chinese english
Chinese-English Difference in Writing Style
Chinese-English Differences in Writing StyleWhy is it that the English writings of Chinese students read so much like translations of Chinese? Why is it that one can fairly easily tell whether an article was written by a Chinese or by a native speaker of English? Is it because most Chinese students have not yet mastered the language?Is it because Chinese and Westerners think differently? Is it because of differences in Chinese and English writing styles?The answer is probably "yes" to all of the last three questions.If students of English had a better command of the language, they probably could write more like a native English speaker. Westerners probably do approach or look at matters in a different way from most Chinese in many situations. And there are stylistic differences in English and Chinese writing. Let us examine some of the most obvious stylistic differences that reflect cultural differences. Both Chinese and English writing are similar in stressing in-depth knowledge of one's subject, well thought-out ideas, careful choice of materials, and presentation with sincerity, directness and simplicity. The following remarks -- of unknown origin -- apply not only to English, but to Chinese as well, and probably to all languages:"He that will write well in any tongue... must speak as the common people do, but think as the wise men do." "A man's style in any art should be like his dress -- it should attract as little attention as possible." With the above remarks in mind, let us now take up certain differences. 1. Narration and description in Chinese seem to be a bit more ornate, or "flowery", than in English. The following passage from a student's composition is typical of this kind of faulty writing in English:"I walked joyfully along the path that was lit up by the golden rays of the morning sun. Beautiful flowers of many colors were blooming. How fragrant they smelled! Little birds were singing in the trees, as if greeting me 'Good morning！Good morning!'... my heart was bursting with happiness…" One of the common faults in this matter is the tendency of Chinese students to use too many adjectives. Adjectives, of course, are necessary in good writing. They are like paints that brighten and bring scenes and events to life. But if not used with care, they can have the opposite effect -- quickly kill interest and produce boredom.Overuse of adjectives is bad. Indiscriminate use is also bad. These are marks not only of students learning a foreign language, they are also signs of immature writers. All too often, such people try to dress up their work by resorting to a host of adjectives and adverbs. And all too often, such modifiers are those that have become tired from overwork and have long lost flavor, like great, marvelous, wonderful, very. Some may have been chosen after careful thought; they may have some effect, but the effect is not always a pleasant one.2. Chinese and English-speaking people seem to look differently on the use of set phrases and expressions. Good English writing discourages what are called "clichés" or "trite expressions". Chinese writing, on the other hand, gives its approval to well-chosen "four-character expressions." T o a native English-speaker, the following sentence would be frowned on as an example of poor writing: He slept like a log and woke up at the crack of dawn, fresh as a daisy.The fault is not that the sentence isn't vivid, but that it contains three cliches: sleep like a log, at the crack of dawn, and fresh as a daisy.Chinese "four-character expressions", however, have their place in Chinese writing even though they have been used over and over again. One seldom finds a piece of Chinese expository writingwithout a number of them. For example, one could hardly pass judgment on an essay or speech without using some of the following: 一气呵成，言简意赅，栩栩如生, 咬文嚼字，强词夺理，牵强附会。
Chinese English dictionary
离心机 使离心 滴度、效价 接种 微黄的 微红的 海绵状的 沙门氏菌 肌肉 孵化 孵化 孵化器 抗血清 无毒的 臭氧 氮气 微粒 致死的 血清 变质 梭状芽孢杆菌 剔除 生物化学 系统的 条款 润滑剂 激素、荷尔蒙 青霉素 链霉素 成纤维细胞 重碳酸盐 传代 烧杯 胰蛋白酶 组织 烧瓶 呼吸道 哺乳动物 融合的
róng hé shuǐ yù guō zhù shè qì kě xíng xìng xuè jiāng zài tǐ pī cì jūn yī xìng xiào néng wú jūn de guān jiàn de mó nǐ lěng dòng gān zào jī yào diǎn zhí ng jì shā jūn xiāo dú, shǐ shā jūn shā jūn wēn dù jì jiǎ chún yǐ chún yào wù, zhì yào de shǐ rǔ huà rǔ huà fēng xiāng xiāo dú jì, shā jūn jì fáng dú miàn jù, kǒu zhào yí , qì qì jù chǐ cùn fēng sù yí dì dàn yí ng bù kě yù jiàn fèi yòng huā fèi fǔ zhù de dù juān,bù gǔ niǎo ròu tāng jiǎ nà pú táo táng
centrifuge centrifugate titre inoculate yellowish reddish spongy salmonella muscular hatch incubation incubator antiserum atoxic ozone nitrogen particle lethal serum deterioration clostridium eliminate biochemistry systemic provision lubricant hormone penicillin streptomycin fibroblast bicarbonate passage beaker trypsin tissue flask respiratory mammalian confluent
汉字和英语的比较英语作文
汉字和英语的比较英语作文英文回答：Chinese and English are two of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with over 1 billion native speakers each. They have a long and fascinating history, and their differences and similarities have been the subject of much study.Grammar.One of the most striking differences between Chinese and English is their grammar. Chinese is a tonal language, meaning that the meaning of a word can change depending on the tone in which it is spoken. English, on the other hand, is a stress-timed language, meaning that the stress on a syllable can change the meaning of a word.Vocabulary.Another difference between Chinese and English is their vocabulary. Chinese has a much larger vocabulary than English, with over 50,000 characters. This is due in part to the fact that Chinese is a logographic language, meaning that each character represents a word or morpheme. English, on the other hand, is an alphabetic language, meaning that words are spelled out using a set of letters.Writing.The way that Chinese and English are written is also different. Chinese is written in vertical columns from top to bottom, while English is written in horizontal rows from left to right. Chinese characters are also more complex than English letters, and they can be combined in a variety of ways to create new words.Pronunciation.Finally, Chinese and English pronunciation is also different. Chinese has a relatively small number of sounds, and they are often produced with a different intonationthan English sounds. This can make it difficult for native English speakers to understand spoken Chinese.Despite their differences, Chinese and English also have some similarities.Both languages are used to communicate complex ideas and emotions.Both languages have a rich literary tradition.Both languages are used in a variety of contexts, including business, education, and entertainment.Ultimately, Chinese and English are two very different languages. However, they also share some important similarities. Both languages are used to communicate complex ideas and emotions, and both languages have a rich literary tradition.中文回答：汉语和英语是世界上两种使用最广泛的语言，每种语言都有超过 10 亿的母语使用者。
Chinese-English Translation
From parataxis to hypotaxis
Have a try
Translate the following into English 我们过了江，进了车站。我买了票，他忙着 照看行李。……这时我看见他的背影，我的 眼泪很快掉了下来，我赶紧拭干了泪，怕他 看见。
Revised version
Li Li, a 25-year old male, graduated from the Chinese department of Beijing University. Since he started to publish creative works at the age of 20, he has now published over 20 novels. He has considerable leading and organizing talents, so he is recommended to be the director for the section of literature and arts.
Possible versions
1. We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage…at the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them. 2. I was born in Beijing in 1995. with two elder sisters, I was the third child in the family. Later, with the birth of a boy into the family, my father decided that there would be no more child in the family as it was enough for my brother to carry on the family name.
汉语与英语的差异英语作文
汉语与英语的差异英语作文Title: Exploring the Differences Between Chinese and English: A Comparative Essay。
Language is a fascinating tool for communication, with each tongue carrying its own unique characteristics and nuances. Chinese and English, two widely spoken languagesin the world, showcase stark differences in various aspects. In this essay, we delve into the disparities between Chinese and English, shedding light on theirdissimilarities in phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, and cultural implications.First and foremost, let's explore phonetics, the sounds that form the backbone of any language. Chinese, known for its tonal nature, relies heavily on intonation to convey meaning. Mandarin Chinese, for instance, has four main tones, plus a neutral tone, which significantly alter the meaning of a word. In contrast, English is a stress-timed language, where emphasis on certain syllables plays acrucial role in conveying intent and emotion. The phonetic dissimilarities between the two languages can pose challenges for learners, as mastering tonal variations in Chinese or stress patterns in English requires dedicated practice.Moving on to grammar, another area of distinction emerges. Chinese grammar is characterized by its relative simplicity compared to English. Chinese sentences typically follow a subject-verb-object (SVO) order, with minimal inflection and conjugation. In contrast, English employs a more complex system of verb conjugation, noun declension, and word order variations to convey meaning. Moreover, English grammar includes a wide array of tenses, moods, and voices, adding layers of complexity for non-native speakers.Vocabulary is yet another realm where Chinese and English diverge. While both languages borrow words fromother languages and cultures, their core vocabulariesdiffer significantly. Chinese vocabulary is largely monosyllabic, with each character representing a distinct morpheme or concept. English, on the other hand, boasts arich vocabulary influenced by its historical interactions with various cultures, resulting in a plethora of synonyms, idioms, and phrasal verbs. Additionally, the writing systems of the two languages—Chinese characters versus the Roman alphabet—contribute to variations in vocabulary acquisition and retention.Cultural implications play a crucial role in shaping language usage and expression. Chinese language and culture are deeply intertwined, with linguistic nuances reflecting societal values, hierarchical structures, and historical contexts. Politeness, for instance, is embedded in the Chinese language through honorifics and formal expressions, reflecting the importance of interpersonal relationshipsand social harmony. English, as a global lingua franca, encompasses diverse cultural influences, with language evolving alongside societal changes and global interactions. The pragmatism and directness often associated with English communication reflect Western values of individualism and assertiveness.In conclusion, the disparities between Chinese andEnglish are multifaceted, encompassing phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, and cultural implications. While both languages serve as vehicles for communication and expression, their distinct characteristics present challenges and opportunities for learners and speakers alike. By appreciating and understanding these differences, individuals can navigate between Chinese and English more effectively, fostering cross-cultural understanding and linguistic proficiency.。
chinese-English translation
汉译英基本程序
Translating
understanding
Analyze Infer Conclude Context
expressing
Select Decide Adjust
18
汉译英中的理解问题
借助语言学理论， 借助语言学理论，提高对文字 各种意义的识别能力 通过上下文， 通过上下文，掌握隐含意义 把握修辞特点
符号的意义不是单一的，而是多重性的。 符号的意义不是单一的，而是多重性的。 确定符号的意义，除了考虑其所指意义之外， 确定符号的意义，除了考虑其所指意义之外，还要考虑符号 使用者的意图（语用意义）以及与其它符号（语境）的关系。 使用者的意图（语用意义）以及与其它符号（语境）的关系。 认识符号的意义，须透过现象看本质， 认识符号的意义，须透过现象看本质，抓住词语的真正的含 义，切忌不求甚解，望文生义。 切忌不求甚解，望文生义。
10
汉语多推理， 汉语多推理，英语多引申
Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词本无义，义随人生 词本无义， 词本无义 义随人生) 词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的， 词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的， 要准确表达译文，就需要对原文进行仔细研究。 要准确表达译文，就需要对原文进行仔细研究。
9
汉语多具体， 汉语多具体，英语多抽象
土崩瓦解 赤胆忠心 精疲力尽 远见卓识 深思熟虑 水乳交融 画饼充饥 如饥似渴 望穿秋水 添砖加瓦 危在旦夕 三天打鱼， 三天打鱼，两天晒网 disintegration ardent loyalty total exhaustion far-sightedness careful consideration perfect harmony feed on fancies with great eagerness await with great anxiety make contribution on the verge of destruction lack of perseverance
中文和英文的不同之处英语作文
中文和英文的不同之处英语作文英文回答：In the realm of human communication, two languages stand out as global powerhouses: Chinese and English. Each language bears a unique set of characteristics, shaping the way its speakers perceive and interact with the world.Pronunciation and Structure:The most striking difference between Chinese and English lies in their pronunciation. Chinese is a tonal language, where the meaning of a word can changedrastically depending on the pitch of the speaker's voice. English, on the other hand, is a stress-based language, with emphasis placed on certain syllables.Structurally, Chinese sentences follow a subject-verb-object order, while English sentences adhere to a subject-verb-complement order. Chinese also employs a complexsystem of measure words, which must be used before nouns to indicate quantity or type.Grammar and Vocabulary:Chinese grammar is relatively simple compared to English. Verbs are not conjugated for tense or person, and there are no articles or prepositions. However, Chinese has a rich system of particles that convey grammatical functions.In terms of vocabulary, Chinese and English differ significantly. English has a vast and intricate lexicon drawn from multiple sources, including Latin, Greek, and French. Chinese vocabulary is more compact, with a limited number of core characters that can be combined to form new words.Writing Systems:The writing systems of Chinese and English present another stark contrast. Chinese uses a system oflogographic characters, where each character represents a whole word or morpheme. The Chinese language has over50,000 characters, although only a few thousand are commonly used.English, by contrast, employs an alphabetic system, where words are spelled out using a combination of 26 letters. The alphabetic system is much more phonetic than the Chinese logographic system.Cultural Influences:The differences between Chinese and English extend beyond their linguistic features. The two languages reflect the distinct cultural perspectives of their speakers. Chinese emphasizes harmony, collectivism, and indirect communication, while English values individualism, directness, and logical reasoning.Global Significance:Both Chinese and English play vital roles on the globalstage. Chinese is spoken by over 1 billion people worldwide, making it the most widely spoken language. English, with over 1.5 billion speakers, is the global lingua franca,used in business, diplomacy, and academia.中文回答：中文与英语作为全球影响力巨大的两种语言，在语言特征方面存在着独特性差异，塑造着使用者对世界的认知和互动方式。
《EnglishChinese》PPT课件
造成师生间关系现状的原因分析每个人在社会中都有着自己的角色，学生和老师正是纷繁角色中特殊的两种，对社会的发展有着重要影响，师生关系也随着社会的发展不断改善。
师生关系是教师和学生在教育活动过程中由彼此所处的地位与彼此的交往所构成的角色关系和心理关系。
新时期，我国提倡社会主义新型的师生关系。
但是，师生关系在整体和谐下仍然仍存在着矛盾。
据彭国元老师有关《各年级师生关系状况调查表》的调查显示：一、当前小学师生关系存在的主要问题及原因有：大部分教师是爱学生的，只是大部分学生认为自己没有感受到师爱或感受不充分，学生对教师的爱的感受力随年龄增大而减弱，师生间沟通不足。
调查中还有一份关于学生“有心理话向谁说”的调查报告显示：当心理存在问题时，只有 4.4%的同学愿意向老师倾诉。
在对待老师批评教育这个问题上有近 5.1%的同学不愿意接受老师的教诲，认为老师是可恨的，有意挑自己的毛病。
虽然这份调查存在一定的局限性，但联想到在许多学校部分师生之间公开对立，学生对老师出言不逊、甚至扬言报复，更有甚者对老师实施拳头棍棒。
由此可见，师生间的理解沟通缺少，师生间的信任度不高。
学生对教师的爱的感受力随年龄增大而减弱，孩子在逐渐成长过程中会有着逆反心理。
15、16岁的青少年，无论从身体上还是心智逐上，他们都渐走向成熟。
青少年的思想与成人不同，处于过渡期的他们既不想让人认为幼稚又不想受人约束。
在这个时期，青少年们往往对自身认识不足，却又极力相向别人展示自己的成熟。
因此，他们在行为上会有意或无意的模仿成人。
一些青少年为了更凸显自己的成熟，甚至不惜采取极端方式，比如打架、吸毒、抢劫等等。
部分老师在传道过程中忽略或者轻视了青少年的心理健康问题，对他们出现的心理问题未能及时有效的给予帮助和正确引导。
受应试教育的影响，部分老师以分看学生，对待学生的态度也是凭分而定。
对待高分学生，教师会表扬嘉奖，行为言语上会有意无意的表露出偏爱。
对待低分学生，老师会厌倦、不闻不问甚至怀疑，导致师生关系生疏，不协调。
chinese english语言学定义
chinese english语言学定义语言学是研究语言的学科，它着眼于语言的结构、语言的使用以及语言的变化。
中英语言学是研究中文和英文两种语言的学科，它涵盖了这两种语言的音系、音韵学、语法、语义、词汇、语用学、社会语言学、翻译等多个方面。
中英语言学的定义可以从不同的角度来进行阐述。
从历史角度来看，中英语言学是研究中国和英国两个国家的语言和语言变化的学科。
中英语言学家会考察中文和英文的语音、语法以及语义的差异和共同点，分析两种语言的历史变迁，探讨语言混合和语言借用的现象。
从语音学的角度来看，中英语言学研究中文和英文的音系、音韵学和声调等方面。
例如，中英语言学家会比较中文和英文的音位系统，探讨两种语言的音位组合规则、音位变体以及发音的特点。
此外，中英语言学还研究中文和英文的声调系统，比较两种语言的声调发展历程以及声调对语音的影响。
从词汇学的角度来看，中英语言学研究中文和英文的词汇构词规则、词义以及词汇的演变等方面。
中英语言学家会比较中英两种语言的词汇结构和词义，分析两种语言的词义的差异和共性，并研究两种语言的词汇演变过程。
例如，中英语言学家会探讨中文和英文中的同源词、借词以及词义的变化规律。
从语法学的角度来看，中英语言学研究中文和英文的语法结构、句法规则以及语法变化等方面。
中英语言学家会比较中英两种语言的句法规则和语序，探讨两种语言的主谓宾结构、虚词使用、时态和语态等方面的差异。
此外，中英语言学还关注中英两种语言的语法发展，研究语法变异和语法化的现象。
从语义学和语用学的角度来看，中英语言学研究中文和英文的意义和语用规则等方面。
中英语言学家会比较中文和英文的词义的差异和共性，研究两种语言的语义关系和语用规则。
例如，中英语言学家会研究中文的兼类动词和英文的被动语态的使用方式，探讨两种语言中的表达方式的差异。
从社会语言学的角度来看，中英语言学研究中文和英文的社会语言变体、方言、族群语言、社会方言变体等方面。
ChineseEnglish
A study on domestication and foreignization in Chinese—English filmtranslation from the postcolonial perspectiveZHANG Guang-fa(Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, Huaiyin Teachers College, Huai’an 223300, China)Abstract: Different from traditional film translation studies which usually advocate domestication, the author holds that foreignizing method in Chinese-English film translation is both theoretically reasonable and practically feasible from the postcolonial point of view. It helps to resist against the cultural hegemony of powerful culture and construct the cultural identity of less powerful culture.Key words: post-colonialism; Chinese-English film translation; translation method1. IntroductionIn today’s translation circles, the translations accepted by mainstream translation norms more often than not share such features as fluency, smoothness and transparency. The target text is free of the slightest trace of translation and reads as if it had been written by the original author in the target language. The differences, including the foreignness, strangeness, and otherness, are replaced by something familiar to the target reader. While such replacement makes it easier for the target reader to understand translation, it minimizes the foreignness of the target text. The above-mentioned translating strategy is actually what American translation theorist Lawrence Venuti (1995) termed in his phenomenal The translator’s invisibility: A history of translation, domesticating method, as opposed to another strategy, foreignizing method.2. Domestication and foreignization in the postcolonial contextThe origin of domesticating method and foreignizing method, firstly coined by Venuti in 1995, could be immediately traced back to the essay, “Uber die verschiedenen Methoden des Ubersetzens” (On the different method of translation) by an ancient German Linguist, Schleiermacher. He said that there are only two means for translation: either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him (Venuti, 1992, p. 42). In his opinion, the first method means taking the reader over to the foreign culture and making him or her feel the linguistic differences, while the second method means right the opposite, making the text recognizable and familiar to the readers and thus bringing the foreign culture closer to the reader in the target culture. Venuti (1995, p. 20) in his book, The translator’s invisibility called the first method foreignizing method, and the second one domesticating method. He in this book studied domesticating method and foreignizing method in the context of society, politics, ideology and history, criticizing the translation activities from 17 BC and revealing to us that fluent translation has always been in a commanding position in the translation history in the western world. HeZHANG Guang-fa (1981- ), male, M.A., lecturer of Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, Huaiyin Teachers College; research field: translation theories and practice.64said domesticating method dominates Anglo-American culture which recommends fluent translating. Under the norms of fluency, the target text is free of the slightness trace of translation and is read as if it had been written by the original author in the target language. The differences existing between the two languages are replaced by something familiar to the target language reader. Such replacement makes it easier for the target language readers to understand and to follow the translated texts, and it minimizes the foreignness of the target text. Foreignizing method, however, seeks to restrain the ethnocentric violence of translation, and it is a strategic cultural intervention in the current state of world affairs. Venuti as a matter of fact advocates foreignizing method which is called resistance with the hope to revolt the suzerain culture in ex-colonized countries and regards it as a form of resistance against ethnocentrism and racism, culture narcissism and imperialism.Venuti (1998) in another book The scandals of translation: Towards an ethics of difference continues to develop his opinion. He explains the necessity of the studies of translation theories from three perspectives, that is, the relation between different language and culture systems, the properties of translation activities, and the role of translators. He said “Translation wields enormous power in constructing representations of foreign cultures. The selection of foreign texts and the development of translation strategies can establish peculiarly domestic canons for foreign literatures, cannons that conform to domestic aesthetic values and therefore reveal exclusions and admissions, centers and peripheries that deviate from those current in the foreign language…In creating stereotypes, translation may attach esteem or stigma to specific ethnic, racial, and national groupings, signifying respect for cultural difference or hatred based on ethnocentrism, racism, or patriotism” (Venuti, 1998, p. 67). He said translation could never simply be communication between equals because it is fundamentally ethnocentric, and to shake the regime of English, a translator must be strategic both in selecting foreign texts and in developing discourses to translate them. And he preferred “minoritizing translation” to resist the assimilationist ethic by signifying the linguistic and cultural differences of the text—within the major language.As a kind of discourse practice, the foreignizing translation plays a strategic role in reconstructing national identity, resisting cultural hegemony, and subverting the colonial ideology. So many postcolonial scholars advocate the foreignizing method to retranslate the texts from the dominated cultures so as to reconstruct in the western world the cultural identity of the dominated cultures and correct the cultural prototype misinterpreted by the hegemony cultures. In the contrary, domesticating method colluding with the colonizer helps to enhance the ethnocentric attitude, constructs and strengthens the imbalanced power relation. Thus the domesticating method employed to translate the texts from weak cultures to strong cultures suffers from so much criticism.3. Domestication and foreignization in film translationIn translation practice, foreignizing method is generally criticized by many scholars. And they argue that though foreignizing method may be theoretically reasonable, but it can not necessarily be practically feasible. In addition, translation history has revealed to us that domestic method has always predominated translation history. Foreignizing translations are usually not in accordance to the norms of the target language, and therefore difficult to be published and accepted. The author thinks that this may be reasonable for literary translation. Film translation, however, is different from literary translation, and it has its own characteristics. Firstly audiovisual works are different from literary works printed in papers. The audience receives two kinds of information from audiovisual works, that is, audio information and visual information, while only visual information is available to the readers of literary works. Besides, the audio information and visual information only stay in the screen for a65very short time (subtitles usually stay in the screen for about two seconds). Readers get the visual information through the words printed in paper, so the information is always available. Most scholars advocate the domesticating method (MA Zheng-qi, 1997; ZHANG Chun-bai, 1998; QIAN Shao-chang, 2000), and they hold that it is much easier for the audience to understand the subtitles and dubbing translated by keeping the classical principle of faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance. The author argues that though domesticating method is acceptable in film translation, the foreignizing method is a better choice. This can be well illustrated by the following example:火云邪神：这种气势，难道就是人称神雕侠侣的……包租公：杨过。