Chapter 5 Rn中的Topology

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The Apology 译文

The Apology  译文

本篇是他的学生图拉伯所记录的苏格拉底临终的申辩。

Let us reflect in another way, and we shall see that there is great reason to hope that death is a good, for one of two things: - either death is a state of nothingness and utter unconsciousness, or, as men say, there is a change and migration of the soul from this world to another. Now if you suppose that there is no consciousness, but a sleep like the sleep of him who is undisturbed even by the sight of dreams, death will be an unspeakable gain. For if a person were to select the night in which his sleep was undisturbed even by dreams, and were to compare with this the other days and nights of his life, and then were to tell us how many days and nights he had passed in the course of his life better and more pleasantly than this one, I think that any man, I will not say a private man, but even the great king, will not find many such days or nights, when compared with the others. Now if death is like this, I say that to die is gain; for eternity is then only a single night.But if death is the journey to another place, and there, as men say, all the dead are, what good, O my friends and judges, can be greater than this? If indeed when the pilgrim arrives in the world below, he is delivered from the professors of justice in this world, and finds the true judges who are said to give judgment there, Minos and Rhadamanthus and Aeacus and Triptolemus, and other sons of God who were righteous in their own life, that pilgrimage will be worth making. What would not a man give if he might converse with Orpheus and Musaeus and Hesiod and Homer? Nay, if this be true, let me die again and again. I, too, shall have a wonderful interest in a place where I can converse with Palamedes, and Ajax the son of Telamon, and other heroes of old, who have suffered death through an unjust judgment; and there will be no small pleasure, as I think, in comparing my own sufferings with theirs. Above all, I shall be able to continue my search into true and false knowledge; as in this world, so also in that; I shall find out who is wise, and who pretends to be wise, and is not. What would not a man give, O judges, to be able to examine the leader of the great Trojan expedition; or Odysseus or Sisyphus, or numberless others, men and women too! What infinite delight would there be in conversing with them and asking them questions! For in that world they do not put a man to death for this; certainly not. For besides being happier in that world than in this, they will be immortal, if what is said is true.Wherefore, O judges, be of good cheer about death, and know this of a truth - that no evil can happen to a good man, either in life or after death. He and his are not neglected by the gods; nor has my own approaching end happened by mere chance. But I see clearly that to die and be released was better for me; and therefore the oracle gave no sign. For which reason also, I am not angry with my accusers, or my condemners; they have done me no harm, although neither of them meant to do me any good; and for this I may gently blame them.Still I have a favor to ask of them. When my sons are grown up, I would ask you, O my friends, to punish them; and I would have you trouble them, as I have troubled you, if they seem to care about riches, or anything, more than about virtue; or if they pretend to be something when they are really nothing, - then reprove them, as I have reproved you, for not caring about that for which they ought to care, and thinking that they are something when they are really nothing. And if you do this, I and my sons will have received justice at your hands.The hour of departure has arrived, and we go our ways - I to die, and you to live. Which is better God only knows.让我们来换一种方式来思考,保证很有理由相信死亡是一件好事;因为以下几点原因——死亡或者是一种虚无和完全无意识状态,或者如人们所说,是灵魂从这个世界到另一个世界的变化和迁移。

2023-2024学年北京昌平人教版高考专题英语高考复习共20题(含答案解析)

2023-2024学年北京昌平人教版高考专题英语高考复习共20题(含答案解析)

1.填空题根据所给汉语意思,用单词或短语完成下列英文句子。

1.(1)I ______(不同意)with Jack about what we ought to do.答案'(1)disagree/disagreed'解析(1)disagree/disagreed 考查动词。

句意:我不同意杰克关于我们应该做什么的看法。

不同意“disagree”此处可以一般现在时和一般过去时均符合句意。

故填disagree/disagreed。

1.(2)A ______(直的)line is the shortest distance between two points.答案'(2)straight'解析(2)straight 考查形容词。

句意:直线是两点之间最短的距离。

设空后为名词line,用形容词直的“straight”修饰,故填straight。

1.(3)John is very ______(可信赖的)—if he promises to do something he'll do it.答案'(3)reliable'解析(3)reliable 考查形容词。

句意:约翰很可靠,如果他答应做某事,他就会去做。

根据句中is,可知该句为主系表结构,应填形容词reliable符合句意。

故填reliable。

1.(4)The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to ______(埋藏)the dead.答案'(4)bury'解析(4)bury 考查动词。

句意:军队组织各队把挖出被困者并埋葬死者。

设空前有介词to,可知此处应用动词不定式,使用动词原形bury意为埋葬。

故填bury。

1.(5)In my ______(观点), it is about time we had new computers.答案'(5)opinion'解析(5)opinion 考查固定搭配。

深圳牛津英语初一上学期知识点汇总

深圳牛津英语初一上学期知识点汇总

初一上学期Chapter 1 Making friendsI.知识点和课堂练习A. 重点词组1.be keen on 热衷于e from 来自3.enjoy playing rugby 喜欢打橄榄球4.hear from sb 收到某人来信5.make friends with sb 与某人交朋友6.play football 踢足球7.play tennis/chess 打网球/下棋 9.live with sb 和某人住在一起 10. reply to 回复11.speak Chinese 讲汉语 12.write to sb 给某人写信 13. would like to do sth 想做某事 14.work as 从事15.walk to school 步行上学 16.at the top-right corner在右上角17.a letter from a penfriend笔友的一封信 18.a photo of myself 我的一张照片 19.in the middleof 在…中间 20. a boy called Jim 一个叫JIM的男孩 21.one’s favourite sport 某人最喜欢的运动B.解释句子1.What’s your height? = How tall are you?2.What’s your weight? = How heavy are you ?3. What’s your age? = How old are you?4. What’s the length of it? = How long is it?5. He owns a restaurant. = He has a restaurant. / He is the owner of the restaurant.6. I would like to be an architect. = I want to be an architect.7. He is my favourite singer. = Of all the singers, I like him best.8. I heard from him yesterday. = I received a letter from him yesterday.9. He enjoys reading. = He likes reading.10. They come from Beijing. = They are from Beijing.Where do they come from? = Where are they from?11. He is keen on skiing. = He is very interested in skiing.12. I don’t know someone called Scott. = I don’t know someone named Scott.13.He has a friend called Lin.He has a friend named Lin.14.He lives in a city. The city is called Shenzhen.He lives in a city called Shenzhen.15.Where do you come from?Where are you from?16. He works as an architect.He is an architect.17. He enjoys reading.He likes reading.18.My favourite hobby is playing chess.Of all the hobbies, I like playing chess best.C. 不定冠词a/an的用法a后接辅音开头的单词, an 后接元音开头的单词。

2024高考全国甲卷英语原卷

2024高考全国甲卷英语原卷

2024全国甲卷高考真题英语第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Where are the speakers going?A. A new restaurant.B. A convenience store.C. Their office.2. When is the class presentation according to Vicky?A. On Thursday.B. On Wednesday.C. On Tuesday.3. Why does the woman make the call?A. To check the price.B. To make an apology.C. To cancel her order.4. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Husband and wife.B. Boss and employee.C. Salesperson and customer.5. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. Their move to a new place.B. Tom's friends at school.C. A sports center.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

新教材人教版高中英语必修第三册:Unit-5--The-Value-of-Money-精品课件

新教材人教版高中英语必修第三册:Unit-5--The-Value-of-Money-精品课件
ignorance n.[U]无知;愚昧;不知 ignorant adj. 无知的;愚昧的
be ignorant of/about... 对……一无所知
新教材 高中英语 必修第三册 UNIT 5 THE VALUE OF MONEY
单句写作 (1)We can’t afford to ignore their advice (不考虑他们的劝告). (2) Do you frequently ignore work (置工作于不顾)and other activities to check your phone for messages? 单句语法填空 (3) Excuse my ignorance (ignore),but how does this machine work? (4) He’s ignorant of/about the dangers of too much sun.
◆要点必记
( 1)draw a conclusion得出结论(=come to/ arrive at/reach a conclusion) jump to conclusions 匆忙/ 贸然下结论 make a conclusion 下结论 bring the discussion to a conclusion 结束讨论 in conclusion 最后,总之(插入语)(= to conclude)
新教材 高中英语 必修第三册 UNIT 5 THE VALUE OF MONEY
词汇三 draw a conclusion 得出结论
◆教材原句
To draw a conclusion,you need to under-stand the given information and use your background knowledge. 要得出结论,你需要了解所给的信息并运用你的背景知识。

英语人教版高中必修二(2019新编)-Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast L

英语人教版高中必修二(2019新编)-Unit 4  Journey Across a Vast L

Using Language & Other Parts重点词汇1.idiom n.习语;成语2.alongside prep. 在……旁边;与……一起adv. 在旁边3.shore n. 岸;滨4.steel n. 钢;钢铁工业5.accent n. 口音6.cobblestone adj. 铺有鹅卵石的7.coherent adj. 有条理的;清楚易懂的8.anyhow adv. (结束交谈或转换话题时)不过;反正9.proceed vi. 行进;继续做10.toast n. 烤面包片;吐司;干杯vt. 为……干杯vi. 烤(尤指面包)11.dusk n. 黄昏;傍晚12.owe vt. 欠(账、债、情等)13.contrary adj. 相反的;相对立的词汇拓展1.astonish vt.使十分惊讶;使吃惊→astonishing adj.惊人的;令人惊讶的→astonished adj.感到惊讶的→astonishment n.惊讶2.misty adj.多雾的;模糊的→mist n.薄雾;水汽3.advertisement n.广告;启事→advertiser n.广告商;登广告者→advertise vi.& vt.(为……)做广告;登广告→advertising n.广告活动;广告业4.photographer n.摄影师;拍照者→photograph n.照片v.拍照→photography n.摄影术重点词组1.go on a tour of...去……旅游2.in contrast to... 与……相比3.owe it to oneself to do sth 自己应该做某事4.contrary to... 与……相反5.come for sb 来接某人重点句型1.Anyhow, the next station is my stop!(教材P43)反正我下站就到了!2.Standing in the distance, they were astonished to see misty clouds rising from the great NiagaraFalls, which is on the south side of the lake.(教材P44)她们站在远处眺望,看到湖的南边从尼亚加拉大瀑布上升腾而起的水雾,感到非常震撼。

选择性必修一Unit2知识点课文翻译

Unit 2 Onwards and upwardsUnderstanding ideasWe Regret to Inform you..."We regret to inform you... " These are the words that every writer dreads receiving, but words every writer knows well. The response from a publisher es back and the writer eagerly opens and reads it,their hearts sinking when they reach that final sentence. You may have spent years giving up your weekends and free time to write your life 's work, yet still this is often not enough. Everyone knows that success rarely happens overnight, but perhaps not many know that a lot of highly successful writers have previously faced rejection.inform v._____________ n._____________the words that every writer dreads receiving... that引导_____从句修饰_____dread ____________ the response from____________ previously adv. ____________ rejection n. ____________➡v.拒绝接受;拒绝接纳____________我们很抱歉地通知您...段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Take for example J.K. Rowling. When she received her first rejection letter, she decided that it meant she now had something in mon with her favourite writers, and stuck it on her kitchen wall. Rowling had spent years surviving on little money, spending all her time writing. When she finally finished her first book, she received ments from publishers along the lines of “too difficult for children”,“too long”,“Children would not be interested in it”. Nevertheless, she persevered. “I wasn't going to give up until every single publisher turned me down, but I often feared that would happen, " she later posted. After a total of twelve rejections, one publisher eventually agreed to print 500 copies of her first book, and as we know, Harry Potter became a global success, with over 400 million books sold and translated into more than seventy different languages.take for example _____________________ have...in mon ____________________spend some time doing sth ____________ along the lines of _____________________ nevertheless adv.__________persevere v.____________➡__________________turn down____________ turn up____________as we know,... as 引导的是____________从句,翻译为____________段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ All too often writers of great works have had to face criticism along with rejection. J.D. Salinger started writing short stories in high school, but later struggled to get his works published.“We feel that we don’t know the central character well enough " was the criticism he received on his manuscript for The Catcher in the Rye. Despite rejections from several publishers, J.D. Salinger refused to give up. Even when serving in the US Army during the Second World War, he carried six chapters of The Catcher in the Rye with him and worked on the novel throughout his war service. When it was eventually published, the book became an immediate bestseller and went on to sell millions and millions of copies.criticism n._________➡criticise v._________➡critical adj.__________➡critic n.____________ start doing sth = start to do sth _________________ get sth done____________the criticism he received on his manuscript for The Catcher in the Rye.省略了关系词____________的_____从句,修饰the criticismstruggle to do sth____________ refuse to do sth ____________work on____________go on to do sth ____________ go on doing sth____________段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________Perhaps the overall prize for perseverance should go to three sisters from Victorian England who dreamt of seeing their words in print. This, however, was a time when women were not encouraged to bee writers. As the then Poet Laureate, Robert Southey, wrote to one of them: "Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life, and it ought not to be." Nevertheless, the sisters didn't stop trying. Their response was to write a book of poems under male names. Even when the book sold only two copies, the sisters still didn't give up. They started writing novels, and today Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights and Anne Bronte's Agnes Grey are regarded as classics of world literature. In fact, it is within the pages of Jane Eyre that we can find these words: "I honour endurance, perseverance, industry, talent; because these are the means by which men achieve great ends..."who dreamt of seeing their words in 、print. who引导的______从句,修饰_________go to sb __________ dream of/about doing sth_________ encourage to do sth_________ ought to do sth______________ endurance n.___________ industry n.___________it is within the pages of Jane Eyre that we can find these words... 是_______句型基本结构是:_________________________________段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ So, it seems that talent alone isn't enough to guarantee success. While a lot of hard work and a touch of luck play a part, perseverance is the key,Keep trying and eventually you will read the words “We are delighted to inform you...”guarantee v._________ n.__________ play a part_______________delight adj.____________ delight. n._______________delightful. adj.____________段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________Unit2Developing ideas & Other partsThree Days to seeI have often thought it would he a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound.appreciative adj.___________appreciate.v.__________appreciation.n.__________段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see. Recently, I asked a friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods what she had observed. "Nothing in particular," she replied.now and then_____________ seeing 现在分词作_____修饰________ in particular________I asked a friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods what she had observed. who引导的_____从句,修饰_____,who在从句中作_____段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch. If I can get so much pleasure from touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight? And I have imagined what I should most like to see if I were given the use of my eyes, say for just three days. How was it possible,=It’s possible to do sth __________________worthy.adj.__________worth adj_____________ be worth doing ___________I who cannot see ... who引导_____从句,修饰____get pleasure from ___________ reveal__________ by sight ___________...if I were...所在的句子if引导_______句,与_______事实相反,be用were段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________On the first day, I should want to see the people whose kindness and gentleness and panionship have made my life worth living.I do not know what it is to see into the heart of a friend through that window of the soul", the eye. I can only “see” through my fingertips the outline of a face. I should like to see the books which have been read to me, and which have revealed to me the deepest channels of human life and the human spirit. In the afternoon I should take a long walk in the woods and intoxicate my night, I should not be able to sleep.the people whose kindness and gentleness and panionship have made my life worth living. whose引导_____从句,修饰____ 在从句中作____panionship n._____________ panion n. _____________the books which have been read to me, and which have revealed to me...两个which均引导_____从句,修饰____ 在从句中作____段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ On my second day, 1 should like to see the pageant of man's progress, and I should go to the museums. I should try to probe into the soul of man through his art. The things I knew through touch 1 should now see. The evening of my second day I should spend at a theater or at the movies.. probe n.____________v._______________probe into ___________段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ The following morning, I should again greet the dawn, anxious to discover new delights, new revelations of beauty. Today I shall spend in the workaday world, amid the haunts of men going about the business of life.dawn n.__________ greet the dawn__________ at dawn__________ at dusk_________delight n.__________ delightful adj.__________ delighted adj.__________go about_________ going about the business of life.作定语修饰__________段落翻译__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ At midnight permanent night would close in on me again. Only when darkness had again descended upon me should I realize how much I had left unseen.permanent adj.________permanently adv._____________permanence n._____________反义词temporary adj._______________descend v._____________n._____________段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________I who am blind can give one hint to those who see: Use your eyes as if tomorrow you would be stricken blind. And the same method can be applied to the other senses. Hear the music of voices, the song of a bird, the mighty strains of an orchestra, as if you would be stricken deaf tomorrow. Touch each object you want to touch as if tomorrow your tactile sense would fail.Smell the perfume of flowers, taste with relish each morsel, as if tomorrow you could never smell and taste again. But of all the senses, I am sure that sight must be the most delightful.(Excerpts from “Three Days to See” by Helen Keller)I who am blind can give one hint to those who see:第一个who引导______从句,修饰______第二个who引导______从句,修饰______give one hint to sb____________ be applied to__________ apply to_________apply for______As if/as though引导方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气:①若表示与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词用过去式(be用______)②若表示与过去事实相反,从句谓语用____________③若表示与将来事实相反,从句谓语用____________段落翻译_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________。

apology词根

apology词根
apology的词根是apo-。

apology这个词来自希腊语,由前缀apo-(远离)加词根log-(言语)及名词词尾-y组成,字面意思就是自我辩护,逃离惩罚的言语,原本指古希腊哲学家苏格拉底在被判处死刑时所做的申辩。

例句:
1.The company's response was an apology for any inconvenience
caused. 公司的回应是对于所造成的不便表示歉意。

2.They immediately apologized for any offence caused. 他们立即
为所造成的冒犯表示歉意。

3.She made an apology for her rudeness. 她为自己的粗鲁行为表
示歉意。

4.He offered a graceful apology for his behavior. 他为自己的行为
提供了一个优雅的道歉。

5.The spokesman refused to apologize for the mistake. 发言人拒
绝为错误表示歉意。

6.They offered a public apology for the incident. 他们为该事件提
供了一个公开的道歉。

7.The author extends his apologies for any inconvenience caused.
作者为所造成的不便表示歉意。

8.He gave a halfhearted apology for his behavior. 他为自己的行为
提供了一个不诚心的道歉。

chapter 5 notices%2C notes %26 memos 备忘录

Notices
• • • •
Date: Feb.25, 2007 To: All Employees in Academic Affairs Dept. & Student Affairs Dept. From: Wang Shiwei memo Subject: Preparation for New Semester
j
Chapter 6: Notices & Notes
Objectives
In this chapter, you are expected
to learn about the format and contents of notices and notes;
to write appropriate and effective notices and notes on different occasions.
Notices
How to write an oral NOTICE?
• • • • • • • • • • • • 1. Greeting Ladies and gentlemen, Comrades, Everyone, Boys and girls, 2. Asking for attention Attention, please! May I have your attention, please? May I request your attention, please? I have something to tell you. I have an announcement to make. I have something important to tell you.
form
• A joint meeting of the Academic Affairs Dept. & Student Affairs Dept. will be held on Thursday, Feb.28, at 10 am, in the Conference Room. • The purpose of the meeting is to prepare for the new semester, prepare to report the problems the department can’t solve.

新外研社(19)高中英语必修一Unit3-Family-matters单元知识总结

新外研社(19)高中英语必修一Unit3 Family matters单元知识总结(一)短语1.have a chat with sb.(about sth.)和某人闲聊某事2.approach to(to 为介词)… ……的方法3.focus on 把精力集中于……4.show /have respect for sb.对某人显示尊重5.have a talent/gift for …有…..才能6.be talented in …在……方面有天赋7.be responsible for …对…..负责/是….的原因8.jump in with both feet 踊跃参加;全心全意投入9.in the lead 领先10.apologize to sb.for sth./for doing sth.因为(做)某事向某人道歉11.make an apology to sb. for sth.因为某事向某人道歉12.a series of 一系列13.despite arguments over ..尽管对…的争辩14.throughout the country 全国各地15.end up doing 结果是;以….告终16.end up with 以….结束17.end up in trouble 以困难结束(in 后边多加不好的结果的词)18.aim to do sth.旨在做某事;打算做某事19.take off (work)休息一段时间20.turn to 求助于;转向21.in one’s thirties 在某人三十多岁时22.can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待想做某事23.kind of lazy 有点懒24.make up for 弥补25.be highly praised for 因…..受到高度赞扬26.settle for 勉强接受;将就27.as much as we can 尽可能地28. in second place 其次;第二29.a wide range of 大范围的;广泛的30.be proud of 以…..自豪(同义词组take pride in )31.to one’s surprise 令某人惊讶的是32.in surprise 惊讶地33.be related to 与…..有关34.now and then 时而;不时35.be positive about …对…..积极36.in detail 详细地(二)句型1.wish (that)+虚拟语气从句I wish she had come .I wish I were you .2.分词作状语1)Watched by millions , the ending to the race has divided opinions.2) Looking at it ,the lovely memory of that day came back to me at once .3.固定句式:be about to ..when…正要…..这时….I was about to throw everything away when my mother came in.3.虚拟语气:wouldn’t have done +if +..had done (对过去的事的假设)Mum wouldn’t have been happy if I’d left Jonny behind.(三)重点词汇&短语①The only way to come out on top is to adopt a different approach.脱颖而出的唯一途径就是采用一种不同的方法。

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5.2 Topology
原住民有豐年祭,男女老少手牽手圍著薪火,呼喚祭禮,唱歌跳舞,盡管圈子忽大忽小,時 扁時圓,但是彼此的相關位置不變,鄰居還是鄰居。 1
麵包師傅把麵粉和水搓揉成一團待酵的麵糰,把它放到碗裡,它就是碗形,放入方形容器裡 它就是方形,放入柱形容器裡它又近於柱形;形狀雖變了,但麵粉之間相關位置並沒改變, 鄰居還是鄰居。 你把那麵糰表面塗上不同顏色,覆蓋整個麵糰,隨意放置,麵團因勢變形,那著色的區塊也 跟著變形,但彼此相關位置不變,仍然覆蓋那麵團表面。 所謂 Topology,就是在探討相鄰關係不變下,物件的內蘊性質。Topology 一詞,中文譯作拓 樸學,是音譯,日文譯作位相學,是意譯,翻譯得很傳神。 例如立方體上,頂點數 -邊數 + 面數 = 2,一切多面體皆具此性質,稱為 Euler 特徵數。在 Topology 的眼光下,球和這些多面體無異,因此球的 Euler 特徵數是 2。輪胎和立方體上下 貫空一方柱無異,它的 Euler 特徵數是 0。馬克杯也和輪胎體無異,它們的 Euler 特徵數都 是 0。 有人頭上有兩個髮漩。民間普遍有一種說法:這樣的人脾氣壞。數學家說,每個人身上的毛 髮場至少有兩個漩,只不過它剛好出現在頭上,人因毛少,又穿衣服,不易觀察,如果你家 裡有短毛犬,或你有機會接近牛或馬,你就可以觀察到他們身上有好多的漩。脾氣壞與旋的 多寡、位置有沒有直接關係?數學家持保留態度。 動物身上的毛髮場可看成球面的向量場,漩就是那向量迷失之處。輪胎上的向量場可以無 漩,這就是它們拓墣性質不同之處。球面上的連續向量場至少有兩個漩。
例: ∅ 為開集,Rn 為開集。(0, 1),(−∞, 0),(1, ∞) 均為 R 中的開集。Br (x),r > 0 為 Rn 中的 開集。 Definition 5.3.3 F ⊂ Rn 為閉集(closed set)若且為若 F c 為開集。 例: ∅ 為閉集,Rn 為閉集。[0, 1],(−∞, 0],[1, ∞) 均為 R 中的閉集。Cr (x),r > 0 為 Rn 中的 閉集。Cantor set 為 R 中的閉集。 閉集與開集具有如下的特性,此特性為用已定義一般點集上 Topology 的基礎。 Theorem 5.3.4 (a) 任意開集的聯集恆為開集。 (b) 有窮個開集的交集恆為開集。 証: (a) 設 {Vλ },λ ∈ Λ 為一族開集,A = x ∈ A ⇒ ∃λ ∈ Λ 使 x ∈ Vλ Vλ 為 open ⇒ ∃r > 0 使 Br (x) ⊂ Vλ ⊂ A ∴ A 為 open (b) 設 V1 , V2 , · · · Vn 為 open,B = x ∈ B ⇒ x ∈ Vi ∀i Vi open ⇒ ∃ri > 0 使 Bri (x) ⊂ Vi 取 r = min{r1 , r2 , · · · rn },則 Br (x) ⊂ Bri (x) ⊂ Vi ∀i = 1, 2, · · · n ∩ ⇒ Br (x) ⊂ n i=1 Vi = B ∴ B 為 open 對定理 5.3.4 中的開集取補集,我們馬上得到: Theorem 5.3.4 (a) 任意閉集的交集恆為閉集。 (b) 有窮個閉集的聯集恆為閉集。 Remark:
1 ∀y ∈ Br (x),取 δ = 2 (r − |y − x|)
則 Bδ (y) ⊂ Br (x) ⊂ A ∴ y 為 A 的 interior point,∀y ∈ Br (x) ⇒ Br (x) ⊂ A◦ ∴ A◦ 為 open Definition 5.3.5 A ⊂ Rn ,x ∈ Rn 稱 A 的 limit point,若 Br (x) ∩ A − {x} = ̸ ∅ ∀r > 0。 Remark: (i) Br (x) ∩ A − {x} ̸= ∅ ∀r > 0。對 r1 = 1,任取 x1 ∈ Br1 (x) ∩ A x1 ̸= x。對 r2 =
Cr (x) := {y|y ∈ Rn , |y − x| ≤ r}
(2)
稱為以 x 為心,半徑 r 的閉球(closed ball) 。 ∑n 1/2 其中 |y − x| = ( i=1 |yi − xi |2 ) ,x = (x1 , x2 , · · · xn ),y = (y1 , y2 , · · · yn ),表 x, y 兩點的歐氏 距離。 Definition 5.3.2 V ⊂ Rn 稱為開集(open set) ,若且為若對任意 x ∈ V 恆存在 r > 0 使 Br (x) ⊂ V 。
Chapter 5 Rn 中的 Topology
5.1 Compact 概念的誕生
上一章裏,我們打通了微積分的督脈,積分的存在問題得到了解決。 督脈之通,出現了影響近代數學既深且遠的定理- Heine Borel 定理: 若 [a, b] 被一族開區間 F 所覆蓋,則 [a, b] 可被 F 中有窮個開區間所覆蓋。 這就是近代數學 Compact 概念的由來。 Compact 有什麼好? 好處多矣!無窮化有窮,有窮則可「從心所欲,不踰矩」 。 什麼叫不踰矩?在一堆正數中想取最大值,最大值就來;想取最小值,最小值即得。最大值 < ∞,最小值 > 0,叫不踰矩。你說:無窮集我也可以隨心所欲,取 inf,取 sup。不過你要 知道,你的 inf 可能是 0,sup 可能是無窮大,踰矩矣! 不踰矩,就可以幫助我們處理許多問題。孔子讚美管仲說:微管仲,吾其披髮左衽矣!借用 孔子的話:微 compact,近代數學,其當機矣! 沒有管仲,只不過被髮左衽,還能吃飯睡覺。沒有 compact,則近代數學要當機,不能運轉 了,可見其重要性。 我這樣子形容 compact,同學們不要以為誇張,請你們一定要相信它的重要性,用心體會, 吸收消化,將來才能乘雲霧,駕輕舟,遊走於數學的天地裡,了無障礙。屈原在離騷中這樣 描述: 「飲余馬於咸池兮,總余轡乎扶桑;折若木以拂日兮,聊逍遙以相羊。 」 道理通了,天地任我遨遊,何等開心之事。
5.3
Rn 中的 open set
Topology 的要點既然在鄰域關係,什麼是鄰域?簡單說,不孤立,盡管形狀變了,你的附近 總是環繞著你熟識的人,這些伴你而居的人就是你的鄰域。 什麼是附近?Rn 中因有歐氏測距, 「附近」也就不難定義了。 Definition 5.3.1 x ∈ Rn , r > 0,定義 Br (x) := {y|y ∈ Rn , |y − x| < r} 稱為以 x 為心,半徑 r 的開球(open ball) ; (1)
証: (⇒) A 為 closed ⇒ Ac 為 open。設 x ∈ A′ ,即 x 為 A 的 limit point,則 x ∈ / Ac ⇒ x ∈ A ∴ A ⊃ A′ (⇐) 欲証 A 為 closed,即証 Ac 為 open。 x ∈ Ac ,由於 A ⊃ A′ , ∴ x 非 A 的 limit point ⇒ ∃δ > 0 使 Bδ (x) ∩ A − {x} = ∅。x ∈ / A ∴ Bδ (x) ∩ A = ∅,即 Bδ (x) ⊂ Ac ∴ Ac 為 open。 Theorem 5.3.8 A′ 為閉集 ∀A ⊂ Rn 。 証: (i) 若 A′ = ∅ 顯然 A′ 為閉集。 (ii) 若 A′ ̸= ∅,我們想証 A′ ⊃ (A′ )′ ,則依定理 5.3.7,A′ 為 closed。 令 x0 為 A′ 的 limit point,則 Br (x0 ) ∩ A′ − {x0 } ̸= ∅ ∀r > 0。任取 y ∈ Br (x0 ) ∩ A′ y ̸= x0 . y ∈ A′ ⇒ Bδ (y) ∩ A − {y} ̸= ∅ ∀δ > 0。取 δ 夠小,使 Bδ (y) ⊂ Br (x0 ) 且 x0 ∈ / Bδ (y),例如 δ =
n=1
Jn = (0, 1) 為開
集。 Definition 5.3.4 設 A ⊂ Rn ,
(a) x ∈ A 稱為 A 的內點(interior point)若 ∃r > 0 使 Br (x) ⊂ A。 (b) A◦ = {x|x為 A 的內點} 稱為 A 的內集(the interior of A) 。 例: A = [0, 1], A◦ = (0, 1) A = [0, 1] 中的有理點集,A◦ = ∅ A = [0, 1] 中的 Cantor set,A◦ = ∅ Theorem 5.3.3 A ⊂ Rn ,A◦ 恆為開集。 証: x ∈ A◦ ,即 x 為 A 的 interior point ⇒ ∃r > 0 使 Br (x) ⊂ A。
1 A4 = {(x, y )|0 ≤ y ≤ x , x > 0},點 (0, 1) ∈ A′4 但 (0, 1) ∈ / A4 ∴ A4 非 closed。
1 1 (i) 無窮開集的交集未必為開集,例如 In = (− n , n ) 為開集 ∀n = 1, 2, · · · ,但

λ∈ Λ
Vλ 。
∩n
i=1
Vi 。
∩∞
n=1 In
= 集,例如 Jn = [ n ,1 − n ] 為閉集,但
∪∞
1 |x 2 1
− x| >
1 2
1 任取 x2 ∈ Br2 (x) ∩ A − {x},則 x2 ̸= x1 , x。對 r3 = 2 |x2 − x| <
1 22
任取
x3 ∈ Br3 (x) ∩ A − {x},則 x3 ̸= x1 , x2 , x。依此類推,以致無窮,得相異點列{xn } ⊂ A, xn → x 當 n → ∞。 (ii) limit point 有的書叫做 accumulation point,有的稱它為 cluster point,我姑稱之為匯聚 點,他是點集的概念,與一般極限的 limit 有點差別。例如數列:{xn } = {0, 1, 1, 1 · · · }, x1 = 0, xn = 1 ∀n > 1,limn→∞ xn = 1。此數列的點集只有兩點 A = {0, 1},1 非 A 的 limit point。sequence 的 limit 和集合的 limit point 有別,同學宜注意。 整理之:x ∈ Rn 為 A 的 limit point ⇔ ∃{xn } ⊂ A,xi ̸= xj ∀i ̸= j ,使 limn→∞ xn = x。 Definition 5.3.6 x ∈ A 稱為 A 的孤立點 (isolated point) 若存在 r > 0 使 Br (x)∩A−{x} = ∅(即 Br (x) ∩ A = {x}) 。因此,任何 A 的孤立點都不是 A 的 limit point. Definition 5.3.7 設 A ⊂ Rn , A′ = {x|x ∈ Rn , x為 A 的 limit point} 稱為 A 的 derived set,我姑且稱之為匯聚點集。 Theorem 5.3.7 A ⊂ Rn 為 closed ⇔ A ⊃ A′ (3)
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