服务贸易自由化机制外文文献翻译2014年译文4000字
第5章 国际服务贸易自由化政策
知识扩展：
中国—东盟的服务贸易自由化问题 CEPA中的内陆、香港服务贸易开放
中国--东盟的服务贸易自由化问题
2007年1月14日 中国—东盟签署《中国政府与东 南亚国家联盟成员国政府全面经济合作框架协 议服务贸易协议》 ，并于2007年7月1日施行。
中国和东盟9国（老挝为非WTO成员）相互提交 的减让承诺表是在WTO《服务贸易总协定》承 诺基础上的进一步开放。其开放的范围涵盖商 业服务、建筑及相关工程服务、环境服务、娱 乐文化体育服务、运输服务等5个部门的26个分 部门。具体包括进一步开放上述服务领域，允 许设立独资企业，放宽设立公司的股比限制以 及允许享受国民待遇等。
(2)发展中国家的服务贸易利益和贸易政策
服务自由化主要从以下几个方面影响发展中国 家的国家安全利益：
第一，可能对发展中国家幼稚服务业，特别是 国有或国家控制的服务企业，造成毁灭性打击， 不利于保护民族服务业，影响劳动力就业，动 摇国家经济独立性的基础；
第二，可能要取消的对外国投资的某些限制会 对发展中国家金融服务市场稳定和安全构成潜 在威胁，进而可能波及国家政权的稳定；
第八轮－乌拉圭回合谈判
乌拉圭回合是关税与贸易总协定主持下的第八轮多边贸易谈判， 也是关税与贸易总协定的最后一轮谈判。
从1986年9月谈判的启动到1994年4月最终协议的签署历时8年。 参加乌拉圭回合谈判的国家和地区从最初的103个，增加到
1993年底的117个和1994年4月谈判结束时的128个。 此次多边贸易谈判的主要成果一是强化了多边贸易体制，特别
第三，服务大量进口诱使外汇外流，不利于发展 中国家实现国际收支平衡目标，从而可能弱化国 家的总体经济目标；
第四，服务贸易可能影响发展中国家电讯服务市 场的正常发展，这不仅可能弱化对国家政治、军 事和经济机密的保护，而且可能侵犯国家主权；
国际服务贸易外文文献翻译
国际服务贸易外文翻译文献(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：《World Development》，2015，12（1）：35-44.英文原文The research of international service trade and economic growth theoryChakraborty Kavin1 IntroductionThe study of the relation between international trade and economic growth is one of the most active issues. Since 1980s, the world has been in transition from national economy orientating towards natural resources and manufacturing industry to global and regional economy orientating towards information resources and service industry. After the signature of GA TS in1994, the institutional arrangements on liberalizing service trade result in a world-wide involvement division and exchanges of service trade, and it is undoubtedly that the positive interaction between service trade and investment leads to economic growth. But the theoretical research on service trade lags behind practice.Is it a statistic phenomenon or a universal rule of economic growth? To approach the above two issues from theoretical and empirical perspective is of great value to policy-making.For the proposition of that "International service trade will drive economic growth". Theoretical analysis shows that although service tradeis not a direct interpretative variable to economic growth, it can effect economic growth indirectly through other growing factors and technology upgrade, but the ways and mechanisms are different in different stages. In a certain stage of economic development, service trade (including investment) will have static and dynamic effect on factors supply and technology upgrade in one county, which will lead to the domestic alteration of resources condition structure. It is the enterprises that select industry structure, technology structure and trade structure according to dynamic alteration way of comparative technology structure and trade structure, which will ultimately promote evolution of economic growth gradually. So far as operational mechanism of service trade and investment is concerned, service trade affects factors supply in one country by physical capital accumulating effect, human capital effect, technology upgrade effect, institutional transition effect, employment effect and externality of technology, then influences the upgrade of industrial structure, the upgrade of technological structure and the transition of mode of economic growth. It is obvious that dynamic effect is greater than static effect; that external effect is playing more important role than internal effect; and that technology spillover effect of foreign direct investment in service industry is greater than that of service trade in a narrow sense (including across-border supply, consumption abroad and movement of natural person).For the research of mechanism about how service trade drive economic growth. Firstly, the paper verifies the causality between service trade and economic growths concerning different economic bodies and the representative countries. The results show that there are causalities between international service trade and economic growth in the whole world, in the developed countries, in the US and in china. In the developing countries, service trade is the Granger cause of economic growth; In the whole world and the developing countries, economic growth is the Granger cause of service trade; In the US, service export is the Granger cause of economic growth, and economic growth is the Granger cause of service import. On this basis, it is concluded that the opening of service industry will benefit economic growth in one country. Secondly, in order to explore on how the service trade and investment act on economic growth, empirical studies are employed to explain the case of US and that of China. The results show that the routes by which service trade affects economic growth in the US can be rowed as follows from more significant to less: employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect, technology effect, institution effect. The results of empirical analysis of China can be summarized that: the routes by which service export affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: employment effect, physical capital effect, institution effect, human capital effect, technology effect; the routs by which service import affectseconomic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, institution effect, employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect; the routes by which FDI in service affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, human capital effect, institution effect, employment effect, physical capital effect. Moreover, the effect of FDI in service is stronger than service import, and the effect of service import is stronger than service export.According to the empirical test in this paper, the conclusion can be drawn as follows: service trade in a narrow sense will have static and dynamic effects on factor supply in one country through import and export of service, FDI in service industry is one of the most important cross-border transactions and is another important channel which will affect the transition of advantages on factor supply in one country. It should be emphasized that the above-mentioned channels will have different effects on countries at different stages of economic development. Whether the roles can be brought into play or not depends on given restraints. The input output of factors themselves cannot form a clear function, but will interact together and act on economic growth hand in hand through numerous feedback chain.Chinese economy is now undergoing transformation from elementary age to middle age of industrialization. Service trade and investment in current period have both advantages and disadvantages.Based on these judgments, we propose that China should pursue a policy favoring protectionism on management of service trade and adopt relevant countermeasures as follows. Scientific development view should be formed with an eye to harmonizing development of three industries so as to lay a solid industries foundation for service trade; The strategic programming should be stipulated and the market of service trade should be opened gradually; The rule of international transfer of service trade should be mastered and environment of utilizing foreign investment on service industry should be improved.As the characteristics of the world's service-oriented economy have gradually emerged, service trade originating from the upgrading of industrial structure has developed rapidly, and the scale of service trade is rapidly expanding. From the statistical data, the total exports of world service trade rose rapidly from 365 billion U.S. dollars in 1980 to 377.779 billion U.S. dollars in 2008, an increase of 9.35 times. Compared with the trade of goods with a long history, service trade is a new form of trade. With the continuous increase in absolute size and relatively low levels, service trade has become a focus of attention in modern society.2 The impact of overall service trade on economic growthAccording to the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GA TS), which was signed in 1994, trade in services includes Cross- border Supply, Consumption A broad, Commercial Presence, and naturalperson mobility. (Movement of Natural Persn) Four modes. The service trade of these four modes has completely different properties and characteristics. Therefore, it is difficult to establish a unified theoretical framework for service trade to affect economic growth. The corresponding literature is very rare. The only foreign documents are mainly Robinson et al. (2002), who simply regard service trade as a commodity. Trade, without taking into account differences in the four trade models, studied the economic growth effects of service trade liberalization using the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model.Using empirical methods to study the literature on the impact of overall service trade on economic growth is more, but such studies are mostly domestic scholars. Research shows that the average contribution of China's overall service trade to economic growth is 18.9%.3 Effect of Service Trade in Different Industries on Economic GrowthAt present, the literature on the impact of industry trade in service trade on economic growth is mostly concentrated in such service sectors as finance, telecommunications, and health care. These studies have basically reached a relatively unanimous conclusion that the opening of the service sector or the increase in productivity can significantly promote economic growth. . For example, studies by Beck et al. (1998), M urinde & Ryan (2003), and Eschenbach (2004) suggest that the opening of the financial sector has, to a certain extent, broken the monopoly of domesticfinancial markets and prompted the orderly competition of financial markets. On the normal development track, productivity has improved, and it has finally led to economic growth in the country. Kim (2000) studied the relationship between the development of service trade in the distribution sector and the growth of total factor productivity (TFP) using Korea's input-output data. The results show that the liberalization of service trade not only significantly promoted its own TFP. The promotion also promoted the improvement of total factor productivity in the related manufacturing sector. The total factor productivity growth brought about by service trade almost covered the entire economic sector.4 Effect of Service Trade on Economic Growth by Different Trading ModesThere are few literatures on specific transaction models and theoretical studies on the impact of trade in services on economic growth. Carr et al. (2001) & M arkusen et al. (2005) theoretically examined the commercial existence model by means of the CGE model. The impact of the trade in services on economic growth shows that the opening up of trade in services is an important source of the increase in economic welfare of a country. From the perspective of economic welfare, the opening up of trade in services is a general trend. Subsequently, the use of CGE models to theoretically examine the impact of service trade on economic growth began to prevail. For example, Rutherford et al. (2005)used the CGE model to evaluate Russia's WTO accession effects, and Ko nan &Maskus (2006) used CGE models. The potential effects of Tunisia's elimination of barriers to trade in services were studied. Their conclusions indicate that the increase in the level of economic welfare in one country can benefit from the opening up of the service market, while the elimination of FDI market access barriers in the service sector is a pattern of four trades. The most important liberalization measures are the main sources of increased welfare in a country. There are a lot of literatures on the relationship between service trade and economic growth in specific models using empirical methods. In the four modes of trade in services, commercial presence is the most important one, and from the point of view of data availability, although statistical data is still not very accurate, commercial existence of service trade is based on service industry FDI as a carrier. To achieve this, researchers can use service industry FDI data to characterize the scale of service trade in this model, and this type of trade model has received more attention. Among them, Markusen (1989) believes that the existence of commercial trade in services has two positive and negative effects. The positive effect is that competition in the service sector has led to an increase in domestic demand for the sector’s production factors, which is conducive to output growth. The effect of market size and negative effects means that the intensified competition in the domestic market of service industries has led to the withdrawal ofdomestic service-oriented enterprises from the market. The study by Markusen (1989) shows that the effect of market size after the opening of the service market far exceeds the crowding-out effect. After offsetting the crowding-out effect, it can still promote the productivity improvement of the non-service sector and further lead to the structure of domestic trade in goods. The changes, those sectors that were previously low in productivity and dependent on imports, will evolve into high-productivity export sectors, which is quite similar to the latest research findings on the interactive development of producer services and manufacturing. Hoekman (2006) and Hoekman (2006) used India as an example to examine the impact of the existence of commercial trade in services in the finance, telecommunications, and transportation sectors on the competitiveness of the goods export sector, and believe that these sectors have been liberalized. The level of soft facilities has been increased, which in turn has greatly reduced the operating costs of the downstream product manufacturing sector, which has increased the export competitiveness. With the inefficiency of the domestic service industry, the unfavorable pattern is reversed with the help of commercial presence of service trade. Feasible choice. Guerrieri et al. (2005) took the EU as the research object and analyzed the role of commercial trade in services for knowledge accumulation and economic growth. The study concluded that the openness of the service market or the relaxation of domesticservice regulations has positively promoted economic growth. It was found that the imported service items may be more able to promote economic growth than the domestic same service items due to high technological content.5 Possible Future Research DirectionsIt is not difficult to find from the above-mentioned documents that since the development of service trade started late, research on the growth of service trade began to rise gradually from the 1980s, and more than 20 years of research in this area is in the ascendant. With the further enhancement of the status of trade in services, the possible directions for future research will generally include the following aspects.From the point of view of research methodology, classification of service trade can be studied. As the theory of goods trade has gradually matured, the development practice of service trade still calls for the birth of the theory of service trade. Helpman and Markusen, international economists, expressed on different occasions that the difficulty in establishing the theoretical system of service trade lies in the fact that there are large differences in various types of service trades, and it is difficult for researchers to overcome the gap between them. Classifying service trade according to certain standards and exploring the impact of various types of service trade on economic growth is a possible direction for future research.From the perspective of the research subjects, it is possible to study China’s service trade and economic growth. China’s GDP has already ranked second in the world. However, the service industry’s added value accounted for only 40% of GDP, which is obviously not commensurate with the status of an economic power. In addition, the trade in services is still relatively small compared to the trade in goods. Under such a realistic background, what is the relationship between China's service trade and economic growth? How will service trade contribute to China's economic growth? What impact will service outsourcing have on China's economy? With China in In the next decade, how will China make service trade an engine of economic growth? From the academic point of view, economists from all countries are paying attention to China’s economic development, and China’s service trade will also be improved. It will become a research hotspot.From the perspective of research topics, it is possible to study the impact of service outsourcing on economic growth. In 2008, the scale of global service outsourcing market has reached 1.5 trillion US dollars. According to the UNCTAD (UNCT AD) speculation, the global service outsourcing market will increase by 30%-40% in the next 5-10 years.The surging service industry outsourcing is a new form of service trade. How does service outsourcing drive economic growth through employment, industrial structure upgrading, and technology spillovers?What are the differences in the impact of contracting and receiving services on economic growth in the service industry? Research on these issues will start with the development of service outsourcing to important theoretical guidance.中文译文国际服务贸易与经济增长理论与实证研究Chakraborty Kavin1 引言国际贸易与经济增长始终是国际经济学最生动的论题之一。
国际贸易毕业论文—国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响与分析
国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响与分析摘要国际服务贸易在全球经济发展中扮演了越来越重要的角色。
服务贸易自由化对于成长中的发展中国家而言，具有两重性，既为他们提供了前所未有的机遇，也给他们带来诸多问题。
贸易自由化的发展提高了发展中国家的劳动分工、经济效率、综合国力等方面，有利于本国引进外资促进了服务业的对外开放和经济的发展。
于此同时，国际贸易自由化也制约了发展中国家的产业结构，影响了经济结构的发展，使商品的价格和贸易结构方面严重恶化，从而影响发展中国家的商品进出口。
随着世界经济的发展，贸易自由化已经成为了不可逆转的趋势。
我国作为最大的发展中国家，自加入WTO以来，我国经济的发展越来越依靠国际贸易自由化。
在这种形式下，本文从国际服务贸易自由化的产生、发展出发，结合我国服务业在自由化趋势下的现状及问题，详细阐明贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响，同时从法律、贸易保护主义、争取多边谈判和战略的选择等发面提出了解决的对策。
从而大力发展我国的服务贸易，在世界经济中争取更广范的发展空间。
关键词：国际服务贸易自由化；发展中国家；中国International Service Trade Liberalization in Developing Countries and the Impacts of AnalysisABSTRACTInternational service trade in global economic development plays a more and more important role. Services trade liberalization for growing developing countries, with a duality, both provide them with unprecedented opportunities, but also bring those many problems. The development of trade liberalization in developing countries increased specialization of labor, economic efficiency, the comprehensive national strength, etc in introducing foreign capital to promote domestic service opening up and economic development. Meanwhile, International trade liberalization also restricted the industrial structure of developing countries, influenced the development of economic structure, Make commodity price and trade structure seriously deteriorating, Thus affecting developing countries import and export of goods. With the development of world economy, trade liberalization has become the inevitable trend. China is the biggest developing country, since joining WTO, China's economic development more dependent on international trade liberalization. In this form, this article from theinternational service trade liberalizations of the production, development. Combined with the liberalization of services under the present situation and problems, Detail of trade liberalization, the influence of developing countries, meanwhile from law, trade protectionism, multilateral negotiations and strategy for selection of baking proposed the countermeasures. Thus develop of China's service trade in the world economy, for a wider fan development space.Keywords:international service trade liberalization; developing countries; China.目录摘要 (1)1.概述 (6)1.1国际服务贸易自由化的产生和背景 (6)1.2国际服务贸易自由化的含义和表现 (7)2.发展中国家服务贸易自由化的现状 (8)2.1发展中国家的贸易自由化处于成长阶段 (8)2.2贸易自由化增强了发展中国家的市场竞争力 (9)2.3服务贸易壁垒形式更为隐蔽，手段更加多样化 (10)3.服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响 (11)3.1国际贸易自由化对发展中国家的积极影响 (11)3.1.1服务贸易自由化有利于提高发展中国家经济效率 (11)3.1.2改善了劳资问题 (12)3.1.3有利于加快服务业和综合国力的提高 (12)3.1.4提高了发展中国家的出口商品竞争力 (13)3.1.5有利于引进利用外资 (14)3.2国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的消极影响 (15)3.2.1制约了发展中国家服务业的产业结构 (15)3.2.2影响了发展中国家的经济环境 (15)3.2.3贸易自由化加大了发展中国家与发达国家间的不平衡性 (16)3.2.4商品价格变化与贸易条件的恶化 (16)4.以中国为例分析面对国际服务贸易自由化发展中国家的对策 .. 174.1我国应积极进行贸易自由化进程的战略选择 (17)4.2参加国际服务贸易的双边与多边谈判，争取更有利的国际环境。
服务贸易自由化中国对策
它３７８７１３内容摘要乌拉圭回合谈判的结束和《服务贸易总协定》（Ｇ娜’Ｓ）的签定，标志着当代国际贸易的内涵与结构发生了重大变化，多边贸易体制日臻完善，服务贸易自由化被纳入了多边贸易体系管辖之内。
世界各国将在一种新的多边规则下进行服务业市场的开放和服务贸易活动。
随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，服务贸易自由化已是大势所趋。
这必将给世界各国服务贸易政策的制定和实施带来重要影响，在这种经济形势下，我们应正确地认识服务贸易自由化对我国服务贸易的影响，顺应服务贸易的发展趋势，在我国服务业现有的基础上根据服务贸易自由化的特点，科学制定中国服务贸易发展战略，以促进中国服务贸易的发展。
关键词：服务贸易自由化、服务贸易总协定，ＴｈｅＵｒｕｇｕａｙＲｏｕｎｄｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｆｉｎｉｓｈｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅＧｅｎｅｒａｌＡｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｏｎＴｒａｄｅｉｎＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｕｂｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ，ｗｈｉｃｈｓｈｏｗｔｌｌａｔｔｈｅｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｔｒａｄｅｈａｓｇｒｅａｔｌｙｃｈａｎｇｅｄ．ｎｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆｔｈｅｍｕｌｔｉｌａｔｅｒａｌｔｒａｄｅｂｅｃｏｍｅｓｌ弛ｔｔｏｒａｎｄｂｅｔｔｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｌｉｂｅｎｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｉｎｔｈｅｃｈａｒｇｅｏｆｉｔ．Ａｌｌｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｌｌｏｐｅｎｔｈｅｉｒｍａｒｋｅｔｓｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓａｎｄｄｏｔｈｅｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ，ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｎｅｗｍｕｌｔｉｌａｔｅｒａｌｒｕｌｅｓ．Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｏｒｇａｎｉｃｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ，ｉｔｂ戗７，ｏｍｅｓｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｔｈｅｌｉｂｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ．Ｔｈａｔｗｉｌｌａｆｆｅｃｔ８ｒｅａｔｌｙｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｗｏｒｋｏｕｔａｎｄｃａｒｒｙｏｕｔｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｍｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ，ＷｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｒｅｚｏｇｎｉｚｅｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｔｈｅｌｉｂｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｌｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．Ｗｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｏｂｅｙｔｈｅ８ｒｏｗｉｎｇｔａｎｄ∞ｃｙｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓａｎｄｗｏｒｋｏｕｔｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｏｆｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓ髓、ｄ∞ｓｏｆＣｈｉｎａｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｉｔ，ｂａｓｉｎｇｏｎｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｔｒａｄｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆ也ｅｌｉｂｅ嘲ｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ．ＫＥＹＷｏＲＤＳ：ｔｈｅｔｒ默ｌｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｔｈｅＧｅ．ｎｅｒａｌＡ妒ｅｅｍｅｎｔｏｎＴｒａｄｅｉｎＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓⅡ一、服务贸易自由化的特点：经济全球化、区域经济一体化和金融经济国际化是当今世界经济发展的重要特征，这三大趋势之间是相互联系的，因此在发展中相互促进，它们之间的区别也导致它们相互制约，这些共同影响了世界经济发展及国际关系格局，而２０世纪８０年代中后期以来，全球出现了服务贸易自由化的趋势，这是世界全球化和贸易自由化趋势不断发展的具体反映。
金融服务贸易的自由化对中国的影响外文翻译
金融服务贸易自由化对中国的影响外文翻译外文翻译原文The Impact of Financial Services Trade Liberalization on ChinaMaterial Source: The Impact of Financial Services Trade Liberalization on ChinaAuthor: Li-Gang LiuAbstractThis paper shows that financial services trade liberalization in China has set impetus for accelerated domestic financial liberalization. Foreign banks, though still relatively small in size, have already exerted considerable influence on China’s capital flows. Empirical finding from the cross-country study indicates that financial services trade liberalization under the WTO promotes bank loans to developing economies strongly though not evenly conditional on country characteristics.Keywords: Financial services trade liberalization, capital flows, financial and capital account liberalization, gravity modelI. IntroductionChina is undertaking a set of simultaneous, though gradual, domestic financial and capital account liberalization. At the same time,its financial sector is also experiencing increased foreign competition as the country has already started to allow considerable foreign participation in its domestic financial sector. 2007 will be a watershed year as China will have to fully implement its WTO commitments on financial services trade liberalization.While foreign banks in emerging markets promote efficiency through enhanced competition and transfer of skills Claessens, et al … 2001, Committee on the Global Financial System CGFS, 2004, they also pose challenges to policy makers in areas of managing liberalization pace, upgrading supervision skills, and conducting monetary policy. Empirical findings suggest that with more countries embarking upon financial liberalization, the risk of financial crises has also increased. It was observed that since the 1980s, over two-thirds of IMF member countries have experienced significant problems in the banking sector Lindgren, et. al…1996. Studies on the relationship between financial liberalization and banking crisis also indicate that financial liberalization raises the probability of a banking crisis Demirguc-Kunt & Detragiache, 1998. Moreover, in emerging market economies, a banking crisis is usually associated with a balance of payment crisis when the country’s capit al account is open Kaminsky & Reinhart, 2000.Because financial services trade liberalization often involves capital flows, foreign participation will certainly complicate theongoing process of domestic financial and capital account liberalization in emerging market economies. It is hypothesized that foreign bank participation would accelerate both domestic financial and capital account liberalization and in particular, it would make a host country’s capital control regime progressively more ineffective, thus leading to de facto capital account liberalization. Without necessary modifications regarding their exchange rate regimes and the ways they conduct monetary policies, emerging market economies may experience inherent policy inconsistencies that could eventually lead to capital account crises This paper intends to examine these issues raised above in two segments: First, it examines the impact of foreign bank presence on China’s rapidly evolving domestic and external financial liberalization. Using China as a case study, the paper intends to shed light on whether foreign participation helps accelerate China’s domestic financial and capital account liberalization. The paper then examines the impact of the WTO financial services trade liberalization commitments and especially the banking sector commitments on bank loans to developing economies. Specifically, the empirical study of this section hopes to shed light on whether financial services trade liberalization helps promote bank loans to developing economies.The paper proceeds as follows: Section II provides an updated review on the General Agreement of Trade in Services with a focus on thefinancial services. Section III examines whether foreign bank presence in China helps accelerate domestic financial and capital account liberalization. Section IV presents some empirical findings on whether the financial services trade liberalization commitments promote bank loans to emerging market economies. Section V discusses implications for policy.II. Financial Services Trade Liberalization under the GATSII. 1: GATS Rules: An updated reviewFinancial services trade liberalization negotiations FSTLN, under the General Agreement on Trade and Services GATS, aims at reducing or even totally removing all trade barriers in financial services sector by allowing foreign financial firms in insurance, banking, securities industry and other related financial services sectors to enter a host country and enjoy national treatment. The GATS, launched in the Uruguay Round in 1986, was not able to reach any agreement until April 1994, several months after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round at the end of 1993 Kono, et al …, 1997. Negotiations on financial services agreements were also extended far beyond the Uruguay Round and finally reached agreement in 1997. In the current and new Doha round of WTO negotiations, financial services and other services will be a “built-in” agenda, thus having the benefit of renewed emphasis Key, 2003.FSTLN specifies general commitments, specific exemptions, andmodes of supply of services. These commitments governing modes of financial services supplied and they can differ from country to country and can be phased in over time depending on the initial agreements. However, the general commitments of GATS also apply to FSTLN have the following features Kono, et al …, 1997: 1? Most favored nation MFN: All liberalization measures must be extended to all WTO members equally ? Market access and national treatment: WTO member countries can not discriminate between domestic and foreign firms, except when explicitly indicated at the time of joining the GATS ? Transparency: Local regulations should be published and made accessible to all ? Progressive liberalization: Member states agree to increase the number of liberalized sectors and to eliminate exceptions within sectors by committing to future negotiating rounds ? Dispute settlement mechanism: All commitments are legally binding. Harmed states can initiate an arbitration procedure. If found harmed, the country can impose sanctions against the violating country However, FSTLN also has some important exemptions:? Exemption for government services: Activities of the central banks or other government authorities carrying out monetary and exchange rate policies are excluded from GATS ? Prudential carve-out: It is exempted from GATS and is designed to ensure that host country governments can protect their domestic financial system and participants of thefinancial system through the application of the host country prudential standards. These prudential measures in principle do not have to comply with the national treatment, market access commitments and its most favored nation responsibility Key, 2003. However, the prudential carve-out is not meant to be an overriding exception to a member’s obligations, as prudential measures should not be used to avoid a member’s obligation or commitments ? Some non-prudential related government regulations for example, practices related to industrial policy to provide credit to certain industries are also exempted from the commitments of the GATS unless such policies violate the general commitments as specified above Kono, et al …, 1997 Similar to other types of services, FSTLN also covers four modes of supply: cross-border, consumption abroad, commercial presence, and movements of natural persons.Mode 1 or cross-border supply: If a consumer in country A and a supplier in country B, the service crosses the border to meet the need of the consumer in Country A e.g., A Japanese bank in Tokyo lends to a Chinese firm in Shanghai. Depending on the nature of transactions, this mode of supply in financial services will often involve not only financial services but also capital flows Table 1 ? Mode 2 or consumption abroad: It refers to a scenario that a consumer in Country A will have to travel to Country B where the service supplier is located in order to conducta transaction e.g., A Japanese company opens a bank account with a bank in China a Japanese, other foreign, or even a domestic Chinese bank for transactions occurring in China ? Mode 3 or commercial presence: It refers to a service in country A provided by a supplier in country B took place at a permanent place of business located in country A e.g., A Japanese bank lends firms in China through its branch in China Table 2 ? Mode 4 or movement of natural persons: It refers to a service in countryA is provided by countryB with personnel imported from country B e.g., A branch of a Japanese bank draws its management from its headquartersin Tokyo As discussed above, measures undertaken for prudential purposes are exempted from the basic rules. Because there is no necessity test of validity, such “carve-outs” could be potentially used as restrictions or barriers for foreign entry. In addition, only a sovereign, not a private bank, can bring complains to the WTO dispute panel Key, 2003 Although financial services often involve capital flows, the FSTLN under GATS does not have any authority to override the measures of capital controls in a host economy. Under capital controls, a cross-border financial service trade may occur but not necessarily the capital flows associated with the service. This is because FSTLN under GATS has to be consistent with the current account transactions of the IMF Articles of Agreement. It does not, however, cover capital account transactions. In principle, countries that have signed on the GATS in financial servicescan continue to engage their capital control measures and practices Table 3 uses the banking business as an example to highlight the areasin which foreign bank entry not only brings financial services trade but also cross-border capital flows. Out of 17 categories of banking businessin Mode 1, only three types of banking business can take place without involving capital flows financial leasing, provision of financial information, and financial advisory. Only in Mode 3 Commercial Presence, most financial services trade can occur so long as foreign capitals are not involved.Despite these perceived limitations, FSTLN under GATS is an important step forward in liberalizing the financial service trade worldwide as it provides national treatment to foreign financial firms, promotes transparency of financial regulations, and promises further liberalization in financial services. Similar to foreign direct investment in manufacturing sectors, the impact of foreign participationin a host country may be much larger than one can contemplate based only on th e existing WTO rules and regulations III. China’s WTO Financial Services Commitments and their ImplicationsChina signed the GATS upon its WTO accession at the end of 2001. Although there is a phasing-out period of five years with respect to business scope local currency vs. foreign exchange banking business, customers resident vs. nonresident, consumer vs. firms, and geographiclocation Appendix I, its overall commitment is relatively liberal compared with countries in East Asia and most of the developing economies Figure 1. Even before its WTO commitments, foreign banks have already been allowed to operate in certain geographic areas with progressively liberalized scope of banking businesses Table 4. However, the opening was relatively modest because such liberalizations were only unilateral and based on the country’s own economic needs, which may be quite different from the multilateral and rule-based financial services trade liberalization under the GATS that are anticipated, transparent, and extended to all members of the WTO.译文金融服务贸易自由化对中国的影响资料来源:金融服务贸易自由化对中国的影响作者:刘利刚摘要本文表明,在中国金融服务贸易自由化已经成为加速国内金融自由化的推动力量。
浅析中国服务贸易自由化3
浅析中国服务贸易自由化摘要：作为既是发展中国家也是WTO成员方的中国，服务贸易自由化对我们来说是机遇也是挑战。
我们必须要在这一趋势下认清中国服务贸易发展的现状，抓住机遇，并勇于迎接挑战，制定符合中国实际的应对策略，提高中国服务贸易的竞争力，特别是像我国这样的发展中国家必须要在贸易自由化中迎接挑战。
一、服务贸易自由化概念贸易自由化就是各成员方通过多边贸易谈判，降低和约束关税，取消其他贸易壁垒，消除国际贸易中的歧视待遇，扩大本国市场准入度。
实现上述目标的途径是以市场经济为基础，进行贸易自由化。
自由贸易政策允许货物和生产要素的自由流动，在国际价值规律作用下，可以刺激竞争，鼓励发展，提高经营管理水平，促进世界性的分工和贸易发展，扩大市场；同时使消费者得到物美价廉的商品和服务服务贸易自由化。
近十几年来，我国服务贸易正在以年平均15%左右的速度迅速增长，但仍然明显落后于货物贸易，而且长期呈现逆差状态。
在某种意义上说，积极发展国际服务贸易并实现国际服务贸易的自由化，将是21世纪国际经济合作最重要的内容之一。
经过多年努力，中国已顺利加入WTO，服务业的开放日益成为中国对外开放的焦点问题。
因此认识到服务贸易的发展对我国未来经济发展所起到的重要作用，研究如何融入服务贸易自由化进程，具有重大意义。
二、我国服务贸易的发展现状及问题1、发展现状中国作为一个发展中大国，服务业的发展和开放都比较晚，参与全球服务贸易领域的竞争是一项严峻的考验，但自改革开放以来尤其是20世纪90年代以来，中国的对外服务贸易发展迅速，从整体上呈上升趋势。
但是从总体上看，我国服务贸易尚处于发展初期，无论从总数，份额还是质量上来衡量和比较，都很难与发达国家相抗衡，我国的服务贸易仍存在很大差距。
2、我国服务贸易总体水平仍旧很低自20世纪90年代来，中国服务贸易呈稳步发展和上升趋势，且服务业平均增长率为15%以上，高于世界服务贸易同期的增长水平，但与发达国家相比，起点很低，规模偏小，与世界平均水平相比仍然偏小。
国际服务贸易壁垒与自由化
发展战略一、国际服务贸易壁垒的理论分析1.国际服务贸易壁垒的定义服务贸易壁垒，一般是指一国政府对外国服务生产者(提供者)的服务提供或销售所设置的有障碍作用的政策措施，即凡直接或间接地使外国服务生产者或提供者增加生产或销售成本的政策措施，都有可能被外国服务厂商认为属于服务贸易壁垒。
此外，服务贸易壁垒还包括出口限制。
设置服务贸易壁垒的目的：一方面在于保护本国服务业的市场、扶植本国国务部门，增强竞争力；另一方面，主要是用以抵制外国服务业的进入，在一定程度削弱了外国服务业的竞争力。
2.国际服务贸易壁垒的种类首先，产品移动壁垒。
产品移动壁垒一般包括当地成分、数量限制或本地要求、补贴、政府采购、歧视性技术标准和税收制度等不用的方面。
在数量限制方面，如规定一定的服务进口配额；在当地成分方面，如服务厂商被要求在当地购买设备；在本地成分要求方面，如德国、加拿大和瑞士等国禁止在东道国以外处理的数据在国内使用；通过政府补贴，提高本国服务厂商的竞争力，可有效地阻止外国竞争者的进入。
其次，资本移动壁垒。
在国际服务贸易的发展过程中，资本移动壁垒主要包括浮动汇率、外汇管制以及投资收益汇出的限制等。
浮动汇率对贸易有着重要的影响，不利的汇率能够削弱服务竞争的优势，外汇管制指的是政府对外汇在本国境内的流通、持有和兑换，以及对外汇出入境的控制。
在对投资者投资收益汇回母国壁垒方面，如限制外国服务厂商将利润、版税、管理费汇回母国，或限制外国资本抽调回国，或限制汇回利润的额度等措施，也在相当程度上限制了服务贸易的发展。
再次，人员移动壁垒。
在国际服务贸易中，人员移动壁垒作为生产要素的劳动力的跨国移动是服务贸易的主要途径之一，对国际服务贸易的发展起到了重要的作用。
同时，人员移动壁垒自然构成各国政府限制服务提供者进入本国或进入本国后从事经营的主要手段之一。
种种移民限制和出入境的繁琐手续，以及由此造成的长时间的等待，都构成人员移动的壁垒形式。
第四，政府补贴壁垒。
国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响及对策
国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响及对策【摘要】国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家具有重要意义。
它既带来了积极影响，如促进经济增长、技术转移和就业机会，也存在消极影响，如不平等竞争和贸易逆差。
针对这些影响，发展中国家可以采取一些对策，如制定适应国际市场的政策和加强国际合作。
发展中国家在国际服务贸易中具有竞争优势，如低成本劳动力和丰富的资源。
未来，发展中国家应当积极参与国际服务贸易，拓展市场，并制定合理路径，推动国际服务贸易自由化的进程，促进经济发展。
关注国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响及对策的重要性，对未来发展方向提出建议，对推动国际服务贸易的自由化具有重要意义。
【关键词】国际服务贸易自由化、发展中国家、影响、对策、积极影响、消极影响、竞争优势、国际合作、重要性、发展方向、路径。
1. 引言1.1 国际服务贸易自由化的定义国际服务贸易自由化是指各国在服务领域开展贸易活动时，避免采取歧视性措施并逐步降低限制和障碍，使服务市场更加开放和竞争。
这种自由化包括了服务领域的各种形式，如金融服务、教育服务、医疗服务、咨询服务等。
国际服务贸易自由化的核心理念是通过取消或降低贸易壁垒，促进各国服务业的开放和发展，提高全球服务贸易的效率和效益。
相比于商品贸易，服务贸易更加依赖于技术、人力资源和品质等软性因素，因此在国际服务贸易自由化中，知识产权和专业技能的保护和流通至关重要。
通过自由化，不仅可以促进各国服务业的发展与互动，还可以提高效率和品质，满足消费者需求，推动全球经济的增长与协调发展。
国际服务贸易自由化是全球经济一体化的必然趋势，也是维护多边贸易体制稳定和可持续发展的重要举措。
1.2 国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的意义国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的意义在于促进经济发展和提升国际竞争力。
国际服务贸易自由化可以带来更多的外资流入，促进服务业发展，创造就业机会，增加国内生产总值。
开放市场可以促进技术和管理经验的传播与互相学习，推动国内产业升级和提高国际竞争力。
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文献出处：Barattieri A. The mechanism of service trade liberalization[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2014, 92(1): 1-13.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。
）原文The mechanism of service trade liberalizationBarattieri AAbstractIn this paper, Service trade liberalization is the key areas of the United States to promote the TPP negotiations, the United States in the negotiations are pushing mechanism of a high standard of service trade liberalization. In this paper the progress of the TPP negotiations and services trade issues important position, on the basis of the acceptance, architecture design, focus on services, regulatory consistency four aspects in the TPP uncovers the "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism establishment. American "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism is tailored to the interests of the United States, actually services in the service of the United States. These mechanisms are through to strengthen and promote the TPP platform, forming reversed transmission to other countries.Key words: the TPP; The United States; Service trade liberalization; High standards; Mechanism designAmerica is the first largest exporter global trade in services, and for many years, continues to service trade surplus. Competitive advantage based on service industry and service industry The importance of promoting American exports, jobs and economic growth, the United States in the multilateral, bilateral and regional multiple layers jointly promoting service trade liberalization. In the Uruguay round negotiations, the United States has overcome many obstacles, for the first time to include the Service Trade in multilateral negotiations, contributed to the general Agreement on Trade in services (the Genre - al Agreement on Trade and Service,GATS) signed and implemented. Liberalization of GATS commitments, however, very limited in breadth and depth, it is difficult to meet the more open the foreign service the needs of the market. Due to the World Trade Organization (World Trade Organization, the WTO), a new round of talks to stagnate, the United States under the global multilateral system for the desire of promoting service Trade liberalization, bilateral and regional levels of the Free Trade Agreement (Free Trade Agreement, FTA) as one of the main platforms of the United States promote Free Trade in services. Of particular concern is that the United States is using the cross Pacific Partnership Agreement (Trans - Pacific Partnership Agreement, the TPP) the dominant platform for American values, build a new international trade rules, in order to obtain control of international rules. Under the TPP agreement, service trade as the TPP leaders to enforce the integral part of the "high standards" agreement was incorporated into the negotiations agenda.TPP in service trade agreement a denier, service trade liberalization will greatly promote the TPP region, with the will of the entire Asia-pacific region and the world service trade liberalization have a strong demonstration effect, will also for China's service trade liberalization reform in the future and promote have a powerful driving force, so it is necessary to pay close attention to the United States with the aid of TPP create specific design of international service trade rules1 The TPP talks progress and issues related to trade in services1.1 The TPP negotiationsSince U.S. President barrack Osama in November 2009 when visiting Tokyo high-profile, declared the United States to participate in the pact, led and driven by, in the United States has quietly held 19 rounds of group negotiations and minister level conference for many times. From March 2010 to the end of 2013, the TPP members first advanced the 19th round team talks. During this period, the TPP members from the initial eight countries also extended to the current 12 countries, South Korea is to join the TPP double edge consultation process, is expected to be at the end of 2014 officially became the TPP talks to 13 members. The TPP talks scheduled for the end of 2013, but until close to the end of the 19 rounds of negotiations, the TPPnegotiations team still has not agreed a final text of the TPP. Since the end of 2013 to May 2014, the TPP members has held many ministerial meeting in Singapore, Vietnam and chief negotiator for the meeting. From May 2014 ministerial meeting of the end of the Vietnam and Singapore, the TPP members still tries on the question of the rules of market access and reduce differences, in market access package of goods and services, intellectual property rights, legal and institutional transparency, pharmaceutical industry, investment, environment, state-owned enterprises, the rules of origin of textiles, such as financial services, there are still various problems more outstanding, the TPP talks a long way to go.1.2 The TPP attaches great importance to the issues related to service trade talksAccording to the TPP negotiations reach an outline and the framework of the Chinese and foreign related research can be known, the TPP the tentative negotiating text for the 29 chapters, it covers issues extensively than ever. Among them, in addition to trade in services, special issues, such as telecommunications, financial services, investment in e-commerce, the issue of regulatory consistency, business turnover also involved in the service trade related content. Throughout the United States trade representative's office announced each round issue can be found: to issues related to the trade in services are always appear in each round of TPP liberalization of trade negotiations, especially the competitive advantage of financial services, telecommunications and other issues, almost become the TPP negotiations will talk about issues in each round. That highlights the TPP agreement of service trade liberalization negotiations the importance and difficulty of the task, and the United States to tap the TPP and determination to set new rules on service trade liberalization.2 The United States to tap the TPP creating high standards of service trade liberalization mechanismIn the WTO multilateral level under the situation of lack promoting service trade liberalization, the United States to use its dominant TPP as set up a new generation of "high standard" service trade liberalization mechanism is one of the ways. Based on the related academic research and keeping track of the TPP negotiations, found that the current TPP service trade from the mechanism in the way of commitment, overallarchitecture, key services liberalization, with consistent "regulatory issues to promote" service market opening, etc all shows the characteristics of high standard, the following will focus on from four aspects, analyze the mechanism of TPP service trade liberalization.2.1 using "negative list" commitmentDominant in the United States and, driven by the TPP in the mode of service trade liberalization commitment choose to adopt the way of "negative list" promise, it is the TPP as a new generation of one of the iconic features of the trade agreement.” Negative list" and "Ken listing" completely different way of commitment, "negative list" from top to bottom commitment ways can cover the entire service trade activities, the measures listed in the list Belong to the exception. And "must list" of promises by way of commitment applies only to specific services or a specific service mode, higher levels of service trade liberalization must be gradually implemented through several rounds of service trade negotiation. In essence, "must list" and "negative list" promise way can promote the service sector liberalization, however the latter than the former has more transparency, stability, the advantages of the universal applicability and efficiency, therefore, using "negative list" is also thought contains the high standards of liberalization.In terms of transparency, applicability, because "must list" of a particular phase locked rule did not make commitment to service department or of the service commitments If there are no promises in the service mode is not binding, and commitment has been made in the service department or service model may use exception list also does not require; The listing requirements for "negative list" model retained by the listed exceptions measures. This means that the mode based on "negative list" promise is intrinsically transparency. In terms of stability rules, based on the way "must list" commitment in providing special services or service mode of making a new commitment to achieve the level of service trade liberalization may be lower than both the level and thus may result in service trade liberalization reversal; But based on "negative list" of service trade liberalization "ratchet mechanism", this kind of mechanism to ensure the "negative list" does not weaken the service tradeliberalization in the existing water flat, thus ensure the relative stability of the service trade rules.Is universal applicability, "negative list" promise mode, the first member countries negotiate the general rules of service trade liberalization, the inventory list Only on the general rule of exceptions or retain, for no exception or retain members, universal; And "must list" commitment to the member states of the mode of liberalization commitment level may be uneven, and the rules apply only to make a promise between countries, this reduces the universal applicability of commitment. In terms of service trade liberalization negotiations efficiency, in the subsequent further since the negotiations, "negative list" simply listing the reserved liberalization measures in negotiations, the negotiations time and cost less, that means free talks of high efficiency; While "must list" for listing outside the service mode, the principle of departments or negotiate one by one, may be more than the "negative list" take time and cost of negotiation. The pact is choice is much more open-ended way of "negative list" commitment, to expand and deepen service liberalization commitments more effectively, meet the maximum open the interests of other countries' trade in services market requirements. In the long run to see, because the TPP members covered with wider range of area, through extension mechanism of TPP and demonstration effect, the United States can naturally, to improve and strengthen the NAFTA model introduced by the mechanism of service trade liberalization, and the way of "negative list" to the world, and then realize the United States continues to lead the global service trade liberalization mechanism of strategic purpose.2.2 service trade liberalization architecture design innovationThe pact is the text of the integral design of the mechanism of service trade liberalization TPP is actually dominated by the United States, the United States wants to continue making the TPP a high standard of comprehensive free trade agreement template.TPP in mechanism design presents the service trade and merchandise trade liberalization is neck and neck, which conforms to since the beginning of the 21st century a free trade agreement in parallel trend of trade in goods and services trade-In addition, due to the unique competitive advantage in trade in services, which isdominated by the United States of TPP, the system of trade in services architecture design is completely different from the pattern design of GATS four kinds of trade in services. Specifically, the TPP service trade issues related to both exist in separate chapters way special topics, such as the TPP "cross-border trade in services" "telecommunications service", "financial services" are distributed in the other chapters of liberalization arrangements, such as "investment" (pattern 3) involved in the service industry investment, "business personnel temporary into the" chapter involving natural flow of trade in services provide pattern 4 phase content, involved in the "regulatory consistency" services consistency issues, etching addition, e-commerce, government procurement, competition policy, legal release, institutional arrangements and the issue of dispute settlement and so on also to services and service trade with constraints on stakeholders.The GATS four kinds of trade in services model of discrete arrangement According to the mechanism of TPP service trade liberalization of architectural design, the TPP four service mode under the GATS definition from the cross points, corresponding to the related rules of model 3 and model 4 are divided in investment rules and business personnel temporary entry section. Specific as follows: (1) cross-border services trade and investment division "must list" of GATS commitments under way, according to the service trade agreement framework of four provide models were set up, the trade in services (mode 1, 2, 4) and investment rules (pattern 3) are integrated in the service trade agreement. However, with the development of international trade in services, through the trade in services in the form of commercial presence has increased the proportion of the total trade in services. According to the U.S. bureau of economic analysis (BEA) statistics, as early as in 1996, the United States through set up branches abroad, trade in services in the form of commercial presence is the total amount is more than the total amount of cross-border trade in services. Investment rules under the service trade agreement architecture has been difficult to meet through commercial modes of existence XiangDongDao provide to serve the interests of the investors, investment rules and service division Profit as an objective need for expanding trade in services.3 Conclusions and ProspectService trade liberalization is one of the key areas of the TPP negotiations, in the us, driven by the TPP aims to establish high standards of service trade freedom mechanism is made, reshape the rules of service trade liberalization in the Asia-pacific region, and further move Multilateral international service trade liberalization talks. This article through to the TPP negotiations progress and content analysis, reveals the United States from four aspects with the aid of the TPP talks to create one of the main features of the high standard of service trade liberalization mechanism. Namely "negative list", different modes of service trade liberalization commitments way points set rules of architecture system, focus on high standards of services liberalization, creating "regulatory consistency issues" in the face of the domestic regulatory barriers. The above situation shows that the United States as the leader of the TPP negotiations, is with the aid of the TPP talks to build new rules of international service trade liberalization. The design rules of service trade liberalization, to some extent, is tailored for the interests of the United States, cut field services in the service of the United States. Its most significant performance is: in the United States has the advantage of departments, such as financial, telecommunications and other sectors, create high standard since the rules; Sensitive sectors in the United States, such as natural person, the us has been in the prudent open state, to avoid the excessive open through separate chapters. Although the TPP negotiations is not yet the final result, but the TPP negotiations this body for the global pattern of international trade have a significant impact, the rules of the TPP negotiations also affects the course of the international rules. As China's important trade partner in the Asia-pacific region have joined the TPP negotiations, China's face are the TPP marginalized embarrassing position. Whether in the future the TPP negotiations can reach an agreement, the TPP rules of service trade liberalization to expand in the Asia-pacific region has been open to China's service industry forming reversed transmission of power. In the trend of service trade liberalization in the trend of The Times, the Chinese also can't stay, especially strong to add on the depth offocus in the field of service liberalization and research on the effects of transverse issues on international service regulation.译文（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。