外文翻译--绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策
绿色贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响与对策浅析
黑龙江商业职业学院毕业论文绿色贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响与对策浅析——论中国对外贸易的政策作者系部专业年级学号指导教师答辩日期成绩内容提要：20世纪80年代以来出现的绿色贸易壁垒对我国的对外贸易产生了重要影响。
我国应该在分析绿色贸易壁垒特点的基础上，研究突破发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒的方法和手段，维护我国的合法利益。
随着国际社针对环保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强，西方不少国家利用这一时代本求，在国际贸易交往中实行了一种新的非关税壁（non-tariffbarriers）措施——绿色贸易壁垒（GreenBarrierstoTrade）,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。
绿色贸易壁垒是一把双刃剑，对我国的绿济和环保产业的发展，有挑战性也有机遇。
为此，我国应在反对高水准的环境标准同时，又要适应国际环保的大趋势，采取切实可行的措施促进我国对外贸易的可持续发展。
关健字：贸易壁垒对外贸易目录内容提要 (2)关健字 (2)绿色壁垒的概念 (4)绿色贸易壁垒兴起的原因 (5)绿色贸易壁垒的基本特征 (6)绿色壁垒的主要形式和制度安排 (7)绿色贸易壁垒的现状 (8)绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响 (9)中国如何应对绿色贸易壁垒 (11)参考文献 (12)论文指导教师评语 (13)绿色贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响与对策浅析——论中国对外贸易的政策一、贸易壁垒的概念在国际贸易中，关税壁垒曾经是贸易保护的重要手段，美国、德国、日本等主要发达国家在发展的过程中都曾依靠关税壁垒保护本国产业的发展。
但是，随着全球生态环境问题的日益严重，环境与贸易的冲突也越来越激烈，从而使贸易保护主义从传统的关税壁垒逐渐转向非关税壁垒，而绿色壁垒作为一种新型的非关税壁垒就应运而生了，并成为发达国家以保护环境为名限制发展中国家进出口贸易的一种工具。
绿色贸易壁垒又被称为环境壁垒（EnvironmentTrade)，绿色保护主义等，是一种以保护自然资源、保护环境和人类健康为名，通过颁布、实施一系列苛刻的环保标准和法规，以限国外产品进入本国的贸易壁垒它作为一种非关税壁垒产生于20世纪80年代后期，90年代天始兴起于各国。
绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响外文翻译文献
绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Analysis and countermeasure of international green trade barrier The green trade barrier limits the development of the international trade by manysteps. It obstacles the integration of the international economy the free developmentof the world trade. It is in some countries，especially in some developing countriesthe production for export lost greatly. However， under the limitation of the green tradebarrier，the air and water resource have been polluted badly，and the soil resourcedecreasing and the loss of life.1.The definition of the green trade barrier . The green trade barrier is also named as green barrier. It refers to protection of theinner market by means of the limitation by the strict environment protectiontechnology or the green signs inthe import，which can keep the foreign merchandisesoutside. This causes an immense impact on the international trade order. 2.The reason of appearance of green trade barrier 1The change of view of value. Along with the development of the industrialization and the growth of the worldeconomy，the increasing destroy and pollute getting more and more serious. This hasdirectly affected the living and development of human beings. And this successfullydrew an attention of the international society. The way of people thinking， behavior ofconsumption and view of consumption have changed. The new conception of value thethat concentrate on quality of living and creating green civilization； need for greenproduction with pollution and harm to human are increasing. The people in developedcounties have formed a good view of value for green production also providesdeveloping countries chance and challenges. 2The traditional lawless tax barrier gets condemn of the international society. In order to bring up the newborn industries，some mature industries gainunpredicted profit. But even this，they never thought of the protection of the innermarket.However after the operation of the General Agreement On Tariffs andtrade the import tax has been decreased ever since. Non-tax barrier has beenlimitations. The chance and space for traditional trade barrier are getting smaller andsmaller. On this occasion，the developed countries begin to search for new ways oftrade protections for the sake of development of their own industries. And green tradebarrier come into use. 3Different standards in different countries. Economys state stays in different level owing to the different technology level.So there are great differences in the ability of environment protection in differentcountries. This leads to different environment protection standard. It is a hard to saywhich standard is the best one，because different environment standard has a directimpact on the cost. And this would have great impact on the world competence， whichaffected the balance of the international income and expenses .In order to limit theimport from developing countries，the developed countries find the green trade to beexcuses to protect their own industries. 3.The impact of the green tradebarrier on China The green trade barrier has both good and bad impact on one country. But it indeedhas different impact on different countries. Limited by the technology，China has alower ability to deal with the barrier and catch up the chance to improveitself.Moreover，China mostly focuses on export labor-centered production. By far it hasreceived negative impact from the barrier. For the time being，this kind of barrierexists everywhere，and grow stronger and stronger，which has struck our market andeconomy seriously. 1The negative impact on the green trade barrier ①It prevents the export form China and weakens the export internationalcompetence. ②It influences the bilateral even multilateral relationship with other countriesgetting to problems. Recently，the developed countries circumscribe the importation from acclaimingthat those goods are not the green production. Thus bring up the conflictions. Thedeveloped countries enjoy a free form of trade in a certain trade zone，which reducethe standard of trading rather than trading from outside of the zone. So，countries likeChina are hard to break through thetrade barrier. All those confliction are bad forChina. The situations are against China. ③It accelerates the pollution for products and makes the metastasis to China. Thestandard of environment protection are low，the systems are not perfect with lowstandard of green production in China. Because of this，a lot of production of lowquality are entering Chinese market leads to many foreign waste cases spring upeverywhere. All of this shows that China are lacking of a perfect supervising system.Without a good management there will be no efficient working. According to theinvestigation，from 1997 to 2000，the foreign waste are increased from 990，000 tonto 17，500，000 ton. There is evidently no doubt that these foreign waste have madethe environment more serious in China. But in the items got the investment nearlyhave no supervising on environment protection，which let the industries causingpollution have transferred in China. 2The positive impact on the green trade barrier. In the developed countries，the environment policy helps to strengthen themanagement of industry environment，and applies the high tech to develop the greenproduction，which can lower the cost. Thus we can gain high social and economyefficiency，and finally get the production of high quality. ①It does good to Chinas continuous development. The task of environment protection should be accomplished by all the humanbeings.The skills of management in developed countries are in an advantage placethan that in the developing countries. China as a developing country is supposed tolearn the experience of developed countries which can be made good use of topromote the harmonious development of environment and economy development. Weshould insist in the principle of continuous development which is good to ourconstruction of exportation. Furthermore，this can promote the industries to producemore and more technology-focused production and helps to break through the greentrade barrier while doing international trade. ②It get the industries change their trading concept. The law of environment protection in developed countries is more perfect than inChina. The conception of environment protection has been applied in every aspectwhile doing business activity. For example：use green package，sail greenproductionwith green after sail services provided，introduce environment protection knowledge，do promoting of green production with green theme and establish a green image ofcompany. With activities of above，everyone can protect the environment and natureconsciously. 4. Breaking the barrier 1The government plays the role of the lead to help to develop the” greenenvironment protection” industries. ①adjust the construction to the” green environment production industriesquot. ②complete the” law of the green tradequot，resist the barrier. 2For the industries，they should face to the challenge to produce more” greenproductionquot. ①Collecting quotgreen informationquot，developing quotgreen productionquot. The companies are supposed to take part in international economic technologyconference and business trade expo or visit others who are of abundant”greeninformation” and exchange with each other. The most essential way of breaking”green trade barrier”is to establish a nice international image. The industries shouldestablish a good supervision of production design and material picking，productionandwaste recycling，recto explore a green production needed by the market.Furthermore，the industries should pay much attention to financial input and thetraining of the employers. ②Strengthen the green management. Improve the market competence. Thequotgreen management” refers to a management that require industries form akind of sailing conception of conform the rule of green trade by continuous mind andgreen environment requirement. It is an effective way of breaking through thebarrier. The green environment protectionism is recognized as a worldwide trade newproblem，which need to face it and challenge it. Correcting trade standard is allcountries are aware of its unavoidable ability. In the WTO system，environmentprotection has been on the agenda. If we want to be successful in changing China agreat trading country into a great trading world power ， we have to doself-improvement and raise the conception of environment protection. So only whenwe make every effort to do improvement can we break through the green tradebarrier. 5. Our strategy and thinking on green trade barriers 1Strengthen education and drumbeating，raise awareness of environmentalprotection. the acceleration of the awareness of environment from all people can notbe separated from extensive publicity and education. Propagandize foreign trade andeconomy and environmental protection，especially do some work on universalenvironmental pact and environmental standards，making all the economic and tradeworkers at different levels fully understand the crucial and practical significance ofenvironment in this field. We should do a good job on the negative reports on foreigntrade and environmental protection，lead environmental protection awareness intoenterprises business decisions，and foster a sense of crisis and urgency. 2Establish and improve environmental protection laws and regulations ，strengthen execution of trade environment. we In the respect of preventing pollution， have set up some laws and regulations，but they are not in accordance with practical needs，maneuverability is not good，punishment is not enough；we are actually using economic methods to makeenterprises buy and sell drainage right，rather than urging them to deal with.Consequently aftertimewe should improve every environmental protection regulationwith the priority of prevention and strengthen supervision and management. Tostrengthen governments environmental management function，to punish acts againstenvironmental laws legally，develop the effect of green products and environmentalsigns，strengthen all the consumers surviving effects，develop green industry intosupporting industry，green product into fist product. 3Develop green market，green product，green marketing. With the strengthening of the awareness of environmental and resource protection anew industry with the purpose of protecting environment and resource——greenindustry is growing fast. At the same time，it has driven the development andformation of green product and green market. It is reported that in the following tenyears green product will lead the main markets in the world. We should adoptourselves with this tide change product designation package promote productquality， increase environmental items， make the best to achieve the standards of everytechnique， security， and sanitation， environment， adopt the tide of greenconsumption andneeds， also developlow-environment-protection-cost， good-quality green productthat is in accordance with universal environmental standards. 4Strengthen international exchange and cooperation，use international power toresist trade barrier. Although Uruguay will make an” Decision on Trade and Environment” toenhance awareness of environmental protection also it will make some basic items inwhich include security items to prevent developing countries from beingdiscriminated by developed countries. Therefore we can make use of some relevantitems and international agreements and unite other developing countries to resistdiscriminating strategies adopted by developed countries who are making use of greenprotection，and promote the development of our foreign trade. 6. Conclusion With the world economy developing fast，the developed country hold higherstandards and stronger awareness of environmental protection. We are in the thedeveloping stage， protection of green products have great effect on the exportationof our products，we must adapt our country and our foreigntriage with this new tideand follow relevant regulations strictly.国际绿色贸易壁垒的分析和采取的对策绿色贸易壁垒通过多种途径限制国际贸易的发展。
绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响及对策
绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响及对策摘要:随着世界范围内贸易自由化进程的推进,传统的直接非关税壁垒的作用被逐步削弱,绿色壁垒以其鲜明的时代特征日益成为国际贸易发展的主要技术性贸易壁垒。
而走向世界的中国,中国的产品出口有两道必须突破的关隘,一是”反倾销”,一是”绿色壁垒”。
从发展形势看,”绿色壁垒”对中国产品出口的制约已经远远超过”反倾销”,成为国货走出国门的最大阻力,对更多准备”走出去”的企业而言,突破这道关隘,首先必须对绿色壁垒有着充分的认识。
关键词:绿色壁垒国际贸易经济所谓绿色壁垒(Green Barriers,简称GBs),也称为环境贸易壁垒(Environmental Trade Barriers,简称ETBs),是指为保护生态环境而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止贸易的措施。
绿色壁垒通常是进出口国为保护本国生态环境和公众健康而设置的各种保护措施、法规和标准等,也是对进出口贸易产生影响的一种技术性贸易壁垒。
它是国际贸易中的一种以保护有限资源、环境和人类健康为名,通过蓄意制定一系列苛刻的、高于国际公认或绝大多数国家不能接受的环保标准,限制或禁止外国商品的进口,从而达到贸易保护目的而设置的贸易壁垒。
一、绿色贸易壁垒的特点及其表现形式1.绿色贸易壁垒主要具有以下五个方面的特点:(1)广泛性。
绿色保护的内容非常广泛,不仅涉及资源与人类健康有关商品的生产和销售,而且对那些需要达到一定安全、卫生、防污等标准的制成品产生巨大的压力。
(2)虚假性。
绿色贸易壁垒一般都打着保护地球生态环境与人类健康的幌子。
貌似合理,实则是限制进口的不合理的贸易保护主义行为。
(3)隐蔽性。
种种绿色贸易壁垒借环境保护之名,隐蔽于具体的贸易法规规定、国际公约的执行过程中,成为进口国拒绝外国产品的“核武器”。
(4)坚固性。
绿色贸易壁垒抓住人们关注生态环境的心理,根据本国市场和消费者的情况制定超高标准,先入为主,制造进口品的消费障碍,具有坚固的限制进口的堡垒作用。
绿色壁垒对中国农产品贸易的影响及对策
绿色壁垒对中国农产品贸易的影响及对策WTO协议中的“绿色”条款，对于环境的保护、农产品质量的提高和人体健康的维护具有重要作用，也有利于可持续发展的实现。
但是在对外贸易中，许多国家以“绿色”条款为理由设置绿色壁垒，实行贸易保护，由此而引发的发达国家与发达国家、发达国家与发展中国家之间的贸易摩擦此起彼伏，导致交易双方成本增加，也不利于自由贸易的正常进行。
绿色壁垒对农产品贸易的影响尤其突出，而中国作为发展中国家，农业生产技术水平相对不高，对进口国的贸易信息掌握滞后，农产品经常到达进口国后被进口国告知“不符合标准”而予以扣留或销毁，给中国带来巨大经济损失。
同时，中国是一个农业大国，农产品出口在对外贸易中所占比重较大。
因此，积极探索绿色壁垒对中国农产品对外贸易的影响，并为农产品找到打破绿色壁垒的方法，对中国农产品对外贸易具有重要意义。
绿色壁垒的定义、成因及表现通常情况下，“绿色”可以被理解成对环境和生态的保护，它直接关系到人们的身体健康和可持续发展的实现。
为了这一目的，WTO协议中有许多与环境有关的绿色条款，这是具有积极意义的。
但是，很多国家以此为借口，制造绿色壁垒，实施保护贸易。
从这个意义上来说，绿色壁垒可以被当作贸易保护的手段之一，在对外贸易过程中进口方以WTO协议中关于环境问题的规定为借口，以保护环境、维护人们的健康、实现可持续发展为名义，通过制定和实施严格的法律、政策、规定和技术标准，达到限制外国产品进入本国的目的。
绿色壁垒的产生，有其深刻的原因。
首先，随着世界经济的发展，以及工业化进程中对环境造成的破坏和威胁，环境问题开始受到各国的重视，保护环境成为世界性议题，这也是WTO制定绿色条款的原因，为绿色壁垒的出现提供了可能。
同时，随着世界贸易自由化程度的不断提高和各国市场开放程度的加大，关税在保护贸易中的作用越来越小，在这种情况下，为了避免本国市场在对外贸易过程中遭受冲击，就利用WTO协议中的绿色条款在环境和生态问题上作文章，实施保护贸易，绿色壁垒由此出现。
绿色壁垒的外文翻译
外文翻译一：Technical trade barriers could sour China tiesContenmporary Economic Research 2004,(05)WUZhen With the international society for environmental protection of the people environmental protection consciousness wide attention and the unceasing enhancement, the westMany countries use the party, in this era of international trade transactions of a new kind of non-tariff measures - green trade barriers, to limit the other countries to get their products into the best interests of foreign trade. The green trade barriers is a double-edged sword, for China's economy and the development of environmental protection industry, challenging has opportunity. Therefore, our country should be in opposition to high levels of environmental standards, at the same time, and to adapt to the international trend of environmental protection, and adopt feasible measures to promote the sustainable development of China's foreign trade.Chinese tiesChina announced a trade surplus of US$26.9bn for June, a record not just in China, but worldwide. Exports grew by 27.1% year on year, to US$103.3bn, while，import growth fell to 14.2%. The lood of Chinese goods on world markets is credited with having suppressed inflationary pressures in the global economy. At the local level, however, governments have come under strengthening pressure from domestic business sectors to halt the flow of goods that erode their profit margins and, in extreme cases, threaten their survival.However, governments are sharply constrained in their choice of responses. As a member of the WTO, China is protected from the most direct methods for restricting trade flows: import tariffs and trade quotas.Alternatives such as persuading China to adopt self-imposed export restraints or higher export taxes are unlikely to prosper. This is partly because the government in Beijing has shown itself capable of resisting international moral suasion. But it is also because the central government is not always able to implement coherent policy that achieves specific aims without causing problems elsewhere.For instance, the announcement last monththat export-tax rebates would be reduced on arange ofproducts starting on July 1at mayhave contributed to the June surplus byencouraging exporters to beat the rush.Restrictions imposed on some productclassifications have seen manufacturers tweaktheir production to put their products in a newand unrestricted category.The government also lacks clout when it comes to making centrally-imposed regulations stick in the regions, where political and business interests are often closely aligned.barriers influenceThe only option remaining to governments seeking to slow the tide of imports is using non-tariff barriers such as technical and safety standards. Like tariffs and quotas, these are regulated by the WTO, but the rules allow national governments much greater leeway in their use, as long as they match the standards applied to domestic producers and are applied equally in all foreign countries.As a result,the number of objections to Chinese imports on safety, phytosanitary or technical grounds is likely to increase sharply over the coming years. The need for such measures is also likely to become a central dispute between domestic actors in affected economies, with producers for home markets lobbying against importers.As China’s economic and geopolitical emergenc e proceeds, there will also be growing popular pressure on politicians to defend national interests. If the recent growth phase in the world’s leading economies moderates sharply or is reversed, pressure to protect domestic jobs will also intensify. In both circumstances, barriers to trade will offer politicians a convenient weapon.The protectionists will find their argument strengthened by China’s own record on quality and health standards; shortcomings in this area have been brought increasingly to the fore recently, both at home and abroad.Dodgy solutionAs the latest trade figures show, attempts to slow the Chinese juggernaut—imposed both from within and without—have had little impact, and the same is likely to be true of non-tariff barriers. These may act to slow imports at the margins, but growth in China’s low-cost manufacturing base and the slow pace of revaluation of the currency mean that the flood of Chinese goods onto world markets is unlikely to be stemmed. However, rising antagonism in dealings between the major economies and China over trade has implications in other areas. The tenor of relations between China and the leading powers it appears destined to join will help to define the character of the new global power structure.A China that feels victimised, resented and misrepresented will be more defensive and less likely to engage in global affairs in a cooperative way. Elsewhere, satisfying domestic lobbies threatened by China’s rise could encourage protectionist leanings more broadly, helping to sour the global trade negotiating process and denying the global economy the benefits of freer trade. Neither is China defenceless against an onslaught of technical barriers to trade; China has a long history of imposing retaliatory (and in some cases vastly disproportionate) phytosanitary and safety sanctions on countries that seek to obstruct its trade. When, in 2005,South Korea cited health concerns to ban the sale of Chinese Kimchi, a traditional Korean dish imbued with semi-magical properties, China retaliated by threatening imports of cars and mobile phones from Korea. Japan and the US have also been subject to a number of such measures.技术贸易壁垒对中国的关系来源：当代经济研究作者：武振时间：2004，（05）随着国际社会对环境保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强，西方不少国家利用这一时代要求，在国际贸易交易中实行了一种新的非关税壁垒措施—绿色贸易壁垒,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。
绿色贸易壁垒和农产品出口中英文外文文献翻译2017
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)文献出处：Martin B. The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product Export [J]. Asian Social Science, 2017, 1(6): 34-45.原文The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product ExportMartin Beck.AbstractAs an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on theother hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export.Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China1. IntroductionThe green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negativegreen barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards. The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Y u, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high environmental standards mentioned in "green barriers" of the import countries. In the process of export, the quarantine system, import standards and complex inspection process that are regulated by the import countries are also the main causes. The complex process built by import countries is the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural products export.As agricultural trade plays a key role in China's foreign trade, how to break restrictions of green barriers impacted on agricultural export products and how to effectively regulate China's agricultural production with the correct use of the green barriers are the big problems for China's future development (Wang &Liu, 2007). By changing the negative influence and making use of the positive in influences of green barriers in China, the sustainable development of China's agricultural trade can also be promoted in the future.In most previous researches, the authors focus on the negative influences of green barriers. But the green barriers also have positive influences on the agricultural products export. The most significant issue for further exploration in the study is to effectively take use of the positive influences to improve China's agricultural products export. This study will make an empirical analysis of the positive influences of green barriers with questionnaires. Therefore, examining the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export is the general objective of this study. More specifically the examination of the relationship between the causes, influences, and methods of green barriers with China's agricultural product export is taken into account in this paper.The focus of geographic location is Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. One of the core industries in Xi'an is agricultural products export,and recently the agricultural products export in Xi'an is developing increasingly. So Xi'an is chosen to be the geographic location for this research. The unit of analysis focus of the study is 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. The agricultural trade companies have comprehensive views about the green barriers. The research methods in this paper are questionnaire survey. SPSS and PLS will be used to analyze the data collecting from the survey.The organization of this paper is as follow: section 2 reviews the literature, section 3 describes the methods used, section 4 presents the empirical results and section 5 concludes. 2. Literature Review Green barriers are also called environment barriers, and green protectionism. Because the importers of products want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade, through the formulation and implementation, they issued strict environmental protection laws and regulations to achieve environment protection and technology standards. The green barriers prevent foreign products enter into the domestic markets. Their aim is to protect domestic products and one of the new type non-tariff barriers (Feng, 2007). 2.1 Causes of Green Barriers After China entered into WTO, most of the developed countries set up green restrictions to the export products of China. This leads thedramatic dropping of China's commodities, especially the agricultural products. The domestic and foreign experts have done a lot of research about the green barriers in China.As mentioned by Zhu, Guo and Lan (2008), the environmenta l standards of developed countries are generally much higher than those of the developing countries. Especially a few developed countries make different standards for the imported products and domestic products, which makes the products of developing countries have more difficult to enter into the developed markets.The comparative advantage of price in developing countries is an indirect cause of green barriers (Ren, 2010). Developing countries are often rich in resources, especially China. The rich natural resources make the lower price of exported products from developing countries. With the comparative advantage of price, the developing and developed countries will have an enormous trade surplus. The developed countries due to the protection of their domestic market, will work out a policy with strict technical standards (Zhao, 2004).2.2 Influence of Green BarriersSong (2009) analyses the formation and the new characteristics of green barriers in the global economic crisis. The author also points out that the new developing dynamic of each country's green barriers in theglobal economic crisis, and mainly from the laws and regulations puts forward the measures of green barriers for China. ChenXu (2009), points out that green barriers has the duality, on the one hand, they are used by some developed countries as a limit or hinder of foreign products or services to enter into the international market and the developed countries, and have certain "legitimate" status; On the other hand, they objectively protect the global natural environment, original resources and human health. In view of this situation, on the one hand China can strengthen the propaganda of education and legislation to solve the green barriers in the international trade (Huang, 2007); On the other hand, China should reasonably use the green barriers in the international trade to improve the agricultural products' quality, and improve the technology innovation of China's agricultural products. At present many areas of China have make corresponding measures for the green barriers. For example, the implementation of "Definite List System" in Japan has affected the exports of eel and tea in Jiang Xi province. In order to solve the problem, the Inspection and Quarantine Institutions of Jiang Xi province add a technology group to deal with the "Definite List System" and the new European Food Hygiene Regulations. This technology group specially analyses the influence and measures for Jiang Xi export commodities to deal with "Definite List System", and report information to the relevant departments and enterprises, give consultation, and solveproblems (Green, 2012). To some degree, the technology group has made great progress. The Chinese products that are most seriously affected by "green barriers" in global trade include agricultural products, textiles and clothing, leather products, electronic products and so on (Chen, 2009).The WTO accession has significantly lowered the tariff level to an average of 3.8% in developed countries and 14% for developing countries (Huang, 2007). The drop in tariff should presumably increase the market share of Chinese tea in importing countries, but that unfortunately did not happen. China's tea export, with its major markets in EU and Japan, has been substantially affected by the increasingly stringent pesticide residue control standards promulgated by China's trading partners (Zheng, 2003).2.3 Methods to Deal with Green Barriers Y u (2010) mentioned that many global experts have done quite a lot research about the negative influence of the green barriers on China agricultural products export and made deeply detailed analysis of the countermeasures, but proposed less ideas on the positive impact. Only through analyzing both the positive and negative influences, China can put forward the corresponding measures for the green barriers in the light of these influences.Yin (2009) argued that developing green industries and enhancing China's international image are the necessary methods to deal with green barriers. At present, China's trade dependence has been higher than the U.S., Japan, India and Brazil. If China only focuses on improvingopenness, due to the deteriorating terms of trade, it will result in an outflow of resources. Therefore China should improve the quality of trade and optimize trade structure, which make China's products achieve the environmental standards and improve the quality of export products. There are three important factors.As a developing country, China has little environmental and security standards and even no standards for majority products. So an effective measurement to deal with green barriers is to improve the domestic environmental and safety standards. Efforts to integrate the standards of international and developed country are still a beginning and continue to advance slowly. The Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards, promulgated by SEPA, reflect a growing awareness and recognition of international or developed-country environmental standards (Seffens, 2011). It provides that the Chinese monitoring organization may use current international standards and standards in developed countries when verbalizing new environmental standards. Therefore, based on the literature above quoted and also the objectives of the paper, following hypotheses will be tested: Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between the causes of green barriers and China's agricultural product export. Hypothesis 2: The impact of green barriers influencers toward China's agricultural product export is significant. Hypothesis 3: The impact of effective solutions of green barriers towardChina's agricultural product export is significant. 2.4 Research Model In this paper, the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export (dependent variable) is investigated. In order to vividly show the green barriers in China, this study will identify three aspects of green barriers, which are causes, influences and methods (independent variables). The three aspects are also the three steps to analyse green barriers in China. To analyse green barriers, the causes are the first step. Then identifying the influences is the second step. The last step is the suitable methods based on causes and influences. 3. Research MethodQuantitative research is chosen to be the main approach of this research. The data collection of this study will use survey, which is a non-experimental method. In survey research, respondents answer questions through interviews or questionnaires. In order to ensure the reliability of the survey, it is important that the questions are made appropriately. This research will use cross-sectional surveys. Cross-sectional surveys are used to gather information on a population at a single point in time. The sampling technique used in this paper is Cluster Sampling. This research focuses on the agricultural trade companies in China. All the samples are collected in Xi'an of Shaanxi province since the core industry of Xi'an is agriculture.译文绿色贸易壁垒与农产品出口Martin Beck.摘要：作为一个农业大国,中国农业产品的出口往往受到绿色壁垒的限制。
绿色壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及对策分析
绿色壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及对策分析一．绿色壁垒的含义绿色壁垒也称绿色贸易壁垒，是指国家或者国际组织为了人类或动植物的卫生健康安全、保护自然资源和生态环境而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止有关的国际贸易的法律、法规、政策与措施，以阻止某些外国商品进口或在进口时受到一定的限制。
绿色贸易强调保护环境，以人为本，顺应了当代绿色的潮流，成为一个国家或地区经济发展和国际竞争力的重要标志。
但一些国家出于贸易保护主义的目的，凭借其先进的技术和经济的优势，把绿色贸易演变成了绿色贸易壁垒，达到保护本国产品、市场和环境目的。
二．绿色贸易壁垒的基本特征（一）.名义上的合理性绿色贸易壁垒是以保护世界资源、环境和人类健康为名，行贸易限制和制裁措施之实。
现代社会人们对生存环境和生活质量的要求越来越高，会很自然地关注环境问题，对于那些可能对环境和健康带来危害的商品和服务表现出了高度敏感性。
绿色贸易壁垒正是抓住了这一共同心理，使贸易保护在名义上和提法上有了合理性的巧妙性。
（二）.形式的合法性绿色贸易壁垒虽然属于非关税壁垒的范畴，但其不同之处在于绝大部分的非关税壁垒不是通过公开立法来加以规定和实施的，而绿色贸易壁垒措施则是以一系列国际国内公开立法作为依据和基础。
70年代以来，国际社会通过有关国际组织及国际会议先后制定了许多多边国际环保协议、规则。
它们在形成国际环保习惯法以及在对国际贸易造成冲击和影响方面，起着不可忽视的重要作用。
国际贸易中适用的法律有：国内法、国际贸易惯例和国际条约。
目前世界上最重要、最有权威、最有普遍性的国际多边贸易条约是GATT 和WTO两个文件。
GATT第20条，授予了各国“环保例外权”；WTO在《技术性贸易壁垒协议》的前言中也规定了“不能阻止任何成员方按其认为合适的水平采取诸如保护人类和动植物的生命与健康以及保护环境所必须的措施”。
由此可见，发达国家采取的严格的绿色贸易壁垒措施，从法律的角度看，一般是无可非议的。
绿色壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及应对措施探析-经济学学士毕业论文
AbstractIn today's international economic background, the trends of economicin tegratio n are beco ming more and more obvious. Intern atio nal trade has bee n regarded as one of the main driving forces of international economic, and it has been an unprecedented development. Economic and trade exchanges between the coun tries becomemore freque nt,and closely relati on ship in creas in gly. At the same time, Trade competiti on betwee n coun tries also reached the exte nt of white-hot.In order to protect their own industries and markets, somecountries takes a series of trade restrictions, such as Green trade barriers. Green trade barriers has been widely use since the 20th cen tury 90 years. it is one of the main barriers to international trade in the field of international trade today. In this paper, the gree n barrier is the most popular kind of intern ati onal non-tariff barriers. By analyzing the background of green barriers, and practical application of intern atio nal trade, and its in flue nee on gree n trade, study of the gree n barriers in systematic. and then accordding to domestic and foreign scholars on the theoretical study of the green barriers, on the basis of the shortcomings of foreign trade barriers, putt ing forward to some efficie nt policys solve the problem so that it can provide a theoretical referenee for international trade to across thetrade barriers.Keywords：Green Barriers ,lnternational Trade , Response引言国际贸易作为国际经济一体化的主要推动力之一，近年来得到了前所未有的发展，各国间的经济贸易往来愈加频繁、关系愈加密切，各国间的贸易竞争也达到了白热化的程度。
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绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。
绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。
由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。
本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。
随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。
而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。
随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。
然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。
这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。
绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。
绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。
由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
目前，我国出口重心仍然集中在欧美日等发达国家，而这些国家是全球环保意识最强、环保标准最高、环保执法最严的国家，因而其绿色贸易壁垒种类最多，限制与惩罚性措施最严。
出于贸易保护考虑，往往一个国家设置一项新的绿色贸易壁垒，很快就会被其他国家效仿。
如2003 年1 月底，欧盟国家以食品安全为由对我国的动物源性食品进行封关，此举也导致瑞士、挪威等国相继对我国该类产品封关，德、日、韩等则相继提高了检验标准，沙特阿拉伯也暂停了对中国此类产品的进口。
由于绿色贸易壁垒而引发的贸易摩擦，对双边、多边贸易关系甚至外交关系都产生消极影响。
发达国家所设置的绿色贸易壁垒大都是根据自己的科技和环保水平来制定的，因而发达国家的农产品比较容易进入发展中国家，而发展中国家的农产品进入发达国家则相当困难。
农产品出口前经我国产品质量检验检疫机构检测合格的产品因为没有达到其他国家规定的标准，被禁止出口、退货和索赔事件屡屡发生，这对我国农产品的国际形象形成了巨大的冲击。
在这种形势下，国内标准与其他国家标准的差异就会引发贸易摩擦，影响到双方贸易关系的健康发展。
中国农产品出口多次与绿色贸易壁垒的正面相撞，说明我国农产品出口亟待掌握国际贸易游戏规则，并充分利用这种规则来保护自身利益。
由于我国农产品生产中面临一些问题，如缺乏统一的农产品质量标准、检验检测体系建设滞后、农业技术和设备落后、生态环境污染破坏严重等问题，而同时国际社会对生态环境和食品安全的关注与日俱增，面对各国严阵以待的各类绿色贸易壁垒，我国应该采取积极的应对策略，推进农业标准化建设，提高农产品质量安全水平，促进优势农产品出口，以突破发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒。
加强生态环境教育，强化国民绿色经济意识加大传媒的宣传力度，使国民认识到经济的绿色化发展已成为一种不可阻挡的历史趋势。
21 世纪经济的主旋律是绿色经济，政府应呼吁提高国民的可持续发展意识，开展环境教育。
环境教育的最终目的是为了将环境意识化为公众自觉的环境行为，因而要充分发挥媒体的舆论作用，鼓励公众参与环境保护事业，使其知晓我国经济的“绿化”是一项公益事业，受益的应是整个国家和每一个公民。
同时，政府要注重发挥职能指导作用，提倡绿色生活方式，把绿色贸易、绿色生活的思想融入社会经济发展的全过程，既可从根本上冲破绿色贸易壁垒，又可保持我国经济的可持续发展，使之适应全球一体化浪潮，并与国际贸易体系接轨在绿色贸易壁垒实施中，特别是一些发达国家采取的绿色壁垒措施，由于出于某种特定的目的，而演变成一种技术壁垒，从而限制外国农产品进入本国。
尤其是美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家凭借其在科技、环保等方面的优势，设置的以绿色技术标准、绿色检验检疫制度、绿色包装和标签等为主要内容的绿色贸易壁垒极大地阻碍了我国农产品的出口。
At present, the green trade barriers in international trade has become one of the most important trade barriers, Agriculture as a weak industries are more susceptible Green trade barriers is a serious challenge facing China's agricultural exports, China's agricultural exports, the biggest obstacle. How to break the green trade barriers to agricultural trade plays an important role in China's foreign trade restrictions on China's agricultural exports has important practical significance to promote the development of our agricultural.Firstly, the theory of green trade barriers, the definition of green trade barriers, the root causes and the form of the performance characteristics are reviewed, the foreign green trade barriers on China's agricultural exports. The article also pointed out that China's agricultural exports have encountered green trade barriers of reason analysis combined with green trade barriers of developed countries, China, on this basis, the use of knowledge of international trade, government, enterprise, industry, across the green trade barriers to our agricultural-relatedcountermeasures and suggestions.With the improvement of living standards, more and more attention to their own quality of life issues, the rise in recent years the concept of green consumption is one of a phenomenon. Green barriers to the international community on environmental and trade concerns, more and more each country in foreign trade, the implementation of such means of protection. With the green needs of the international market is growing, and the consensus of environmental protection, green trade protection the rapid rise of green barriers to become one of the important non-tariff protection measures in the world economy and trade, the name of environmental protection. However, due to the different developing and developed countries level of economic development, resulting in the different countries focused on the treatment of economic development and environmental protection issues in developed countries leading in terms of awareness of environmental protection, policies, regulations and technology, Moreover, the current national green trade barriers set according to the countries themselves, have not formed a unified standard in the world system, the extent of restrictions of the Green barriers are difficult to predict. This makes the green barriers by developed countries as an important means to restrict the import of products from developing countries. Green barriers not only high demands on product quality, but also involves the product of prenatal and post production of the various stages to developing countries, foreign trade and economic development has brought a very serious impact.Green trade barriers is in the field of international trade, the importing country enacted to restrict or prohibit the import trade measures to protect the ecological environment, natural resources, safeguard human, animal and plant life and health and safety grounds. Due to the complexity of these measures taken by developed countries and strict green trade barriers on the export of products from developing countries. present, the focus of China's exports are still concentrated in Europe and the United States and other developed countries, these countries are the countries of global environmental awareness among the strongest, the highest environmental standards, the most stringent environmental enforcement, and thus its green trade barriers most species, the most stringent restrictions and punitive measures. For trade protection considerations, often of a country to set up a new green trade barriers, and soon othercountries to follow. EU countries such as the end of January 2003, the grounds of food safety on food of animal origin in China sealed off, it will also lead to Switzerland, Norway and other countries have been of such products in China closed the, Germany, Japan, Korea, in succession test, Saudi Arabia has suspended imports of such products in China.Green trade barriers and lead to trade friction, bilateral and multilateral trade relations and even diplomatic relations have a negative impact. Green trade barriers set up by the developed countries according to their technological and environmental standards to develop, thus, the agricultural products in developed countries into developing countries, the agricultural products of developing countries into developed countries is quite difficult. China's product quality inspection and quarantine testing agencies qualified products prior to export of agricultural products did not meet the required standards of other countries, banned the export of returns and claims occurred frequently, which has a huge impact on the international image of China's agricultural products. Under such circumstances, differences in domestic standards with other national standards will lead to trade friction, affecting the healthy development of bilateral trade relations. China's agricultural exports has repeatedly collided with the front of the green trade barriers, indicating that China's agricultural exports to the urgent need to master the international trade rules of the game, and take advantage of this rule to protect their own interests. Some of the problems facing China's agricultural production, such as lack of uniform quality standards of agricultural products, the inspection system lags behind, backward agricultural technology and equipment, environmental pollution damage and other serious problems, while at the same time the growing concern of the international community on the ecological environment and food safety, in the face of all kinds of green trade barriers embattled countries, China should adopt a positive coping strategies, to promote standardization of agricultural building to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products, promote the advantages of agricultural exports in order to break through the green trade barriers in developed countries.Strengthen ecological and environmental education, to strengthen national green economic sense to increase the propaganda of the media, and national awareness ofgreen economic development has become an irresistible historical trend. The theme of the 21st century economy, green economy, the Government should be called upon to enhance the population's awareness of sustainable development and environmental education. The ultimate goal of environmental education to environmental awareness into the public conscious of environmental behavior, and thus should give full play to the role of media and public opinion, to encourage public participation in environmental protection industry, aware of China's economic "green" is a public good, benefiting should be the entire country and every citizen. Meanwhile, the Government should pay attention to play a functional role in guiding, to promote the green lifestyle, green trade, green living ideas into social and economic development, both from a fundamental break through the green trade barriers, but also to maintain a sustainable economicdevelopment to adapt to the wave of globalization and the international trading system in the implementation of green trade barriers, especially the green barrier measures taken by some developed countries, for some specific purpose, but evolved into a technical barriers,restrictions on foreign agricultural products entering the country. Green trade barriers to U.S., EU, Japan and other developed countries, with its advantages in science and technology, environmental protection, set as the main content to the standards of green technology, green inspection and quarantine system, green packaging and labeling greatly hinder ourexports of agricultural products.。