绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及研究对策外文文献原文及译文
绿色贸易壁垒的对我国蔬菜出口的影响
绿色贸易壁垒的对我国蔬菜出口的影响第一篇：绿色贸易壁垒的对我国蔬菜出口的影响摘要绿色贸易壁垒是指那些借以保护环境而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止贸易的措施。
随着世界经济的发展，绿色贸易壁垒已成为我国蔬菜出口的主要障碍，因此深入剖析绿色贸易壁垒对我国蔬菜出口造成的消极影响，并提出相应的对策，有利于我国蔬菜出口的发展和出口蔬菜的国际竞争力的提高。
关键词：绿色贸易壁垒蔬菜贸易影响AbstractGreen barriers are those that in order to protect the environment, either directly or indirectly taken to restrict or even ban on trade measures.With the world economic development, green trade barrier has become the main obstacles to the export of vegetables, so-depth analysis of green trade barriers on China's vegetable exports of the negative impact and put forward corresponding countermeasures, is conducive to the development of China's vegetable exports and export of vegetables international competitiveness.Key words: Green Trade BarrierVegetablesTradeImpact目录前言一、绿色贸易壁垒对我国蔬菜出口的影响（一）提高了我国蔬菜的出口门槛（二）削弱了我国蔬菜出口的竞争力（三）增加了我国蔬菜的出口成本（四）缩小了我国蔬菜的出口范围二、我国蔬菜出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因（一）严格的检验检疫标准（二）强制性绿色技术标准的应用（三）苛刻的包装要求（四）发达国家不合理的保护政策三、我国蔬菜出口应对绿色贸易壁垒的对策（一）完善我国的检验检疫标准（二）增加出口蔬菜产品的技术含量（三）实施绿色包装战略（四）加强与发达国家贸易磋商四、结语前言随着我国加入 WTO，农产品国际贸易自由化的进一步发展，作为我国主要出口农产品之一的蔬菜业迅猛发展。
日本绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及对策
日本绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及对策摘要：我国是农产品出口大国，农产品的出口关乎到国计民生、就业以及经济发展。
因为地理优势和产品间的互补，日本成为我国农产品出口大国。
但是因为日本对中国农产品出口实行绿色壁垒，且近几年的标准越来越严格，这对中国农产品出口日本产生了很大的影响。
本文就日本绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响进行了分析，并提出相应的对策。
关键词：绿色贸易壁垒农产品出口绿色观念一、日本绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响（一）农产品对日出口占比急剧下降2013年，我国对日农产品贸易额为95.6亿美元，占农产品出口总额的17.4%，之后的五年对日农产品出贸易占比不断下降，直到2017年有所回升，但也只有84.8亿美元。
我国蔬菜2012年对日贸易额为13.90万吨，但2015年跌到1.41万吨，蔬菜对日出口数量的下跌主要是2014年日本厚生劳动省（MHLW）分别在6月和12月拟修订《食品卫生法》中关于食品级食品添加剂的标准和规范（修订农化物残留标准）进行了对蔬菜的各项指标的提高的原因。
并且在2013年之后，日本持续增强对中国农产品检验检疫的标准，尤其是对于蘑菇、大蒜、蜂蜜等农产品。
因为日本作为我国农产品的出口大国，更加严格的标准的实行使我国对日农产品出口比例下跌。
同时，因为日本采用高标准的农产品出口政策使得很多发达国家相继对我国农产品出口采取相同高标准的要求，这也很大程度上减少了我国农产品的出口量。
（二）减弱了我国农产品的国际竞争力日本实行的绿色壁垒和各种技术标准的提升，增加了我国农产品的生产、检查、出关的成本，减少了我国农产品的价格优势，并且，我国农产品频繁受到日本贸易壁垒，尤其在2015年之后，日本对于许多蔬菜采取了更高的卫生检验以及农药残留标准，使得我国一些企业无法满足出口要求，这严重的减弱了农产品的国际竞争，也损害了我国农产品的国际形象，对我国农产品出口的竞争力也造成了很大影响。
绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响外文翻译文献
绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Analysis and countermeasure of international green trade barrier The green trade barrier limits the development of the international trade by manysteps. It obstacles the integration of the international economy the free developmentof the world trade. It is in some countries，especially in some developing countriesthe production for export lost greatly. However， under the limitation of the green tradebarrier，the air and water resource have been polluted badly，and the soil resourcedecreasing and the loss of life.1.The definition of the green trade barrier . The green trade barrier is also named as green barrier. It refers to protection of theinner market by means of the limitation by the strict environment protectiontechnology or the green signs inthe import，which can keep the foreign merchandisesoutside. This causes an immense impact on the international trade order. 2.The reason of appearance of green trade barrier 1The change of view of value. Along with the development of the industrialization and the growth of the worldeconomy，the increasing destroy and pollute getting more and more serious. This hasdirectly affected the living and development of human beings. And this successfullydrew an attention of the international society. The way of people thinking， behavior ofconsumption and view of consumption have changed. The new conception of value thethat concentrate on quality of living and creating green civilization； need for greenproduction with pollution and harm to human are increasing. The people in developedcounties have formed a good view of value for green production also providesdeveloping countries chance and challenges. 2The traditional lawless tax barrier gets condemn of the international society. In order to bring up the newborn industries，some mature industries gainunpredicted profit. But even this，they never thought of the protection of the innermarket.However after the operation of the General Agreement On Tariffs andtrade the import tax has been decreased ever since. Non-tax barrier has beenlimitations. The chance and space for traditional trade barrier are getting smaller andsmaller. On this occasion，the developed countries begin to search for new ways oftrade protections for the sake of development of their own industries. And green tradebarrier come into use. 3Different standards in different countries. Economys state stays in different level owing to the different technology level.So there are great differences in the ability of environment protection in differentcountries. This leads to different environment protection standard. It is a hard to saywhich standard is the best one，because different environment standard has a directimpact on the cost. And this would have great impact on the world competence， whichaffected the balance of the international income and expenses .In order to limit theimport from developing countries，the developed countries find the green trade to beexcuses to protect their own industries. 3.The impact of the green tradebarrier on China The green trade barrier has both good and bad impact on one country. But it indeedhas different impact on different countries. Limited by the technology，China has alower ability to deal with the barrier and catch up the chance to improveitself.Moreover，China mostly focuses on export labor-centered production. By far it hasreceived negative impact from the barrier. For the time being，this kind of barrierexists everywhere，and grow stronger and stronger，which has struck our market andeconomy seriously. 1The negative impact on the green trade barrier ①It prevents the export form China and weakens the export internationalcompetence. ②It influences the bilateral even multilateral relationship with other countriesgetting to problems. Recently，the developed countries circumscribe the importation from acclaimingthat those goods are not the green production. Thus bring up the conflictions. Thedeveloped countries enjoy a free form of trade in a certain trade zone，which reducethe standard of trading rather than trading from outside of the zone. So，countries likeChina are hard to break through thetrade barrier. All those confliction are bad forChina. The situations are against China. ③It accelerates the pollution for products and makes the metastasis to China. Thestandard of environment protection are low，the systems are not perfect with lowstandard of green production in China. Because of this，a lot of production of lowquality are entering Chinese market leads to many foreign waste cases spring upeverywhere. All of this shows that China are lacking of a perfect supervising system.Without a good management there will be no efficient working. According to theinvestigation，from 1997 to 2000，the foreign waste are increased from 990，000 tonto 17，500，000 ton. There is evidently no doubt that these foreign waste have madethe environment more serious in China. But in the items got the investment nearlyhave no supervising on environment protection，which let the industries causingpollution have transferred in China. 2The positive impact on the green trade barrier. In the developed countries，the environment policy helps to strengthen themanagement of industry environment，and applies the high tech to develop the greenproduction，which can lower the cost. Thus we can gain high social and economyefficiency，and finally get the production of high quality. ①It does good to Chinas continuous development. The task of environment protection should be accomplished by all the humanbeings.The skills of management in developed countries are in an advantage placethan that in the developing countries. China as a developing country is supposed tolearn the experience of developed countries which can be made good use of topromote the harmonious development of environment and economy development. Weshould insist in the principle of continuous development which is good to ourconstruction of exportation. Furthermore，this can promote the industries to producemore and more technology-focused production and helps to break through the greentrade barrier while doing international trade. ②It get the industries change their trading concept. The law of environment protection in developed countries is more perfect than inChina. The conception of environment protection has been applied in every aspectwhile doing business activity. For example：use green package，sail greenproductionwith green after sail services provided，introduce environment protection knowledge，do promoting of green production with green theme and establish a green image ofcompany. With activities of above，everyone can protect the environment and natureconsciously. 4. Breaking the barrier 1The government plays the role of the lead to help to develop the” greenenvironment protection” industries. ①adjust the construction to the” green environment production industriesquot. ②complete the” law of the green tradequot，resist the barrier. 2For the industries，they should face to the challenge to produce more” greenproductionquot. ①Collecting quotgreen informationquot，developing quotgreen productionquot. The companies are supposed to take part in international economic technologyconference and business trade expo or visit others who are of abundant”greeninformation” and exchange with each other. The most essential way of breaking”green trade barrier”is to establish a nice international image. The industries shouldestablish a good supervision of production design and material picking，productionandwaste recycling，recto explore a green production needed by the market.Furthermore，the industries should pay much attention to financial input and thetraining of the employers. ②Strengthen the green management. Improve the market competence. Thequotgreen management” refers to a management that require industries form akind of sailing conception of conform the rule of green trade by continuous mind andgreen environment requirement. It is an effective way of breaking through thebarrier. The green environment protectionism is recognized as a worldwide trade newproblem，which need to face it and challenge it. Correcting trade standard is allcountries are aware of its unavoidable ability. In the WTO system，environmentprotection has been on the agenda. If we want to be successful in changing China agreat trading country into a great trading world power ， we have to doself-improvement and raise the conception of environment protection. So only whenwe make every effort to do improvement can we break through the green tradebarrier. 5. Our strategy and thinking on green trade barriers 1Strengthen education and drumbeating，raise awareness of environmentalprotection. the acceleration of the awareness of environment from all people can notbe separated from extensive publicity and education. Propagandize foreign trade andeconomy and environmental protection，especially do some work on universalenvironmental pact and environmental standards，making all the economic and tradeworkers at different levels fully understand the crucial and practical significance ofenvironment in this field. We should do a good job on the negative reports on foreigntrade and environmental protection，lead environmental protection awareness intoenterprises business decisions，and foster a sense of crisis and urgency. 2Establish and improve environmental protection laws and regulations ，strengthen execution of trade environment. we In the respect of preventing pollution， have set up some laws and regulations，but they are not in accordance with practical needs，maneuverability is not good，punishment is not enough；we are actually using economic methods to makeenterprises buy and sell drainage right，rather than urging them to deal with.Consequently aftertimewe should improve every environmental protection regulationwith the priority of prevention and strengthen supervision and management. Tostrengthen governments environmental management function，to punish acts againstenvironmental laws legally，develop the effect of green products and environmentalsigns，strengthen all the consumers surviving effects，develop green industry intosupporting industry，green product into fist product. 3Develop green market，green product，green marketing. With the strengthening of the awareness of environmental and resource protection anew industry with the purpose of protecting environment and resource——greenindustry is growing fast. At the same time，it has driven the development andformation of green product and green market. It is reported that in the following tenyears green product will lead the main markets in the world. We should adoptourselves with this tide change product designation package promote productquality， increase environmental items， make the best to achieve the standards of everytechnique， security， and sanitation， environment， adopt the tide of greenconsumption andneeds， also developlow-environment-protection-cost， good-quality green productthat is in accordance with universal environmental standards. 4Strengthen international exchange and cooperation，use international power toresist trade barrier. Although Uruguay will make an” Decision on Trade and Environment” toenhance awareness of environmental protection also it will make some basic items inwhich include security items to prevent developing countries from beingdiscriminated by developed countries. Therefore we can make use of some relevantitems and international agreements and unite other developing countries to resistdiscriminating strategies adopted by developed countries who are making use of greenprotection，and promote the development of our foreign trade. 6. Conclusion With the world economy developing fast，the developed country hold higherstandards and stronger awareness of environmental protection. We are in the thedeveloping stage， protection of green products have great effect on the exportationof our products，we must adapt our country and our foreigntriage with this new tideand follow relevant regulations strictly.国际绿色贸易壁垒的分析和采取的对策绿色贸易壁垒通过多种途径限制国际贸易的发展。
“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响研究
“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响研究一、本文概述Overview of this article随着全球经济的深入发展和国际贸易的日益频繁，农产品贸易在全球范围内占据了举足轻重的地位。
然而，在农产品贸易自由化的进程中，一种新型的非关税壁垒——“绿色壁垒”逐渐崭露头角，并对全球农产品贸易，尤其是发展中国家的农产品出口构成了新的挑战。
作为世界上最大的农产品生产国之一，中国农产品出口面临的环境和压力日益增大。
因此，对“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响进行深入研究，不仅有助于我们更好地理解当前的国际贸易环境，也能为我国农产品出口提供有力的理论支持和策略建议。
With the deepening development of the global economy and the increasing frequency of international trade, agricultural product trade has occupied a pivotal position on a global scale. However, in the process of agricultural trade liberalization, a new type of non-tariff barrier - the "green barrier" - has gradually emerged and posed new challenges to global agricultural trade, especially agricultural exports fromdeveloping countries. As one of the world's largest agricultural product producing countries, China's agricultural product exports are facing increasing environmental and pressure. Therefore, conducting in-depth research on the impact of "green barriers" on China's agricultural product exports not only helps us better understand the current international trade environment, but also provides strong theoretical support and strategic suggestions for China's agricultural product exports.本文旨在全面分析“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响，包括其产生的背景、表现形式、影响机制以及应对策略等方面。
《2024年“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响研究》范文
《“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响研究》篇一一、引言随着全球环境保护意识的日益增强，绿色贸易壁垒作为一种非关税壁垒形式逐渐成为国际贸易中的新趋势。
这种以保护环境、资源、生态等为目的的贸易措施，不仅影响着全球的贸易格局，也对我国农产品的出口带来了深远的影响。
本文旨在深入探讨“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响，以期为我国农产品出口策略的调整提供理论依据和实践指导。
二、绿色壁垒的背景及特点绿色壁垒是指在国际贸易中，进口国以保护环境、生态平衡、节约资源等理由，制定一系列环境保护、绿色技术标准等贸易措施，从而达到限制或禁止某些商品进口的目的。
这些措施的实施主要基于环保的意识形态和消费理念的变化，体现了贸易政策对环境和资源可持续发展的关注。
三、我国农产品出口现状我国是农业大国，农产品出口在全球市场中占有重要地位。
然而，随着国际市场竞争的加剧和绿色壁垒的兴起，我国农产品出口面临着诸多挑战。
从大米、茶叶到蔬菜、水果等主要出口产品，都受到了不同程度的绿色壁垒影响。
四、“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响（一）积极影响1. 促进农产品质量提升：绿色壁垒的设立推动了我国农产品生产者提高产品质量和环保意识，推动农业生产向绿色、生态、可持续方向发展。
2. 促进农产品结构调整：在绿色壁垒的推动下，我国农产品生产者开始注重农产品结构调整，加大有机农产品、绿色农产品的研发和生产。
（二）消极影响1. 增加出口成本：为了达到进口国的绿色技术标准，我国农产品生产者需要投入更多的资源进行环保技术的研发和应用，增加了产品的生产成本和出口成本。
2. 降低出口量：部分进口国的高标准环保要求使得我国部分农产品无法达到其要求，导致产品被拒绝进口或退货，严重影响了农产品的出口量。
五、应对策略及建议（一）加强绿色技术研发和推广：我国应加大对绿色技术的研发和推广力度，提高农产品的环保技术水平和产品质量。
（二）加强国际交流与合作：积极参与国际环保合作与交流，了解国际绿色壁垒的最新动态和趋势，及时调整我国农产品的生产和出口策略。
“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响研究
“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品出口的影响研究绿色壁垒是指各国为保护本国环境和生态安全而对进口农产品设立的一系列环境、卫生、技术等方面的限制措施。
这些限制措施通常要求进口农产品要符合一定的环境标准、农药、兽药残留标准、转基因标识和其他技术规范等要求。
绿色壁垒的设置对我国农产品出口造成了相当大的影响，本文将对其影响进行研究。
绿色壁垒的设置背景可以追溯到20世纪70年代。
随着经济全球化的深入发展，各国之间的贸易日益频繁，但同时也面临着环境破坏和生态安全等问题。
为了保护本国的环境和生态安全，各国开始采取一系列限制措施，以确保进口农产品的质量和安全。
这些限制措施被称为绿色壁垒。
首先，绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响主要表现为产品质量要求的提高。
在绿色壁垒的限制下，我国农产品出口到各国市场需要符合各种标准和规定。
这些标准和规定要求农产品要达到一定的质量要求，包括农产品种类、产地、贮存、加工、运输等方面。
这使得我国农产品生产和出口企业不得不提高自身的质量管理水平，加强农产品生产和加工过程中的管理，以确保产品不受限制和拒绝进入国际市场。
其次，绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响还表现为技术要求的提升。
各国针对进口农产品的技术要求日益严格，要求农产品必须符合相关技术规范和标准。
例如，一些国家对转基因农产品、农药残留等问题提出了较高的技术要求。
这就要求我国农产品生产和出口企业不仅要达到国家的技术标准，还需要提高技术水平和创新能力，以适应国际市场的需求，确保农产品出口顺利进行。
此外，绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响还体现在增加了出口农产品的成本。
为了满足各国的环境和卫生要求，我国农产品生产和出口企业需要进行相应的技术改造和设备更新。
这不仅需要大量的资金投入，还需要进行技术培训和人员配备。
这些增加的成本最终会转嫁到农产品的价格上，使得我国的农产品在国际市场上的竞争力下降。
然而，尽管绿色壁垒给我国农产品出口带来了一定的困扰和挑战，但同时也给我国农产品出口带来了一些机遇。
绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响研究
绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响研究———王建华
表 3 时间序列的 ADF 检验
指标数据进行分析。
国内生 产 总 值 (
GDP)既 能 反 映 国 家 的 生 活 水
准,又能反 映 出 一 个 国 家 的 内 需 大 小。GDP 越 高,
则该国家的内需越高。
人民币兑美 元 汇 率 (
RE)的 高 低 体 现 着 一 个 国
62 11265.
77
99.
96
0.
72
36.
32
如表 3 所示,以 2001-2021 年数据为样本进行
ADF 测试。经测试可发现 P 值均较高,且时间序列
为非 平 稳 时 间 序 列,故 再 取 原 时 间 序 列 计 算 一 阶 差
分。一阶差分后 ADF 检验结果 均 低 于 5% ,说 明 差
用绿 色 贸 易 壁 垒、技 术 性 贸 易 壁 垒 等 对 其 他 国 家 的
作为 农 业 农 村 经 济 发 展 的 跳 板,大 力 推 进 农 业 技 术
农产 品 进 口 贸 易 进 行 限 制,这 些 绿 色 贸 易 壁 垒 的 限
推广工作,积极从国外引进农业新技术新品种,加大
新产 品 和 高 新 技 术 的 推 广 使 用,引 导 农 民 形 成 新 的
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数字农业与智能农机 第 10 期 2023 年 10 月
农业基础设施建设比较滞后,存在建设标准不高、工
程陈旧、不 完 善 等 问 题。 十 年 来,中 国 耕 地 质 量 比
2014 年提高 0
.35 个 等 级,平 均 等 级 达 到 4
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农田灌溉水有效利用 系 数 比 10 年 前 提 高 了 0
绿色贸易壁垒和农产品出口中英文外文文献翻译2017
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)文献出处：Martin B. The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product Export [J]. Asian Social Science, 2017, 1(6): 34-45.原文The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product ExportMartin Beck.AbstractAs an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on theother hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export.Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China1. IntroductionThe green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negativegreen barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards. The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Y u, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high environmental standards mentioned in "green barriers" of the import countries. In the process of export, the quarantine system, import standards and complex inspection process that are regulated by the import countries are also the main causes. The complex process built by import countries is the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural products export.As agricultural trade plays a key role in China's foreign trade, how to break restrictions of green barriers impacted on agricultural export products and how to effectively regulate China's agricultural production with the correct use of the green barriers are the big problems for China's future development (Wang &Liu, 2007). By changing the negative influence and making use of the positive in influences of green barriers in China, the sustainable development of China's agricultural trade can also be promoted in the future.In most previous researches, the authors focus on the negative influences of green barriers. But the green barriers also have positive influences on the agricultural products export. The most significant issue for further exploration in the study is to effectively take use of the positive influences to improve China's agricultural products export. This study will make an empirical analysis of the positive influences of green barriers with questionnaires. Therefore, examining the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export is the general objective of this study. More specifically the examination of the relationship between the causes, influences, and methods of green barriers with China's agricultural product export is taken into account in this paper.The focus of geographic location is Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. One of the core industries in Xi'an is agricultural products export,and recently the agricultural products export in Xi'an is developing increasingly. So Xi'an is chosen to be the geographic location for this research. The unit of analysis focus of the study is 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. The agricultural trade companies have comprehensive views about the green barriers. The research methods in this paper are questionnaire survey. SPSS and PLS will be used to analyze the data collecting from the survey.The organization of this paper is as follow: section 2 reviews the literature, section 3 describes the methods used, section 4 presents the empirical results and section 5 concludes. 2. Literature Review Green barriers are also called environment barriers, and green protectionism. Because the importers of products want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade, through the formulation and implementation, they issued strict environmental protection laws and regulations to achieve environment protection and technology standards. The green barriers prevent foreign products enter into the domestic markets. Their aim is to protect domestic products and one of the new type non-tariff barriers (Feng, 2007). 2.1 Causes of Green Barriers After China entered into WTO, most of the developed countries set up green restrictions to the export products of China. This leads thedramatic dropping of China's commodities, especially the agricultural products. The domestic and foreign experts have done a lot of research about the green barriers in China.As mentioned by Zhu, Guo and Lan (2008), the environmenta l standards of developed countries are generally much higher than those of the developing countries. Especially a few developed countries make different standards for the imported products and domestic products, which makes the products of developing countries have more difficult to enter into the developed markets.The comparative advantage of price in developing countries is an indirect cause of green barriers (Ren, 2010). Developing countries are often rich in resources, especially China. The rich natural resources make the lower price of exported products from developing countries. With the comparative advantage of price, the developing and developed countries will have an enormous trade surplus. The developed countries due to the protection of their domestic market, will work out a policy with strict technical standards (Zhao, 2004).2.2 Influence of Green BarriersSong (2009) analyses the formation and the new characteristics of green barriers in the global economic crisis. The author also points out that the new developing dynamic of each country's green barriers in theglobal economic crisis, and mainly from the laws and regulations puts forward the measures of green barriers for China. ChenXu (2009), points out that green barriers has the duality, on the one hand, they are used by some developed countries as a limit or hinder of foreign products or services to enter into the international market and the developed countries, and have certain "legitimate" status; On the other hand, they objectively protect the global natural environment, original resources and human health. In view of this situation, on the one hand China can strengthen the propaganda of education and legislation to solve the green barriers in the international trade (Huang, 2007); On the other hand, China should reasonably use the green barriers in the international trade to improve the agricultural products' quality, and improve the technology innovation of China's agricultural products. At present many areas of China have make corresponding measures for the green barriers. For example, the implementation of "Definite List System" in Japan has affected the exports of eel and tea in Jiang Xi province. In order to solve the problem, the Inspection and Quarantine Institutions of Jiang Xi province add a technology group to deal with the "Definite List System" and the new European Food Hygiene Regulations. This technology group specially analyses the influence and measures for Jiang Xi export commodities to deal with "Definite List System", and report information to the relevant departments and enterprises, give consultation, and solveproblems (Green, 2012). To some degree, the technology group has made great progress. The Chinese products that are most seriously affected by "green barriers" in global trade include agricultural products, textiles and clothing, leather products, electronic products and so on (Chen, 2009).The WTO accession has significantly lowered the tariff level to an average of 3.8% in developed countries and 14% for developing countries (Huang, 2007). The drop in tariff should presumably increase the market share of Chinese tea in importing countries, but that unfortunately did not happen. China's tea export, with its major markets in EU and Japan, has been substantially affected by the increasingly stringent pesticide residue control standards promulgated by China's trading partners (Zheng, 2003).2.3 Methods to Deal with Green Barriers Y u (2010) mentioned that many global experts have done quite a lot research about the negative influence of the green barriers on China agricultural products export and made deeply detailed analysis of the countermeasures, but proposed less ideas on the positive impact. Only through analyzing both the positive and negative influences, China can put forward the corresponding measures for the green barriers in the light of these influences.Yin (2009) argued that developing green industries and enhancing China's international image are the necessary methods to deal with green barriers. At present, China's trade dependence has been higher than the U.S., Japan, India and Brazil. If China only focuses on improvingopenness, due to the deteriorating terms of trade, it will result in an outflow of resources. Therefore China should improve the quality of trade and optimize trade structure, which make China's products achieve the environmental standards and improve the quality of export products. There are three important factors.As a developing country, China has little environmental and security standards and even no standards for majority products. So an effective measurement to deal with green barriers is to improve the domestic environmental and safety standards. Efforts to integrate the standards of international and developed country are still a beginning and continue to advance slowly. The Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards, promulgated by SEPA, reflect a growing awareness and recognition of international or developed-country environmental standards (Seffens, 2011). It provides that the Chinese monitoring organization may use current international standards and standards in developed countries when verbalizing new environmental standards. Therefore, based on the literature above quoted and also the objectives of the paper, following hypotheses will be tested: Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between the causes of green barriers and China's agricultural product export. Hypothesis 2: The impact of green barriers influencers toward China's agricultural product export is significant. Hypothesis 3: The impact of effective solutions of green barriers towardChina's agricultural product export is significant. 2.4 Research Model In this paper, the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export (dependent variable) is investigated. In order to vividly show the green barriers in China, this study will identify three aspects of green barriers, which are causes, influences and methods (independent variables). The three aspects are also the three steps to analyse green barriers in China. To analyse green barriers, the causes are the first step. Then identifying the influences is the second step. The last step is the suitable methods based on causes and influences. 3. Research MethodQuantitative research is chosen to be the main approach of this research. The data collection of this study will use survey, which is a non-experimental method. In survey research, respondents answer questions through interviews or questionnaires. In order to ensure the reliability of the survey, it is important that the questions are made appropriately. This research will use cross-sectional surveys. Cross-sectional surveys are used to gather information on a population at a single point in time. The sampling technique used in this paper is Cluster Sampling. This research focuses on the agricultural trade companies in China. All the samples are collected in Xi'an of Shaanxi province since the core industry of Xi'an is agriculture.译文绿色贸易壁垒与农产品出口Martin Beck.摘要：作为一个农业大国,中国农业产品的出口往往受到绿色壁垒的限制。
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中 北 大 学 信 息 商 务 学 院
毕业论文
外文文献原文及译文
学号：
系 别：
专
指导教师：
2012年 6 月
08090444X17 经济与管理系 国际经济与贸易
绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响
萨金特
莱斯大学经济管理学院
摘要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。
这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。
关键词：绿色壁垒；农产品；贸易
近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的农产品进入其国内市场。
这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。
这些规定对发展中国家的出口有许多不利的影响，这些规定一般被称为“绿色贸易壁垒”。
绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定与世界贸易组织的有关协议相一致。
绿色贸易壁垒的定义是：以保护整个人类赖以生存的自然环境和保护人体健康为的名义，制定一系列的规则条款，以达到发达国家保护其国内市场和国内产品的目的。
1、分析绿色贸易壁垒的形成原因
首先，生态环境的恶化是绿色贸易壁垒形成的主要原因。
随着工业和技术的发展，社会经济飞速发展，人民生活水平得到显著改善。
但与此同时，经济的发展也以生态环境的破坏为代价。
环境问题已经引起社会公众的注意而且国际社会也已开始制定法律来保护生态环境。
在1972年6月，联合国发表的斯德哥尔摩宣言，强调了保护环境的重要性。
从那时起，越来越多的人开始关注的环境问题。
环境的概念应景影响人类生活的各个层面，在社会公众的压力下发达国家开始制定严格的措施来保护生态环境。
这也就逐渐形成了国际贸易的绿色壁垒。
其次，国与国之间在技术水平，环境标准和对外直接投资等方面的差异导致了绿色贸易壁垒的形成。
正如我们所知，发达国家在社会整体水平和科学技术水平上远远领先发展中国家。
即使他们作出非常严格的环境保护标准，其国内的产品可以达到严格的环境保护标准的要求，而这些标准则可能对来自发展中国家的产品构成障碍。
事实上，这些标准有可能成为对来自发展中国家农产品歧视的一种手段，并构成国与国之间任意或不合理的歧视。
第三，在一些发达国家，贸易保护主义的抬头，是形成绿色贸易壁垒的一个很重要
的原因。
在现代市场经济条件下，竞争与以前相比是越来越激烈了。
国内产业直接面临来自其他国家产品的强有力的竞争，他们将敦促各国政府采取有效措施，以保护他们自己免受来自外国产品的冲击。
然而由于世界贸易组织的多边谈判，关税已大大降低，使用非关税措施也受到限制。
因此，许多发达国家采取的一些法律限制进口，如绿色壁垒，以保护本国产业，从而引起绿色贸易壁垒的增加。
2、绿色贸易壁垒的主要形式
根据世界贸易组织有关绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定，绿色贸易壁垒通常有如下几种形式：2.1绿色关税
一些发达国家对其他国家强加进口附加税，这些国家主要是其产品可能会造成污染或损害环境的国家。
如果这种措施被滥用，这将构成绿色贸易壁垒。
2.2绿色标准
绿色标准是指那些强制性的通过立法规定的环保标准。
发达国家往往凭借其在经济和技术上的优势地位而制定更高要求的绿色标准，没有考虑对发展中国家的利益。
如此高的绿色标准实际上是对技术上没有任何优势的发展中国家够了绿色贸易壁垒。
2.3包装要求
某些发达国家过于强调环境保护而且要求用对环境没有任何损害的材料来包装物品。
如果产品没有按照发达国家的要求进行包装，他们将不会被允许在发达国家市场上出售。
如果这种严格的要求是不必要的，它们将阻碍国际贸易的进一步发展。
2.4卫生和检验检疫制度
借口保护人类健康，动物和植物，发达国家往往使用非常严格的卫生和检疫限制发展中国家产品进入其本国市场从而达到保护其国内产业和国内市场的目的。
3、绿色贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响
由于绿色贸易壁垒，中国对外贸易额遭受了巨大的损失。
2002年，因为日本严格的检查和要求价格的大幅度降低，台州蔬菜被阻止进入日本市场。
还是在2002年，因为宁波市水产品不能达到欧盟所要求的卫生标准而被限制进入欧洲联盟（欧盟）。
由于绿色贸易壁垒，60种中国农药被禁止进入欧盟市场，因为他们不能达到欧盟的绿色标准。
根据联合国统计，由于“绿色贸易壁垒”，在2002年这一年中国遭受损失74亿美元。
中国出口到欧盟，日本，韩国和其他国家的跌幅尤其明显。
一般而言，由于严格的绿色壁垒，农产品和食品，纺织产品和机电产品的三个主要行业遭受损失最为严重。
由于这三大类产品是中国出口最多的产品，我们可以很容易地得出一个结论：“绿色贸易壁垒”已成为限
制中国农产品出口的一个主要障碍。
4、应对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒的主要对策
如上所述，这是一个事实即中国出口产品遭受发达国家绿色壁垒的严重限制，遭受了巨大损失。
因此，中国出口商应该仔细考虑对策，以消除绿色贸易壁垒不利影响。
首先，我们应该充分利用的优惠待遇来减少绿色贸易壁垒对发展中国家的限制。
根据协议对绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定，发达国家应当充分考虑到发展中国家的特殊发展，确保发展中国家在财政和贸易需要等方面不受绿色贸易壁垒的限制，确保绿色条款，标准和合格评定程序不给发展中国家带来不必要的麻烦，从而保证发展中国家的正常出口。
因此，作为世界贸易组织中的一个发展中国家，中国有权享受这种优惠待遇。
其次，中国应利用世界贸易组织的争端解决机制来保护自己的利益。
不同于关贸总协定，世贸组织已成立了一个更有力的争端解决机制来解决世贸组织的成员之间的纠纷。
因此，如果我们的利益受到其他世贸组织成员不公平的绿色贸易壁垒的损害，我们可以诉诸争端解决机构来解决这一争端，并敦促其他成员改变其不公正的做法，以保护我们的利益。
第三，中国应强调保护环境，并采取措施提高产品质量和水平，多出口达到绿色出口水平的产品，以满足更高的环保标准，这将从根本上解决我过所遭受绿色贸易壁垒这个问题。
参考文献
[1] 约翰•史密斯.2007,绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响,经济学家, 4,34-56.
[2] 安德森, J.L., 2001,绿色贸易壁垒问题,市场研究, 24, 347-356.
[3] 加拉格尔, R, 2003,农产品的出口贸易研究,管理, 3, 1, 43-62.。