010有许多标准接口,包括两个10/100 base - t以太网接口,一个串口和PMC接口。
这部分工作包括数据的编码和解码,TCP / IP打包和拆包,以太网连接检测、IP地址映射等。
如果假设Bootrom和VxWorks已经下载到电路板中,电路板的初始化会首先完成,当然控制网络接口、串行接口,PMC接口的程序应该提前编好的。
客户机/服务器系统是最重要的一个应用技术在网络中(特别是互联网)。
Vxwork实时操作系统是基于MPC8270的嵌入式芯片作为服务器的。
为保证传送质量，设置接收与传递的辅助模块是非常必要的。
辅助模块有三个任务,包括接待任务,发送任务和解释的任务。
接收任务负责从以太网接收数据,说明任务负责说明TCP / IP封包来找到IP地址,订单号和数据的长度,最后的任务是负责发送数据到以太网。